6 Work, Energy and Power

Introductory Exercise 6.1

→ → → → → →
1. Work done by F = F⋅ x 2. Work done by F = F ⋅ l
→
N
→ → →
→ T T → T
F N β →
l
→ → → →
W → |F| = F, |N| = N
–x → → →
F → |W| = W, |T| = T
→ → → α W →
|F|= F ,|N|= N, |W |= W |l| = l
→ → → →
|T|= T and |x|= x = |F||
⋅ l | cos π
→ →
= |F ||x| cos π =−Fl
→ → →
=−Fx Work done by N = N ⋅ l
→ → →
Work done by |N|= N ⋅ x → → π
= |N||
⋅ l | cos =0
→ → π 2
= |N||x| cos → → →
2 Work done by |W |= W ⋅ l
=0 → → π
→ → → = |W || l | cos  + α
Work done by W = W ⋅ x 2 
→ → π = − W l sin α
= |W ||
⋅ x| cos
2 → → →
Work done by |T|= T ⋅ l
=0
→ → → → →
Work done by T = T ⋅ x = |T|| l |cos β
→ → = T l cos β
= |T||x|cos 0
=Tx
 Work, Energy and Power | 109
→
→ → g Substituting value of N from Eq. (ii) in
3. W − T = m Eq. (i).
4
g µ (W − F sin 45° ) = F cos 45°
→ a=4
T 1 1 1
or W − F  =F
4  2  2
F F
or W − =4
2 2
5F
or =W
2
→ 2 2
W = mg
or F= W = mg
5 5
→ →
Work done by force F = F ⋅ s
→
l → → 1
= |F||s |cos 45° = F s
2
 2  1 mgs
= mg s =
 5  2 5
1.8 × 10 × 2
=
→ →
|g|= g and | l |= l 5
→ = 7.2 J
→ → mg → →
∴ |T|= m g − Work done by friction = µ N ⋅ s
4
→ →
3 → = µ |N||s|cos π
= mg
4
→ → = − µ Ns
Work done by string = T ⋅ l = − F cos 45° s
→ →
= |T|| l |cos π = − 7.2 J
→ →
3 → → Work done by gravity = g ⋅ s
= m g l cos π
4  → → π
= |g||
⋅ s | cos
3 2
= − mgl
4 =0
4. µ N = F cos 45° …(i) 5. F = mg sin 45°
F sin 45° F F 2ms–1
N 45°
F
F cos 45°

µN mg sin 45°
s
W mg cos 45°

→ → 45°
N = |N|, W = |W |
1
→ → → = 1 × 10 ×
s = |s |, F = |F|, g = |g| 2
N + F sin 45° = W …(ii) =5 2N
Displacement of lift in 1s = 2 m
110 | Mechanics-1
→ →
Work done by force of friction ( F ) = F ⋅ s 7. Work done = Area under the curve
→ → F(N)
= |F||s |cos 45°
1 10
= F s cos 45° = 5 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ = 10 Nm
2
–4 –2 A2 A3 A4
6. Total work-done by spring on both masses x (m)
A1 2 4
m m

x0 – 10
m m

= A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
= PE of the spring when stretched by 2 x0
1 − 2 × − 10  − 2 × 10
= k (2x0 )2 = 
2  2  +  2  + [10 × 2]
= 2 k x20 2 × 10
+ 
∴ Work done by spring on each mass  2 
2 k x20 = 30 Nm
= = k x20
2

Introductory Exercise 6.2

−1
−20 ms
1. a = = − 10 ms −2 B
2s fP P F
−2
∴ F = ma = 2 kg × − 10 ms = − 20 N
Q a
s = Area under curve
1
= × 25 × 20 ms −1 According to B (non-inertial frame)
2
work done
= 20 m
= Work done by F + Work done by f p
∴ Work done = F s = ( −20 N) (20 m )
(pseudo force)
= − 400 Nm
= ( mas) + ( − mas) = 0
2. According to A (inertial frame)
As P is at rest , ∆K = 0
P m
A ∴ ∆K = W (Work -Energy theorem)
Q a Note In inertial frames one has to also to consider
work-done due to pseudo forces, while applying
Work-energy theorem.
Acceleration of P = a
3. v=α x
∴ Force on P = ma dv 1 dx
Work done over s displacement = mas ∴ a= =α
dt 2 x dt
Now, v2 = u2 + 2as 1 α2
=α α x=
= 2as (Qu = 0) 2 x 2
1 2 1 α 2
∴ Gain in KE = mv = m 2 as = mas F = ma = m
2 2 2
∴ ∆K = W (Work -Energy theorem) mα2
∴ W = b
2
 Work, Energy and Power | 111
2
4. ∆K = Work done by F 1 x
or − mv20 = − A
+ Work done by gravity 2 2
m
F = 80 N ⇒ x = v0
A
7. (a) If T = mg, the block will not get
4m
g accelerated to gain KE. The value of T
must be greater that Mg.
F

5g
= 80 ⋅ 4 ⋅ cos 0 + 5 g ⋅ 4 ⋅ cos π
= 320 + ( − 200)
T F
or K f − K i = 120 J
T T
or K f = 120 J (as K i = 0)
5. Change in KE = Work done
ma = mg Hand
R(1 – cosθ) mg
R sin θ mg Mg
θ
R ∴ Ans. False
mg (b) As some negative work will be done by
O
Mg, the work done by T will be more
that 40 J.
∴ Ans. False
1 (c) Pulling force F will always be equal to
mv2 = mgR (1 − cos θ) + mgR sin θ T, as T is there only because of pulling.
2
⇒ v = 2 gR (1 − cos θ + sin θ) ∴ Ans. True
6. ∆K = W (d) Work done by gravity will be negative
1 x Ans. False
or 0− mv20 = ∫ 0 − Ax dx
2
Introductory Exercise 6.3
1. In Fig. 1 Spring is having its natural length.
In Fig. 2 A is released. A goes down byx .
Spring get extended by x. Decrease in PE
of A is stored in spring as its PE.
T T 1
∴ mAg x = k x2
T T 2
A
A Now, for the block B to just leave contact
x
with ground
mAg
T
kx = mg
T i.e., 2m A g = mg
B m B m m
Ground Ground ⇒ mA =
2
mg
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
112 | Mechanics-1
l 1 1
2. Decrease in PE = mg or mv2C = × 500 × 00924
.
2 2 2
1 l 500
∴ mv2 = mg or vc = × 0.0924 = 2.15 m s −1
2 2 100
m
i.e., v= gl 4. Work done by man = gh + Mgh
2
3. OA = 50 cm m
C 20 cm B 40 cm =  + M  gh
2 
A
5. When block of man M goes down by x, the
30 cm
spring gets extended by x. Decrease in PE
of man M is stored in spring as its PE.

∴ Extension in spring (when collar is at A)

= 50 cm − 10 cm = 0.4 m m m
Extension in spring (collar is at B)
37°
= 30 cm − 10 cm
= 20 cm = 0.2 m T
T
KE of collar at B T
= PE of spring − PE of spring T
T
(collar at A) (collar at B)
mg sin 37° T
1 x
× K × [(0.4)2 − (0.2)2 ]
=
2 µmg cos 37°
1 1 37°
or mv2B = × 500 × 12 mg
m 2
500 × 012
. 1 2
or vB = = 2.45 s −1 ∴ Mgx =
kx
10 2
Extension in spring (collar arrives at C) or kx = 2Mg
= [ (30)2 + (20)2 − 10] cm = 0.26 m For the block of man m to just slide
k x = mg sin 37 ° + µ mg cos 37 °
KE of collar at C 3 3 4
or 2Mg = mg + mg
= PE of spring − PE of spring 5 4 5
(Collar at A) (Collar at C) 3
or M= m
1 5
= × 500 × [(0.4)2 − (026
. )2 ]
2

Introductory Exercise 6.4

1. Velocity at time t = 2 s F
2. Velocity at time = a t = ⋅t
v = g t = 10 × 2 = 20 ms −1 m
Ft
Power = Force × velocity ∴ vav = (acceleration being constant)
2m
= mgv = 1 × 10 × 20 = 200 W F2 t
Pav = F × vav =
2m
 Work, Energy and Power | 113
Instantaneous power As at t = 0, KE = 0, c = 0
= Force × instantaneous velocity ∴ KE = t2
Ft F 2 t 1 2
=F⋅ = i.e., mv2 = t2 or v = t
m m 2 m
Energy 2.0 + 2 t
3. Power = Pav = =t
Time 2
KE 5. U = − 20 + ( x − 2)2
P= ⇒ KE = P ⋅ t
t PE( = U) is minimum at x = 2.
1
∴ mv2 = Pt ∴ Equilibrium position is at x = 2 m
2
dU
2 Pt = 2 ( x − 2)
or v= dx
m d2U
ds 2 P 1/ 2 =2
or = ⋅t dx2
dt m
∴ Equilibrium is stable.
2P 1/ 2
or ∫ ds = m ∫ t dt 6. F = x − 4
For equilibrium, F = 0
2 P t 3/ 2
or s= +c i.e., x− 4=0
m 3/2
i.e., x=4m
At t = 0, s = 0, ∴ c = 0 dU
As, F = −
8 P 3/ 2 dx
Thus, s= t
9m dU
= − ( x − 4)
4. P = 2 t dx
KE = ∫ P dt = ∫ 2t dt d2U
∴ = −1
= t2 + c dx2
Thus, equilibrium is unstable.

AIEEE Corner
Subjective Questions (Level I)
(a) Work done by a constant force 3. m1 g − T = m1a …(i)
1. (a) Work done by a constant force T − m2 g = m2 a …(ii)
Work done by applied force = F s cos 0 Solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii),
= 40 × 2 = 80 Nm m − m2
a= 1 g
Work done by force of gravity = mgs cos π m1 + m2
= 2 × 10 × 2 × − 1 = − 40 Nm 4−1
= g
→ → → 4+1
2. r21 = r2 − r1
Q m1 = 4 kg 
^
= (2 ^i + 3 ^j − 4 k) − (1 ^i + 4 ^j + 6 k)
^  
and m2 = 1 kg T T
^ ^ ^ 3 a
= i − j − 10 k = g T
→ →
5 a
Work done = F ⋅ r21 1 T
s = ut + at2
^ ^ 2
= (6 ^i − 2 ^j + k) ⋅ ( ^i − ^j − 10 k) m2g
m1g
= 6 + 2 − 10 = − 2 Nm
114 | Mechanics-1
1 3  2 = 2 × 10 × 2 sin 60°
=  g 2
2 5  = 20 3 Nm
= 12 m = 34.6 Nm
Work done by gravity on 4 kg block Work done by force of friction
= 4 g × 12 cos 0 = f s cos π
= 480 Nm = µ Ns cos π
Solving Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), = − µ ( mg cos θ) s
2 m1m2 1
T= g = − (2 × 10 × cos 60° ) × 2
m1 + m2 2
4 = − 10 Nm
=2× g
5 (b) Work done by a variable force.
= 16 N 6. W = ∫ F dx
Work done by string on 1 kg block x =− 4
=∫ − 2x dx
= 16 × 12 cos 0 x=2
x= −4
= 192 Nm  x2 
= − 2 
4. Work done by applied force = F s cos 45°  2 x = 2
N
F = 16 N = − [( −4)2 − (2)2 ]
F
= − 12 Nm
45°
7. W = ∫ F dx
x=2 4
=∫ dx
s = 2.2 m x = 4 x2
x=2
mg = ∫x =4 4x −2 dx
x=2
1  x− 2 + 1 
= 16 × 2 ⋅ 2 × = 4 
2  − 2 + 1 x = 4
= 24.9 Nm 1
x=2
= − 4 
Work done by normal force  x  x = 4
= N s cos 90° = 0 1 1
Work done by force of gravity = − 4  −  = − 1 Nm
2 4 
= mgs cos 90° = 0
(c) Work done by area under F- x graph
Total work done on the block
= 24.9 + 0 + 0 8. (a) W = 3 × (5 − 10) = − 15 Nm

= 24.9 Nm Fx(N)

5. Work done by gravity = mgs sin θ 3

N µ N
f=

s x(m)

mg 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

(b) W = 3 × (1 0 − 5) = + 15 Nm
θ = 60 °
 Work, Energy and Power | 115
3 × (12 − 10) ∴ minimum PE = ( 4 − 4) − 16 2
(c) W = = 3 Nm
2 = − 16J
(10 − 4) + (12 − 0)
(d) W = ×3 Now, (KE) max + (PE) min = Total
2
mechanical energy
= + 27 Nm
(3 − 2) + (3 − 0) or (KE) max + ( − 16) = − 4
9. (a) W = ×2
2 or (KE) max = 12 J
Fx(N) (c) PE max = KE max = 12 J

PEmax PEmax
2 x
O x=4
KEmax

x(m) U = ( x − 4)2 − 16
O
or 12 = ( x − 4)2 − 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
or x2 − 8 x − 12 = 0
–1
⇒ x= 4+2 3
= 4 Nm and = 4−2 3
(b) W = 0 Nm (d) U = ( x − 4)2 − 16
1 dU
(c) W = (6 − 4) ( − 1 − 0) = − 1 Nm = 2 ( x − 4)
2 dx
dU
(d) W = 4 Nm + 0 Nm + ( − 1) Nm ∴ Fx = − = − 2 ( x − 4)
dx
= 3 Nm.
or Fx = 8 − 2x
Conservative force field and Potential
Energy. (e) Fx = 0
d i.e., 8 − 2x = 0
10. F=− U
dr or x=4m
d
=− Ar−1 Kinetic energy and Work-energy theorem
dr
A p2
= ( −) ( − A ) r − 1 − 1 = 2 12. K =
r 2m
2
11. U = ( x − 4)2 − 16  p + p
 2
∴ PE (at x = 6.0 m) ∴ K′ =
2m
= (6 − 4)2 − 16 = − 12 J
(K ′ is the KE when momentum p is
KE (at x = 6.0 m) = 8 J increased by 50%)
(a) ∴ Total mechanical energy 9 p2
or K′ =
= ( − 12) + (8) = − 4 J 4 2m
(b) KE will be maximum where, PE, is 9
minimum. or K′ = K
4
For U to be minimum, 9 5
dU or K′ − K = K − K = K
=0 4 4
dx K′ − K 5
d ∴ =
i.e., [( x − 4)2 − 16] = 0 K 4
dx
5
or 2 ( x − 4) = 0 = × 100% = 125 %
4
or x=4m
116 | Mechanics-1
13. p = (2 mK )1/ 2 102
16. a = = 2.5 ms −2 F (Push of air)
∴ p′ = [2m ( K + 1% of K ) ]1/ 2 2 × 20
( p′ is the momentum when KE i.e., K is Now, mg − F = ma a
increased by 1%) ∴ F = m ( g − a)
1
= [2 mK (1 + 1%) ]2 = 5 (10 − 2.5) mg

1 
1/ 2 = 37.5 N
= (2 mK )1/ 2 1 +  Work done by push of air
 100
1 
1/ 2 = F s cos π
i.e., p′ = p 1 +  = − (37.5 × 20)
 100
1 1  = − 750 Nm
= p 1 + × 
 2 100 17. (a) W = ∫ F dx
1 2
= p 1 + %  = ∫ (2.5 − x2 ) dx
 2  0
1 2
p′ = p + % of p  x3 
2 = 2.5x − 
 2 0
∴ Increase in momentum = 0.5 %.
23
14. s = (2t2 − 2t + 10) m = (2.5 × 2) −
3
ds
= 4t − 2 = 2.33 Nm
dt
d2 s ∴ ∆K = 2.33 J (1 Nm = 1 J)
= 4 ms −2
dt2 i.e., KE (at x = 2) − KE (at x = 0) = 2.33 J
d2 s ∴ KE (at x = 2) = 2.33 J
F=m 2
dt (b) Position of maximum KE
= 2 × 4= 8 N F = 2.5 − x2
s (at t = 0 s) = 10 m ∴ F decreases as x increases and F is zero
s (at t = 2 s) = 2.22 − 2.2 + 10 = 14 m when x = 2.5 m
∴ ∆s = 14 m − 10 m = 4 m Thus, work will be +ive from x = 0 to
Work = F ∆s x = 2.5 m an so KE will be maximum at
x = 2.5 m.
=8N× 4m
KE (at x = 2.5 m)
= 32 Nm 2.5
v2 (0.4)2 0.16 = ∫0 (2.5 − x2 ) dx
15. a = = = = 0.04 m s −2
2s 2 × 2 4 2.5
mg − T T  x3 
=a = 2.5x − 
m  3 0
a
i.e., T = m( g − a)  2.5 2.5 
= 2.5 2.5 − 
= 30 (10 − 0.04)  3 
= 298.8 N 2
= × 2.5 2.5
Work done by chain = T s cos π 3
= − (298.8 × 2) Nm = 2.635 J
= − 597.6 Nm
 Work, Energy and Power | 117
F − mg Adding Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii),
18. a =
m m1 g = ( m1 + m2 ) a
g F m1
or = −g ∴ a= g
10 m m1 + m2
11
or F= mg 1
10 = g (Q m1 = 1 kg and m2 = 4 kg)
1+ 4
T
g
= = 2 ms −2
F
5
Now, v2 = u2 + 2as
F
i.e., v2 = 2as (Qu = 0 ms −1)
or v = 2as
mg = 2×2×1
= 2 ms −1
(a) ∴ Work done on astronaut by F 50
20. T − 50 = a
11mg 10
= × 15
10
11 T
= × 72 × 10 × 15
10
= 11642.4 Nm T T T
T
(b) Work done on astronaut by
gravitational force T
= mghcos π T' B a
= − 72 × 9.8 × 15 = − 10584 Nm a T' 50 (N)
(c) Net work done on astronaut
A
= (11642.4) + ( − 10584) = 1058.4 Nm
∴ KE = 1058.4 J 300 (N)
1
(d) mv2 = 1058.4 or T − 50 = 5a …(i)
2
1058.4 × 2 and T ′ = 2T
∴ v= = 5.42 ms −1 T′
72 i.e., T= …(ii)
2
19. T = m2 a …(i)
and m1 g − T = m1a …(ii) From Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii),
a T′
− 50 = 5a
T T 2
m2
or T ′ − 100 = 10a …(iii)
T 300
Also, 300 − T ′ = a
10
T i.e., 300 − T ′ = 30a …(iv)
a
Solving Eq. (iii) and Eq. (iv),
m1g a = 5 ms −2
1m T ′ = 100 + 10a = 150 N
118 | Mechanics-1
1 1
21. NR cos (180° − α ) + mgR = mv2s 1 × 10 × 1 = µ k × 4 × 10 × 2 + × 1 × (0.3)2
2 2
1 or 10 = 80 µ k + 0.045
( mg cos α) R ( − cos α) + mgR = mv2s
2 10 − 0.045
1 2 2
or µk = = 0.124
or mvs = mgR (1 − cos α) 80
2
24. f = force of friction while disc in slipping
over inclined surface = µ mg cos 30°
N N
α f
s(
say
R )
α s/2 Stops
f'
mg 30°
2R
0.50 m
α f ′ = force of friction while disc is slipping
over plane surface = µ mg
or v2s= 2 gR sin α 2
Now, decreases in PE of disc = Work done
or vs = 2 gR sin α against frictional force
(vs is the speed with which sphere hits s
mg = fs + f ′ (0.5)
ground) 2
1 1 s
mv2w = mgR − mv2s or mg = (µ mg cos 30° ) s + µ mg (0.5)
2 2 2
1
= mgR − m 2 gR sin2 α or mgs (0.5 − µ cos 30° ) = µ mg (0.5)
2 µ × 0.5
= mgR (1 − sin2 α) = mgR cos2 α ⇒ s=
0.5 − µ cos 30°
∴ vw = 2 gR cos α 0.15 × 0.5
= = 0.2027 m
(vw is the speed of wedge when the sphere 3
hits ground) 0.5 − 0.15 ×
2
22. For 45 kg mass to drop 12 mm, the Work performed by frictional forces over
increase in length of the spring will be the whole distance
24 mm. s 50 0.2027
= − mg = − × 10 ×
Now, decrease in PE of 45 kg mass 2 1000 2
= Increase in KE of 45 kg mass + Increase = − 0.051 J
in PE of spring 25. m A g sin θ − µ m A g cos θ − 2 T = m A a
1 1
45 × 9.8 × 12 × 10−3 = × 45 × v2 + × 1050 T
2 2
× [(75 + 24)2 − 752 ] × 10−6 T
T
i.e., 5.292 = 22.5 v2 + 2.192 T
or 22.5 v2 = 3.0996 T
a 2T
or v2 = 0.13776 2T T
a
v = 0.371 ms −1
θ

or µmAg cos θ B
s

A
co
Ag

(b) With friction (when mechanical mBg

m

S θ
energy does not remain conserved) 3
4
23. Decrease in PE of 1 kg mass
3 4
= Work done against friction due to 4 kg or 300 × − 0.2 × 300 × − 2 T = 30a
mass + Increase in KE of 1 kg mass 5 5
 Work, Energy and Power | 119
1 1
or 180 − 48 − 2T = 30a m2 g × 4 = µ m1 g × 4 + m1v2 + m2v22
or 132 − 2T = 30a …(i) 2 2
1
Also, T − mB g = mB a 5 × 10 × 4 = 0.2 × 10 × 10 × 4 + (10 + 5) v2
2
or T − 50 = 5a
Solving, v = 4 ms −1
or 2T − 100 = 10a …(ii)
Three types of Equilibrium
Adding Eq. (i) and Eq. (ii), dU
28. (a) F = −
32 = 40a dr
or a = 0.8 ms −2 Point dU F
Speed (v) of block A after it moves 1 m dr
down the plane A + ive − ive
v2 = 2as B + ive − ive
2
or v = 2 × 0.8 × 1 C − ive + ive
or v = 1.12 ms −1 D − ive + ive
26. Work done by frictional force acting on E zero zero
block
(b) x = 2 m point is of unstable equilibrium
= − µ mgs (U being + ive)
= − 0.25 × 3.5 × 9.8 × 7.8 x = 6 m point is of stable equilibrium
= − 66.88 J (U being lowest − ive)
∴ Increase in thermal energy of block-floor x3
system 29. U = − 4x + 6
3
= 66.88 J For U to be maximum (for unstable
As the block stopped after traversing equilibrium) and minimum (for stable
7.8 m on rough floor the maximum kinetic equilibrium)
energy of the block would be 66.88 J (just dU
before entering the rough surface). =0
dx
Maximum PE of spring d  x3 
i.e.,  − 4 x + 6 = 0
= Maximum KE of block dx  3 
1 2
kxmax = 66.88 or x2 − 4 = 0
2
2 × 66 . 88 or x= ±2
∴ xmax = m d2U d 4
640 = ( x − 4) = 2x
dx2 dx
Maximum compression in the spring
At x = + 2 m,
= 0.457 m
d2U
27. Decrease in PE of mass m2 = Work done = 2 × ( + 2) = + 4
dx2
against friction by mass m1 + Increase KE
of mass m1 + Increase in KE of mass m2 ∴ U is minium.
10 kg m1
At x = − 2 m,
d2U
= 2 × ( − 2) = − 4
dx2
∴ U is maximum.
m2 = 5 kg ∴ x = + 2 m point of stable equilibrium.
x = − 2 m point of unstable equilibrium.
120 | Mechanics-1
dU Thus, the equilibrium of the charge − q
30. F = −
dx is unstable if it is slightly displaced along
i.e., U = − ∫ F dx x-axis.
= − (Area under F - x graph) (b) If charge − q is displaced slightly along
Y axis, the net force on it will be along
The corresponding U Vs x graph will be as
origin O and the particle will return to
shown in figure
its original position. And as such the
equilibrium of the − q is stable.
B
–q
F F' F'
+q +q
Fnet
B A
A C E O
(– a, 0, 0)
x
32. (a) Velocity at t = 0 s is 0 ms −1
U Velocity at t = 2 s is 8 ms −1 (using
D
+ v = 0 + at)
– x ∴vav = 4 m s −1 (as acceleration is constant)
Pav = F × vav
= ma vav
Thus, point C corresponds to stable
equilibrium and points A and E = 1 × 4 × 4 = 16 W
correspond to unstable equilibrium. (b) Velocity at t = 4 s is 16 ms −1 (using
31. − q charge placed at origin is in v = u + at)
equilibrium as is two equal and opposite ∴ Instantaneous power of the net force at
forces act on it. t = 4 s will be
y P = mav
–q
= 1 × 4 × 16
+q +q
x
= 64 W
B F F A
(– a, 0, 0) (+ a, 0, 0) 33. Power = Fmin vmax
vmax
(a) But, if we displace it slightly say
towards +ive x side, the force on it due Fmax Fmin = (r)
to charge to B will decreases while that r r Finally
Initially
due to A will increase.
–q +q
P = r vmax
O F2 F1 > F2
P
∴ vmax =
Due to net force on − q towards right the r
change − q will never come back to original
O, its origin position.

Objective Questions (Level 1)

Single Correct Option
1
1. In KE = mv2 Below reference level (PE = 0) PE is − ive.
2 ∴ Mechanical energy which is sum of KE
m is always +ive and v2 is +ive.
and PE may be − ive.
(even if v is − ive).
∴ Correct option is (a).
∴ KE is always + ive.
 Work, Energy and Power | 121
2. Yes, this is work-energy theorem. 80000 + 160000
=
∴ Correct option is (a). 60
3. On a body placed on a rough surface if an = 4000 W
external force is applied the static body Option (c) is correct.
does not move then the work done by t3
frictional force will be zero. 9. x =
→ →
3
4. W = F ⋅ r21 dx
→ → →
∴ v= = t2
= F ⋅ ( r2 − r1) dt
dv
^ ^ ^
= ( ^i + 2 ^j + 3 k) ⋅ [( ^i − ^j + 2 k) − ( ^i + ^j + k)] and a= = 2t
dt
^ ^
= ( ^i + 2 ^j + 3 k) ⋅ ( − 2 ^j + k) F = ma = 2 × 2 t = 4 t
= − 4+3 W = F v = 4 t × t2 = 4 t 3
= −1J ∴ Work done by force in first two seconds
t =2 3
∴ Correct option is (b). = ∫t = 0 4 ⋅ t dt
5. ∴ W = ∫ F dx 2
5  t4 
2 = 4⋅ 
= ∫ 0 7 − 2x + 3 x dx  4 0
= [7 x − x2 + x 3 ] 50 = 135 J = 16 J
∴ Correct option is (d). ∴ Correct option is (c).
→ →
6. P = F ⋅ v 10. Range = 4 × height
u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ
^ ^ ^ ^
= (10 i + 10 j + 20 k) ⋅ (5 i − 3 j + 6 k) ^ ^ or = 4⋅
g 2g
= 50 − 30 + 120 or sin 2θ = 2 sin2 θ
= 140 W or 2 sin θ cos θ − 2 sin2 θ = 0
∴ Correct option is (c). or sin θ (cos θ − sin θ) = 0
7. Work done in displacing the body or cos θ − sin θ = 0 (as sin θ ≠ 0)
= Area under the curve or tan θ = 1
1 × 10 i.e., θ = 45°
= (1 × 10) + (1 × 5) + (1 × − 5) +  
 2  Now, K = KE at highest point
1
= 15 J = m (u cos θ)2
∴ Correct option is (b). 2
1
1
mgh + mv2 = mu2 cos2 θ
W 2 2
8. P = = 1
t t = mu2 cos2 45°
800 kg × 10 ms −2 × 10 m + 2
1 1
1 = mu2 ⋅
× 800 kg × (20 ms −1)2 2 2
= 2 1 2
1 min ∴ mu = 2 K
2
(800 × 10 × 10) + [ 400 × (20)2 ]
= i.e., Initial KE = 2K
60
∴ Correct option is (b).
122 | Mechanics-1
11. P = 3 t2 − 2t + 1 15. x = 2.0 m to 3.5 m
dW dU 6
i.e., = 3 t2 − 2t + 1 =− =−4
dt dx 1.5
dW = (3 t2 − 2 t + 1) dt ∴ F =+4N
4 2
W = ∫ 2 (3 t − 2t + 1) dt x = 3.5 m to 4.5 m
dU 2
4 = =2
 t 3 2t2  dx 1
= 3 ⋅ − + t
 3 2 2 ∴ F = −2N
or = [ t 3 − t2 + t ] 42 x = 4.5 m to 5.0 m
dU
= ( 4 3 − 42 + 4) − (23 − 22 + 2) =0
dx
= 52 − 6
∴ F =0N
= 46
Work done = ( 4 × 1.5) + ( − 2 × 1) + 0
∆K = 46 J
=4J
Correct option is (b). 1 2
1 ∴ mv = 4
12. K i = × 10 × 102 = 500 J 2
2 1
or × 1 × v2 = 4
Work done by retarding force, 2
30
W = ∫ 20 − 0.1 x dx ∴ v = 2 2 ms −1
30 16. KE at highest point
 x2  1
= − 0.1   = m (u cos 45° )2
 2 20 2
2
= − 0.05 × [(30)2 − (20)2 ] 1
= mu2  
1
= − 25 J 2  2
1 1
Final kinetic energy = K i + W =  mu2 
= 500 + ( − 25) 2 2 
E
= 475 J =
2
∴ Correct option is (a).
∴ Correct option is (a).
13. KE of 12 kg mass : KE of 6 kg mass
1 1 17. Work done by person
=m12v2 : m6v2
2 2 = − [Work done by gravitational pull on rope +
gravitational pull on bucket]
[Acceleration being same (equal to g) both
will have same velocities]  h 
=  − mg  + ( − Mgh)
  2  
= m12 : m6
m
= 12 : 6 =  M +  gh
 2
= 2 :1
1 ∴ Correct option is (a).
14. W = k [ x2 − x12 ]
2
1
2 18. mv2 = Fx …(i)
1  10  2  5  2  2
= × 5 × 103   −  1
2    100  mv ′2 = Fx ′ …(ii)
 100  2
5 × 103 x ′ v ′2 (2 v)2
= (100 − 25) = 18.75 Nm ∴ = 2 = 2 = 4 ⇒ x′ = 4 x
2 × 104 x v v
∴ Correct option is (c). ∴ Correct option is (b).
 Work, Energy and Power | 123
19. Vertical velocity (initial) = v0 sin θ K
At an altitude h φt02
(vertical velocity)2 = (v0 sin θ)2 + 2 ( − g) h
(horizontal velocity)2 = (v0 cos θ)2
(Net velocity)2 = v20 − 2 gh
Net velocity = v20 − 2 gh O t0 t

20. Maximum power will be at 2 s Fig. 1

velocity (at t = 2 second) = a ⋅ 2 While ball goes up after elastic

F collision with the surface it strikes
= ⋅2
m
2F 2F 2 a = + g
∴ Power (at t = 2 s) = F × =
m m
∴ Correct option is (d). H
21. v = 0 + at
F u = gt
–0
= at = ⋅t
m
Instantaneous power, Using, v = u + at
P = Fv v = ( − gt0 ) + ( + g) ( t − t0 )
F
=F ⋅t v = − g ( t − 2t0 )
m 1
∴ KE = mg2 ( t − 2t0 )2
F3 2
or P= ⋅t
m i.e., K = φ ( t − 2t0 )2
or P = constant t. K
∴ Correct option is (b).
φt02
22. While ball comes down
u=0

+
a=+g
H
O t0 2t0 t
Fig. 2

From the expression for KE

v = gt0
at t = 2t0 , K = 0
at t = t 0 when ball strikes the surface
as shown in Fig. 2.
Using v = u + at
∴ Correct option is (b).
v = 0 + gt
23. ρ (block) = 3000 kgm −3 and σ (water)
i.e., v = gt. = 1000 kgm −3
1 1
∴ KE = mv2 = mg2 t2
2 2
vσg F
K = φ t2
1
where, φ = mg2 = constant.
2
vρg (ρ − )gσ
124 | Mechanics-1
σ 1 3 y + αx = 5
i.e., =
ρ 3 y x
+ =1
(External force applied to move the block 5/3 5/α
upward with constant velocity). From above figure
Work done = F s 15 3
tan θ =
=
= v (ρ − σ) gs 20 4
Work done will be zero, if
= v (ρ − σ) × 10 × 3
5 φ=θ
= (ρ − σ) × 10 × 3 (Qvρ = 5)
ρ i.e., tan φ = tan θ
5/α 3
 σ or =
= 5 1 −  × 10 × 3 5/3 4
 ρ
3 3
1 or =
= 5 1 −  × 10 × 3 = 100 J α 4
 3
⇒ α=4
∴ Correct option is (a). ∴ Correct option is (d).
Net work done
24. pav = 27. Let x be the elongation in the spring.
Time of flight ( T)
Increase in PE of spring = Decrease in PE
mgH cos π + mgH cos 0
= of block
T 1 2
∴ k x = mgx sin θ
H = Maximum height attained by the 2
projectile 2mg sin θ
⇒ x=
(0) k
= = zero
T ∴ Correct option is (a).
1
25. W ( a) = 2 k′ ( x)2 28.
→
s = 2 t2 ^i − 5 ^j
2
→
l
∴ ds = 4 t ^i dt
→ →
Force Constant
2k' k' W = ∫ F ⋅ ds
l/3 2l/3 2 ^ ^ ^
(a) (b)
= ∫ 0 (3 t i + 5 j) ⋅ 4 t i dt
2
1 2
W ( b) = k′ ( x)2 = ∫ 0 12 t dt
2 2
∴ W ( a) > W ( b)  t3 
= 12 
∴ Correct option is (c).  3 0
26. Y = [ 4 t 3 ] 20
Given = 32 J
Straight line along which
φ work is zero. ∴ Correct option is (b).
→
s 29. W = mgh + mgd
5/3 →
F = 20i + 15j = mg ( h + d)
or Fav d = mg ( h + d)
θ  h
5 X
∴ Fav = mg 1 + 
 d
α
 Work, Energy and Power | 125
1
30. Energy stored in A = E = kA x2A 34. Decrease in PE of mass m
2
kA kB
d
A B
2kA = 2kB
F F k (spring) = 100 N/m
F F θ
A B
2
1 F = Increase in PE of spring
= kA   1
2  kA  i.e., mgd sin θ = kx2
2
2
F kx2
= or d=
2kA 2mg sin θ
F2 100 × 22
Energy stored in B = = = 4 m.
2kB 2 × 10 × 10 × sin 30°
F2
= (Q kB = 2 kA ) ∴ Correct option is (c).
4 kA
35. PE of block will change into its KE and
1 F2 E then the KE gained by the block will
= =
2 2kA 2 change into the PE of the spring.
∴ Correct option is (a). Due to inertia the spring will not start
1 2 1 compressing the moment the block just
31. kx = mv2 touches the spring and as such the block
2 2
will still be in the process as increasing its
m
x=v KE. Thus v of the block will be maximum
k when it compresses the spring by some
0.5 amount.
= 1.5 = 0.15 m
50 ∴ Correct option is (b).
∴ Correct option is (a). 36. Work done by normal force is zero, being
1 perpendicular to the displacement.
32. mv2 = F (2x) …(i)
2 Work done by string is + mgh while that
1
m (2 v)2 = F ( nx) …(ii) due to gravity it is − mgh.
2
Net work done = ( + mgh) + ( − mgh)
Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii),
=0
(2 v)2 n
= ∴ Correct option is (c).
v2 2
37. Work done on floor = 0 (as displacement is
⇒ n=8
zero).
∴ Correct option is (d). (0 − 20) ms −1
1 1 38. Acceleration =
33. mgh = mv2 + kx2 (10 − 0) s
2 2
2 k 2 = − 2 ms −2
i.e., v = 2 gh − h
m Therefore, net force on particle
10 = 2 kg × − 2 m s −2
= 2 × 10 × 0.15 − × (0.15)2
0.1 =−4N
or v = 0.866 m s −1 i.e., the net force on the particle is opposite
∴ Correct option is (b). to the direction of motion.
∴ Correct option is (a).
126 | Mechanics-1
Net work done = F × s ∴ Correct option is (c).
1
= F × (Area under v-t graph) KE just before bounce = mv2 = mgh
1 2
= − 4 ×  × 20 × 10 = − 400 J
2  KE just after bounce = 80% of mgh
Thus net work done may not be wholly When the ball attains maxmum height
due to frictional force only. after bounce
Further net force − 4 N may not be wholly Gain in PE = mgh′ = Loss of KE
due to friction only. or mgh′ = 80% of mgh
39. Height of bounce = (100 − 20) % of 10 m or h′ = 80% of h = 80 % of 10 m
=8 =8m
JEE Corner
Assertion and Reason
1. P = Fv 4. In circular motion only the work done by
For power to be constant, the velocity The centripetal force is zero. Assertion is
must also be constant. Thus, assertion is false, centripetal force acts towards centre
false. while the velocity acts tangentially.
Reason is true.
According to 2nd low of motion, net
constant force will always produce a ∴ Correct option is (d).
constant acceleration. Reason is true. 5. As the speed is increasing (slope of graph
∴ Correct option is (d). being increasing) there must be net force
in the +ive direction of displacement.
2. As displacement is opposite to force
Thus, work done to all forces will be
(reason) the work done by force will be
positive, Assertion is true and also as
negative. explained above reason besides being true
Thus, Assertion is true. Further, as reason is the correct explanation for the
is the correct explanation of the Assertion. Assertion.
∴ Correct option is (a). ∴ Correct option is (a).
→
3. Conservative force has nothing to do with 6. Work done by constant force F when the
kinetic energy. (If a non-conservative force body shifts from A to B.
acts on a particles, there would be loss of → →
F F
KE). Thus, assertion is false. →
θ S
Work done by conservative force decreases A B
PE (reason is true). → →
A S' S'
→ →
F → F
mg (a conservative force) S
h D
C
B
→ →
mg W AB = F ⋅ s = F s cos θ
→ →
W = mgh Similarly, W AC = F ⋅ s
If PE at A is zero. = F s′ cos (90° + θ)
The PE at B would be − mgh. = − F s′ sin θ
∴ Correct option is (d). → →
WCD = F ⋅ s = F s cos θ
 Work, Energy and Power | 127
→ →
WDB = F ⋅ s cos(90° − θ) greater than 90° and that between N
(normal force on wedge) and its
= F s′ sin θ
displacement will be less than 90° as given
W AC + WCD + WDB = F s cos θ = W AB
in reason.
∴ Work done by a constant force is path N
independent. thus, Assertion is true. A
The Reason is false. Kinetic frictional
force remains constant but is a
N
non-conservative force.
B
∴ Correct option is (c).
7. It is true that work-energy theorem can be
applied to non-inertial frame also as
explained in the answer to question no. 2
of introductory exercise 6.2.
Earth is non-inertial which is also true is
a separate issue and has nothing to do For this the work done byN (or block) will
with the assertion. be negative and that by N (on wedge) will
Thus, option (b) would be the answer. be positive as given in assertion.
8. When block is depressed the excess of Reason also being the correct explanation
of the assertion.
upthrust force will act as restoring force
and will bring the block up. The velocity 11. There will be increase in length of the
elastic cord.
gained by block will take the block above
its equilibrium and the block will oscillate elastic
θ
about its equilibrium position (as given in cord
reason). Thus, the block will be in
equilibrium in the vertical direction. Block
Thus, assertion is also true and the reason
f1
being correct explanation of the assertion. Plank f1
∴ Correct option is (a). s f
f2
9. As displacement ( = s2 − s1) is not equal to Work-done by static force
zero, the work done by all forces may not
f1 (on block) = − f1s
be zero. Therefore, assertion is false.
Work done by static force
Work done by all the forces is equal to
f1 (on plank) = + f1s
change in KE is as per work-energy
theorem. Thus, reason is true. ∴ Work done by static force f1 on the
system (block + plank + cord) = 0
∴ Correct option is (d).
Thus, reason is true.
10. When the block comes down the wedge, The work done by the force F will be used
the wedge will move towards left and the up in doing work against friction f2 and
actually displacement of normal force will also increasing the elastic potential
not be along the wedge (see chapter on energy of the cord. Thus, assertion is true.
CM). It will along AB as shown in figure. Further, as the reason is the correct
Thus, the angle between N (normal force explanation of the assertion.
on block) and its displacement AB will be
128 | Mechanics-1
1 1
12. Decrease in KE = mv2 − 0 PE + KE = mv2
2 2
v Decrease in ME is used up in doing work
f Slope against friction.
Rough Case-I In this case the mechanical energy is
gh being used up in doing work against
ps E=m friction and in increasing the PE of the
Sto P
block.
1
∴ Change ME = mv2 − mgh
2
v' h
Thus, assertion is true.
30°
As explained above the reason is false.
f'
(µ does not change with the increase in
1
mv2 = angle of inclination)
2
∴ Correct option is (c).
Change in mechanical energy
Objective Questions (Level 2)
Single Correct Option
1. Increase in KE of bead = Work done by 3. Loss of PE of block = Gain in PE of spring
gravity + work done by force F
1
∴ mv2 = mgh + FR d
2
(Displacement of force F is R) k
1 A
= × 10 × 5 + 5 × 5 = 50
2
1
100 mg ( d + 2) sin 30° = k × 22
∴ u= 2
m
1 1
= 200 = 14.14 ms −1 or 10 × 10 × ( d + 2) × = × 100 × 22
2 2
∴ Correct option is (a). d = 2m
Let, v A = velocity of block when it just
2. P = Fv touches spring
= mav
 dv   dv dv ds dv  d
= m v  v  a = = ⋅ =v 
 dx   dt ds dt ds 
m 2 2m
∴ ds = v dv
p m A
m 2v 2
i.e., ∫ ds = v dv 30°
p ∫v
1
m v 3 
2v
∴ mv2A = mgd sin 30°
or s=   2
p  3 v 1
v2A = 10 × 2 × 2 ×
m 7 mv 3 2
= [(2v) 3 − (v) 3 ] =
3p 3p v A = 20 ms −1
∴ Correct option is (a). Correct option is (a).
 Work, Energy and Power | 129
m ∴ a2 = 0
4. Mass per unit length of chain =
πR/2 ∴ Correct option is (b).
m
dm = R dθ 6. Let x be the expansion in the spring.
πR/2 kx kx T T
A B
∫ y dm
yCM = T
∫ dm
θ T

CM M1g

R (1 – cos θ) y (
R 1–2
π )
Increase in PE of spring = Decrease in PE
of block C
π /2 m 1 2
∫0 R (1 − cos θ) R dθ kx = M1 gx
πR/2 2
=
m i.e., kx = 2M1 g
2R π / 2 For block A to remain at rest
= (1 − cos θ) dθ
π ∫0 kx = µ min Mg
2R  π
= − 1 or 2M1 g = µ min Mg
π  2 
2M1
2 ∴ µ min =
= R 1 −  M
 π 
∴ Correct option is (c).
1
Now, mv2 + mg yCM 7. Ti = mg
2
2mg
or v2 = 2 g yCOM KX i = = mg
2
2
v = 2 gR 1 −  When one spring is cut. It means KX i
 π becomes zero. Downward acceleration,
∴ Correct option is (c). KX i mg g
a= = =
5. The moment string is cut 2m 2m 2
T Now drawing FBD of lower mass :
A mg
T = mg mg − Tf = m. a =
mg 2
mg F (= mg) mg
F ∴ Tf =
2
mg
or ∆T = Tf − Ti =
2
F = kx = mg
mg sin θ − µ mg cos θ
8. a =
F = mg
m
B = g sin θ − µ g cos θ
mg (weight) mg For v to be maximum x
dv a
=0 θ
Net force on A = 2mg (downward) dx os
mg sin θ
mgc
dv µ
∴ a1 = 2 g or v =0
Net force on B = 0 dx θ
130 | Mechanics-1
dx dv 4 µ mg
or ⋅ =0 ⇒ x=
dt dx x
dv ∴ Correct option is (c).
or =0
dt → →
12. Power delivered by man = T ⋅ v
or a=0
i.e., g sin θ = µ g cos θ = T v cos θ →
→ T →
or sin θ = µ cos θ |T|= T v
3 3 4 → m
or = x⋅ and |v|= T
5 10 5
10 13. φ = 3 x + 4 y
⇒ x= = 2.5 m y
4
3N
∴ Correct option is (d). P (6m, 8m)
dU
9. (a) Between points E and F, is − ive. 4N
dr Fnet = 5N
dU
Now, F = − , the force between E and F
dr
will be + ive i.e., repulsive.
R 6m Q x
(b) At point C the potential energy is
minimum. Thus, C is point of stable
equilibrium. ∂φ
∴ Correct option is (c). ∴ Fx = − = −3N
∂x
→ →
10. Power = F ⋅ v ∂φ
and Fy = − =−4N
→ ∂y
v
→ PR 5
u =
→ PQ 4
θ mg
5
→ ⇒ PR = × PQ = 10 m
mg 4
→ → → ∴ Work done by the conservative force on
= m g ⋅ ( u + g t) the particle
→ →
= mg u cos (90° + θ) + m g ⋅ g t = Fnet × PR = 5 N × 10 m
i.e., P = − mg u sin θ + mg2 t = 50 Nm = 50 J
→ → ∴ Correct option is (c).
[|u|= u,|g|= g]
14. Both at x = x1 and x = x2 the force acting
Therefore, the graph between P and t will
on the body is zero i.e., it is in equilibrium.
be as shown in option (c).
Now, if the body (when at x = x1) is moved
11.
towards right (i.e., x > x1) the force acting
x
on it is + ive i.e., the body will not come
2x
back and if the body (when at x = x2 ) is
moved toward rght (i.e., x > x2 ) the force
µmg
acting on it is − ive i.e., the body will
PE of spring due to its compression by x return back. Then,x = x2 is the position of
stable equilibrium.
= | Work done by frictional force when
displaced by 2x| ∴ Correct option is (b).
1 2
i.e., kx = µ mg 2x
2
 Work, Energy and Power | 131
−7 −12
15. The man will stop when i.e., 6b x = 12a x
1
2a 6
x =  
x
i.e.,
 b
mg sin θ µmg cos θ
∴ Correct option is (a).
θ
19. For the rotational equilibrium of the rod
µ mg cos θ = mg sin θ
or (µ 0 x) mg cos θ = mg sin θ l kx
tan θ
or x= l/2
µ0
mg
16. Taking moment about A
l
mg⋅ = kx l
2
mg
i.e., x=
2k
1 2
∴ PE stored in the spring = kx
k1x C k2x 2
2
A B 1  mg  ( mg)2
= k  =
F = (k1 + k2)x 2  2k 8k

AC ⋅ F = ( k2 x) l ∴ Correct option is (c).

( k x) l m − m2
∴ AC = 2 20. a = 1 g
F m1 + m2
( k2 x) l Speed (v) with which mass m1 strikes the
=
( k1 + k2 ) x floor
k2  m − m2 
= l = 02 + 2 gh = 2  1  gh
k1 + k2  m1 + m2 
∴ Correct option is (d). ∴ Correct option is (a).
17. mgh + work done by the force of friction 21. F = − ax + bx2
1 dU
= mv2 ∴ − = − ax + bx2
2 dx
∴ Work done by the force of friction or dU = ( ax − bx2 ) dx
1
= mv2 − mgh or U = ∫ ( ax − bx2 ) dx
2
ax2 bx 3
1 or U= − +c
=  × 1 × 22  − (1 × 10 × 1) 2 3
2 
At x = 0, F = 0
= − 8J
∴U = 0
∴ Correct option is (c).
a b and so, c = 0
18. U = 12 − 6 ax2 bx 3
x x Thus, U= −
2 3
U = ax −12 − bx −6
dU ax2 bx 3
For stable equilibrium, =0 U = 0, when =
dx 2 3
3a
i.e., a ( − 12) x −13 − b ( −6) x −7 = 0 i.e., at x =
2b
132 | Mechanics-1
dU 1 2
= 0, when F = 0 ∴ k xmax = mg ( h + xmax ) …(i)
dx 2
i.e., − ax + bx2 = 0 ∴ From above Eq. (i),
a xmax depends upon h and also xmax
i.e., at x=
b depends upon k.
Graph between U and x will be KE of the block will be maximum when it
is just at the point of touching the plank
and at this moment there would no
compression in the spring.
Maximum KE of block = mgh
a 3a ∴ Correct option is (c).
O X
b 2b 25. Gain in KE of chain = Decrease in PE of
chain
∴ Correct option is (c).
W A Fs 1
22. = = CM (i)
WB Fs 1
2r
∴ Correct option is (c). π
1
WA mv2A
= 2 =1
WB 1 4 mv2
B
2
v2A 4
⇒ =
v2B 1
vA 2
⇒ =
vB 1
WA 1
=
WB 1
KA 1 πr/2
∴ =
KB 1 πr CM (f)

23. Ui at (1, 1) = k (1 + 1) = 2k
U f at (2, 3) = k (2 + 3) = 5k
W = U f − Ui
= 5k − 2k = 3 k When the whole chain has justcome out of
the tube.
∴ Correct option is (b).
1 2π πr
24. Gain in PE of spring = Loss of PE of block or mv2 = mg  + 
2  π 2
2 π
∴ v + 2 gr  + 
h  π 2
∴ Correct option is (b).
xmax 26. Acceleration of the block will decrease as
PE = 0 level the block moves to the right and spring
for block
expands the velocity (v) of block will be
maximum, when
1 1
mv2 = kx2
2 2
 Work, Energy and Power | 133
At this moment, F = k x 29. Work done on block A in ground frame
F (50 − 30)
i.e., x= = 0.2 × 45 × 10 ×
k 100
2
k  F F2 = 18 J
or v2 =   =
m  k km ∴ Correct option is (b).
F 30. N = mg cos θ
∴ v=
mk N

∴ Correct option is (b). φ = 53° 20 m

→ →
27. Force on each block = k x s s=|s|
4ms–1 6ms–1

A B 10 ms–1
kx kx
θ = 37°
1
= 200 × = 20 N
10 = 10 × 10 × cos 37 °
Power of A = 20 × 4 = 80 W 4
= 10 × 10 ×
5
Power of B = 20 × 6 = 120 W
= 80 N
∴ Total power = 200 W
i.e., rate of energy transfer = 200 Js −1 ∴ Work done by N in 2 s
= N cos φ
∴ Correct option is (c).
= 80 × 20 × cos 53 °
28. From O to x compression in the spring
3
F kx + ive
= 80 × 20 ×
A B 5
m kx 3m
= 960 Nm
Average acceleration of A = 960 J
kx − F ∴ Correct option is (b).
aA =
2m T ′ + mg
31. =5 (given)
Average acceleration of B m
kx Upper spring Lower spring
aB = cut Initially cut
2 (3 m)
As at maximum compression of the spring
both the blocks would be having same T = T' + mg T
velocity. + ive
2 a A x = 2 aB x [using v2 = u2 + 2as] T' T'
i.e., a A = aB mg mg mg
kx − F kx
=
2m 6m
T ′ + m × 10 = 5 m
kx
or kx − F = i.e., T ′ = − 5 m
3 mg − T
2 kx a=
or F= m
3 mg − ( T ′ + mg)
3F =
i.e., x= m
2k T′
=−
∴ Correct option is (c). m
134 | Mechanics-1
( − 5 m) 33. Total ME = − 40 J
=−
m ∴ PE (max) = − 40 J
= 5 ms −2
U (x)
∴ Correct option is (b). 50 J
32. Total ME = 25 J
∴ PE (U) max = 25 J [as KE can’t be −ive.] 25
U (x)
– 10 –5 6 10 15 x (m)
50 J
PE (max) PE (max) – 35
PE (max) PE (max)
25 x (m)
– 10 –5 6 10 15 Particle can't be found in the regions
above PE (max) line.
∴ “It is not possible”. Option (d).
Particle can’t be found in the region above
PE (max) line.
∴ −10 < x < − 5 and 0 < x < 15
∴ Correct option is (a).
More than One Correct Options
→ →
1. (i) Acceleration (iii) As a ⋅ v ≠ 0, the path of the particle
U = 7 x + 24 y can’t be a circle.
∂U → →
∴ Fx = − = −7 i.e., a is not perpendicular to v.
∂x
Options (c) and (d) are incorrect.
∂U
Fy = − = − 24 →
∂y v = 3i + 4j
7
i.e., ax = − – 7i
5
24
i.e., ay = −
5
→ 7 ^ 24 ^
∴ a=− i− j m/s2
5 5
→
i.e., |a |= 5 ms −2 →
a
– 24j

∴ Correct option is (b).

2. U = 100 − 5x + 100x2
(ii) Velocity at t = 4 s ∂U ∂
→ → → ∴ Fx = − =− (100 − 5x + 100x2 )
v=u+at ∂x ∂x
 7 24 ^ = − [ − 5 + 200 x ]
= ( 8.6 ^i + 23.2 ^j ) + − ^i − j 4
 5 5  = 5 − 200 x
Fx 5 − 200 x
= 8.6 ^i + 23.2 ^j − 5.6 ^i − 10.2 ^j ∴ ax = =
0.1 0.1
= 3 ^i + 4 ^j = 50 − 2000 x
→ (i) At 0.05 m from origin
∴ |v|= 5 ms −1
x = + 0.05 m (first point)
∴ Correct option is (a). ax = 50 − 2000 (0.05)
= 50 − 100
 Work, Energy and Power | 135
2
= − 50 m/s Work done by spring = Energy stored in
= 50 m/s 2 towards − ive x the spring
1
∴ Correct option is (a). = kx2
2
(ii) At 0.05 m from origin
∴ Correct option is (b).
x = − 0.05 m (second point)
(iii) If spring is initially its natural length
ax = 50 − 2000( − 0.05) and finally compressed.
= 50 + 100 1
Work done on (not by) the spring  = kx2 
= 150 m/s 2  2 
∴ Correct option is (c). will be stored in the spring.
Mean Position ∴ Option (c) is incorrect.
50 (iv) If spring is initially at its natural
a = 0 at x = m = 0.025 m
2000 length and finally extended.
1
(iii) For point 0.05 m from mean position Work done on (not by) the spring  = kx2 
 2 
x = (0.05 + 0.025) m
will be stored in the spring.
= 0.075 m
∴ Option is (d) is incorrect.
∴ ax ( at x = 0.075 m ) = 50 − 2000 (0.075)
4. (i) Work-Energy theorem states that Wnet
= 50 − 150 = − 100 m/s 2
(Work done by all forces conservative or
= 100 m/s 2 towards − ve x-axis. non-conservative, external or internal)
∴ Correct option is (b). = ∆ (KE)
(iv) For second point 0.05 m from mean Correct option is (d) is incorrect.
position
∴ Correct option is (c).
x = 0.025 m − 0.05 m
(ii) Work done by non-conservative forces
= − 0.025 m (i.e., all forces except conservative
∴ ax = 50 − 2000 ( − 0.025) forces) lead to decrease in KE and thus
= 100 ms −2 change in mechanical energy takes
place.
∴ Option (d) is incorrect.
∴ Correct option is (b).
3. (i) If the spring is compressed by x, elastic
1 2 (iii) Work done by a conservative force may
potential energy equal to kx gets stored be + ve, − ve or zero.
2 →
in the spring. Now, if the compressed s
90°
spring is released the energy stored in the mg
spring will be lost. When the spring mg
h h
attains to natural length.
Work done by spring = Energy stored in
the spring
1
= kx2
2 mg (a conservative force)

∴ Correct option is (a). → →

W = m g⋅h
(ii) If the spring is extended by x, energy
1 = mghcos π
stored in the spring would be kx2 . If the
2 = − mgh
extended spring is released the energy
(PE increases)
stored in the spring will be lost when the
spring attains its natural length.
136 | Mechanics-1
→ →
W = m g⋅h When F is removed, the upper disc
accelerates upwards and when it attains
= mghcos 0 the position as in figure 2, its acceleration
= + mgh reduces to zero and the velocity gained by
(PE increases) it takes it further upwards. Restoring
force on the upper plate now acts
→ → π
W = m g ⋅ h = mghcos =0 downwards and that on the lower plate
2 acts in the upward direction and would lift
(PE remains same) it (lower plate) if
Option (a) is incorrect. k (δ − l) > 3 mg
5. F is the force by hand or upper disc i.e., kδ > 3 mg + kl
or kδ > 3 mg + mg
(δ – l) 4mg
k (l + δ) or δ>
k
k (δ + l)
∴ Correct option is (d).
F
Correct option is (a) obviously being
k (δ + l)
incorrect.
N 6. At maximum extension x :
decrease in potential energy of B=
increase in spring energy
k(l + δ) 1
∴ (2m)( g)( x) = kx2
3mg 3mg 2
4 mg
kl = mg or k=
k
l
mg 7. Total work done by internal forces of a
system, which constitute action and
Artist reaction pairs, is always zero and if it is
to make not so the total work done will not zero.
it 3/2 times
of l ∴ Correct options are (b) and (c).
8. (i) Work done by conservative forces may
be + ive, − ive or zero as explained in the
answer to question no. 4
kl Uncomprssed/
3mg Unstretched ∴ Option (a) is incorrect.
spring Correct option is (b).
N = 3 mg + k ( l + δ) Correct option is (c).
2mg  (ii) In pure rolling work done by frictional
= 3 mg + k l + 
 k  force (a non-conservative force) is always
zero.
= 3 mg + kl + 2mg
∴ Correct option is (d).
= 3 mg + mg + 2mg
2mg  9. In moving from 1 to 2 work done by
= 6mg for δ =  conservative force
 k 
= U1 − U2
∴ Correct option is (b).
= ( − 20) − ( − 10)
N = kl + 3 mg
= − 10 J
= mg + 3 mg = 4mg
∴ Option (a) is incorrect.
∴ Correct option is (c).
 Work, Energy and Power | 137
Option (b) is correct. Work done by Normal force ( N ) on block A
Work done by all forces W = Ns cos θ
= ( K 2 + U2 ) − ( K 1 + U1) In motion 2 → + ve as θ < 90°
= [20 + ( − 10)] − [10 + ( − 20)] In motion 1 → + ve as θ < 90°
= 20 J ∴ Correct option is (b).
∴ Correct option is (c). Work done by force of friction (f )
Option (d) is incorrect. In motion 1 → may be − ive if f is directed
10. N N upwards along the plane as shown in
2 figure 1. (Motion 1 being retarded)
1 ∴ Correct option is (c).
mg mg
In motion 1 → may be + ive if f is directed
Work done by gravity downwards along the plane if motion 1 is
In motion 2 → − ive [as θ = π] accelerated.
π ∴ Correct option is (d).
In motion 1 → zero[as θ = ]
2
∴ Correct option is (a).

Match the Columns

1. As body is displaced from x = 4 m to (d) → (p, s).
x =2m 2. W = Fs cos θ
→ ^
s = −2im (a) Work done by N will be + ive as θ < 90°
→ (a) → (p)
(a) F = 4 ^i
→ →
(b) Work done by mg will be − ive as θ = π
∴ W = F ⋅ s = 4 ^i − 2 ^i
= − 8 unit N
T
(a) → (q)
and |W |= 8 unit
mg
(a) → (s)
→
(b) F = 4 ^i − 4 ^j (b) → (q)
→ → ^ ^ ^
∴ W = F ⋅ s = ( 4 i − 4 j) ⋅ ( − 2 i) = − 8 unit (c) Work done by force of friction (f )
will be zero as f will be zero.
(b) → (q, s)
→ (c) → (r)
(c) F = − 4 ^i
(d) Work done by tension (T) will be + ive
→ → ^
∴ W = F ⋅ s = 8 i unit as θ < 90°
and |W|= 8 unit (d) → (p)
(c) → (p, s) 3. Y
→
(d) F = − 4 ^i − 4 ^j +q FB FA = FB +q
→ → A +Q B
∴ W = F⋅ s Fnet = 0
(– a, 0) (+ a, 0)

= ( − 4 ^i − 4 ^j) ⋅ ( − 2 ^i) = 8 unit

F A = force on + Q by + q placed at A
and |W |= 8 unit FB = force on + Q by + q placed at B
138 | Mechanics-1
As FA = FB charge +Q will be in 4. (a) From A to B :
equilibrium.
(a)
A FB' FA' +q
+q +Q B A kx
x

B
Mean x
Due to increase in distance between + q (at position mg
A) and+ Q C

FA′ < FA 1 2
Increase in spring PE = kx
Due to decrease in distance between + q 2
(at B ) and + Q Decrease in gravitational. PE of block
FB′ > FB = mgx
Using FA = FB , we have FB′ > FA . As there = ( kx) x = kx2
will net force on + Q which will being + Q to ∴ (a) → (q)
origin. (b) From A to B
Thus, equilibrium will be a stable one. Increase in KE of block
(b) Y = Decrease in gravitational PE of block
Fnet − Increase in spring PE
FB FA 1 2
2
+Q = kx − kx
A B
2
1 2
+q +q = kx < Decrease in gravitational PE of
2
block.
As Fnet will be along the increasing ∴ (b) → (p)
direction of Y , the charge + Q will not (c) From B to C
return to origin. 1 1
Increase in spring PE = k (2x)2 − kx2
Thus, equilibrium will be an unstable one. 2 2
3 2
∴ (b) → (q) = kx
2
(c) As explained in (b) the equilibrium will 1
Decrease in KE of block = kx2
be an unstable on. 2
∴ (c) → (q) (KE of block at C will be zero)
(d) ∴ (c) → (p).
x = y line
Fnet (d) From B to C
FA decrease in gravitational PE = mgx
A = ( kx) x
+q +q = kx2
3 2
Increase in spring PE = kx
2
∴ (d) → (p)
 Work, Energy and Power | 139
m − m2 2−1 (c) Work done by string on 2 kg block
5. a = 1 g= g
m1 + m2 2+1 = Ts cos π
40
= × 0.15 × ( −1)
3
= − 20 J
T ∴ (c) → (s).
T
(d) Work done by string on 1 kg block
T
a = Ts cos 0
T a 40
m2 = × 0.15 × 1
m1 3
1g 2g =2J
∴ (d) → (q).
1
= g 6. (a) Work done by friction force ( f )
3
10 (w.r.t. ground)
= m s −2
3
2 m1m2 f
T= g
m1 + m2 f' (= f )
1×2
=2× × 10
1+2
40 = f s cos π
= N
3 =−fs
Displacement of blocks, ∴ (a) → (q).
1
s = ut + at2 (b) Work done by friction force on incline
2 (w.r.t. ground)
1 2
= at = f × 0 × cos 0
2
1 10 =0
= × × (0.3)2
2 3 [There being no displacement of incline
= 0.15 m w.r.t. ground]
(a) Work done by gravity on 2 kg block ∴ (b) → (r).
= mgs cos 0 (c) Work done by a man in lifting a bucket
= 2 × 10 × 0.15 × (1) = Ts cos 0 (T = Tension in rope)
=3J = a + ive quantity
∴ (a) → (r) θ = 0 as T and s both would be in upward
direction.
(b) Work done by gravity on 1 kg block
∴ (c) → (p).
= mgs cos π
(d) Total work done by friction force in (a)
= 1 × 10 × 0.15 × ( − 1) w.r.t. ground
= − 1.5 J = − f s+0= − f s
∴ (b) → (p). ∴ (d) → (q).