A

Technical Seminar Report

on
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
Submitted
to

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science & Engineering
(Data Science)

by

ADUPA VARSHITHA (206Y1A6701)

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

2023-2024
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar report entitled “DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING” is
submitted by ADUPA VARSHITHA (206Y1A6701), in the partial fulfilment of requirement for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering during academic year
2023-2024.

Mr.V.SRINIVAS Dr.E.SUDHARSHAN
Coordinator Head of the Department
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude to
everyone who contributed to the successful preparation and presentation of
this seminar.
First and foremost, I would like to thank prof. Sushma Latha, whose guidance
and mentorship were instrumental in shaping the content and structure of this
seminar. Your wisdom and support have been invaluable throughout this
journey.
I am also deeply appreciative of the faculty and staff at SRITW for their
encouragement and support. Your insights and feedback greatly enriched the
content of this seminar.
I extend my sincere thanks to my fellow students and peers who provided me
with constructive feedback and support during the preparation process. Your
input and discussions played a significant role in refining the ideas presented
here.
Last but not least, I am grateful to everyone who attended this seminar. Your
presence and active participation made this event a rewarding and enriching
experience.
This seminar was a culmination of collective efforts and the support of
numerous individuals. I am deeply grateful to all of you for making this
endeavour a success.

Sincerely,

ADUPA VARSHITHA

CSD

SRITW
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1) ABSTRACT..............................................................................1

2) INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 2

3) LITERATURE SURVEY.........................................................3

4) WHAT IS DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING........................ 4-5

5) APPLICATIONS..................................................................... 6-22
5.1) MEDICAL IMAGING................................................ 8-9
5.2) BIOMETRICS............................................................ 10
5.3) FACE MORPHING....................................................11-22
5.3.1) PREPROCESSING........................................11-13
5.3.2) FEATURE FINDING.....................................14-16
5.3.3) IMAGE PARTITIONING............................. 17-22

6) ADVANTAGES....................................................................23-24

7) DISADVANTAGES..............................................................25-26

8) CONCLUSION.........................................................................27

9) REFERENCES..........................................................................28
ABSTRACT

Digital image processing is a dynamic and influential field that involves the
manipulation and analysis of images using computer algorithms and hardware.
It plays a pivotal role across diverse domains, from medicine and scientific
research to entertainment and security. This abstract provides a concise
overview of the key concepts and applications of digital image processing,
highlighting its significance and the benefits it offers, while also
acknowledging its limitations. It emphasises the importance of responsible and
informed utilisation in an increasingly digital and visually-oriented world.

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1.INTRODUCTION

Digital image processing is a field of study and technology that focuses on the
manipulation and analysis of digital images using computer algorithms and
hardware. It plays a crucial role in various domains, including medicine,
engineering, entertainment, and many others. Digital image processing
involves the enhancement, transformation, and interpretation of images to
extract valuable information or improve their visual quality.

Key components and concepts of digital image processing include:

1. Image Acquisition: This is the process of capturing images using devices

like cameras, scanners, or other sensors. Images can be in the form of
photographs, medical scans, satellite imagery, or digital art.
2. Preprocessing: This stage involves various techniques to prepare the image
for further analysis. It may include tasks such as noise reduction, contrast
enhancement, and image resizing.
3. Image Enhancement: Enhancement techniques are used to improve the
visual quality of images. These methods aim to make images more visually
appealing or easier to interpret. Common enhancements include brightness and
contrast adjustments, colour correction, and sharpening.
4. Image Transformation: Transformation operations are used to modify
images in various ways. Geometric transformations like rotation, scaling, and
cropping can be applied to change an image's spatial properties. Additionally,
mathematical operations such as Fourier transforms can help analyze and
manipulate the frequency components of an image.
5. Image Analysis: This aspect involves the application of algorithms to extract
information from images. It is used in tasks like object detection, face
recognition, medical diagnosis, and more.

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2.LITERATURE SURVEY

Digital image processing means that it processing of images which are digital
in nature by a digital computer. It is motivated by three major application
first one is improvement of pictorial information for human perceptions means
whatever image you get we wants to enhance the quality of the image so that
image will have better look. Second application is for autonomous machine
application this has various applications in industry particularly for quality
control and assembly automations. Third applications is efficient
storage and transmission for example if we wants to store the image on our
computer this image will need certain amount of space on our hard disk so we
use some technique so that disk space for image will required less.
Image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an
image. Digital image processing is the study of representation and
manipulation of pictorial information by a computer. Image Processing
Toolbox supports images generated by a wide range of devices, including
digital cameras, frame grabbers, satellite and airborne sensors, medical
imaging devices, microscopes, telescopes, and other scientific instruments.

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What is Digital image processing?

Digital Image Processing means processing digital image by means of a

digital computer. We can also say that it is a use of computer algorithms, in
order to get enhanced image either to extract some useful information.

Digital image processing is the use of algorithms and mathematical models

to process and analyse digital images. The goal of digital image processing is
to enhance the quality of images, extract meaningful information from images,
and automate image-based tasks.

The basic steps involved in digital image processing are:

Image acquisition: This involves capturing an image using a digital camera or

scanner, or importing an existing image into a computer.

Image enhancement: This involves improving the visual quality of an image,

such as increasing contrast, reducing noise, and removing artifacts.

Image restoration: This involves removing degradation from an image, such as

blurring, noise, and distortion.

Image segmentation: This involves dividing an image into regions or

segments, each of which corresponds to a specific object or feature in the
image.

Image representation and description: This involves representing an image in a

way that can be analysed and manipulated by a computer, and describing the
features of an image in a compact and meaningful way.

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Image analysis: This involves using algorithms and mathematical models to
extract information from an image, such as recognising objects, detecting
patterns, and quantifying features.

Image synthesis and compression: This involves generating new images or

compressing existing images to reduce storage and transmission requirements.

Digital image processing is widely used in a variety of applications, including

medical imaging, remote sensing, computer vision, and multimedia.

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APPLICATIONS
1. Medical Imaging: Digital image processing is extensively used in medical
fields for tasks such as X-ray and MRI image analysis, CT scans, and
pathology. It aids in diagnosing diseases, planning surgeries, and monitoring
patient health.

2. Biometrics: Facial recognition and fingerprint analysis rely on image

processing to verify identities and enhance security systems.

3. Satellite and Remote Sensing: In fields like agriculture, forestry, and

environmental monitoring, digital image processing helps in analyzing satellite
and aerial imagery for land use classification, weather prediction, and natural
disaster monitoring.

4. Entertainment: In the film and gaming industry, special effects, animation,

and image manipulation are achieved through digital image processing
techniques, providing stunning visual experiences to audiences.

5. Quality Control: Industries, including manufacturing and automotive, use

image processing for quality control and defect detection in production lines.

6.Robotics: Image processing plays a crucial role in robotic systems for tasks
like object recognition, navigation, and autonomous decision-making

7. Document Processing:Scanners and OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

software use image processing to convert printed or handwritten text into
digital formats.

8. Geographical Information Systems (GIS): In cartography and geospatial

analysis, digital image processing is employed to interpret satellite and aerial
images, enabling the creation of detailed maps and aiding urban planning.

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9. Artificial Intelligence:Image analysis, object detection, and image
classification are essential components in various AI applications, including
autonomous vehicles and image-based recommendation systems.

10. Security and Surveillance: Image processing is used for video surveillance,
facial recognition, and anomaly detection in security systems.

11. Astronomy: In the study of celestial objects, astronomers use image

processing to enhance and analyze images captured by telescopes and space
probes.

12. Forensics: Digital image processing is instrumental in analyzing digital

and forensic images, including fingerprint identification, crime scene analysis,
and evidence enhancement.

13.Morphing:Hollywood film makers use novel morphing technologies to

generate special effects.

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MEDICAL IMAGING

Medical imaging is a branch of healthcare and technology that plays a critical

role in diagnosing, monitoring, and treating medical conditions. It involves the
use of various imaging modalities to visualise the internal structures and
functions of the human body. These modalities produce detailed images, which
healthcare professionals use to make informed decisions about patient care.
Here is an overview of medical imaging:

Common Medical Imaging Modalities:

1. X-ray Imaging: X-rays are widely used to create images of bones and
certain soft tissues, allowing healthcare providers to diagnose fractures, lung
conditions, and dental problems.

2. Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging: CT scans produce cross-sectional

images of the body, offering detailed views of organs, blood vessels, and
tissues. They are especially useful for detecting tumors and assessing trauma.

3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI uses powerful magnets and radio
waves to create detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord,
and muscles. It is highly effective in diagnosing neurological and
musculoskeletal conditions.

4. Ultrasound Imaging: Ultrasound utilises high-frequency sound waves to

generate real-time images. It is commonly used during pregnancy to monitor
fatal development and is also employed to examine organs, blood flow, and the
heart.

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9
Biometrics

Biometrics is the science and technology of identifying individuals based on

their unique physical and behavioural characteristics. It has gained significant
importance in various fields, including security, access control, and identity
verification. Biometric systems rely on the distinctiveness and permanence of
these characteristics to accurately confirm a person's identity. Here's an
overview of biometrics:

Types of Biometric Modalities:

1. Fingerprint Recognition: Fingerprint biometrics involve scanning and

analysing the unique patterns of ridges and furrows on an individual's fingers.
Fingerprint recognition is widely used in smartphones, access control systems,
and law enforcement.

2. Facial Recognition: Facial recognition technology captures and analyses an

individual's facial features to verify their identity. It is used in smartphones,
airport security, and law enforcement for surveillance and identification.

3. Iris Recognition: Iris recognition scans the unique patterns in the coloured
part of the eye (the iris). It is highly accurate and used in various secure access
systems, including border control and airport security.

4. Retina Recognition: Retina scanning, which analyses the unique patterns of

blood vessels in the retina at the back of the eye, is used in high-security
applications, such as military and government access control.

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FACE MORPHING
Face morphing is a digital image processing technique that involves the
transformation of one face into another by creating a sequence of intermediate
images that blend the two faces seamlessly. It is commonly used for artistic
purposes, entertainment, and special effects in movies and animations.
However, face morphing has also raised concerns related to privacy and
security.

PROCEDURES

● Pre-processing

● Feature finding

● Image Partitioning

PRE-PROCESSING

preprocessing is an important step that involves preparing the source images

and feature points for the morphing process. Proper preprocessing ensures that
the face morphing procedure yields more accurate and aesthetically pleasing
results. Here are the key aspects of preprocessing in face morphing:

1. Image Acquisition:

Start with two source images of the faces you want to morph. The quality
and alignment of these source images are crucial. Ensure that both images are
well-lit, have similar facial expressions, and are taken under consistent
conditions.

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2. Image Alignment:

Align the source images to ensure that the key facial features are in the
same relative positions. This step involves adjusting the scale, orientation, and
position of the faces to make feature points correspond accurately.

3. Feature Point Selection:

Identify and select a set of feature points on each source image. Common
feature points include the eyes, nose, mouth, and chin. The number of feature
points and their locations may vary depending on the software or technique
you are using for face morphing.

4. Feature Correspondence:

Create corresponding feature points between the two source images. It is

essential to establish a one-to-one correspondence between the feature points
in both images to ensure that the morphing process aligns the features
correctly.

5. Normalisation:

Normalise the feature points' coordinates to a common reference frame.

This step is essential to ensure that the feature points in both source images are
in the same coordinate space. Common normalisation techniques include
translation, scaling, and rotation.

6. Triangulation:

Superimpose a mesh of triangles on both source images. The triangles are

used to define the regions for warping and blending. Make sure the triangles in
both source images correspond to each other to facilitate a smooth morphing
process.

12
7. Quality Control:

Review the quality of the source images, feature points, and their
alignment. Ensure that there are no artifacts, errors, or inconsistencies that may
affect the morphing result.

8. Feature Point Editing:

In some cases, manual editing or adjustment of the feature points may be

necessary to achieve the desired morphing effect. This step may involve
refining the positions of feature points, especially if the source images have
substantial differences.

NOICE REDUCTION

13
FEATURE FINDING

There are 4 major feature points, namely the two eyes, and the two endpoints
of the mouth.Using eye-finding algorithm it can successfully detect eyes at
84% rate.

In digital image processing for document analysis, various features can be

extracted to help with tasks like text recognition, document classification, or
information retrieval. Here are some common features used:

1. Text Extraction: Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a fundamental

feature used to extract text from documents. It identifies and converts printed
or handwritten text into machine-readable text.

2. Colour and Contrast Analysis: Document features like colour distribution,

contrast, and brightness can be analysed to distinguish text, graphics, and
background, aiding in segmentation.

3. Edge Detection: Edge detection algorithms help locate the edges of text and
graphics in documents, making it easier to separate them.

4. Text Layout Analysis: This feature identifies the layout of text within a
document, including columns, paragraphs, headings, and captions.

5. Binarization: Binarization techniques convert grayscale or colour images to

binary (black and white) images, which simplifies text extraction and
processing.

6. Connected Component Analysis: This feature helps in identifying individual

characters or elements within a document. It can be used to segment text and
graphics.

7. Skew Correction: Detecting and correcting the skew (rotation) of text in

scanned documents to make it more readable.

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8. Noise Removal: Techniques to remove noise, speckles, or unwanted
artifacts from the document image, enhancing the quality of the extracted
information.

9. Handwriting Recognition: If documents contain handwritten text, feature

extraction for handwriting recognition is important, which may involve
analysing stroke order and direction.

10. Geometric Features: Features such as aspect ratio, orientation, and size of
text or objects in a document can be useful for layout analysis and
classification.

11. Texture Analysis: Analysing the texture of different regions in the

document can help in classifying or identifying specific elements.

12. Document Classification Features: Features such as word frequency,

document structure, and layout can be used for classifying documents into
categories or types.

13. Page Number Detection: Detecting and extracting page numbers can be
crucial for document organisation and navigation.

14. Watermark Detection: Identifying and locating watermarks or security

features in documents, which can be important for copyright and security
purposes.

15. Barcodes and QR Codes: Extracting data from barcodes and QR codes
commonly used in documents for quick data retrieval.

15
Eye Finding

Mouth Finding

16
IMAGE PARTITIONING

The edges of the face also need to be carefully considered in the morphing
algorithm.

If the face edges do not match well in the morphing process, the morphed
image will look strange on the face edges.

We generate 6 more feature points around the face edge, which are the
intersection points of the extension line of the first 4 facial feature points with
the face edges.

Image partitioning in the context of digital image processing refers to the

division of an image into smaller, meaningful regions or segments. This
process can help in various tasks such as object detection, image segmentation,
and feature extraction. Here are some common techniques and methods for
image partitioning:

1. Thresholding: This is a basic technique where you set a threshold value, and
pixels with intensity values above or below the threshold are assigned to
different segments. It's often used for simple background-object separation.

2. Region Growing: This technique starts with a seed pixel and grows a region
by adding neighbouring pixels that meet certain similarity criteria, such as
intensity or coloUr.

3. Watershed Segmentation: Watershed transformation is used for segmenting

objects in an image by treating the intensity values as a topographic surface.
Regions are defined by catchment basins.

4. Edge-Based Segmentation: This approach identifies edges or boundaries in

an image using techniques like Canny edge detection and then segments the
image based on these edges.

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5. Clustering Algorithms: Algorithms like k-means clustering or hierarchical
clustering can group pixels with similar characteristics into clusters or
segments.

6. Graph-Cut Segmentation: This method represents the image as a graph and

uses graph-cut algorithms to partition it into regions based on pixel
similarities.

7. Active Contours (Snakes): Active contours are deformable models that can
be used to delineate object boundaries. They are attracted to features in the
image.

8. Super pixel Segmentation: Super pixels are compact and perceptually

meaningful image regions. Algorithms like SLIC and QuickShift group pixels
into super pixels, which can be further processed.

9. Markov Random Fields (MRFs): MRFs model the spatial relationships

between pixels and are often used for segmenting images based on both local
and global information.

10. Deep Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs): CNNs have
shown great success in image segmentation tasks. U-Net, FCN, and Mask R-
CNN are architectures commonly used for semantic and instance
segmentation.

11. Texture-Based Segmentation: This technique groups pixels based on

texture characteristics, making it useful for images with regions of distinct
textures.

12. Colour-Based Segmentation: In colour images, segmentation can be based

on colour information, where pixels with similar colour values are grouped
together.

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DEMONSTRATION OF MORPHING PROCESS

1. Original images scaled to small size

2. Performing coordinate transformations on the partitioned images to match

the feature points of these two images.

19
3. Cross-dissolving the two images to generate a new image.

20
Recent evolutions

(1) Morphing between the faces of different people.

(2) Morphing between different images of the same person

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22
ADVANTAGE

1. Enhanced Image Quality: Digital image processing allows for the

enhancement of image quality by adjusting brightness, contrast, and colour,
resulting in clearer and more visually appealing images.

2. Automation: It enables the automation of tasks that would be time-

consuming or impossible to perform manually. For example, automated object
recognition and counting in industrial quality control processes.

3. Precision and Accuracy: Digital image processing algorithms can perform

complex calculations and measurements with high precision and accuracy,
reducing the potential for human error.

4. Speed: Digital image processing can process images in real-time or at high

speeds, making it suitable for applications like surveillance, robotics, and
medical diagnostics.

5. Non-Destructive Editing: Unlike traditional photo development techniques,

digital image processing allows for non-destructive editing, where the original
image remains intact, and changes can be reversed or modified at any time.

6. Storage Efficiency: Digital images can be compressed to reduce file sizes

while preserving quality, making them easier to store and transmit.

7. Reproducibility: The same image processing operations can be applied

consistently to multiple images, ensuring reproducibility and standardisation in
various applications.

8. Remote Sensing: Digital image processing is essential in fields like satellite

imagery and aerial photography, allowing us to monitor and analyse the Earth's
surface from a distance for purposes such as environmental monitoring and
disaster management.

23
9. Medical Diagnosis: It plays a crucial role in medical imaging, enabling
healthcare professionals to diagnose and treat conditions more accurately
through techniques like CT scans, MRI, and digital radiography.

10. Scientific Research: Digital image processing aids in scientific research by

helping analyse and visualise data, such as in astronomy, microscopy, and
geology.

11. Entertainment: Special effects in movies, video games, and virtual reality
are made possible through digital image processing techniques, creating
immersive and captivating experiences.

12. Security and Surveillance: It is widely used in security systems for facial
recognition, object tracking, and anomaly detection, contributing to crime
prevention and public safety.

13. Artistic Creativity: Digital image processing tools allow artists and
photographers to explore new creative possibilities and artistic expressions
through techniques like image manipulation and digital art.

14. Geospatial Mapping: It is used for creating accurate maps and geospatial
data, which is essential for navigation, urban planning, and resource
management.

15. Cost-Efficiency: In many applications, digital image processing can be

more cost-effective than traditional methods, as it reduces the need for
expensive materials and manual labor.

16. Accessibility: Digital images can be easily shared and accessed remotely,
making them accessible to a global audience for various purposes, from
education to research.

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DISADVANTAGES

1. Data Storage Requirements: High-resolution digital images can consume

substantial storage space. This can be a challenge for archiving large datasets,
especially in applications like medical imaging and remote sensing.

2. Computational Intensity: Many complex image processing algorithms

require significant computational resources, which can lead to slow processing
times and may be impractical for real-time applications without powerful
hardware.

3. Complexity: Some advanced image processing techniques are complex and

may require a deep understanding of mathematical concepts and programming
skills to implement effectively.

4. Cost: The hardware and software required for digital image processing can
be expensive, making it less accessible for individuals or organisations with
limited budgets.

5. Data Security: Storing and transmitting digital images can raise concerns
about data security, as images may contain sensitive or confidential
information that could be at risk of unauthorised access or tampering.

6. Image Quality Degradation: Over processing or inappropriate use of certain

image enhancement techniques can lead to image quality degradation,
introducing artifacts and reducing the reliability of the processed image.

7. Loss of Original Information: Image compression, which is often necessary

to reduce file sizes, may result in the loss of some original image information,
affecting image quality, particularly in lossy compression methods.

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8. Dependence on Calibration: Some image processing techniques may be
sensitive to variations in imaging equipment and lighting conditions, requiring
regular calibration and maintenance.

9. Subjectivity: Image processing often involves subjective decisions in terms

of selecting the right parameters and settings, leading to potential variations in
results among different individuals or systems.

10. Ethical Concerns: In some applications, digital image processing can raise
ethical concerns, such as the manipulation of images for deceptive purposes,
like deepfake technology.

11. Limited to Digital Data: Digital image processing is limited to images in

digital formats, which may not be available for historical or legacy data.
Converting analog images to digital format can be a time-consuming and
costly process.

12. Environmental Impact: The processing of large image datasets can have
environmental impacts, as it may require power-hungry data centres and
contribute to energy consumption and carbon emissions.

13. Skill and Knowledge Requirements: Effective utilisation of digital image

processing techniques often requires specialised training and expertise,
limiting accessibility to those with the necessary skills.

14. Incompatibility: Different software and hardware systems may not be fully
compatible, leading to challenges when exchanging or processing image data
across various platforms.

15. Hardware Limitations: The effectiveness of image processing may be

limited by the capabilities of the hardware used, especially in resource-
constrained devices like smartphones and embedded systems.

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CONCLUSION

Digital image processing is a transformative technology with the power to

enhance and analyse images, benefiting various industries. While it offers
numerous advantages, including automation and precision, it also has
drawbacks like data storage demands and ethical considerations. Responsible
use and continued advancements in this field will shape its role in our evolving
digital world.

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References

 www.google.com

 www.javatpoint.com

 www.geeksforgeeks.org

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