Powder Technology 101 Ž1999.

183–190

Quantitative estimation of solids holdups at dense and dilute regions of

circulating fluidized beds
a,) b
D. Bai , K. Kato
a
Natural Gas Technologies Center,, 1350 Nobel Street, BoucherÕille, Quebec, J4B 5H3, Canada
b
Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gunma UniÕersity, Kiryu, Gunma 376, Japan
Received 5 February 1995

Abstract

This paper focuses on developing correlations for better prediction of solids holdups at the dense and dilute regions of circulating
fluidized bed risers based on experimental data from the literature and our laboratory. Analysis of the experimental axial profile of solids
holdup and the data on ´sd and ´s ) has identified a critical solid circulation rate: saturation carrying capacity of gas, Gs ), which
distinguishes two different variations of ´sd and ´s ) with solid circulation rate. In the case of Gs - Gs ), ´sd and ´s ) increase with
increasing solid circulation rate and may vary with other system properties, whereas ´sd and ´s ) are only the functions of gas velocity
and gas-solid properties and change little with the solid circulation rate, the riser diameter, the solids inventory as well as the solid feeding
system in the case of Gs G Gs ). Based on these facts, more generalized empirical correlations for estimation of ´sd and ´s ) are
obtained. Comparisons with experimental data and the existing literature correlations confirmed the validity of the present correlations.
q 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Solids holdup; Dense region; Dilute region; Circulating fluidized beds

1. Introduction tion w1–4x. Although many correlations for estimating solids

Understanding of the solids distribution and flow behav-
ior in circulating fluidized bed ŽCFB. risers is the key to
successful design and scale-up of CFB systems. The solids
distribution governs the pressure drop occurring along the
CFB riser and is directly related to the solids residence
time within the riser. It also determines the gas-solid
interfacial area per unit of the mixture, which directly
affects gas-solid contact efficiency, heat and mass transfer
rates, and chemical reaction performance. Furthermore,
better prediction of solids holdups at the dense and dilute
regions of CFB risers is often required in CFB modeling.
Considerable experimental investigations have demon-
strated that the axial variation of cross-sectional average
solids holdup Žfor simplicity this will be referred to as
solids holdup in this paper. is dependent on many factors,
such as operating conditions, solid properties, solid inven-
tory, as well as the geometry and system design configura-
)
Corresponding author. Tel.: q1-450-641-8147; Fax: q1-450-449-
4994; E-mail: ctgn@cedep.com
distributions in the CFB risers are available in the litera-
ture Žsee Tables 1 and 2., many of them are limited to the
employed experimental conditions, and extrapolation of
these correlations to different operating conditions often
leads to considerable deviation. Therefore, the present
work focuses on developing general correlations for better
prediction of solids holdups at the dense and dilute regions
of CFBs, which should be applicable in a wide range of
operating conditions.
2. Experimental
2.1. Axial profile of solids holdup
Fig. 1 illustrates an ideal axial profile of solids holdup
in CFB risers. This is typical when the riser has a smooth
exit at its top and an entrance structure with weak restric-
tion Že.g., w1–3,5,6,8–12,19x.. At a very low solids rate
Ž Gs s Gs1 ., solids move co-currently upward with the gas.
In this case, a uniform axial distribution of solids is
observed. This flow pattern has been well defined as dilute

0032-5910r99r$ - see front matter q 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 3 2 - 5 9 1 0 Ž 9 8 . 0 0 1 5 9 - 4
184 D. Bai, K. Kato r Powder Technology 101 (1999) 183–190

Table 1
List of empirical correlations and their relative deviations and root mean standard deviations for predicting the solids holdup at the dense region ´sd
Investigators Correlation RD Ž%. a SD b
Ug q 1
King w27x ´sd s 1 y 69.7 0.0867
Ug q 2
y0.0253 y0.1206
Ud d p rg n t
Wong et al. w28x

Pugsely et al. w29x

´sd s 1 y 0.714

´sd s 8 = 10 y4
ž /
Gs
Ug ž Dy0.0794
m / 76.3

67.9
0.1496

0.159
0.6202 y0.53
Gs rp
Gao w9x ´sd s 1 y 0.2276
ž / ž /
rg Ug rg
y0.4037
81.8 0.176

18 Re sd q 2.7 Re1.687
sd d p rg Ug Ud
Kwauk et al. w17x ´sd s 1 y 0.2513
ž Ar
0.25
/
0.2
Re sd s
m ž 1 y ´sd
y
´sd / 88.2 0.151

´sd Ug y n t d p rg n t
Nishino w8x
1 y ´sd
s 4.0
ž ug / ž / y0.23
m
Dy0.27
1.21 y0.383
79.5 0.112

´sd Ug rp y rg Ug
Present work
´sX
s 1 q 6.14 = 10y3
1.13
ž / ž / ž' /
Ud rg
y0.013
gD
for Gs - Gs ) 16.8 0.0123

´sd Ug rp y r g
´sX
s 1 q 0.103
ž / ž
Ud rg / for Gs G Gs ) 14.4 0.0379

a
The relative deviation is calculated by 1rN Ý1N < ´sd ,cal y ´sd ,exp <r´sd ,exp = 100, N is the data points.
b
(
The root–mean standard deviation is calculated by Ý1N < ´sd ,cal y ´sd ,exp < 2rN .

pneumatic transport where an increase in the solid circula- Ž Gs s Gs3 ., the solids can no longer be individually sus-
tion rate usually leads to a slight increase in solids holdup pended in the riser. Consequently, a relatively dense bed
Ž Gs s Gs2 .. As the solid circulation rate is further increased forms at the bottom of the riser, indicating a transition

Table 2
List of empirical correlations and their relative deviations and root mean standard deviations for predicting the solids holdup at the dilute region ´s )
Investigators Correlation RD Ž%. a SD b
Gs
Kunii and Levenspiel w14x ´s ) s 50.7 0.0255
rp Ž Ug y n t .
Ug
´s ) s 1 y w s 1 q 5.6rFr q 0.47Frt0.41
Pugsely et al. w29x w Ud q Ug 66.5 0.0235
Fr s Ugr gD ' Frt s n tr gD '
Gs )
´s ) s
rp Ž Ug y n t .
Bi and Zhu w7x 0.542 80.8 0.0339
Ug Gs )
'gd p
s 21.6
ž / rg Ug
Ar 0.105

0.0162 y0.0503 y0.0259 y0.02527

Gs nt D d p rg Ug
Gao w9x ´s ) s 1 y 1.006
ž / ž / ž / ž
rg Ug Ug dp
y0.6222
m / 448 0.0797

18Re s ) q 2.7Re s ) 1.687 d p rg Ug Ud

Kwauk et al. w17x ´s ) s 1 y 0.05547

Gs
ž Ar / Re s ) s
m ž 1 y ´s )
y
´s ) / 905 0.156

Ouyang and Potter w15x ´s ) s 2.6 49.7 0.0182

rp Ž Ug y n t .
´s ) X 0.214
Present work s 4.04´s for Gs - Gs ) 19.7 0.0031
´sX
0.5 y0.082
´s ) Ug rp y rg
´sX
s 1 q 0.208
ž / ž
Ud rg / for Gs G Gs ) 15.1 0.0086

a
The relative deviation is calculated by 1rN Ý1N < ´s,cal ) y ´s,exp ) <r´s,exp ) = 100, N is the data points.
b
(
The root–mean standard deviation is calculated by Ý1N < ´s ,cal ) y ´s ,exp ) < 2rN
 D. Bai, K. Kato r Powder Technology 101 (1999) 183–190 185

Fig. 1. Typical axial profiles of solid holdup in circulating fluidized bed risers.

from a pattern where all particles are traveling upwards profiles of solids holdup reported in the open literature and
with no axial concentration profile of solids to a mode obtained in our laboratory.
where there is axial concentration profile of solids. The The solids holdups, ´sd , for three risers of different
solid holdups, ´sd and ´s ), in this case increase as the diameters are plotted against the solid circulation rate in
solid circulation rate increases, as shown in Fig. 1Žb.. Fig. 2. For a given operating gas velocity ŽUg s 2.5 mrs in
Further increase in the solid circulation rate will result
in a steep axial distribution in solids holdup and a continu-
ously increase in the solids holdup at both the lower and
upper regions Ž Gs s Gs4 .. When the solids circulation rate
is increased to a value Žtermed as Gs ) in this paper. at
which much of the solids begins to accumulate at the
bottom of the riser, a typical S-shaped solid holdup distri-
bution starts to form. Further increasing solid circulation
rate to go beyond this critical point will have negligible
effect on the solids holdup at the dense and dilute regions
Žsee Fig. 1Žb.., although the dense region continues to
grow Ž Gs s Gs6 , Gs7 .. If sufficient driving force is avail-
able to push the solids into the riser, the dense region may
eventually fill the whole riser.
It is clear that the variations of solids holdups, ´sd and
´s ), are significantly different according to the solid
circulation rate. In the case of Gs - Gs ), solids holdups
increase with increasing Gs , while they change little with
Gs in the case of Gs G Gs ). This fact has to be taken into
account when developing correlations for the prediction of
solids holdups at the dense and dilute regions of circulat-
ing fluidized bed risers.

2.2. Variation of solids holdup at dense region, ´ s d

The solids holdup at the bottom of the riser, ´sd , Fig. 2. Variation of solids holdup at dense region with solid circulation
basically denotes the solids holdup when z s y`. It is rate for different riser diameters Ž Ld s1.7 m.. Data are obtained from
however determined as the value at z s 0 from the axial Nishino w8x.
186 D. Bai, K. Kato r Powder Technology 101 (1999) 183–190

Fig. 2Ža. and Ug s 3.0 mrs in Fig. 3Žb.., the solids holdup
´sd is low and increases with Gs when Gs - Gs ) Ž Gs ) is
indicated by arrows in the figure.. In this case, the corre-
sponding axial profiles of solids holdup can be described
by exponential function. When the solid circulation rate is
raised up to Gs ), ´sd becomes insensitive to change in the
solid circulation rate because of formation of the S-shaped
axial solids holdup profiles. It is interesting to note that
when Gs G Gs ), ´sd appears to be independent of the riser
diameter, but may vary with gas velocity.
Earlier studies Že.g., Refs. w1–3,6,8–12x. have found
that the solids holdup ´sd are independent of solid inven-
tory in the case of co-existence of a lower dense region
and an upper dilute region. Fig. 3 shows influence of solid
inventory Žrepresented by the static height of solid in the
downcomer. on the solid holdup ´sd . It is evident that ´sd
changes little with solid circulation rate and solid inven-
tory as long as Gs G Gs ).
When the riser diameter and the solids inventory are
fixed, the solids holdup ´sd is plotted against the solid
circulation rate for two slow bed Žor downcomer. diame-
ters in Fig. 4. Apparently, the solid holdup ´sd keeps
almost constant when Gs G Gs ).

2.3. Variation of solids holdup at dilute region, ´ s )

Basically, ´s ) denotes the solids holdup when z s `.

In this paper it is determined as the value at the top exit. It
Fig. 4. Variation of solids holdup at dense region with solid circulation
rate for different slow bed diameters Ž Ds 0.097 m.. Data are obtained
from Nishino w8x.

should be pointed out that in most experimental conditions

used in the present work, ´s ) was found to be indepen-
dent on the riser height. Fig. 5 shows the variation of
solids holdup ´s ) with solid circulation rate for three
risers of different diameters. As is observed in ´sd , under
low solid circulation rates, the solids holdup ´s ) is low.
An increase in the solid circulation rate results in an
increase in ´s ). As the solid circulation rate increases
beyond the saturation carrying capacity of gas Gs ), the
solid circulation rate and the riser diameter appear to
influence little on ´s ).

3. Evaluation of existing correlations

Correlations found in the open literature for the predic-

Fig. 3. Variation of solids holdup at dense region with solid circulation
rate for different Ld Ž Ds 0.097 m.. Data are obtained from Nishino w8x.
tion of ´sd and ´s ) are listed in Tables 1 and 2. To help
evaluate the accuracy of these correlations, data on ´sd and
´s ) are collected form several research groups worldwide.
Table 3 summarizes the numerous experimental studies of
solids holdups. All the data collected here are used to
evaluate the existing correlations and obtain the general
correlations of the solids holdups ´sd and ´s ). As shown
 D. Bai, K. Kato r Powder Technology 101 (1999) 183–190 187

needed to be considered separately, because there are quite

different variation trends in ´sd and ´ s ) with solid circu-
lation rate. The solids holdups ´sd and ´s ) are indepen-
dent of the riser diameter, the solid inventory, the solid
feeding system as well as the solid circulation rate, but
vary only with gas velocity and solid properties in the case
of Gs G Gs ). On the basis of this consideration, the litera-
ture data have been catalogued into two groups in the light
of the solid circulation rate larger or lower than Gs ),
which has been correlated by the authors w13x as follows:
y0 .44
Gs ) d p rp y rg
m
s 0.125 Fr 1.85
Ar 0.63
ž rg / Ž 1.

The correlation coefficient for Eq. Ž1. is 0.94, and the

Fig. 5. Variation of solids holdup at dilute region with solid circulation
rate for different riser diameters Ž Ld s1.7 m.. Data are obtained from
Nishino w8x.
relative deviation for calculation of Gs ) is within 30%. In
Eq. Ž1., the Archimedes number defined by Ar s
d p3 rg g Ž rp y rg .rm2 ) ranged from 4.7 to 1019 and the
Froude number defined by Fr s UgrŽ gd p . 0.5 ranged from
41 to 226. The ratio of densities Ž rp y rg )rrg varied from
607 to 3607 in the correlation.
In trying to find a reliable and more general correlation
for ´sd , we have attempted various dimensionless groups
that might give unified representation of the experimental
data. Since inevitable scatter exists between the data ob-
tained in different researchers under different experimental
apparatus, we ended up with the following empirical corre-
lations,
y0 .23 1.21
´sd Ug rp y rg

in Table 3, the experimental data covers a wide range of

´sX
s 1 q 6.14 = 10y3
ž / ž
Ud rg /
y0 .383
operating conditions with different riser configurations and Ug
solids employed. The data points are 204 for ´sd and 147
for ´s ), respectively.
=
ž' / gD
Ž 2.

It is seen that all the literature correlations did not for Gs - Gs ), and
distinguish different variations of ´sd and ´s ) at lower 1.13 y0.013
´sd Ug rp y rg
and higher solid circulation rates. These correlations gener-
ally give poor prediction of ´sd and ´s ), especially when ´sX
s 1 q 0.103
ž / ž
Ud rg / Ž 3.
they are applied to high solid circulation rates where
for Gs G Gs ), where ´sX represents the solids holdup for
unacceptable errors are derived. The root-mean standard
the ideal case of uniform flow with slip velocity equal to
deviation ŽSD. and the relative deviation ŽRD. between
the terminal velocity of the individual particle. ´sX can be
experimental data in Table 3 and values calculated from
expressed as
the literature correlations are provided in Tables 1 and 2. It
is seen that the relative deviation from the existing litera- Gs
´sX s Ž 4.
ture correlations is generally higher than 50%. Better rp Ž Ug y n t .
correlations are thus needed in order to give reliable
predictions of ´sd and ´s ) in circulating fluidized bed Except for a few points, most of the experimental data can
risers. be predicted by Eqs. Ž2. and Ž3. within a relative deviation
less than 30%, as shown in Fig. 6. The average relative
deviation for all the experimental data listed in Table 3 is
17%. The deviation of this magnitude can be considered
small in view of the essential divergence among the data
4. Development of new correlations for ´ sd and ´ s )
used for the correlation. Compared to the existing literature
correlations ŽTable 1., it is evident that the present correla-
To get reliable correlations for solids holdups, ´sd and tions ŽEqs. Ž2. and Ž3.. give much better predictions of ´sd
´s ), two cases, Ž1. Gs - Gs ) and Ž2. Gs G Gs ), are in a wide range of operating conditions.
 188
Table 3
List of experimental studies w1,2,6,8,10,11x w15,18,20–22x w23–26x regarding the solids distribution in CFBs used for correlating in the present work

D. Bai, K. Kato r Powder Technology 101 (1999) 183–190

 D. Bai, K. Kato r Powder Technology 101 (1999) 183–190 189

for Gs - Gs ), and

0.5 y0.082
´s ) Ug rp y rg
´sX
s 1 q 0.208
ž / ž
Ud rg / Ž 6.

for Gs G Gs ).
The comparisons between the experimental data on
solids holdup ´s ) and the calculations of Eqs. Ž5. and Ž6.
are shown in Fig. 7Ža. for Gs - Gs ) and Fig. 7Žb. for
Gs G Gs ), respectively. It is found that for all 147 experi-
mental data points from seventeen literature publications,
the average relative deviations for Eqs. Ž5. and Ž6. are 12%
and 15%, respectively. The relative deviations are greater
than 30% for only a few points. 75% of the experimental
data is predicted within 10% by Eqs. Ž5. and Ž6.. This
error should be considered acceptable considering the in-
evitable divergence among the data used for the correla-
tion. Compared to the existing literature correlations ŽTa-
ble 2., the present correlations ŽEqs. Ž5. and Ž6.. are
recommended for the prediction of ´sX in a wide range of
operating conditions.

Fig. 6. Correlation of solids holdup at dense region under the cases of

Gs -Gs ) and Gs GGs ).

To estimate the solids holdup ´s ), earlier studies usu-

ally assumed the dilute region as fully developed flow,
giving ´s )r´sX s 1 Že.g., Ref. w14x.. Recently, Ouyang and
Potter w15x studied the consistency of circulating fluidized
bed experimental data on solids holdup available in the
literature, and found that the average of ´s )r´sX is 2.6
with a standard deviation of 0.9. Given the fact that a
uniform dispersion of particles in a gas is always unstable
and can lead to formation of clusters of particles in a
gas–solid concurrent upflow w6,16x, which results in higher
slip velocity and thus a higher solids holdup ´sX . Although
Ouyang and Potter’s approach, as a first approximation, is
a better way for estimation of ´sX , its accuracy, however,
should be improved further from point of view of optimal
design and operation of CFB reactors. As described above,
a more general correlation with relatively high accuracy
could be obtained by taking the different variation trends
of ´sX with Gs into consideration. Therefore, the collected
experimental data including ours were catalogued accord-
ing to the solid saturation carrying capacity Gs ). As a
result, the following empirical correlations are proposed.
´s )
s 4.04´sX 0.214 Ž 5. Fig. 7. Correlation of solids holdup at dilute region under the cases of
´sX Gs -Gs ) and Gs GGs ).
190 D. Bai, K. Kato r Powder Technology 101 (1999) 183–190

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w3x D. Bai, Y. Jin, Z. Yu, J. Zhu, Powder Technology 71 Ž1992. 51.
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