Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Underground cables
➢ Electrochemical Treeing occurs when moisture
penetration in the presence of an electric field
reduces the dielectric strength of cable insulation.
2. Power Transformers
➢ Overloads rarely result in transformer failures, but do
cause thermal aging of winding insulation.
3. Lightning
➢ A lightning strike occurs
when the voltage generated
between a cloud and the
ground exceeds the dielectric
strength of the air. This
results in a massive current
stroke that usually exceeds
30,000 amps.
4. Tree Contact
➢ When a tree branch bridges two conductors a small
current begins to flow and starts to dry out the wood
fibers. After several minutes, the cellulose will
carbonize, resistance will be greatly reduced, and a
short circuit will occur.
The Answer:
There is a great need for installing a protective switchgear
system.
Potential Current
Transformer Transformer Circuit
P.T C.T Breaker
Trip Coil
G Load
Relay
-+
Trip DC supply
Contacts
2) What is Relay?
iv. Reliability
5) Protective Zones
G
G
M
G
Feeder Protection
Motor Protection
Line Protection
Transformer Protection
Bus bar Protection
Generator Protection
G : Generator
T : Step-up Transformer
TL : Transmission Lines
TL TL/
Zone B Zone B
CTs are located at both sides of CB CTs are located at one side of CB
i. Relay back-up.
Primary and protective relaying
systems are activating parallel trip circuits of the
same circuit breaker. The back-up relay operates after
coordinated time delay following the failure of main
relaying system.
7) SWITCHGEAR : definitions?
SWITCHGEAR
Gear for Switching
Types of instrument
transformers:
1. Current transformers
2. Voltage transformers
CT/PT DC supply
secondary
Usually an
electromagnetic-type
Multiplexer (MUX)
CT
Microprocessor
secondary converter rectifier
SOC
Channel selection
CT I to V Precision
secondary converter rectifier
Disturbance recording.