Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(DIP)
By
GAUTAM MISHRA
A COLLOQUIUM REPORT
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Post-Graduation degree
Of
Certificate
Date: 20.04.2020
I, Gautam Mishra hereby declare that the project work entitled Digital Image
Processing is an authenticated work carried out by me Under the guidance of Dr.
Rashi Agarwal for the partial fulfilment of the award of the degree of MASTER
OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS and this work has not been submitted for
similar purpose anywhere else except to GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA, affiliated to
AKTU, LUCKNOW.
Galgotias College of
Engineering and
Technology, Greater Noida
Acknowledgement
It is high privilege for me to express my deep sense of gratitude to all the faculty
members who helped me in the completion of this colloquium port, especially my
internal guide Dr. Rashi Agarwal who was always there at hour of need.
Roll No.:1709714010
Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Processing an image
Applications
Future applications
Conclusion
ABSTRACT
Vision is a major source of information for human beings. In olden days it was
chimerical and very surprising thing but over the decade the trend has changed by
technological feasts occurring around the world. Image processing has definitely has its
impact on communication devices such as cell phone, web camera.
By using Digital Image Processing we enhance the digital images and extracting
information and features from the image. Because of the computational load of dealing
with images containing millions of pixels, digital image processing was largely of
academic interest until the 1970s, when dedicated hardware became available that could
process images in real time, for some dedicated problems such as television standards
conversion. With the fast computers and signal processors available in the 2000s, digital
image processing has become the most common form of image processing, and is
generally used because it is not only the most versatile method, but also the cheapest.
There are many applications for Image Processing like surveillance, navigation,
and robotics. This technology is more useful in the investigation in Crime Branch.
Digital Image Processing has the advantages as a wider range of algorithm to be applied
to the input data and can avoid the problems such as build-up of noise and signal
distortion during processing. For this the NASA and U.S military have developed
advanced computer software which improves the clarity of and amount of detail visible
in still and video images.
Interest in digital image processing methods stems from two principal application
areas: improvement pictorial information for human interpretation; and processing of
image data for storage, transmission, and representation for autonomous machine
perception.
This paper mainly deals with digital image processing, different stages in image
processing and its profound applications in the present era. This also explains its
applications found in medical, military, Robotics fields. This paper stresses the
importance and its impact in the future.
The main feature Digital Image Editing used for altering and improving images
in an all most endless number of time. The other features of this technology are Image
Size Alteration, Cropping on Image, Removal of Noise and unwanted elements, Image
Compression, merging of images and finally color adjustments and finally advantages
and disadvantages of digital image processing.
INTRODUCTION:
Because of the computational load of dealing with images containing millions of pixels,
digital image processing was largely of academic interest until the 1970s, when
dedicated hardware became available that could process images in real time, for some
dedicated problems such as television standards conversion. As general-purpose
computers became faster, they started to take over the role of dedicated hardware for all
but the most specialized and compute-intensive operations.
With the fast computers and signal processors available in the 2000s,
digital image processing has become the most common form of image processing, and
is generally used because it is not only the most versatile method, but also the cheapest.
IMAGE PROCESSING:
DIGITAL IMAGE:
Digital images can be by a variety of input devices and techniques, such as,
scanners, coordinate-measuring machines, seismographic profiling, airborne radar, and
more.
Digital image processing is the use of computer to perform on. Digital image
processing has the same advantages (over analog image processing) as has (over analog
signal processing) -- it allows a much wider range of algorithms to be applied to the
input data, and can avoid problems such as the build-up of noise and signal distortion
during processing.
STAGES IN IMAGE PROCESSING:
S a Solution
P a problem
Recognition and
Interpretation
Knowledge Base
Image Acquisition
IM
Representation and
Description
Preprocessing
Segmentation
1. IMAGE ACQUISITION:
An image is captured by a sensor (such as a monochrome or color TV camera) and
digitized. If the output of the camera or sensor is not already in digital form, an analog-
to digital converter digitizes it.
5. KNOWLEDGE BASE:
A problem domain detailing the regions of an image where the information of interest
is known to be located is known as knowledge base. It helps to limit the search.
THRESHOLDING:
Threshold is the process of dividing an image into different portions by picking a
certain grayness level as a threshold, comparing each pixel value with the threshold,
and then assigning the pixel to the different portions, depending on whether the pixel’s
grayness level is below the threshold or above the threshold value. Threshold can be
performed either at a single level or at multiple levels, in which the image is processed
by dividing it into “layers”, each with a selected threshold. Various techniques are
available to choose an appropriate threshold ranging from simple routines for binary
images to sophisticated techniques for complicated images.
CONNECTIVITY:
Sometimes we need to decide whether neighboring pixels are somehow “connected” or
related to each other. Connectivity establishes whether they have the same property,
such as being of the same region, coming from the same object, having a similar texture,
etc. To establish the connectivity of neighboring pixels, we first have to decide upon a
connectivity path.
NOISE REDUCTION:
Like other signal processing mediums, Vision Systems contains noises. Some noises
are systematic and come from dirty lenses, faulty electronic components, bad memory
chips and low resolution. Others are random and are caused by environmental effects
or bad lighting. The net effect is a corrupted image that needs to be preprocessed to
reduce or eliminate the noise. In addition, sometimes images are not of good quality,
due to both hardware and software inadequacies; thus, they have to be enhanced and
improved before other analysis can be performed on them.
CONVOLUTION MASKS:
A mask may be used for many different purposes, including filtering operations and
noise reduction. Noise and Edges produces higher frequencies in the spectrum of a
signal. It is possible to create masks that behave like a low pass filter, such that higher
frequencies of an image are attenuated while the lower frequencies are not changed very
much. There by the noise is reduced.
EDGE DETECTION:
Edge Detection is a general name for a class of routines and techniques that operate on
an image and results in a line drawing of the image. The lines represented changes in
values such as cross sections of planes, intersections of planes, textures, lines, and
colors, as well as differences in shading and textures. Some techniques are
mathematically oriented, some are heuristic, and some are descriptive. All generally
operate on the differences between the gray levels of pixels or groups of pixels through
masks or thresholds. The final result is a line drawing or similar representation that
requires much less memory to be stored, is much simpler to be processed, and saves in
computation and storage costs. Edge detection is also necessary in subsequent process,
such as segmentation and object recognition.
According to one estimate, more than 75 percent of all the information received by man
is visual. Some researchers arguably consider this figure to be as high as 99 percent!
Even if we consider the conservative estimate, the remaining four senses contribute to
only 25 percent of the total share. And man has known this since ancient times. Probably
that’s the reason why the ancient Chinese coined the now popular proverb, “A picture
speaks a thousand words.” It is very evident that vision is a major source of information
for human beings, and thus if we could possibly provide similar visual faculties to
machines, we shall be able to achieve visual automation for a very broad range of
applications.
There generally is a bit of confusion in recognizing the difference between the fields of
Image Processing and Computer Graphics, often even in the minds of tech-savvy
computer professionals. Actually, Image Processing and Computer Graphics are
entirely different, almost the opposite of each other. A computer graphics system is
involved with image synthesis, and not recognition or analysis, as in the case of Image
Processing. The input of a computer graphics system consists of an item list that
describes a scene and its purpose is to transform this list into a digital image, which
could have been formed, if this scene would really exist. Morphing used in
advertisements could be said to be the most commonly witnessed computer graphics
technique. In contrast, input to an Image Processing system is always a real image
formed via some physical phenomenon such as scanning, filming, etc. The main role of
Image Processing is not to create information but to extract it, integrate it, make it
explicit and usable.
Image Editor Features:
Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the better graphic
manipulation programs. The list is by no means all inclusive. There are a myriad of
choices associated with the application of most of these features.
Image Size Alteration: Image editors can resize an image, making it larger, or
smaller. High image resolution cameras can produce large images which are
often reduced in size for Internet use. Image editor programs use a mathematical
process called re-sampling to calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger
or smaller than the original pixel values.\
Noise Removal: Image editors may feature a number of algorithms which can
add or remove noise in an image. JPEG artifacts can be removed; dust & scratches
can be removed and an image can be de-speckled. Noise tends to invade images
when pictures are taken in low light settings.
more individual images into a single picture. The orientation and placement of
each image can be controlled. The two images shown here were once individual
studio portraits.
Change Color Depth: It is possible, using software, to change the color depth of
images. Common color depths are 2, 16, 256, and 16 million colors. The JPEG
and PNG image formats are capable of storing 16.7 million colors (equal to 256
luminance values per color channel). In addition, grayscale images of 8 bits or
less can be created, usually via conversion and down sampling from a full color
image.
APPLICATION 1:
Image Processing is vastly being implemented in Vision Systems in Robotics. Robots
capture the real time images using cameras and process them to fulfill the desired action.
Here the usage of sensors/cameras and Edge Detection technique are related to Image
Processing and Vision Systems. By this technique the complexity of using manual
sensors is minimized to a great extent and thereby sophistication is increased. Hence
image processing is used here in the study of robotics.
APPLICATION 2:
In the field of Medicine this is highly applicable in areas like Medical imaging,
Scanning, Ultrasound and X-rays etc. Image Processing is rapidly used for MRI SCAN
(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CT SCAN (Computer Tomography). Tomography
is an imaging technique that generates an image of a thin cross sectional slice of a test
piece.
1. One of the biggest advantages of digital imaging is the ability of the operator to
manipulate the pixel shades to correct image density and contrast, is called Post
Processing. And perform other processing functions that could result in
improved diagnosis and fewer repeated examinations.
2. Digital imaging allows the electronic transmission of images to third-party
Some manufacturers have claimed a 90% decrease in radiation exposure, but the
real savings depend on comparisons.
DISADVANTAGES
There are also disadvantages associated with the use of digital systems.
1. The initial cost can be high depending on the system used, the number of
It’s a critical study, which plays a vital role in modern world as it is involved with
advanced use of science and technology. The advances in technology have created
tremendous opportunities for Vision System and Image Processing. There is no doubt
that the trend will continue into the future Over the next few years, the growth of digital
image processing is going to be enormous with new products and technologies coming
out frequently. In order to get the most out of this period, it is going to be important that
image processing planners and developers have a clear idea of what they are looking
for and then choose strategies and methods that will provide them with performance
today and flexibility for tomorrow. . From the above discussion we can conclude that
this field has relatively more advantages than disadvantages and hence is very useful in
varied branches.
REFERENCES: