Image Processing Report

A
Seminar Report
On
Digital Image Processing
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE and ENGINEERING
By
Prem Kumar Rathaor
(Roll No – 1442210060)
Under The Supervision Of
Anshika Bhalla (Ass.Prof.)
Department Of Computer Science and Engineering
Bansal Institute Of Engineering & Technology
To , The
Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University)
LUCKNOW, INDIA
Digital Image Processing Page 1

Table of Contents
Front Page .....................................................................................................................1
Preface ..........................................................................................................................3
Acknowledgement ..........................................................................................................4
Certificate………………………………………………………………………………………..5
Abstract ..........................................................................................................................6
Introduction .....................................................................................................................8
Digital image processing ...................................................................................................9
Draw back of passwords-need for Biometrics………………….............................................10
Applications image processing… ......................................................................................15
Vision and computer vision ..............................................................................................16
Advantages of image processing...........................................................................................
Conclusion .....................................................................................................................26

Preface
I have made this report file on the topic Digital Image Processing; I have tried my best to
elucidate all the relevant details to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I
have tried to give a general view about this topic.
My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful
note. I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Madan Kuswaha Sir for assisting me throughout
the preparation of this topic. I thank him for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and
most importantly the track for the topic whenever I needed it.

Acknowledgement
I would like to thank respected Mr. Madan Kuswaha (HOD CS/IT) and for giving me such a
wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines
to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my work
and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs .
Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and
well-stacked till the end.
Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped
my work a lot to remain error-free.
Last but clearly not the least; I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete
my report on time.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Prem Kumar Rathaor of CSE 8th semester has worked hard
under my guidance on the seminar topic assigned to him. He has been honest and
determined throughout the seminar conducted. GUIDE FACULTY ANSHIKA
BHALLA (ASST. PROFESSOR) DEPT. OF CSE.

ABSTRACT
Image Processing, in its broadest and most literal sense, aims to address the goal of
providing practical, reliable and affordable means to allow machines to cope with
images while assisting man in his general endeavors. The term image processing
itself has become firmly associated with the much more objective of modifying
images such that they are either:
a). Corrected for errors introduced during acquisition or transmission; or

b). Enhanced to overcome the weakness of human visual system.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
(a) Acknowledgment
(b) Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Image and Image Processing
3. Vision and Computer vision
4. Types of image processing
5. Steps involved in image processing
6. Components of image processing
7. Image sensors (CCD and CMOS)
8. Applications
9. Conclusion
10. References

Introduction
Images are a vital and integral part of everyday life. On an individual or person-to
person basis, images are used to reason, interpret, illustrate, represent, memorize,
educate, communicate, evaluate, naive, survey, entertainment. We do this
continuously and almost entirely without conscious effort. As man builds machines
to facilitate his ever more complex lifestyle, the only reason for NOT providing
them with the ability to exploit or transparently convey such images is a weakness
of available technology.
Interests in image processing steps from two principal application areas:

a) Improvement of pictorial information for better human interpretation
b) Processing of scene data for autonomous machine perception
One of the first applications of image processing techniques in the first category
was in improving digitized newspaper sent by submarine cable between London
and Newyork. From then till these days, image processing is continuously
field grown so vigorouslythat it is now used to solve variety of problems ranging
improving vision to space program, in geographical information systems, in
medicines, in surveillance etc. Geographers use the same technique to study
pollution patter ns from aerial and satellite imagery. Image enhancement and
restoration techniques are used to process degraded images of unrecoverable
objects or experimental results too expensive to duplicate. In ar choreology,
image processing methods have successfully restored blurred pictures that were
the only available records of are artifacts lost or damaged after photographed. In
physics and techniques plasma and electron microscopy. Similarly successful
applications of image processing can be found in astronomy, biology, nuclear
medicine, law enforcement, and industrial applications.
Typical problems in machine perception that routinely utilize imageprocessing tec

hniques are automatic character recognition, industrial machine vision for product
assembly andinspection,militaryrecognizance,automaticprocessingoffingerprints,s
creening of x-rays and blood samples, and machine processing of aerial and
satellite image ray for weather prediction and crop assessment.

Every biometric system has its limitations. Therefore, identification based on
multiple biometrics is an emerging trend as multimodal biometrics can provide a
more balanced solution to the security multimodal systems involve the use of more
than one biometric system. Our contribution to the above subject is that we have
developed an algorithm on banking security. For this we have considered a bank
using biometric technology for its security purpose. The security is assured by
using finger scan, voice scan, and hand geometry scan and by requesting the
password given by the bank for a particular user when necessary.
Biometrics technology allows determination and verification of one’s identity

through physical characteristics. To put it simply, it turns your body in to your
password. We discussed various biometric techniques like finger scan, retina scan,
facial scan, hand scan etc. Two algorithms have been proposed by taking biometric
techniques to authenticate an ATM account holder, enabling a secure ATM by
image processing. Biometrics is now applied in various public and private sectors.
What is Digital Image Processing?

An Image may be defined as a two dimensional function f (x, y) where x and y are
spatial (plane) coordinates x, y is called intensity or gray level of the image at that
point. When x, y and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we
call the image a digital image.
Interest in digital image areas: improvement of pictorial information for human

interpretation: and representation for autonomous machine perception.
The entire process of Image Processing and starting from the receiving of visual
information to the giving out of description of the scene, may be divided into three
major stages which are also considered as major sub areas, and are given below
(i) Discretization and representation: Converting visual information into a

discrete form: suitable for computer processing: approximating visual information
to save storage space as well as time requirement in subsequent processing.
(ii) Processing: Improving image quality by filtering etc; compressing data to

save storage and channel capacity during transmission.
(iii) Analysis: Extracting image features; qualifying shapes, registration and

recognition.

Drawback of passwords-need for Biometrics
No more problems if forgotten passwords and id codes, biometrics is the
technology taking care of it which turns your body into your password. Typically,
the more rigorous you make your password selection and construction rules the
more difficulty users will have in remembering their passwords. Unfortunately,
strict password rules are necessary to stop simple hacker attacks on the network.
The fundamental problem with password is twofold. First, they are transferable
they can be written down on paper, they can be transferred to someone who should
not have them. Second, and just as important, they can be forgotten. Recent
research suggests that a forgotten password can cost as much as US$ 340 per
event! This is not too surprising. Clearly, the risk and costs of compromised
passwords are a significant factor to consider in developing any sure system. The
critical need for additional level of security has given rise to the field of
“BIOMETRICS”.
This paper encloses the information regarding the ‘IMAGE PROCESSING’. And
discussed one of the major applications of image processing ‘BIOMETRICS’.
Biometrics technology allows determination and verification of one’s identity
through physical characteristics. To put it simply, it turns your body in to your
password. We discussed various biometric techniques like finger scan, retina scan,
facial scan, hand scan etc. Two algorithms have been proposed by taking biometric
techniques to authenticate an ATM account holder, enabling a secure ATM by
image processing. Biometrics is now applied in various public and private sectors.
No doubt, biometrics is going to be next generation’s powerful security tool…!
An Image may be defined as a two dimensional function f (x, y) where x and y are
spatial (plane) coordinates x, y is called intensity or gray level of the image at that
point. When x, y and the amplitude values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we
Interest in digital image areas: improvement of pictorial information for human
interpretation: and representation for autonomous machine perception.
The entire process of Image Processing and starting from the receiving of visual
information to the giving out of description of the scene, may be divided into three
major stages which are also considered as major sub areas, and are given below
(i) Discretization and representation: Converting visual information into a discrete
form: suitable for computer processing: approximating visual information to save
storage space as well as time requirement in subsequent processing.
(ii) Processing: Improving image quality by filtering etc compressing data to save

(iii) Analysis: Extracting image features; qualifying shapes, registration and
recognition. We concentrated on human interpretation application and developed
two algorithms which can make the ATM secure by image processing.
OVERVIEW
With the increasing necessity of e-mail accessing and Internet resources and the
convenience it offers serious security concerns also arise. Internet is vulnerable to
intruders who are always snooping to find open computers in the network to steal
personal files, information or cause any damage. Customer files can be disadvanta
No more problems if forgotten passwords and id codes, biometrics is the
technology taking care of it which turns your body into your password. Typically,
the more rigorous you make your password selection and construction rules the
more difficulty users will have in remembering their passwords. Unfortunately,
strict password rules are necessary to stop simple hacker attacks on the network.
The fundamental problem with password is twofold. First, they are transferable
they can be written down on paper, they can be transferred to someone who should
not have them. Second, and just as important, they can be forgotten. Recent
research suggests that a forgotten password can cost as much as US$ 340 per
event! This is not too surprising. Clearly, the risk and costs of compromised
passwords are a significant fact to consider in developing any sure system. The
critical need for additional level of security has given rise to the field of
“BIOMETRICS”.
The present generation security issue is considered the basic TCP/IP encryptions
and other factors that are provided by the network. But there was lack of consistent
identification of individuals, then the newly developed technology Biometrics,
came in to picture. Biometrics can be defined as recognizing and identifying a
person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Biometrics
technologies are applied in the following sectors: Public services, law enforcement,
banking, physical access control and control and computer networks. These
include fingerprints, facial features, retina shape, speech, handwriting, etc.
Biometrics can be used to prevent unauthorized access to ATM’s, smart cards,
desktop PC’s workstations, cellular phones, home security systems, door locks, etc.
The advanced Biometrics solution uses a more sophisticated method called
“identification”. The design of an advanced solution enables the product to search
a very large database and pick the individual from the crowd. Biometric is the most
secure and convenient authentication tool. It can’t be borrowed. Stolen, or forgot
The physiological based techniques, which measure the physiological
characteristics of a person. These include fingerprint verification, iris analysis,
facial analysis, hand geometry-vein patterns, ear recognition, odor detection and.
The behavioral based techniques, which measure the behavior of a person. These
include hand written signature verification and speech analysis. These techniques
involve two major steps. These are the Authentication & the verification.
Authentication is a process of one-to one comparison, rather than a mass searching
process. Identification is a process of checking for a particular identity in the.
The setting of the error tolerance of these systems is critical to their performance.
Should be low and they should both are quoted by the manufacturers.
How biometric technology works
Capture the biometrics, which has to be stored in the database;

Process the biometric, extract and enroll the biometric template;Store the template
in a local repository, a central repository, or a portable token suchasasmartcard.
Match the scanned biometric against stored templates;Incase of successful
verification;provide a matching scoretobusinessapplication; Record a secure audit t
Biometric applications depend on comparing as new measure against previously
captured information. In biometric applications, some aspect of a person is
measured; the measure is processed; and the resulting data is stored; At a
subsequent time, the same aspect of a person is measured and compared against the
stored data .If it is being used for authentication, the new data is compared against
the data, already in storage for that person. If it is being used for identification, the
entire database is searched, in order to locate one or more individuals that are a
close fit to the new data. Most biometrics technologies do not seek exact equality
between the new and the stored measures. Instead they have a pre-set tolerance
range within which the two are deemed to be sufficiently close. In order to reduce
transmission time, costs and to require less storage space, compression algorithms
are used. To provide better transfer rate of data during identification &

authentication ‘hashing’ is used. Hashing is a process of detecting the perfect
match of a particular input record from a large database using a hashing function.
IMAGE
An image (Latin: imago) is an artifact, for example a two-dimensional picture, that
has a similar appearance to some subject²usually a physical object or a person.
Mathematically image can be defined as,
Image is a two dimensional light intensity function, f(x, y), where e the value of f
at a spatiallocation (x, y) is the intensity of the image at that point.
Digital image is obtained by sampling and quantizing the function f(x, y).The
function f(x, y) can be a measure of the reflected light (photography), X-ray
attenuation (X-Rays) or any other physical parameter.
Digital Image is actually an image discretized both in spatial coordinates and .A

digital image can be considered a matrix whose row and column indices identify a
point in the image and the corresponding matrix element value identifies the gray
level at that point. The elements of such digital array are called image elements,
picture elements, pixels, or pals.
IMAGE PROCESSING
In electrical engineering and computer science, image processing is any form of

signal for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame; the
output of image processing may be either an image or, asset of
characteristics or parameters related to the image processing techniques
involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard
signal-processing techniques to it.
In short, Act of examining images for the purpose of identifying objects and
judging their significance. An image may be considered to contain sub- images
sometimes referred to as regions-of -interest, ROIs, or simplyregions.This concept
reflects the fact that images frequently contain collections of objects each of which
can be the basis for a region. In a sophisticated image processing system it should
be possible to apply specific image processing operations to selected regions. Thus

one part of an image (region) might be processed to suppress motion blur while
another part might be processed to improve color rendition.
WHY DO WE NEED IMAGE PROCESSING?
A) Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation

B) Processing a u t o n o mo u s machine perception
Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation
A) Involved selection o f printing procedures and distribution of brightness levels

B) Improvements on processing methods for transmitted digital pictures
Application areas include

a) Archeology
b) Astronomy
c) Biology
d) Industrial Applications
e) Law enforcements
f) Medical Imaging
g) Space program etc.
Processing of scene data for autonomous machine perception
Focuses on procedures for extracting from image information in a form

suitable for computer processing.
NOTE: Often this information bears little resemblance to visual features that
H u ma n content of an image.

Application areas include:
a) Automatic Optical Character Recognition

b) Machine vision for product assembly and inspection
c) Military recognizance
d) Automatic fingerprint matching etc.

Vision and Computer Vision
Whatever human eyes see and then perceive the world around- VISION
To duplicate human eye by electronically perceiving and understanding
the image by any means COMPUTER VISION

TYPES OF IMAGE PROCESSING
Based on the mode of techniques used image processing can be broadly

categorized into following three types:
A) Analog Image Processing

B) Digital Image Processing
C) Optical Image Processing
ANALOG IMAGE PROCESSING

. Is any image processing task conducted on two-dimensional analog signals by
analog means?
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

. Is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images.
OPTICAL IMAGE PROCESSING
. Is the use of optical techniques to process image for increasing clarity and
extracting? Information from the image.

BASED ON THE TRANSFORMATIONS IMAGE PROCESSINGI
S CLASSIFIED INTO FOLLOWIN TYPES
a) Image-to-image transformation
b) Image-to-information transformation
c) Information-to-image transformation
IMAGE TO IMAGE TRANSFORMATION
Enhancement (make image more useful, pleasing)

Restoration (DE blurring, grid, line removal)
Geometry (scaling, sizing, zooming, morphing etc.)
IMAGE TO INFORMATION TRANSFORMATION
Image statistics (histograms).

Image compression Image Analysis (segmentation, feature extraction).
Computer aided detection and diagnosis (CAD).
INFORMATION TO IMAGE TRANSFORMATION:
Depression o f comp reseed image data Reconstruction of image Computer

graphics animate ion and virtual reality.
STEPS INVOVED IN IMAGE PROCESSING

Image processing encompasses a broad range of hardware, software, and the
theoretical under pinning:
Following flow diagram clearly depicts the important steps involved in image
processing.

IMAGE ACQUISTION
The fir st step in the process is image acquisitionthat is, to acquire a digital image.
To do sorequir es following elements:
 Imaging Sensors
 Digitizer
Language of digital for m.The imaging sensor could be a monochrome or color T

V camera that producesan entire image of theproblem domain every 1/30 sec.The i
maging sensor could also be a line camera that produces a single image line at a
time. In this case the object’s motion past the line scanner produces a two-
dimensional image. If the output of camera or the other imaging sensor is not in
digital for m, that is achieved by an ADC (analog to digital converter). The nature
if the sensor and the image it produces are determined by the application. For ex/-
mail reading applications greatly rely on line-scan cameras.
PREPROCESSING
After a digital image has been acquired, the next step deals with the preprocessing
of the image. The key function of preprocessing is to improve the image in ways
that increase the chances for success of other processes. Mainly, preprocessing
deals with the techniques for enhancing contrast, removing noise, and isolating
regions whose textures indicate a likelihood of alphanumeric information.
SEGMENTATION
The next stage deals with segmentation. Broadly defined, segmentation partitions
an input image into its constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous
hand a rugged segmentation brings the process a long way towards successful
solution of an imaging problem. On the other hand erratic. Segmentation results
always into eventual failure the output of the segmentation is raw pixel data,
constituting gather the boundary of a region or all the point sin the
region itself. In either case, converting data a form suitable to computer processing
is necessary. Boundary representation is appropriate when the focus is on external
shape characteristics, such as corner so inflections. Regional representation
internal properties, such as textur es or skeletal shape. In some situations both
representations may co-exist.

REPRESENTATION AND DESCRIPTION
Choosing a representation is only a part of the solution for transforming raw data
into a form suitable for subsequent computer processing. A method must also be
specified for describing the data so that features of interest are highlighted.
Description also called feature selection, deals with extracting features that result
in some quantitative information of interest or features that are basic for
differentiating one class of object from other.
RECOGNITION AND INTERPRETATION
The last stage involves recognition and interpretation.Recognitionis the process is a

label to an object based on the information provided by its descriptors Interpretatio
n involvesassigning meaning to an ensemble of recognized objects. In terms of
example, identifying a character as, say, a µc¶ requires associating the descriptors
for that character with the label µc¶. Interpretation attempts to assign meaning to a
set of labeled entities

KNOWLEDGE BASE
Knowledge about a problem domain is coded into an image processing in the form
of knowledge database. This knowledge base may be as simple as detailing
regions of an image where the information of interest is known to be located. It
can be quite complex too, such as an interrelated list of all major possible defects
in a materials inspection problem or an image database containing high resolution
satellite images of a region in connection with change-detection applications. In
addition to this, knowledge database also controls the interaction between module
COMPONENTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING

Image Sensors
Image Displays
Image Processing Software (Open, Mat lab, CIMG)
Image Processing Hardware
Memory
IMAGE SENSORS
Sensors are device which convert illumination energy into digitized for m. An
Image sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is
used mostly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. Early sensors were
video camera tubes but a mode n one is typically a charge- coupled device (CCD)
complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor. Following
are the sensors which are used dominantly in image processing:
Charge Couple Devices (CCD)
Complementary MOSFET (CMOS)

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES (CCD)
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of electrical charge,

usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for
example conversion into a digital value. This is achieved by "shifting" the signals
between stages within the device one at a time.CCDs move charge
between capacitive bins in the device, with the shift allowing for the transfer of
charge between bins.
Often the device is integrated with an image sensor,such as a photoelectricdevice

to produce the charge that is being read,thus making the CCD a major technology
for digital image. Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light
detection,CCDs are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific
applications where high-quality image data is required.
COMPLIMENTARY MOSFETs SENSORS (CMOS)
CMOS sensors also known as ACTIVE PIXEL SENSORS (ASP), uses integrated
circuits like transistors at each pixel that amplify and move the charge using more
traditional wires The CMOS approach is more flexible as each pixel can be read
individually.

CCD VS CMOS
Most digital still cameras use either a CCD image sensor or CMOS
sensor.Both types of sensor accomplish the same task of capturing light or
converting it into electrical signals.A CCD is an analog device. When light strikes
the chip it is held as a small electrical charge ineach photo sensors. The charges are
converted to voltage one pixel at a time as they are read from the chip. Additional
circuitry in the camera converts the voltage into digital information. A CMOS chip
is a typo active sensor pixel (ASP) madeusingthe CMOS semiconductor process.
Extra circuitry next to each photo sensor converts the light energy to a voltage.
Additional circuitry on the chip may be included to convert the voltage to digital
data. Neither technology has a clear advantage in image quality .On one hand,
sources when the sensor is overloaded; high end CCD sin turn do not suffer from
this problem. CMOS can potentially be implemented with few are components,
useless power, and/or provide faster readout than CCDs.CCD is a more mature
technology and is in most respects the equal of CMOS.CMOS sensors are less
expensive to manufacture than CCD sensors.

APPLICATIONS
Medicine
Defense
Meteorology
Environmental science
Manufacture
Surveillance
Crime investigation
Script Recognition
Optical Character Recognition
Handwritten Signature Verification
One of the first applications of image processing techniques in the first category
was in improving digitized newspaper sent by submarine cable between London
and NewYork.Fromthen till these days,imageprocessing is continuously improving
human vision.Thefield hasgrown so vigorouslythat it is now used to solve variety o
f problems ranging from improving vision to space program,in geographical
information systems,in medicines,in surveillance etc.Geographers use the same
technique to study pollution patter ns from aerial and satellite imagery. Image
enhancement and restoration techniques are used to process degraded images
of unrecoverable objects or experimental results too expensive to duplicate. In
archaeology, image processing methods have successfully restored blurred pictures
that were the only available records of rare artifacts lost or damaged
after photographed. In physics and related fields, computer techniques routinely
enhance images of experiments in areas such as high energy plasma and electron
microscopy.

Image Staganogrsphy
Staganogrsphy is the process of hiding the secrete message within the larger one
in such a way that someone can not know the content of the hidden
message.Although,related,steganography is not to be confused with
encryption,which is the process of making a message unintelligible-steganogrphy
is attempt to hide the existence of communication.
The basic structure of Staganogrsphy is made up of three components“carrier”, the

message, and the key1.The carrier can be a painting, a digital image, anmp3, even
a TCP/IP packet among other things. It is the object that will ‘carry’ the hidden
message. A key is used to decode/decipher/discover the hidden message.
This can be anything from a password, a pattern, a black-light, or even lemon

juice.
Thus our discussion will be focusing on analysis of remotely sensed image. These
images are represented in digital form. When represented on numbers, brightness
can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided and in general, subjected to
statistical manipulation that are not possible if an image is presented only as
photography. Although digital analysis of remotely sensed data dates from the
early days of remote sensing, the launch of the first landsat earth observation
satellite machine processing (Cambell, 1996 and Jensen, 1996).Previously, digital
remote sensing data could be analyzed only at specialized remote sensing
laboratories. Specialized equipment and trained personnel necessary to conduct
routine machine analysis of data were not widely available, in part because of
limited availability of digital remote sensing data and a lack of appreciation of their
qualities.
A digital remotely sensed image is typically composed of picture elements located

the intersection of each row I and column j is each k bands of imagery. Associated
with each pixel is a number is known as Digital Number(DN) or Brightness
Value(BV),that depict the average radiance of relatively smaller area within a
scene. A smaller number of indicates low average radiance from the area and the
high number is indicator of high radiant properties of an area

CONCLUSION
Using image processing techniques, we can sharpen the images, contrast to make a
graphic display more useful for display, reduce amount of memory requirement for
storing image information, etc,due to such techniques, image processing is applied
a sin factory floor quality assurance system, sin satellite reconnaissance
systems; as in law enforcement suspect identification systems, and as in plastic
surgery design systems.

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A

Dr. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

(Formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University)

Digital Image Processing Page 1

Digital image processing ...................................................................................................9

Draw back of passwords-need for Biometrics………………….............................................10

Applications image processing… ......................................................................................15

Vision and computer vision ..............................................................................................16

Advantages of image processing...........................................................................................

Digital Image Processing Page 2

Digital Image Processing Page 3

Digital Image Processing Page 4

Digital Image Processing Page 5

a). Corrected for errors introduced during acquisition or transmission; or

Digital Image Processing Page 6

Digital Image Processing Page 7

Interests in image processing steps from two principal application areas:

Typical problems in machine perception that routinely utilize imageprocessing tec

Digital Image Processing Page 8

Biometrics technology allows determination and verification of one’s identity

What is Digital Image Processing?

Interest in digital image areas: improvement of pictorial information for human

(i) Discretization and representation: Converting visual information into a

(ii) Processing: Improving image quality by filtering etc; compressing data to

(iii) Analysis: Extracting image features; qualifying shapes, registration and

Digital Image Processing Page 9

Digital Image Processing Page 10

Capture the biometrics, which has to be stored in the database;

Digital Image Processing Page 12

Mathematically image can be defined as,

Digital Image is actually an image discretized both in spatial coordinates and .A

In electrical engineering and computer science, image processing is any form of

Digital Image Processing Page 13

WHY DO WE NEED IMAGE PROCESSING?

A) Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation

Improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation

A) Involved selection o f printing procedures and distribution of brightness levels

Application areas include

Processing of scene data for autonomous machine perception

Focuses on procedures for extracting from image information in a form

Digital Image Processing Page 14

a) Automatic Optical Character Recognition

Digital Image Processing Page 15

Digital Image Processing Page 16

Based on the mode of techniques used image processing can be broadly

A) Analog Image Processing

ANALOG IMAGE PROCESSING

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

OPTICAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Digital Image Processing Page 17

IMAGE TO IMAGE TRANSFORMATION

Enhancement (make image more useful, pleasing)

IMAGE TO INFORMATION TRANSFORMATION

Image statistics (histograms).

Depression o f comp reseed image data Reconstruction of image Computer

STEPS INVOVED IN IMAGE PROCESSING

Digital Image Processing Page 18

Language of digital for m.The imaging sensor could be a monochrome or color T

Digital Image Processing Page 19

RECOGNITION AND INTERPRETATION

The last stage involves recognition and interpretation.Recognitionis the process is a

Digital Image Processing Page 20

COMPONENTS OF IMAGE PROCESSING