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Thin Wall Cyclinder
Thin Wall Cyclinder
1
Figure 6-1. Thin Walled Pressure Vessels
P pDL pD
σt = = = (A6.3)
A 2 Lt 2t
or
pr
σt = (A6.4)
t
where r is the radius of the vessel.
4
For the case of the thin-walled cylinders, where r/t ≥ 10,
Eq. 6-4 describes the hoop stress at all locations through
the wall thickness. The vessel can be considered as thick
walled cylinder.
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Figure 6-1c
π D2 p
= P (A6.5)
4 6
• The cross-sectional area of the cylinder wall is
characterized by the product of its wall thickness and
the mean circumference.
i.e., π (D + t )t
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Generalized Hooke’s Law
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• A complete description of
the general state of stress
at a point consists of:
– normal stresses in three
directions, σx (or σ11),
σy (or σ22) and σz (or
σ33),
– shear stresses on three
planes, τx (or σ12 ...),
τy (or σ23 …..), and τz
Figure 6-1. (or σ31 …...).
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• The stress, σx in the x-direction produces 3 strains:
– longitudinal strain (extension) along the x-axis of:
σx
εx = (6.7)
E
– transverse strains (contraction) along the y and z -axes,
which are related to the Poisson’s ratio:
νσ x
ε y = ε z = − νε x = − (6.8)
E
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Properties of ν
• Absolute values of ν are used in calculations.
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• In order to determine the total strain produced along a
particular direction, we can apply the principle of
superposition.
• For Example, the resultant strain along the x-axis,
comes from the strain contribution due to the
application of σx, σy and σz.
– σx causes: σ x in the x-direction
E
νσ y
– σy causes: − in the x-direction
E
νσ z
– σz causes: − in the x-direction
E
– Applying the principle of superposition (x-axis):
ε x = [σ x − ν (σ y + σ z )]
1
(6.9a)
E 13
The situation can be summarized by the following table:
ε x = [σ x − v(σ y + σ z )]
1
E
ε y = [σ y − v(σ z + σ x )]
1 (6.9)
E
ε z = [σ z − v(σ x + σ y )]
1
E
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The shearing stresses acting on the unit cube produce shearing
strains.
τxy = Gγ xy
τ yz = Gγ yz (6.10)
τxz = Gγ xz
The proportionality constant G is the modulus of elasticity in
shear, or the modulus of rigidity. Values of G are usually
determined from a torsion test. See Table 6-2.
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Table 6-2 Typical Room-Temperature values of elastic constants for
isotropic materials.
_______________________________________________________
Modulus of Shear
Elasticity, Modulus Poisson’s
Material 10^-6 psi (GPa) 10^-6 psi (GPa) ratio, ν
_______________________________________________________
Aluminum alloys 10.5(72.4) 4.0(27.5) 0.31
Copper 16.0(110) 6.0(41.4) 0.33
Steel(plain carbon
and low-alloy) 29.0(200) 11.0(75.8) 0.33
Stainless Steel 28.0(193) 9.5(65.6) 0.28
Titanium 17.0(117) 6.5(44.8) 0.31
Tungsten 58.0(400) 22.8(157) 0.27
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The volume strain ∆, or cubical dilation, is the change in
volume per unit volume.
σm − p 1
K= = = (6.11)
∆ ∆ β
Where -p is the hydrostatic pressure, and β is the compressibility.
1−2v
εx +εy +εz = (σx +σy +σz )
E
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1− 2v
∆= 3σm
E
or
σm E
K= = (6.12)
∆ 3(1− 2v)
Another important relationship is the expression relating E, G, and
v. This equation is usually developed in a first course in strength
of materials.
E
G= (6.13)
2(1 + v)
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• Equations 6-9 and 6-10 can be expressed in tensor
notation as one equation:
1+ν ν
∗ ε ij = σ ij − σ kkδ ij ∗ *(6.14)
E E
Example, if i = j = x,
1+ν ν
ε xx = σ xx − (σ xx + σ yy + σ zz ) (1)
E E
= (σ xx − ν (σ yy + σ zz ))
1
ε xx
E
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If i = x and j = y,
1+ν ν
ε xy = τ xy − σ kk (0 )
E E
Therefore,
1
γ xy = τ xy
G
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Special Cases
• Plane Stress (σ3 = 0): This exists typically in:
– a thin sheet loaded in the plane of the sheet, or
– a thin wall tube loaded by internal pressure where there
is no stress normal to a free surface.
Therefore, 1 − ν2
ε1 + νε 2 = σ1
E
E
σ1 = [ε + νε 2 ]
Then, 1−ν 2 1
Similarly ,
(6.17)
E
σ2 = [ε + νε1 ]
1−ν 2 2
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• Plane Strain (ε3 = 0): This occurs typically when
– One dimension is much greater than the other two
Examples are a long rod or a cylinder with restrained ends.
– Recall Eqs. 6-9,
1
ε 3 = [σ 3 − ν (σ 1 + σ 2 )] = 0 (6.18)
E
but
σ 3 = ν [σ 1 + σ 2 ] (6.19)
This shows that a stress exists along direction-3 (z-axis)
even though the strain is zero.
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• Substitute Eqs. 6-18 and 6-19 into Eq. 6-9, we have
ε1 =
1
E
[( ) ]
1 − ν 2 σ 1 − ν (1 + ν )σ 2
ε2 =
1
E
[( )
1 − ν 2 σ 2 − ν (1 + ν )σ 1 ]
ε3 = 0
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Example 1
A steel specimen is subjected to elastic stresses
represented by the matrix
2 −3 1
σ ij = −3 4 5 MPa
1 − 1
5
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Solution
Invoke Hooke’s Law, Eqs. 6-9 and 6-10. Use the values of
E, G and ν for steel in Table 6-2
εx =
1
E
[σ x − ν (σ y + σ z )]
εy =
1
E
[σ y − ν (σ x + σ z )]
εz =
1
E
[
σ z − ν (σ x + σ y )]
τxy = Gγ xy τ yz = Gγ yz τxz = Gγ xz
Substitute values of E, G and ν into the above equations.
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Example 2
A sample of material subjected to a compressive stress σz is
confined so that it cannot deform in the y-dir., but
deformation is permitted in the x-dir. Assume that the
material is isotropic and exhibits linear-elastic behavior.
Determine the following in terms of σz and the elastic
constant of the material:
(a) The stress that develops in the y-dir.
(b) The strain in the z-dir.
(c) The strain in the x-dir.
(d) The stiffness E’ = σz /ε z in the z-dir. Is this apparent
modulus equal to the elastic modulus E from the uniaxial test
on the material? Why or why not?
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Solution
Invoke Hooke’s Law, Eq. 6-9
The situation posed requires that - εy = 0, σx = 0.
We also treat σz as a known quantity.
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(b) The stress in the z-direction is obtained by substituting σy
into Eq. 6-9. 1
εz = [σ z − ν (0 + νσ z )]
E
1 − ν2
∴ εz = σz
E
(c) The strain in the x-direction is given by Eq. 6-9, with σy
from above substituted.
1
εx = [0 − ν (νσ z + σ z )]
E
ν (1 + ν )
∴ εx = − σz
E
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(d) The apparent stiffness in the z-direction is obtained
immediately from the equation for εz.
σz E
E ='
= = 1.10 E
εz 1−ν 2
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Solution
Let, ν = Poisson’s ratio
E = Young’s Modulus,
Loading Direction 1
Transverse Direction 2
No stress normal to the free surface, σ3 = 0
Although the applied stress is uniaxial, the constraint on
contraction in direction 2 results in a stress in direction 2.
E =
σ E
=
' 1
ε 1 1 − ν2
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Attach a coordinate system to the surface of the pressure vessel as
shown below, such that the z-axis is normal to the surface.
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The ratio of radius to thickness, r/t, is such that it is reasonable to
employ the thinwalled tube assumption, and the resulting stress
equations A6-1 to A6-6.
Denoting the pressure as p, we have
pr (2 MPa )(1500mm)
σx = = = 300 MPa
2t 2(5mm)
pr (2 MPa )(1500mm)
σy = = = 600 MPa
t 5mm
The value of σ z varies from -p on the inside wall to zero on the
outside, and for a thinwalled tube is everywhere sufficiently small
that σ z ≈ 0 can be used. Substitute these stresses, and the known
E and v into Hooke’s Law, Eqs.6-9 and 6-10, which gives
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ε x = 6.00 *10 −4 ε y = 2.55 *10−3 ε z = −1.35 *10−3
Substituting the strains from above and the known dimensions gives
Thus, there are small increases in length and diameter, and a tiny
decrease in the wall thickness.
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