Antenna Hanouts EC309b

Radiation mechanism and propagation of free space EM energy
Time-varying current
Or
Acceleration (or deceleration ) of charges
If there is no charge, no current and radiation
If there is a charge but not moving, current will not be created and there is no radiation
If charge is moving with a uniform velocity :

• There is no radiation if the wire is straight, and infinite in extent
• There is radiation if the wire is curved, bent , discontinuous, o truncated
If charge is oscillating in a time-motion, it radiates even if the wire is straight.
Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Wire configuration for radiation

Two wire antenna
Two-wire transmission line

This leads us to conclude that charges are required to excite the fields but not
needed to sustain them and may exist in their absence.
Examples
Water bubbles Water waves

E- field lines of free-space wave for biconical antenna

Formation and detachment of E-field lines for short dipole antenna
Input excitation

Antenna Parameters
 Required to quantify the performance of an antenna
Fundamental Parameters:
 Radiation Patterns
 Directivity
 Gain
 Bandwidth
 Effective aperture
 Polarization
 Input Impedance
 Efficiency
 Antenna temperature Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Radiation Pattern:
A mathematical function and/or graphical representation of the radiation properties

(amplitude, phase and polarization) of the antenna as a function of space coordinates:
Coordinate system
𝜑 𝜃
𝑟 𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝑑 𝜑 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
0 0
0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 2𝜋 0≤𝜃≤𝜋
Amplitude radiation pattern
Field pattern:
Typically represents a plot of field (either electric 𝐸 or magnetic 𝐻 ) as a function
of the angular space
Power pattern:
Typically represents a plot power (proportional to either 𝐸 2 or 𝐻 2 ) on a linear
scale or decibel (dB) scale
Amplitude radiation pattern of 10 elements linear array, d (spacing)=𝞴/4
2-D Field pattern 2-D power pattern (linear scale) power pattern (dB scale)
3-D Spherical Plot
Normalized 3-D amplitude field pattern (linear) of linear array
𝞴
𝑁 = 10, 𝑑 =
4
𝐸 (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑)
𝑟=𝑟𝑐
= 𝑎𝑟 𝐸𝑟 (𝑟𝑐 , 𝜃, 𝜑) + 𝑎𝜃 𝐸𝜃 (𝑟𝑐 , 𝜃, 𝜑)
+ 𝑎𝜑 𝐸𝜑 (𝑟𝑐 , 𝜃, 𝜑)
2
𝐸= 𝐸𝑟 2 + 𝐸𝜃 2 + 𝐸𝜑

Polar plot ∅ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝜃 ↑↓
Amplitude polar pattern of 10 elements linear

array, d (spacing)=𝞴/4

Linear or rectangular plots
∅=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝜃 ↑↓
Radiation pattern lobes

Major/Main Lobes : Defined as “ the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum
radiation”
Minor Lobe: A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lob.
 Minor lobes usually represent radiation in undesired direction
Side Lobe: A radiation lobe in any direction other than the indented lobe
 A side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and occupies the hemisphere in
the direction of main beam.
 Side lobe are usually the largest of the minor lobes.
Back Lobe: is a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of approximately 180
Degree with respect to the main beam of antenna.
 Usually it refers to a minor lobe that occupies the hemisphere in a direction

opposite to that of the major lobe

Patterns shapes:
Isotropic radiator/patterns:
An isotropic radiator is defined as “a hypothetical lossless antenna who radiates equally

in all directions”
 It is ideal case and can not realized physically.

 Used as a reference for representing the directive properties of practical
antenna

Omnidirectional pattern:
It is defined as one “ having an essentially nodirectional pattern in one plane and a
directional pattern in any orthogonal plane
 directional in elevation plane

 nodirectional in azimuthal plane
Directional pattern
A directional antenna is one “ having the property of radiating or receiving

electromagnetic waves more effectively in some direction than others”

Principal Patterns
Performance of linear polarized antenna is defined by its principal E- and H-plane

patterns:
E-plane pattern:
The plane containing the electric field vector and the direction of maximum
radiation.
H-plane pattern:
The plane containing the magnetic field vector and the direction of maximum
radiation.

Directivity (directive gain)
The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction (or direction of maximum radiation)
from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.
Or
The directivity of a practical antenna is equal to the ratio of its radiation intensity in given
direction over that of an isotropic source.
 Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “The power radiated from

an antenna per unit solid angle”
 The average radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna
divided by 4π.
Radiation power density:
Poynting vector:
The quantity used to describe the power associated with an electromagnetic waves is
the instantaneous Poynting Vector
Plane Angle (Radian)
One radian is defined as the plane angle with its vertex at the center of a circle of radius 𝑟
that is subtended by an arc whose length is 𝑟.
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟
𝐶
𝜃(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛) =
𝑟
If 𝐶=r
𝜃(𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛) = 1
2𝜋𝑟
Total radians in full circle = 𝑟
= 2𝜋

Solid angle (steradian)
One steradian is defined as the solid angle with its vertex at the center of a sphere of
radius 𝒓 that is subtended by spherical surface are equal to that of a square with each side
of length 𝒓.
Ω=
𝐴 If 𝐴=𝑟 2
𝑟2
𝐴
Ω= =1
𝑟2
4𝜋𝑟 2
Total steradian in full sphere = = 4𝜋
𝑟2
𝑑𝐴 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
𝑑Ω = = =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
𝑟2 𝑟2
0≤𝜃≤𝜋
0 ≤ 𝜑 ≤ 2𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
Ω 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑑Ω 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
0 0
𝜋 2𝜋
Ω 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑 = 4𝜋
0 0
Radiation power density:
The quantity used to describe the power associated with an electromagnetic wave is the
instantaneous Poynting vector and it is defined as.
W=E X H
W=instantaneous Poynting vector (W/m2 )
E=instantaneous electric -field intensity (V/m )
H =instantaneous magnetic field intensity (A/m )

1
𝐖𝐚𝐯𝐠 = 𝐖𝐫𝐚𝐝 = 2 𝐑𝐞(𝐄𝐬 X 𝐇𝐬 ∗ )
1
Pavg = Prad (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 𝐖𝐚𝐯𝐠 . 𝐝𝐬 = 𝐑𝐞(𝐄𝐬 X 𝐇𝐬 ∗ ) . 𝐝𝐬
2
For isotropic antenna
Prad
Wo =
4𝜋𝑟 2

Radiation intensity:
 Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “The power radiated from

an antenna per unit solid angle”
 The average radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna
divided by 4π.
𝑈 = 𝑟 2 Wrad
𝜋 2𝜋
Prad 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑈 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
0 0
For isotropic antenna
Prad
𝑈0 =
4𝜋

Directivity (directive gain)
The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction (or direction of maximum radiation)
from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.
The directivity of a practical antenna is equal to the ratio of its radiation intensity in given
direction over that of an isotropic source.
𝑈 𝑈 𝑈
𝐷= = 𝑈 = 4π 𝑃
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 0 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4π
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑

Gain (power gain)
Gain of an antenna (in a given direction) is defined as “ the ratio of radiation intensity in
a given direction , to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power
accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically.
𝑈 𝑈 𝑈
𝐺= = = 4π 𝑃
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 (𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ) 𝑈0 𝑖𝑛

Bandwidth
The range of frequencies over which the performance of an antenna is within some
specified limit is known as the bandwidth (BW).
 It is called the input bandwidth if the performance parameters corresponds to

the input characteristics .
Input impedance, reflection coefficient/return loss, gain
 If the performance parameters refers to the pattern characteristics, it is called

the pattern bandwidth.
Beam width, directivity, polarization, side lobe label

Antenna efficiency
The total antenna efficiency is used to take into account losses at the input terminals
and within the structure of antenna
The conduction-dielectric efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power delivered to the radiation
resistance to loss resistance (due to conduction and dielectric) and radiation resistance
Absolute gain
It takes into account the reflection/mismatch losses (due to mismatch between antenna
terminal and transmission line)
Beam Efficiency
It is defined as the ratio of transmitted power within cone angle to total power transmitted
by antenna
1 2𝜋 𝜃
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 0 0 𝑈 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
BE= = 2𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑈 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜑
0 0

Input Impedance & Power delivered to the antenna
“The impedance provided by an antenna at its terminals or the ratio of the voltage to
current at a pair of terminals or the ratio of the appropriate components of the electric
to magnetic fields at a point”
Equivalent circuit model

Antenna in transmitting mode

Linear Wire Antennas
• Infinitesimal Dipole (𝑙 ≪ 𝞴)
𝞴 𝞴
• Small Dipole (50 < 𝑙 ≤ 10)
𝞴
• Finite length Dipole (2 < 𝑙 < 𝞴)
𝞴
• Half-Wavelength Dipole (𝑙 = 2)
Wire antennas, linear or curved, are some of the oldest, simplest, cheapest, and in
many cases the most versatile for many applications

𝞴
Infinitesimal Dipole (𝑙 ≤ 50)

ELECTRIC FIELD ORIENTATION

𝞴
Far-fields (𝑟 ≫ )
2𝜋

Power Density & Radiation Resistance
For the infinitesimal dipole antenna the complex Poynting vector is

Finite length dipole antenna

Current distribution
𝑘 𝐼 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅
𝑑𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗η
4𝜋𝑅
𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑧 ′ cos𝜃
𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 for amplitude variation

𝑙 𝑙
2 𝑘 𝐼 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑅
2
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑑𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗η
−
𝑙
−
𝑙 4𝜋𝑅
2 2
𝑅 = 𝑟 − 𝑧 ′ cos𝜃
𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 for amplitude variation For far field radiation 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙/2
𝑙 𝑙 ′ cos𝜃
2 𝑘 𝐼 𝑧 ′ 𝑑𝑧 ′ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 −𝑗𝑘 (𝑟−𝑧
2 )
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑑𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗η
−
𝑙
−
𝑙 4𝜋𝑟
2 2
𝑙
η𝑘 ′ cos𝜃
𝐸𝜃 = 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 2 𝑙 𝐼 𝑧′ 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ′
4𝜋𝑟 −
2

η𝑘𝐼0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 0 𝑙 ′ cos𝜃 𝑙/2 𝑙 ′ cos𝜃
𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑒 −𝑙/2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 + 𝑧′ 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ′ + 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘 − 𝑧′ 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝑑𝑧 ′
4𝜋𝑟 2 2
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
η𝐼0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −cos( )
2 2
𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗 𝑒
2𝜋𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝐸𝜃 𝐼0 −𝑗𝑘𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −cos( 2 )
𝐸𝜃 ≃ 𝑗60𝐼0 F(𝜃) 𝐻𝜑 ≃ η
= 𝑗 2𝜋𝑟 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟
𝐸𝜑∗
1 1 1
𝐖𝐚𝐯𝐠 = Re[𝐸𝜃 𝑎𝜃 X 𝐻𝜑∗ 𝑎𝜑 ] = Re[𝐸𝜃 𝑎𝜃 X 𝑎 ] = 𝐸𝜃 2 𝑎𝑟
2 2 η 𝜑 2η
𝟐
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
𝐼0 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − cos( 2 )
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 =η
𝟖𝝅𝟐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Antenna Hanouts EC309b

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Antenna Hanouts EC309b

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Available Formats

Radiation mechanism and propagation of free space EM energy

Acceleration (or deceleration ) of charges

If there is no charge, no current and radiation

If charge is moving with a uniform velocity :

If charge is oscillating in a time-motion, it radiates even if the wire is straight.

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Two-wire transmission line

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Water bubbles Water waves

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

 Required to quantify the performance of an antenna

 Antenna temperature Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

A mathematical function and/or graphical representation of the radiation properties

Normalized 3-D amplitude field pattern (linear) of linear array

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Amplitude polar pattern of 10 elements linear

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Minor Lobe: A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lob.

 Minor lobes usually represent radiation in undesired direction

 Usually it refers to a minor lobe that occupies the hemisphere in a direction

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

An isotropic radiator is defined as “a hypothetical lossless antenna who radiates equally

 It is ideal case and can not realized physically.

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

 directional in elevation plane

A directional antenna is one “ having the property of radiating or receiving

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Performance of linear polarized antenna is defined by its principal E- and H-plane

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

 Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “The power radiated from

Radiation power density:

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

W=instantaneous Poynting vector (W/m2 )

E=instantaneous electric -field intensity (V/m )

H =instantaneous magnetic field intensity (A/m )

For isotropic antenna

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

 Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “The power radiated from

For isotropic antenna

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

 It is called the input bandwidth if the performance parameters corresponds to

Input impedance, reflection coefficient/return loss, gain

 If the performance parameters refers to the pattern characteristics, it is called

Beam width, directivity, polarization, side lobe label

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Equivalent circuit model

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

For the infinitesimal dipole antenna the complex Poynting vector is

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 for amplitude variation

Antenna Theory & Design-EC309b(MSP)

𝑅 ≈ 𝑟 for amplitude variation For far field radiation 𝑟 ≫ 𝑙/2