Pluralul substantivelor numarabile se formeaza adaugand -s la final:

dog (caine) – dogs (caini)

cat ( pisica) - cats (pisici)

flower (floare) - flowers (flori)

Substantivele numarabile se folosesc cu: few/ many/ some/ a lot of/ lots of

e.g. I have many cats. (Am multe pisici.)

Diferenta dinte FEW si A FEW:

few inseamna ca nu ai deajuns, apropape ca nu ai nimic: I have few freinds, so

that's why I am lonely. (Am putini prieteni, de aceea sunt singur.)

a few inseamna ca ai deajuns, ai mult: I have a few friends, so I can't complain.

(Am ceva prieteni/ destui prieteni, asa ca nu ma pot plange.)

Ortografia pluralului:
Daca substantivul se termina in -s, -ss, -z, -zz, -sh, -ch, -x atunci se adauga -es:

bus (autobuz) – buses, kiss (sarut) – kisses, box (cutie) – boxes, bush (tufa) -
bushes, church (biserica) - churches

Daca substantivul se termina in -o precedat de o vocala atunci se adauga -s:

radio (radio) – radios, embryo (embrion) - embryos

Daca substantivul se termina in -o precedat de o consoana atunci se adauga -es:

potato (cartof)– potatoes, tomato (rosie) - tomatoes, Negro (negru)– Negroes

!!! EXCEPTII: grotto (grota) – grottos, proviso(s) (clauza), canto(s) (canto),

tango(s) (tango), tabacco(s) (tutun), memento(s) (amintire), piano(s) (pian),
solo(s) (solo), soprano(s) (soprana), concerto(s) (concert)

!!! ATENTIE: abrevierile terminate in -o adauga -s indiferent de ce litera este

inaintea lui -o: photograph (fotografie) – photo – photos, kilogram (kilogram) –
kilo - kilos

Daca substantivul se termina in -f(e) atunci f se schimba in v si adauga -es:

wife (sotie) – wives, wolf (lup) – wolves, life (viata) - lives

!!! EXCEPTII: roof (acoperis)– roofs, chief (sef) - chiefs, belief (credinta) -
beliefs, cliff (stanca) - cliffs, proof (dovada) - proofs, safe (seif) - seifs,
strife (incaierare) - strifes, fife (flaut mic) - fifes, still life - still lifes (natura
moarta – in tablouri)

!!! ATENTIE: unele substantive care se termina in -f(e) pot face pluralul atat in -
ves cat si in –s:

Wharf – wharves/wharfs (debarcader)

Hoof – hooves/hoofs (copita)

Scarf – scarves/scarfs (esarfa)

Staff – staves/staffs (toiag)

Handkerchief – handkerchieves/handkerchiefs (batista)

Dwarf – dwarves/dwarfs (pitic)

Daca substantivul se termina in -y precedat de vocala atunci se adauga -s:

boy (baiat)– boys, toy (jucarie) - toys

Daca substantivul se termina in -y precedat de o consoana atunci y se schimba
in i si adauga -es:

puppy (catelus)– puppies, dasy (margareta) - dasies

!!! ATENTIE: numele proprii primesc un -s chiar daca -y este precedat de o

consoana: Mary – Marys

!!! ATENTIE: daca substantivul se termina in -quy acesta se transforma in -

quies: e.g. colloquy (colocviu) - colloquies

Pluralul substantivelor neregulate:

Sg. Pl.

Man (barbat) men (barbati)

Woman (femeie) women (femei)

Tooth (dinte) teeth (dinti)

Foot (picior) feet (picioare)

Goose (gasca) geese (gaste)

Louse (paduche) lice (paduchi)

Mouse (soarece) mice (soareci)

Ox (bou) oxen (boi)

Child (copil) children (copii)

Die (zar) dice (zaruri)

Pluralul zero: pluralul are aceeasi forma ca la singular

Fish (peste) – fish (pesti)

carp ( crap) - carp

trout (pastrav) - trout

pike (stiuca) - pike

cod (cod) - cod

salmon (somon) - salmon

!!! ATENTIE: daca punem -es la fish -> fishes atunci insemna specii de pesti

Fruit (fruct) – fruit

!!! ATENTIE: daca punem -s la fruit -> fruits atunci inseamna sortimente de
fructe

Sheep (oaie) - sheep (oi)

Deer (caprioara) - deer

Swine (porc) - swine

Species (specii) - species

Series (serie) - series

Means (mijloc) - means e.g. A car is a means of transport. (O masina

este un mijloc de transport.)

Aircraft (avion) - aircraft

Homework (tema) - homework

Substantive cu doua forme de plural:

Brother (frate) - brothers (frati care au aceeasi mama/ tata)

- brethren (frati intr-o fratie/ membrii intr-o colectivitate)

Cloth (material) - cloths (bucati de material)

- clothes (haine)

Cow (vaca) - cows (vaci)

- kine (vite)

Penny (peni) - pence (moneda britanica)

- pennies (monedele individuale)

Staff (personal/ toiag) - staffs (departamente in armata)

- staves (toiage)

PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR DE ORIGINE GREACA

SI LATINA:

Sg. Pl.

-us -i

Bacillus (bacil) – bacilli

Cactus (cactus) – cacti/ cactuses

Focus (epicentru) – foci/ focuses

Fungus (ciuperca) - fungi

Radius (raza) – radii

Terminus (terminal) – termini

Nucleus (nucleu) – nuclei

Stimulus (stimul) – stimuli

Genius (geniu) – genii (spirit)/ geniuses (genii)

DAR: bonus (bonus) – bonuses, virus (virus) - viruses

-on -a

Phenomenon (fenomen) – phenomena

Criterion (criteriu) – criteria

DAR: demon (demon) – demons, neurone (neuron) – neurones, proton (proton) –

protons, ganglion (ganglion) - ganglions

-is -es

Analysis (analiza) – analyses

Axis (axa) - axes

Basis (baza) – bases

Crisis (criza) – crises

Diagnosis (diagnostic) - disgnoses

Thesis (teza) – theses

Paranthesis (paranteza) – parantheses

Hypothesis (ipoteza) – hypotheses

-um -a

Addendum (adenda/ adaos) - addenda

Bacterium (bacterie) – bacteria

Datum (data) – data

Medium (mediu) – media

Memorandum (memorandum) - memoranda

Stratum (strat) – strata

Symposium (simpozion) – symposia

DAR: museum (muzeu) – museums, asylum (azil) – asylums, stadium (stadion) -

stadiums

-a -ae

Alga (alga) – algae

Larva (larva) – larvae

Formula (formula) – formulae/ formulas

Antenna (antena) – antennae/ antennas

Vertebra (vertebra) – vertebrae/ vertebras

DAR: arena (arena) – arenas, dilemma (dilema) – dilemmas, diploma (diploma)

– diplomas, encyclopaedia (enciclopedie) – encyclopaedias, era (era) – eras,
retina (retina) – retinas, villa (vila) - villas

-x -ces

Index (index) – indices (indici)/ indexes (tabela de continuturi)

Appendix (apendice) – appendices (apendice in carti)/ appendixes (apendice -
anatomie)

Matrix (matrice) – matrices