GOING DRIVERLESS WITH SENSORS

Department of mechanical Engineering, Laqshya Institute of Technology & sciences, thanikella, telangana, E‐mail:
pradeepmechanical311@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
This paper explores the impact that has been working towards the goal of vehicles that can shoulder the entire burden
of driving. Google driverless cars are designed to operate safely and autonomously without requiring human intervention. They
won’t have a steering wheel, accelerator or a brake pedal because they don’t need them, software and sensors do all the work. It
takes you where you want to go at the push of a button. This technology step towards improving road safety and transforming
mobility for millions of people.

INDEX TERMS: Artificial Intelligence, Hardware Sensors, Google Maps, and Google Driverless Car.

1. INTRODUCTION
It wasn’t that long ago with more advance technologies that
finds greater emergence, future roadways and become a
mesh network along autonomous vehicles. They share
information with each other and large network speed,
breaking and other variables and move in a coordinated
formation. Here we are talking about Google driverless car.
A world with Increasingly connected climate, cars take
over, where humans are out of equation.With more advance
technologies that finds greater emergence, future roadways
and become a mesh network along autonomous vehicles.
They share information with each other and large network
speed, breaking and other variables and move in a
coordinated formation. Here we are talking about Google
driverless car. A world with increasingly connected
climate, cars take over, where humans are out of equation.

Most autonomous vehicle projects made

1. OVERVIEW:
The overview of this project is to implement
a driverless car is an autonomous vehicle that can
drive itself from one point to another without
assistance from a driver. One of the main
impetuses behind the call for driverless car is
safety. An autonous vehicle fundamentally define
as a passenger vehicle. An autonomous vehicle is
also refer to as an autopiolet, driverless car,
autodrive car,or automated guided vehicle(AGV ).
Most prototypes that have been built so far performed
automatic steering that were based on sensing the painted
lines in the road or magnetic monorails embedded in
the road.
1.2 PURPOS
Purpose of the current work is to study and analyze the
driverless car technology. This mobility is usually taken for
granted by most people and they realize that transportation
forms the basis of our civilization. The need for a more
efficient balanced an safer transportation system is obvious.
This need can be best met by the implementation of
autonomous transportation systems.
use of stock cars and modified them, adding
“smart “hardware to create automated cars. The advantage
of using stock cars is the ease of obtaining theca through
sponsors. The stocks cars help convey the
message autonomous vehicles are not science
fiction anymore and these systems can be implemented on
normal cars.
Control System:
The control system contains all the hardware and
its associated software. It allows Self Parking and Parking
Detection algorithms to interface with the car. The
Software can be broken down into three major sections:
Distance and Angle Calculations, Left-Right and Front-
Back software modules and the Master State Machine. The
LR/FB software module determines which direction to
move the car based on flags set by Parking space Detection
and Automatic Car Parking algorithms. Once this module
decides on the direction of motion of the car, the Master
State Machine implements this movement by sending
relevant input signals to the H-Bridge (L298). The Distance
calculations are done independently in real time. To
calculate the angle, the distance readings are transmitted in
real time to the microcontroller which then computes the
angle based on motor rotation.
Hardware Tradeoffs:
Distance Measurement Sensors:
While selecting the sensors there was always a
tradeoff between sensor’s ability to measure close range
versus long range. We selected relatively long range
sensors as our car’s dimensions were large enough for us
not to need the very short range distance measurement
There was also a tradeoff between using more number of
sensors versus using a rotating sensor. We chose rotating
sensor as a cost effective solution as each sensor costs
around Rs. _____. The single rotating sensor can be used to
measure distances from all the surrounding walls as well as
getting the global angle of the vehicle with respect to the
surroundings. Using rotating sensor costs us significant
amount of time. Also using these accurate sensors costs us
a delay of 40 ms for each reading. This introduces a hint of
inaccuracy in the final position of the car which can of
course be removed by taking readings when the car is
completely stationary and adjusting the car’s final position.
Motor Drivers The selection of motor drivers was the
trickiest part of all. There were a lot of factors to be
considered while keeping an eye on the cost of components
at the same time. These tradeoffs are explained in great
detail in the Hardware Description section of the report.
Batteries There was a tradeoff between battery weight,
power and cost. We chose Li-Ion batteries as they seem to
perfectly match our requirement. These batteries give a
high open circuit voltage as compared to their aqueous
counterparts (Lead Acid, I-Cd,Ni-MH). These batteries are
also lighter than the lead acid batteries and cheaper
compared to Ni-Cd and NiMH batteries. We thus used a set
of Li-Ion batteries of Volts each and giving us a total 16.8
Volts power supply onboard the vehicle. As the batteries
wore out, they supplied less and less current to the motors.
This made calibrating the velocity of the car very difficult.
This wasn’t a problem for stepper motors as we used a
constant current drive for that purpose. But DC motors get
heavily affected by battery drainout.
human eye. If a firm is successful in resolving the accuracy
issue, it would help alleviate some infrastructure burden of
a DSRC-only solution.
• Reliable and Intuitive Human Machine Interface (HMI):
The interface between driver and machine remains a
complex problem. Drivers must know when and how to
hand off control and take it back. That handoff must
happen seamlessly, instantaneously, and safely—and
drivers must be thoroughly comfortable with the process in
any vehicle they use.
• Standardization: The regime for connected vehicles is
fairly mature based on the SAE J2735 and IEEE 1609
standards, but additional standards will be needed to ensure
full interoperability. A mandate, if it occurs, should provide
momentum to develop them, but a question remains: What
gets standardized, and what remains part of the branded
experience controlled by manufacturers? Electronic
Emergency Brake Light Intelligent Speed Adaption
Intersection Movement Assist Cooperative Collision
Warning System Autonomous Adaptive Cruise Control
Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) Platooning
Autonomous Unmanned Military Vehicles Automated
Highway Systems (AHS) Information/Warning Degree of
autonomy Degree of cooperation Assist Control
Autonomous Warning Systems
Key: Indicates DOT focus application for connected
vehicles
Crash Elimination:

The Path to Convergence:

There are still significant hurdles on the path to
convergence, among them:
• Improved Positioning Technology: GPS offers some Fig: crash elimination
promise, but the technology, which pinpoints location
within +/- 10 meters, isn’t accurate enough to be used for
safety-critical applications. GPS error-correction
Eventually, convergence will lead to vehicles that
technologies such as RTK (real-time kinematics) are
can drive themselves and operate autonomously. These
expected to be introduced in the future as the demand for
vehicles will not be autonomous in the sense of being
accurate positioning increases and cost curves permit mass-
unconnected— rather, they will be able to drive themselves
market introduction. (For a detailed look at the pros and
precisely because they are connected to the outside world
cons of the technologies, please refer to the Appendix).
via sensors and V2X communications. Ultimately, this will
• High-Resolution Mapping: Today’s digital maps lack the
lead to vehicles that cannot crash—or at least cannot crash
necessary detail to support self-driving applications, which
under normal operation. That’s what Bosch, for example is
need to “see” the environment in as much detail as the
working on. Frank S. Sgambati, director of Marketing for
Chassis Systems Control at Robert Bosch LLC explains, opportunities for a host of new and existing players—from
“Bosch is developing nextgeneration driver assistance software and electronics companies to design and
systems as it pursues a vision of collision-free driving.”26 manufacturing firms.
System failure may remain a possibility, but convergence
also implies a multitude of redundant systems that can
substitute for one another and yield safe operation even Driverless vehicles – a new engine for the
when failures occur. This crashless future would eliminate
the injuries and property damage associated with vehicle economy:
crashes and save more than 30,000 lives a year. The
implications are profound. Historically, vehicle safety—
driver and passenger safety especially—has focused on
crash worthiness. This shift means that at some point, self-
driving vehicles will no longer require significant amounts
of structural steel, roll cages, or air bags, among other
safety features.
Vehicles could therefore be much lighter. With
crashless vehicles, not only can weight be reduced, but
cabins can also be redesigned to support activities other
than driving and crash survival. Possibilities include a
rolling office or a reconfigurable space to suit occupants’
changing needs. A crashless world would have profound
implications for vehicle design and development,
manufacturing cost and methodology (methods and costs),
tooling, and a host of other characteristics of today’s
vehicle ecosystem. Clearly, not everyone will be happy
with these changes. Steelmakers, for example, would see a
fall in demand for their product, while electronics suppliers
could see increased demand for theirs.

In addition, in a crashless world, automotive

development cycles will be shorter because of testing
requirements that will be less onerous. This will help to
address life cycle mismatches between the auto industry
and fasterpaced industries such as consumer electronics.
The ramifications extend well beyond the automotive
industry.
Vehicle repair and maintenance shops could lose
business, although they might find new opportunities for
aftermarket personalization of vehicles. Emergency rooms
and hospitals, too, would lose the more than two million
crash victims sent annually to U.S. emergency rooms and
the resulting 240,000 annual hospitalizations. Few,
however, would lament these declines. Already, the
insurance industry is evolving through the introduction of
insurance “telematics” (often described as “pay as you go
and drive” insurance). But a crashless world could have a
much larger effect. At the very least, it would change
underwriting models, which are based on driver behavior,
and it’s possible it could even end the need for car
insurance. Not only will self-driving vehicles be crashless
they also will adhere to traffic rules and regulations,
although those rules and regulations may be quite different
than the ones in effect today.
This could very well revolutionize traffic
management. State and local governments, for example,
would lose the revenue from traffic fines, but their payrolls
might also shrink as demand for highway patrol officers
plummets. Governments might still seek to replace the lost
revenue—perhaps with infrastructure usage fees?
Ultimately, the size, shape, and design of the vehicle will
be different and will open up huge new business
The UK Government outlined in the Queen’s
Speech for 2016 that Britain seeks to lead the world in
autonomous vehicle testing. The initial plan to introduce
driverless testing to UK roads in 2017, with a view to
paving the way towards nationwide introduction as soon as
2020, is already happening, with limited tests in Greenwich
and Milton Keynes having already taken place. The focus
on ‘driverless’ cars is on what they lack – a driver. Often
this misses what they enable – Barclays wanted to look into
how the era of driver-free transport could transform the
world around us, from increased productivity to supply-
chain efficiencies, transforming communities and
improvements to personal mobility. What we found is an
exciting new future where cars could be bought based on
how well they integrate with your work emails rather than
how well they drive; where trucks are able to run in land-
trains meaning significant logistical cost-savings and where
suburban roads are freed from their perpetual car park
status into green shared spaces for pedestrians and vehicles.
The sharing economy is likely to position car rental firms in
a prominent position to benefit, with inner-city car share
services like Zipcar and DriveNow particularly well-placed
to be among the biggest beneficiaries. When a car can drive
itself to where you are, the need to own your own car could
be rapidly diminished, with the number of multi-car
families to decrease significantly – we estimate that car
ownership will decline from 1.2 cars per household in
England today to 0.7 cars per household once autonomous
vehicles are the established norm.

While estimates suggest that in the era of

driverless cars vehicle ownership could decline, those
vehicles that are on the road are likely to run a significantly
higher mileage than they do today. This is because they’re
likely to spend more time travelling between pick-ups with
no one on board at all. This means that the demand for new
vehicles to replace these is likely to remain much closer to
today than one might at first imagine. 94% of accidents are
caused by human error, meaning autonomous vehicles are
likely to reduce the number of deaths and injuries in road
accidents significantly. This in turn could bring motor
insurance policies down dramatically, but there remain
fundamental questions over where liability may sit; in the
short-term the insurance industry recommend that we will
still need policies to cover us for both autonomous and
‘traditional’ vehicles, but that legislation changes to allow
insurers to recover costs from manufacturers in the event of
the vehicle being at fault would be required. We hope that
this report will help you start to consider some of the
possibilities and opportunities for your business as
driverless cars become a reality.

Fig: benefits of driverless car

Autonomous vehicles can provide various

benefits and impose various costs. Improved Mobility
Autonomous vehicles can provide independent mobility for
non-drivers, including people with disabilities, adolescents,
and others or who for any reason cannot or should not
drive. This can provide direct benefits to those travellers,
reduce chauffeuring burdens on their family members and
friends, and in some cases increase their access to
education and employment opportunities, increasing their
economic productivity. Some affluent non-drivers living in
Fig: driverless car sprawled areas may purchase personal autonomous
vehicles, and a larger number of nondrivers are likely to
use autonomous taxi services if they become convenient
Benefits and Costs: and affordable.
On the other hand, optimistic predictions of
autonomous vehicle benefits may cause some communities
to reduce support for public transit services which may
reduce mobility options for non-drivers. Dedicating
highway lanes for autonomous vehicle platooning may
reduce capacity for human-operated traffic. Autonomous
vehicles can reduce driver stress and tedium. Self-driving
cars can be mobile offices, playrooms or bedrooms, as
illustrated below, allowing passengers to be productive or
rest while travelling (WSJ 2017). This can reduce travel
time unit costs (dollars per hour). On the other hand, self-
driving vehicles can introduce new stresses and
discomforts. Grush (2016) suggests that travellers will
experience “access anxiety,” if they fear that their vehicle
cannot reach a desired destination.
To minimize cleaning and vandalism costs, self-
driving taxis and buses will have “hardened” interiors
(vinyl seats and stainless steel surfaces), minimal
accessories, and security cameras. Demand response ∙ Corrections of speed limit, it can accelerate by itself.
ridesharing (vehicles with flexible routes to pick up and
drop off passengers at or near their destinations) will ∙ Any traffic condition it can GO or STOP by itself
reduce security (passengers may need to share space with
strangers), and reduce travel speed and reliability since
each additional pick-up or drop-off will impose a few
minutes of delay to other passengers, particularly in
sprawled areas with dead-end streets.

2. AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE

Figure 1: Google Driverless Car

4. UNDER THE BONNET

It integrates three constituents: Google

∙ Maps Hardware
∙ Sensors Artificial
∙ Intelligence

4.1 GOOGLE MAPS:

An Autonomous vehicle (sometimes referred as

automated car or self‐ driving car) is a robotic vehicle that
is designed to fulfilling the transportation capabilities
without a human operator. Qualifying to it as fully
autonomous, vehicle must be able to navigate without
human input to the destination that is predetermined over
unadopted roads and is capable to sense the environment.
Audi, BMW, Google, Ford are some of the companies
developing and testing these vehicles. Technologies
making a system fully autonomous are Anti‐Lock Brakes
(ABS), Electronic Stability Control (ESC), Cruise control,
Lane Departure Warning System, Self Parking, Sensors,
and Automated Guided Vehicle Systems.

3. GOOGLE DRIVERLESS CAR EXPLAINED

Only with occasional human intervention,
Google’s fleet of robotic Toyota Cruises has logged more
than 190,000 miles (approx. about 300,000 Km), driving in
busy highways, in city traffic and mountainous roads. In a
near future their driverless car technology could change the
transportation. Director of The Stanford Artificial
Intelligence Laboratory, Sebastian Thrum guides the
project of Google Driverless Car’s with elucidations:
Steering
∙ can be done by itself, while looking out for obstacles.
Fig: Google map
A self‐ driving computerized car has unveiled by
Google; which has no wheel for steering, brake or
accelerator, just has buttons to start, stop, pullover and a
computer screen to show the route. Through GPS and
Google maps to navigate. A Google map provides the car
with information of road and interacts with GPS to act like
a database.
4.2 HARDWARE SENSORS
Fig: hardware sensors
Real time and dynamic Environmental
conditions (properties) attained by the car. To need real
time results, sensors are attempted to create fully
observable environment. These hardware sensors are
LIDAR, VIDEO CAMERA, POSITION ESTIMATOR,
DISTANCE SENSOR, AERIAL and COMPUTER.
4.2.1 LIDAR
Fig: lider
(Light Detection And Ranging also LADAR) is
an optical remote sensing technology which is used to
measure the distance of target with illumination to light in
the form of pulsed laser. It is a laser range finder also
known as “heart of system”, mounted on the top of the
spoiler. A detailed #‐D map of the environment is
generated by the device VELODYNE 64‐ beam Laser (for
autonomous ground vehicles and marine vessels, a sensor
named HDL‐ 64E LIDAR is designed for obstacle
detection and navigation. Its scanning distance is of 60
meters (~ 197 feet). For 3D mobile data collection and
mapping application this sensor becomes ideal for most
demanding
Perceptions due to its durability, very high data
rates and 360 degree field of view. One piece design
patented the HDL‐64E’s uses 64 mounted lasers that are
fixed and each of it is mounted to a specific vertical angle
mechanically with the entire spinning unit, to measure the
environment surroundings. Reliability, field of view and
point cloud density is dramatically increased by using this
approach.) High resolution maps of the world are combined
by the car laser measurement to produce different types of
data models that
Allows it to drive itself, avoiding obstacles and
respecting traffic laws. A LIDAR instrument consists of a
Laser, Scanner and a specialized GPS receiver, principally.
Figure 2: HDL‐64E Lidar
HOW IS LIDAR DATA COLLECTED?
A beam of light is reflected by the surface when
it encounter with the Laser that is pointed at the target area.
To measure the range, this reflected light is recorded by a
sensor. An orientation data that is generated from
integrated GPS and Inertial Measurement Unit System scan
angles and calibration with position. The result obtained is
a dense, and “point cloud” (A detail rich group of elevation
points consists of 3D spatial coordinates i.e. Latitude,
Longitude and Height).
4.2.2 VIDEO CAMERA:
A sensor that is positioned near to the rear‐view
mirror that detects the upcoming traffic light. It performs
the same function as the mildly interested human motorist
performs. It reads the read signs and keeps an eye out for
cyclists, other motorists and for pedestrians.
4.2.3 POSITION ESTIMATOR:
fig: position estimator:
An ultrasonic sensor also known as( Wheel
Encoder) mounted on the rear wheels of vehicle,
determines the location and keep track of its movements
.By using this information it automatically update the
position of vehicle on Google Map.
4.2.4 DISTANCE SENSOR (RADAR):
Other sensors which include: four radars,
mounted on both front and rear bumpers are also carried by
this autonomous vehicle that allows the car to “see” far
enough to detect nearly or upcoming cars or obstacles and
deal with fast traffic on freeways.
4.2.5 AERIAL
A highly accurate positioning data is demanded
by a self – navigating car. Readings from the car’s onboard
instruments (i.e. Altimeters, Tachometers and Gyroscopes)
are combined with information received from GPS
satellites to make sure the car knows exactly where it is.
4.2.6 COMPUTER:
Fig: computer system
Car’s central computer holds all the information
that is fed from various sensors so to analyze the data,
steering and acceleration and brakes are adjusted
accordingly. Not only traffic laws, but also the unspoken
assumption of road users is needed to understand by the
computer.
4.3ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligence provides the autonomous
car with real time decisions. Data obtained from the
Hardware Sensors and Google Maps are sent to A.I for
determining the acceleration i.e. how fast it is; when to
slow down/stop and to steer the wheel. The main goal of
A.I is to drive the passenger safely and legally to his
destination.
5. WORKING OF GOOGLE CAR
Destination is set by “The Driver” and software
of car calculates a route and starts on its way. LIDAR, a
rotating, roof mounted sensor monitors and scenes a range
of 60‐ meters around the surroundings of car and creates
rudimentary detailed 3‐D map of immediate area. An
ultrasonic sensor mounted on left rear wheel monitors
movements to detect position of the car relative to 3‐D
map. Distance sensor mounted on front and rear
bumpers calculate distances to obstacles.
All the sensors are connected to Artificial intelligence
software in the car and has input from Google VIDEO
CAMERAS and street view. Artificial Intelligence
stimulates the real time decisions and human Perceptions
control actions such as acceleration, steering and brakes.
The surface installed in the car consults with Google Maps
for advance notification of things like landmarks, traffic
signals and lights. To take control of the vehicle by human
is also allowed by override function.
Figure 3: How it Works
6. AN END TO TRAFFIC JAMS FOREVER
Autonomous cars will be able to “talk” to each
other and navigate safely by knowing where they are, by
using RADAR, CAMERAS, GPS, SENSORS and Wireless
Technology in relation to other vehicles and by means with
connectivity they can communicate with obstacle like
traffic signals. As a result traffic flow becomes smoother;
an end to traffic jams and greater safety would be
Achieved by illuminating the frustration and
dangerous driving that’s often triggered by sitting in heavy
congestion for ages. When it comes to sustainability, the
self‐driving car also holds great promise by figuring out the
most –direct, least traffic jammed route by driving without
quickly accelerating or braking too hard, all which leads to
saving on fuel consumption.
Figure 4: Going Driverless on road
7. TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS
We seldom think about , what needs to be happen behind
the scenes to bring this potentially life‐changing technology
to the market , while it’s easy to get lost into it. Ahead of
the Law is the major problem to this technology, as
Lawmakers have a huge impact on innovation. In the US
most federal and state automobile Laws assume a human
operator. Before the technology can be commercialized
these need to be repealed. To legalize the operation of
autonomous cars on the roads, Nevada became the first
state in 2012. An attempt to gain state support for similar
changes in Law, Lobbyists from Google have been
travelling around other states and targeting Insurance
companies as well. The technology also poses serious
puzzle to Insurance in terms of Regulatory issues and
Liability.
8. VEHICULAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:
Individual vehicles may benefit from information
obtained from other vehicles in the vicinity, especially
information relating to traffic congestion and safety
hazards. Vehicular communication systems use vehicles
and roadside units as the communicating nodes in a peer-
to-peer network, providing each other with information. As
a cooperative approach, vehicular communication systems
can allow all cooperating vehicles to be more effective.
According to a 2010 study by the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, vehicular communication systems
could help avoid up to 79 percent of all traffic accidents.
In 2012, computer scientists at the University of Texas in
Austin began developing smart intersections designed for
autonomous cars. The intersections will have no traffic
lights and no stop signs, instead using computer programs
that will communicate directly with each car on the road.
Among connected cars, an unconnected one is the weakest
link and will be increasingly banned from busy high-speed
roads, predicted a Helsinki think tank in January 2016.
Moral issues:
With the emergence of autonomous cars, there are various
ethical issues arising. While morally, the introduction of
autonomous vehicles to the mass market seems inevitable
due to a reduction of crashes by up to 90% and their
accessibility to disabled, elderly, and young passengers,
there still remain some ethical issues that have not yet been
fully solved. Those include, but are not limited to: the
moral, financial, and criminal responsibility for crashes, the
decisions a car is to make right before a (fatal) crash,
privacy issues, and potential job loss.
There are different opinions on who should be held liable in
case of a crash, in particular with people being hurt. Many
experts see the car manufacturers themselves responsible
for those crashes that occur due to a technical malfunction
or misconstruction. Besides the fact that the car
manufacturer would be the source of the problem in a
situation where a car crashes due to a technical issue, there
is another important reason why car manufacturers could be
held responsible: it would encourage them to innovate and
heavily invest into fixing those issues, not only due to
protection of the brand image, but also due to financial and
criminal consequences. However, there are also voices that
argue those using or owning the vehicle should be held
responsible since they know the risks involved in using
such a vehicle. Experts suggest introducing a tax or
insurances that would protect owners and users of
autonomous vehicles of claims made by victims of an
accident. Other possible parties that can be held responsible
in case of a technical failure include software engineers that
programmed the code for the autonomous operation of the
vehicles, and suppliers of components of the AV.
Taking aside the question of legal liability and moral
responsibility, the question arises how autonomous vehicles
should be programmed to behave in an emergency situation
where either passengers or other traffic participants are
endangered. A very visual example of the moral dilemma
that a software engineer or car manufacturer might face in
programming the operating software is described in an
ethical thought experiment, the trolley problem: a
conductor of a trolley has the choice of staying on the
planned track and running over 5 people, or turn the trolley
onto a track where it would kill only one person, assuming
there is no traffic on it. There are two main considerations
that need to be addressed. First, what moral basis would be
used by an autonomous vehicle to make decisions? Second,
how could those be translated into software code?
Researchers have suggested, in particular, two ethical
theories to be applicable to the behavior of autonomous
vehicles in cases of
emergency: deontology and utilitarianism. Asimov’s three
laws of robotics are a typical example of deontological
ethics. The theory suggests that an autonomous car needs to
follow strict written-out rules that it needs to follow in any
situation. Utilitarianism suggests the idea that any decision
must be made based on the goal to maximize utility. This
needs a definition of utility which could be maximizing the
number of people surviving in a crash. Critics suggest that
autonomous vehicles should adapt a mix of multiple
theories to be able to respond morally right in the instance
of a crash.
Privacy-related issues arise mainly from the
interconnectivity of autonomous cars, making it just
another mobile device that can gather any information
about an individual. This information gathering ranges
from tracking of the routes taken, voice recording, video
recording, preferences in media that is consumed in the car,
behavioral patterns, to many more streams of information.
The implementation of autonomous vehicles to the mass
market might cost up to 5 million jobs in the US alone,
making up almost 3% of the workforce. Those jobs include
drivers of taxis, buses, vans, trucks, and e-hailing vehicles.
Many industries, such as the auto insurance industry are
indirectly affected. This industry alone generates an annual
revenue of about $220 billions, supporting 277,000 jobs.[
To put this into perspective – this is about the number of
mechanical engineering jobs. The potential loss of a
majority of those jobs due to an estimated decline of
accidents by up to 90% will have a tremendous impact on
those individuals involved. Both India and China have
placed bans on automated cars with the former citing
protection of jobs.
9. CONCLUSION
This paper explained about the Google Driverless car
revolution which aims at the development of autonomous
vehicles for easy transportation without a driver. For the
economy, society and individual business this autonomous
technology has brought many broad implications. Cars that
drive themselves will improve read safety, fuel efficiency,
increase productivity and accessibility; the driverless car
technology helps to minimize loss of control by improving
vehicle’s stability as these are designed to minimize
accidents by addressing one of the main causes of
collisions: Driving error, distraction and drowsiness. But
still these cars have a lot of hurdles to go through before
they became everyday technology.
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