ECCS Fire Des Kurs 20130429

A course on
Fire Design of Steel Structures

Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures
Part 1-2 General actions Actions on
structures exposed to fire
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures
Part 1-2 General rules Structural fire design
Professor Paulo Vila Real
Stockholm, 29 of April 2013
Introduction
Thermal Actions
Mechanical Actions
Thermal Analysis
Mechanical Analysis
Case Study
Scope
In all these topics the software for fire design of steel structural
members, Elefir-EN, will be used
Introduction
Used Eurocodes in this course
Ambient temperature design
EN 1990 Basis of structural design
EN 1991-1-1-3, 4, 5 Actions on structures - General actions - Densities,
self-weight, imposed loads for buildings, Snow loads,
Wind loads, Thermal actions
EN 1993-1-1 Design of steel structures
General rules and rules for buildings
Supplementary rules for stainless steels
Plated structural elements
Fire design
EN 1990 Basis of structural design
EN 1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
EN 1993-1-2 Design of steel structures Structural fire design
Each country has its own regulations for fire safety of buildings
where the requirements for fire resistance are given
Standards for checking the structural fire resistance of the
buildings - in Europe the structural EUROCODES
Introduction
Two type of regulations or standards
Introduction - Fire Resistance
Criteria R, E and I Example: UK Approved document B
R
E
I
Introduction
Fire Resistance
Classification criteria
RE R
Load REI Load Load
h
e
a
t h
e
a
t
flam
es
flam
es
h
o
t
g
a
s
e
s
h
o
t

g
a
s
e
s
- Load bearing only: mechanical resistance (criterion R)
- Load bearing and seprarting: criteria R, E and when requested, I
R Load bearing criterion; E Integrity criterion; I Insulation criterion
Introduction
Standard Fire Resistance Criteria R, E and I
Standard fire curve
Fire resistance is the time since the begining of the standard fire curve ISO 834
until the moment that the element doesnt fulfill the functions for what it has been
designed (Load bearing and/or separating functions)
( ) 20 1 8 log 345
10
+ + = t T
Curva ISO 834
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
mi n
C
ISO 834 curve
Introduction
Regulations for fire safety of buildings
Normally the risk factors are:
Height of the last occupied storey in the building (h) over the reference
plane
Number of storeys below the reference plane (n)
Total gross floor area
Number of occupants (effective)
h
n
Reference plane
R30, R60, R90, ...
or
REI30, REI60. REI90, ...
9
Introduction.
Regulations for fire safety Example: UK Approved document B
10
Introduction.
Regulations for fire safety Example: UK Approved document B
11
Introduction
The software Elefir-EN supplied with the ECCS Book
12
Introduction
800 kN
800 kN
50 kNm
- 50 kNm
N
fi,Ed
M1
fi,Ed
M2
fi,Ed
N
fi,Ed
Member analysis and continuous beams

A
B C
D
q
fi,Ed

A
B
q
fi,Ed
Mechanical
response
+
Thermal
response
Thermal
response
Introduction
- The load-bearing function is ensured when collapse is prevented during
the complete duration of the fire including the decay phase or
alternatively during the required period of time under standard fire
exposure.
Introduction
Prescriptive or performance-based approach
or
t
u
Sandard fire ISO 834
Prescriptive approach
t
u
Natural fire
Performance-based approach
1. Definition of the thermal loading - EC1
2. Definition of the mechanical loading - EC0 +EC1
3. Calculation of temperature evolution within the structural
members - EC3
4. Calculation of the mechanical behaviour of the structure
exposed to fire - EC3
Four steps
16
S
G
Q
Fire
W
A
C
T
I
O
N
S
Actions for temperature analysis
Thermal Action
FIRE
Actions for structural analysis
Mechanical Action
Dead Load G
Imposed Load Q
Snow S
Wind W
Eurocode 1:
Actions on Structures
17
S
G
Q
Fire
W
A
C
T
I
O
N
S
Thermal Action
FIRE
Eurocode 1:
18
Thermal actions
Heat transfer at surface of building elements
r net c net d net
h h h
, , ,

+ = Total net heat flux
d net
h
,
d net
h
,
d net
h
,
d net
h
,
19
Thermal actions
Heat transfer at surface of building elements
Temperature of the fire
compartment
] ) 273 ( ) 273 [(
4 4
,
+ + u =
m r m f r net
h u u o c c
) (
, m g c c net
h u u o =
Convective heat flux

Radiative heat flux
r g
u ~ u
t
u
or
t
u
Nominal
fire
Natural
fire
Total net heat flux
r net c net d net
h h h
, , ,

+ =
20
Prescriptive Rules
(Thermal Actions given
by Nominal Fire)
Performance-Based Code
(Physically based Thermal Actions)
Design Procedures
Actions on Structures Exposed to Fire
EN 1991-1-2 - Prescriptive rules or performance-based approach
t
u
t
u
21
Actions on Structures Exposed to Fire
EN 1991-1-2 - Prescriptive rules or performance-based approach
Simplified fire models
Nominal fires
Standard fire ISO 834
External fire
Hydrocarbon fire
Natural fires
Parametric fire
Localised fire
22
Simplified fire models
Nominal Temperature-Time Curve
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0
1200
2400 3600
Time (s)
Gas temperature (C)
External Fire
Standard Fire
Hydrocarbon Fire
EC3 and EC9 do not use
this external fire curve.
A special Annex B on
both Eurocodes gives
a method for
evaluating the heat
transfer to external
steelwork
23
Boundary properties
Ceiling height
Opening Area
Fire area
Rate of heat release
Fire load density
Geometry
Fire
List of Physical Parameters needed for
Natural Fire Model
24
Fire resistant enclosures
defining the fire compartment
according to the national regulations
Material properties of
enclosures: c, ,
Definition of openings
Characteristics of the Fire Compartment
25
Occupancy
Fire Growth
Rate
RHR
f
[kW/m]
Fire Load q
f,k
80% fractile
[MJ /m]
Dwelling Medium 250 948
Hospital (room) Medium 250 280
Hotel (room) Medium 250 377
Library Fast 500 1824
Office Medium 250 511
School Medium 250 347
Shopping Centre Fast 250 730
Theatre (movie/cinema) Fast 500 365
Transport (public space) Slow 250 122
Characteristics of the Fire Load from EN 1991-1-2
26
Design value of the fire load density
[MJ /m
2
]
n q q k , f d , f
m q q o o o =
2 1
10 9 2 1
10
1
n n n n
i
ni n
o o o o = o = o
[
=
m Combustion factor. Its value is between 0 and 1. For mainly cellulosic
materials a value of 0.8 may be taken. Conservatively a value of 1 can be
used
o
q1
factor taking into account the fire activation risk due to the size of the
compartment
o
q2
factor taking into account the fire activation risk due to the type of
occupancy
o
n
factor taking into account the different fire fighting measures
27
Fire Load Density Fire Load Density
1,90
2,00
2,13
Danger of
Fire Activation
Compartment
floor area A
f
[m]
1,50
1,10 25
250
2500
5000
10000
o
q1
0,78
1,00
1,22
1,44
1,66
Danger of
Fire Activation
o
q2
Examples
of
Occupancies
Art gallery, museum,
swimming pool
Residence, hotel, office
Manufactory for machinery
& engines
Chemical laboratory,
Painting workshop
Manufactory of fireworks
or paints
Automatic
Water
Extinguishing
System
Independent
Water
Supplies
Automatic fire
Detection
& Alarm
by
Heat
by
Smoke
Automatic
Alarm
Transmission
to
Fire Brigade
Function of Active Fire Safety Measures
o
ni
0 1 2
Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Fire Detection
o
n1
o
n2
o
n3
o
n4
o
n5
0,61 0,87 or 0,73 0,87 1,0 0,87 0,7
Work
Fire
Brigade
Off Site
Fire
Brigade
Safe
Access
Routes
Fire
Fighting
Devices
Smoke
Exhaust
System
o
n10
Manual Fire Suppression
o
n6
o
n7
o
n8
o
n9
0,61 or 0,78
0,9 or 1
1,5
1,0
1,5
1,0
1,5
Characteristics of the Fire Load from EN 1991-1-2
k , f ni 2 q 1 q d , f
q . m . . . q
[
o o o =
28
RHR [MW]
Time [min]
0
t
decay
70% (q
f,d
A
fi
)
Decay phase
Rate of Heat Release Curve from EN 1991-1-2
Characteristics of the Fire Load
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
t
t
) t ( Q
Q
max
= A
fi
x RHR
f
Demonstration of real fire tests in car parks and high buildings Contract no. 7215 PP 025, Projecto Europeu
Car of class 3
Rate of Heat Release of a class 3 car.
Experimental evaluation: Natural Fire Model
30
An idealized Rate of Heat Release Curve for a car burning
Characteristics of the Fire Load
30
Curve of the rate of heat release of one car
from ECSC Project: Demonstration of real fire tests in car parks and
high buildings.
Note: This curve can be introduced in Elefir-EN as an user defined RHR curve
31
Annex C of EN 1991-1-2:
Flame is not impacting the ceiling of a compartment (L
f
< H)
Fires in open air
The flame length L
f
of a
localised fire is given by :
Flame axis
L
z
D
f
H
O
(z)
= 20 + 0,25 (0,8 Q
c
)
2/3
(z-z
0
)
-5/3
s 900C
L
f
= -1,02 D + 0,0148 Q
2/5
Localised Fire:
HESKESTAD Method
32
Annex C of EN 1991-1-2:
Flame is impacting the ceiling (L
f
>H)
Localised Fire:
HASEMI Method
33
Fire load density -
Opening factor -
Wall factor -
- area of vertical openings; - total area of enclosure
Limitations :
A
floor
s 500 m
No horizontal openings
H s 4 m
Wall factor from 1000to 2200
Fire load density, q
t,d
from 50 to 1000 MJ /m
d f
q
,
t v
A h A O / =
c b =
t
A
v
A
Parametric fire
Needed parameters
Temperature u = u(t)
34
Annex A of EN 1991-1-2
Parametric fire curves function of - O
For a given q
f
,
d
, b, A
t
and A
f
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
[min]
[ C]
2 / 1
02 . 0 m O =
2 / 1
06 . 0 m O =
2 / 1
1 . 0 m O =
2 / 1
14 . 0 m O =
2 / 1
20 . 0 m O =
2 / 1
05 . 0 m O =
2 / 1
07 . 0 m O =
Ventilation controlled fires Fuel controlled fires
Fully Engulfed Compartment
Parametric Fire
35
Office
A
f
= 45,0 m
2
O = 0,08 m
1/2
q
f,k
= 511 MJ/m
2
m = 0,8
Fully Engulfed Compartment
Parametric Fire - Influence of the Actives Fire Safety Measures
Time [min]
No Fire Active Measures
Off Site Fire Brigade
Safe access routes
Automatic Fire Detection & Alarm by Smoke
Fire fighting devices
Automatic water extinguishing system - Sprinklers
Automatic alarm transmission to fire brigade
q
f,d
(MJ /m
2
) 1567 815 397 210
1567 = 511x0,8x1,14x1x
1x1x1x1x1x1x1x1,5x1,5x1,5
815 = 511x0,8x1,14x1x
1x1x1x1x1x1x0,78x1x1,5x1,5
397 = 511x0,8x1,14x1x
1x1x1x0,73x1x1x0,78x1x1x1,5
210 = 511x0,8x1,14x1x
0,61x1x1x0,73x0,87x1x0,78x1x1,5x1,5
Influncia das proteces activas
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Tempo (min)
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
a

(
C
)
k , f
i
ni
q1
d , f
q m q
[
o o o
=
q2
36
Time-temperature curves
Worked examples with the software Elefir-EN
37
Compartment fire
Nominal curves
- Standard temperature-time curve ISO 834
- Hydrocarbon temperature-time curve
Parametric fire curve
Localised fire
Hasemi method
Heskestad method
User defined curve
Time-temperature curves
38
Nominal Time-temperature curves
39
Gas temperature. Examples with the software Elefir-EN
Standard fire curve ISO 834 and Hydrocarbon Fire
Standard fire ISO 834
Hydrocarbon fire
40
Example 3.3 from the ECCS Book: calculate and plot the
parametric time temperature curve for a bedroom in a hotel. The
plan view is rectangular with dimensions of 3.2 m by 6.4 m. The
floor to ceiling distance is 2.60 m. The floor and the ceiling are
made of normal weight concrete while the walls are made of
normal weight concrete covered by a 12.6 mm thick layer of
gypsum. The only opening is a door of size 1.10 m by 2.20 m.
41
Normal weight concrete
Unit mass = 2300 Kg/m
3
Conductivity = 1.6 W/mK
Specific heat = 1000 J/KgK
b = 1918 J/(m
2
s1/2K)
Gypsum
Unit mass = = 1150 Kg/m
3
Conductivity = = 0.485 W/mK
Specific heat = c = 1000 J/KgK
b = 749 J/(m
2
s
1/2
K)
Material of boundaries:
= c b
42
Hotel room
q
f,d
= 377 MJ/m (no active fire fighting measures)
Medium (20 min.)
A
f
= 3.2 x 6.4 = 20.48 m
A
t
= 90.88 m
2
H = 2.6 m
h x b = 1.1 x 2.2 m
2
h
eq
= 1.1 m
A
v
= 2.42 m
O = 0.0395 m
1/2
b = 1290 J/m
2
s
0.5
K
Building type:
Fire load:
Fire growth rate:
Floor area:
Total area:
Height:
One opening:
Average window height:
Area of vertical openings:
Vertical opening factor:
Wall factor:
Parametric fire curve - parameters
t eq v
A / h A O =
Av h A h
i
i vi eq

=

=
i i i
A / A b b
43
t,d f,d f t
q q A A =
where
0,43 h < t
lim
= 0,333 h fuel controlled
0,43 h > t
lim
= 0,333 h ventilation controlled
0,2 10
-3
q
t,d
/ O = 0,43 h
Fuel or ventilation controlled?
44
( )

u = +
0.2 t* 1.7 t* 19 t*
g
20 1325 1 0.324 e 0.204 e 0.472 e
= I t* t
( )
( )
I =
2
2
O b
0.04 1160
Calculation of the heating curve:
where:
Heating curve
heating curve
t
max
u
max
45
3
t,d
max
lim
0.2 10 q O
t t max
t
= =

The maximum temperature is needed for determining

the cooling curve:
Maximum temperature
heating curve
t
max
u
max
46
t* t = I
( )
3
max t,d
t* 0.2 10 q O
= I
( )
u = u
g max max
625 t* t* x
where
If fire is ventilation controlled: x = 1.0
If fire is fuel controlled: x = t
lim
I / t*
max
Calculation of the cooling curve:
Cooling curve
cooling curve
t
max
u
max
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Determination of the gas temperatures at the level of the
ceiling exposed to a localized fire in a library. Natural fire
model for localised fires
EN 1991-1-2: Annex C
Localised fire
Task
Heskestad Method Hasemi Method
54
Library
H = 3.0 m
A
fi
= 72 m
2
m = 0.8
Building
Type:
Height:
Fire area:
Combustion factor:
Localised fire
Parameters
55
Localised fire
Example with the software Elefir-EN
56
Localised fire
57
Localised fire
Results from Elefir-EN
58
RHR
Flame legth
Temperature
Localised fire
59
Development of the fire area
Development of the diameter
Localised fire
60
Example B.1 from ECCS Book: calculate the evolution of the
rate of heat release and flame length of a localised fire in a
ticket counter that has an area of 36 m. It is assumed that the
flame does not touch the ceiling.
Consider that :
- the ticket counter is considered as a library
- the fire load is is mainly cellulosic (m = 0.8)
- the height of the compartment is H = 6 m
Active fire fighting measures:
- automatic fire detection and alarm by smoke
- off site fire brigade but no work fire brigade
- safe access routes
- normal fire fighting devices
- no staircases and, thus, no requirement of an air exhaust system
Localised fire
61
Localised fire
62
Localised fire
63
Localised fire
64
RHR
Flame legth
Temperature
Localised fire
65
Development of the fire area
Development of the diameter
Localised fire
66
Localised fire
Example B.2 from ECCS Book: modify the RHR curve of previous
example if the fire described in Example B.1 occurs in a compartment
with five windows of 2 meters wide and 1 meter high.
2
10 2 5 m A
v
= =
2
1m Av h A h
i
i vi eq
= =
67
Localised fire
68
User defined curve
Suppose that a temperature-time curve was obtained from another software or
that the data have been obtained from a real fire. It is possible to use this
curve with the software Elefir-EN.
In this example the temperature-time curve was obtained with the software OZone
V2.2 and it was copied to a text file to be read by Elefir-EN:
69
User defined curve
70
User defined curve
members - EC3
Four steps
72
S
G
Q
Fire
W
A
C
T
I
O
N
S
Thermal Action
FIRE
Mechanical Action
Dead Load G
Imposed Load Q
Snow S
Wind W
73
S
G
Q
Fire
W
A
C
T
I
O
N
S
Thermal Action
FIRE
Mechanical Action
Dead Load G
Imposed Load Q
Snow S
Wind W
74
At room temperature (20 C)
1. Fire is an accidental action.
2. The simultaneous occurrence of other independent
accidental actions need not be considered
1,1
Q
k,1
Frequent value of the representative value of the variable action Q
1
2,1
Q
k,1
Quasi-permanent value of the representative value of the variable action Q
1
A
d
Indirect thermal action due to fire induced by the restrained thermal expansion
may be neglected for member analysis
In fire situation
+ +
> > 1
, , 0 1 , 1 , 1 ,
1
, ,
i
i k i Q k Q
j
j k j G
Q Q G
d
i
i k i k
j
k
A Q Q G +
+ +
> > 1
, , 2 1 , 1 , 2 1 , 1
1
1 ,
) ou (
Combination Rules for Mechanical Actions
EN 1990: Basis of Structural Design
75
Action

1

2
Imposed loads in buildings, category
(see EN 1991-1-1)
0.5 0.3
Imposed loads in congregation
areas and shopping areas
0.7 0.6
Imposed loads in storage areas
0.9 0.8
vehicle weight s 30 kN
0.7 0.6
30 kN s vehicle weight s 160 kN
0.5 0.3
Imposed loads in roofs
0.0 0.0
Snow (Norway, Sweden )
0.2 0.0
Wind loads on buildings
0.2 0.0
The Norwegian Annex
recommends +
1
,Q
1
,
only when the wind is
the dominant action and
the Swedish Annex
recommends +
1
,Q
1
for
all dominant variable
actions. In both
Countries wind is
always considered and
so horizontal actions are
always taken into
account
d
i
i k i k
j
k
A Q Q G +
+ +
> > 1
, , 2 1 , 1 , 2 1 , 1
1
1 ,
) ou (
76
0.2W
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
0 = N 0 = N
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
1.0G + 0.3Q
Fire situation
i i 2 1 2,1 d fi,
Q Q G E

+ + =
,

i i 2 1 1,1 d fi,
Q Q G E

+ + =
,

E
fi,d
= G + 0,2 W + 0,3 Q E
fi,d
= G + 0,0 W + 0,3 Q
Representative value of the variable action : wind
or
i i 2 1 2,1 1,1 d fi,
Q )Q or ( G E

+ + =
,

77
The effect of actions
can be obtained from:
d fi d fi
E E q =
,
where
Load combination in fire situation
Load combination at 20 C
Design value of the
effect of actions
at normal temperature
1 , 1 ,
1 , 1 , 1
k Q k G
k k GA
fi
Q G
Q G

q
+
+
=
d
i
i k i k
j
k
A Q Q G +
+ +
> > 1
, , 2 1 , 1 , 2 1 , 1
1
1 ,
) ou (
Instead of using:
q
fi
, as a simplification can be taken as 0.65
Member analysis
Simplified rule
78
5m
Characteristic loading (kN/m):
Permanent G
k
= 11.82
Variablel Q
k,1
= 22.8
- At normal temperature
G
G
k
+
Q.1
Q
1
= 1.35x11.82 + 1.5x22.8 = 50.16 kN/m
Design value of the moment at 20 C:
M
Ed
= 50.16x5
2
/8
= 156.75 kNm
- In fire situation
G
k
++
1.1
Q
1
= 11.82 + 0.5x22.8 = 23.22 kN/m
Design value of the moment in fire situation:
M
fi,Ed
= 23.22x5
2
/8
= 72.6 kNm
M
fi.Ed
= q
fi
M
Ed
=0.463 x 156.75 = 72.6 kNm
q
fi
=23.22 / 50.16 = 0.463
EC3
q
fi
=0.65
or
Example: Office building
On the
safe
side
members - EC3
Four steps
80
Heat conduction equation
t
c Q
y y x x
p
c
cu
= + |
.
|
\
|
c
u c
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
u c
c
c

) (

u u =
c c
h q
) ( ) ( ) )( ( ) (
2 2 4 4
r a r a
h
a a a
h q
r
u u = u u u + u u + u |c = u u |c =

convection
radiation
Boundary conditions
Thermal response
Note: this equation can be simplified for the case of current steel profiles
81
Thermal properties of carbon steel and stainless steel

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
u (C)
a
(W/mK)
Stainless steel
Carbon steel

0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
u (C)
C
a
(J/kgK)
Carbon steel
Stainless steel
Thermal conductivity (W/mK) Specific Heat (J /kgK)
82
Temperature increase in time step At:
( ) ( ) ( )
4 4
8
273 273 10 67 5 + u + u c c u =

m r m f r , net
x , h
Heat flux has 2 parts:

Radiation:
( )
m g c c , net
h u u o =
Convection:
Steel
temperature
Steel
Fire
temperature
Temperature increase of unprotected steel
Simplified equation of EC3
t h
c
V A
k
d , net
a a
m
sh t . a
A
= u A

d , net
h
83
perimeter
c/s area
exposed perimeter
c/s area
h
b
2(b+h)
c/s area
t h
c
V A
k
d , net
a a
m
sh t . a
A
= u A

Section factor A
m
/V
Unprotected steel members
84
c/s area
b
2(b+h)
h
c/s area
h
2h+b
b
b m
/ V] [ A - Section factor as the profile has a hollow encasement fire protection
For I-sections under nominal fire: k
sh
= 0.9 [A
m
/V]
b
/[A
m
/V]
In all other cases: k
sh
= [A
m
/V]
b
/[A
m
/V]
For cross-sections convex shape: k
sh
= 1
Correction factor for the
Shadow effect k
sh
85
Structural fire protection
Passive Protection
Insulating Board
Gypsum, Mineral fibre, Vermiculite.
Easy to apply, aesthetically acceptable.
Difficulties with complex details.
Cementitious Sprays
Mineral fibre or vermiculite in cement binder.
Cheap to apply, but messy; clean-up may be expensive.
Poor aesthetics; normally used behind suspended ceilings.
Intumescent Paints
Decorative finish under normal conditions.
Expands on heating to produce insulating layer.
Can be done off-site.
86
Columns:
Beams:
87
Intumescent paint
88
Cementitious Sprays
89
Insulating Board
90
Steel
temperature
Steel
Protection
Fire
temperature
d
p
Some heat stored in
protection layer.
V
A
d
c
c
p
p
a a
p p
= |
Heat stored in protection layer
relative to heat stored in steel
( ) ( )
t . g
/
t . a t . g
p
a a
p p
t . a
e t
/ V
A
c
d /
u A A u u
|
|
.
|
\
|
| +
= u A
|
1
3 1
1
10
Temperature rise of steel in time
increment At
Temperature increase of protected steel
Simplified equation of EC3
91
h
b
( ) ( )
t . g
/
t . a t . g
p
a a
p p
t . a
e t
/ V
A
c
d /
u A A u u
|
|
.
|
\
|
| +
= u A
|
1
3 1
1
10
Section factor A
p
/V
Protected steel members
Steel perimeter
steel c/s area
2(b+h)
c/s area
inner perimeter
of board
steel c/s area
92
Moist fire protection materials
Effect of the moisture content
ISO834
Temp (C)
0
Time (min)
u
crit
30 60 90
Time delay t
v
in the rise of
steel temperature when it
reaches 100 C.
p
p p
v
d p
t
=
5
2
p = moisture content in %
With moisture content
t
v
100 C
93
Temperature development in protected and unprotected steel
94
Worked examples
Example 4.1 from ECCS Book: What is the temperature of an
unprotected rectangular bar with a cross-section of 200 x 50 mm
2
after 30 minutes of standard fire exposure on four sides?
1
50
05 0 2 0
05 0 2 0 2 2

=
+
=
+
= m
. .
) . . (
t b
) t b (
V / A
m
1 =
sh
k
1 -
m 50 50 0 1 = = . ] / [ V A k
m sh
Answer: As rectangular solid sections are not in the data base of the
software Elefir-EN the section factor must be evaluated first:
95
Worked examples
Other
96
Worked examples
97
Worked examples
Other
98
Worked examples
99
Worked examples
unprotected circular hollow section with a diameter of d = 220 mm
and a thickness of t = 5 mm after 60 minutes of standard fire curve
exposure?

d
t
100
Worked examples
Other
101
Worked examples
102
Worked examples
103
Worked examples
unprotected HE 200 A profile after 30 minutes of standard fire
curve exposure on four sides?
104
Worked examples
105
Worked examples
106
Worked examples
Example 4.4 from ECCS Book: What would be the thickness of
fibre-cement board encasement for a IPE 300 heated on three
sides to be classified as R90 if the critical temperature is 654 C?
107
Worked examples
108
Worked examples
109
Worked examples
110
Worked examples
Example 4.5 from ECCS Book: How much time is needed for a column
of HE220B protected with gypsum board encasement with 20 mm of
thickness to reach the temperature of 559 C when heated by the
standard fire curve on four sides?
111
Worked examples
112
Worked examples
113
Worked examples
114
Worked examples
115
Worked examples
116
Worked examples
117
Worked examples
Right -clicking on the chart the
temperature-time curves can be
copied to be used in another
program, for instance with the
Excel
118
Worked examples
Data obtained with the program Elefir-EN and chart made with Excel
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time [min.]
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

[
C
]
ISO 834
Without moisture
content
With moisture content
Critical temp. 559 C
Effect of the moisture content in the temperature of the HE 220 B
119
Worked examples
Example from section 4.11.1 from ECCS Book: What is the
temperature of the unprotected circular hollow section of Example 4.2
after 60 minutes of standard fire curve exposure if it is made of
stainless steel?
120
Worked examples
121
Worked examples
122
Worked examples
123
Determination of the gas temperatures at the level of the
ceiling exposed to fire by burning cars and the temperature
of an IPE 500 using natural fire model for localised fires
EN 1991-1-2: Annex C
Localised fire
Task
Heskestad Method Hasemi Method
124
H = 2.7 m
D = 2.0 m
IPE 500
Height:
Diameter of flame:
Steel Beams:
Localised fires in a car park
Five fire scenarios
Fire Scenario 1
Fire Scenario 2 Fire Scenario 4
20 x2.40 m
16.00 m
START
Fire Scenario 3
START
START
Fire Scenario 5
START
Most severe scenario
125 r = 0.0 m
Horizontal distance
from flame axis to beam: r
1
= r
2
= 5.63 m
r
3
= 6.57 m
Horizontal distance
from flame axis to beam:
Scenario 1 Scenario 2
2
2
2
1
d d r
i
+ =
r
1
r
2
r
3
X X
16 m
5 m
3rd 1st 2nd
d
1
d
2
i
r
Localised fire
Two fire scenarios. Horizontal distance
126
Curve of the rate of heat release of one car
from ECSC Project: Demonstration of real fire tests in car parks and
high buildings.
Localised fire
Rate of heat release
127
Curve of the rate of heat release of each car
1st 2nd 3rd
from ECSC Project: Demostration of real fire tests in car parks and
high buildings.
Localised fire
Rate of heat release of three cars
128
if L
r
> H Hasemi method has to be used
if L
r
< H Heskestad method has to be used
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H
e
i
g
h
t
[
m
]
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time[min]
Flame Length
Ceiling (H)
Localised fire
Flame length
Heskestad Method
Hasemi Method
129
Localised fire
130
Localised fire
Scenario 1
131
Localised fire
Scenario 1
132
Localised fire
Scenario 1
133
Localised fire
Scenario 2
134
Scenario 2
Localised fire
135
Scenario 2
Localised fire
136
Scenario 2
Localised fire
137
Scenario 2
Localised fire
members - EC3
Four Steps
139
Degree of simplification of the structure
Analysis of: a) Global structure; b) Parts of the structure; c) Members

a)
b)
c)
a) b)
c)
140
Strain (%)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Stress (N/mm
2
)
0
300
250
200
150
100
50
20C
200C
300C
400C
500C
600C
700C
800C
Mechanical properties of carbon steel
Stress-strain relationship at elevated temperatures
Steel softens progressively
from 100-200C up.
Only 23% of ambient-
temperature strength
remains at 700C.
At 800C strength reduced
to 11% and at 900C to
6%.
Melts at about 1500C.
141
Strain c
Stress o
o
E = tan o
a,u
c
y,u
c
p,u
c
u,u
f
y, u
f
p, u
c
t,u
= 2% = 15% = 20%
142
Strength/stiffness reduction
factors for elastic modulus
and yield strength (2% total
strain).
Strain (%)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Stress (N/mm
2
)
0
300
250
200
150
100
50
20C
200C
300C
400C
500C
600C
700C
800C
Elastic modulus at 600C
reduced by about 70%.
Yield strength at 600C
reduced by over 50%.
143
y y y
f f k /
, , u u
=
Yield Strength
Reduction factor for
yield strength and
Young modulus of
carbon steel
0
300 600 900 1200
1
.8
.6
.4
.2
% of the value at 20 C
Temperature (C)
Young Modulus
a a E
E E k /
, , u u
=
Reduction factors for stress-strain relationship of carbon steel
at elevated temperatures
144
Reduction factors for stress-strain relationship of carbon steel
Reduction factors at temperature u
a
relative to the value of f
y
or E
a

at 20 C
Steel
Temperature

u
a

Reduction factor
(relative to f
y
)
for effective yield
strength

k
y,u
= f
y,u
/ f
y

Reduction factor
(relative to f
y
)
for proportional limit

k
p,u
= f
p,u / f
y

Reduction factor
(relative to E
a
)
for the slope of the
linear elastic range

k
E,u
= E
a,u / E
a

20 C 1,000 1,000 1,000
100C 1,000 1,000 1,000
200C 1,000 0,807 0,900
300C 1,000 0,613 0,800
400C 1,000 0,420 0,700
500C 0,780 0,360 0,600
600C 0,470 0,180 0,310
700C 0,230 0,075 0,130
800C 0,110 0,050 0,090
900C 0,060 0,0375 0,0675
1000C 0,040 0,0250 0,0450
1100C 0,020 0,0125 0,0225
1200C 0,000 0,0000 0,0000
*
* This option is never used in the calculations with Elefir-EN. It was
included just as an aid for the users.
145
Annex C of EN 1993-1-2
Mechanical properties of stainless steel
146

20 C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
c
o (MPa)
Stainless steel
Carbon steel
235
210
(0.2%)
20 C
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
c
o (MPa)
Stainless steel
Carbon steel
235
210
(0.2%)

600 C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
c
o (MPa)
Stainless steel
Carbon steel
146.6
110.5
(2.0%)
600 C
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
c
o (MPa)
Stainless steel
Carbon steel
146.6
110.5
(2.0%)
S235 vs. 1.4301 (or 304)
Mechanical properties of carbon and stainless steel
Stress-strain relationship at room and at elevated temperature
147

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
u (C)
k
y,u
Grade 1.4301
Grade 1.4401/1.4404
Grade 1.4003
Grade 1.4571
Grade 1.4462
Carbon Steel

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
u (C)
k
E,u
Stainless steel
Carbon steel
Reduction factors of yield strength
Reduction factors of Young
modulus
Reduction factors of carbon steel and stainless steel
148
Checking Fire Resistance:
Strategies
Procedure usually adopted
with advanced calculation
models but also used with
simple EC3 method. Find
design time (time for
collapse) and compare with
required time.
Find reduced resistance at
design temperature for the
required time and compare
with the effect of the actions.
Most usual simple EC3
method. Find critical
temperature for loading,
compare with design
temperature at required time.
Eurocodes allow fire
resistance to be established
in any of 3 domains :
Time: t
fi,d
> t
fi,requ
Load resistance: R
fi,d,t
> E
fi,d,t
Temperature: u
cr,d
> u
d
149
1. Time:
t
fi,d
> t
fi,requ
2. Load resistance:
R
fi,d,t
> E
fi,d
3. Temperature:
u
d
< u
cr,d

R E
,

2
1
3
R
fi,d
E
fi,d
u
d
u
cr,d
t
fi,requ
t
fi,d
t
t
u
1
3
2
Strategies with nominal fires
150

R
fi,d
E
fi,d
u
d
u
cr,d
t
t
u
R E
,

2
1
2. Temperature:
u
d
< u
cr,d
collapse is prevented during the
complete duration of the fire
including the decay phase or
during a required period of time.
1. Load resistance:
R
fi,d,t
> E
fi,d
collapse is prevented during the
including the decay phase or
during a required period of time.
Strategies with natural fires
Note: With the agreement of authorities,
verification in the time domain can be
performed. The required periodo of time
defining the fire resistance must be accepted
by the authorities.
151
The Load-bearing function is ensured if collapse is prevented during the
complete duration of the fire including the decay phase, or during a required
period of time.
R
fi,d, t
E
fi,d
t
R
fi,d, t
E
fi,d
t
R E
,

R E
,

t
fi,requ
t
fi,d
1
t
fi,requ
2
Collapse is prevented during the
including the decay phase.
Collapse is prevented during a
required period of time, t
1fi,req
.
Strategies with natural fires
152
Checking Fire Resistance using Elefir-EN:
Strategies
Time: t
fi,d
> t
fi,requ
Resistance: R
fi,d,t
> E
fi,d
Temperature: u
cr,d
> u
d
Time: t
fi,d
> t
fi,requ
Temperature: u
cr,d
> u
d
153
Checking Fire Resistance using Elefir-EN:
Strategies
Gives u
cr,d
to be used in
the temperature domain:
u
cr,d
> u
d
Gives R
fi,d,t
to be used in
the resistance domain:
R
fi,d,t
> E
fi,d
Gives t
fi,d
to be used in
the time domain:
t
fi,d
> t
fi,requ
Example for elements submited to tension
These four options are available for all the load cases
154
Temperature
time
d
s
crit
ISO 834
Unprotected
section
Protected
section
u
crit
u
d
u
d
t
requ
Checking Fire Resistance in the temperature domain:
Strategy for nominal fires.
155
mx
s
crit
Temperature
time
u
crit
u
mx
umx
Unprotected
section
Protected
section
*
* - or using active fire
fighting measures
Natural
fire
Checking Fire Resistance in the temperature domain:
Strategy for natural fires
156
t
requ
s t
fi,d
Temperature
time
u
crit
Unprotected
section
Protected
section
*
* - or using active fire
fighting measures
Natural
fire
Checking Fire Resistance in the time domain:
Strategy for natural fires if accepted by the authorities
t
requ
t
fi,d
t
fi,d
Tabulated data (Not in EC3)
Simple calculation models
Advanced calculation models
Design procedures
Tabulated data (Not in EC3)
Design procedures
159
Cross-sections are classified based on the parameter
210000
235 E
f
y
= c
For the case of carbon steel at normal temperature the, Young modulus
takes the value 210 GPa:
- At normal temperature
- At elevated temperature
with f
y
and E in MPa
y
f
235
= c
c = = c
u
85 0
235
85 0 .
f
.
y
Classification of the cross-sections - 1
160
c = ~ =
= = = = c
u
u
u
u u
u
u
u
u
85 . 0
f
235
85 . 0
f
235
k
k
210000
E
f
235
k
k
210000
E k
f k
235
210000
E
f
235
y y , y
, E
y , y
, E , E
y , y , y
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
[C]
u
u
,
,
y
E
k
k
0,85
161
y
f
.
235
85 0 = c
Element Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Flange c / t =9 c c / t =10 c c / t =14 c
Web subjected
to
compression
d / t =33 c d / t =38 c d / t =42 c
Web subected
tobending
d / t =72 c d / t =83 c d / t =124 c
For carbon steel:
For stainless steel:
210000
235
85 0
E
f
.
y
= c
u
and tables from EN 1993-1-4
and tables from EN 1993-1-1
162
Fire Resistance:
Safety factors
163
] / [ N k N
fi , M M Rd , y Rd , , fi
=
u u 0
N
Rd
= design resistance of the cross-section N
pl,Rd
for normal temperature design
The design resistance of a tension
member with uniform temperature u
a
is:
0 300 600 900 1200
1
.8
.6
.4
.2
% of the value at 20 C
Temperature (C)
Factor de
reduo
y y y
f f k /
, , u u
=
or
fi , M y , y Rd , , fi
/ Af k N =
u u
Fire Resistance:
Tension members - 1
164
Fire Resistance:
Tension members - 2
165
fi , M
y , y fi Rd , , fi , b
f Ak N
_ =
u u
1
Design buckling resistance of a
compression member with uniform
temperature u
a
is
Bracing system
l
fi
=0,7L
l
fi
=0,5L
u u u
=
, ,
/
E y
k k
Non.dimensional slenderness:
2 2
1
u u u
| + |
= _
fi
| |
2
1
2
1
u u u
+ o + = |
With
y
f / 235 65 . 0 = o
(Curves a, b, c, d, a
0
)
Fire Resistance:
Compression members with Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections - 1
166
Fire Resistance:
Compression members with Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections - 2
167
The design moment
resistance of a Class 1, 2 or
Class 3 cross-section with a
uniform temperature u
a
is:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
u u
fi , M
M
, y Rd Rd , , fi
k M M
0
M
Rd
= M
pl,Rd
Class 1 or 2 cross-sections
M
Rd
= M
el,Rd
Class 3 cross-sections
Fire Resistance: Laterally restrained beams with Class 1, 2
or3 cross-sections with uniform temperature - 1
168
Temp
Adaptation factors to take into account
the non-uniform temperature distribution
Moment Resistance:
2 1
0
1
k k
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
u u
fi , M
M
, y Rd Rd , , fi
k M M
k
1
=1,0 for a beam exposed on all four sides
k
1
=0,7 for an unprotected beam exposed on three sides
k
1
=0,85 for a protected beam exposed on three sides
k
1
is an adaptation factor for non-uniform
temperature across the cross-section
or 3 cross-sections with non-uniform temperature - 2
169

Temp Temp Temp
2 1
0
1
k k
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
u u
fi , M
M
, y Rd Rd , , fi
k M M
k
2
=0,85 at the supports of a statically indeterminate beam
k
2
is an adaptation factor for non-uniform temperature along
the beam.
Adaptation factores to take into account
the non-uniform temperature distribution
Moment Resistance:
k
2
=1.0 in all other cases
170
171
172
Lateral-torsional buckling
Fire Resistance: Laterally unrestrained beams with Class 1, 2 or
3 cross-sections - 1
Unloaded position
Applied load
Buckled position
Fixed
173
fi . M
y com . . y y . pl fi . LT Rd . . fi . b
f k W M
_ =
u u
1
Design lateral torsional buckling
resistance moment of a laterally
unrestrained beam at the max.
temp. in the comp. flange u
a.com
is
com . . E com . . y LT com . . LT
k / k
u u u
=
_
LT.fi
the reduction factor for lateral-
torsional buckling in the fire design
situation.
2
, ,
2
, , , ,
,
] [ ] [
1
com LT com LT com LT
fi LT
u u u
| + |
= _
| |
2
, , , , , ,
) ( 1
2
1
com LT com LT com LT u u u
o | + + =
y
f / 235 65 . 0 = o
(Curves a, b, c, d)
y , el
W
(if Class 3)
cr
y y pl
LT
M
f W
,
=
174
175
176
g g
z
t z
z
w
w
z
z
z
cr
z C ) z C (
EI
GI ) L k (
I
I
k
k
) L k (
EI
C M
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
+
t
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
=
Elefir-EN can be
helpful to find the
elastic critical
moment to be used
also with EC31-1, if
needed.
177
Design shear resistance
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
u
fi , M
, M
Rd web , , y Rd , t , fi
V k V
0
V
Rd
is the shear resistance of the gross cross-section
for normal temperature design, according to EN 1993-1-1.
u
web
is the average temperature in the web of the
section.
Fire Resistance: Shear Resistance
Beams with Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections - 1
k
y,u,web
is the reduction factor for the yield strength of steel
at the steel temperature u
web
.
178
179
180
Fire Resistance: Shear and bending
Rd , t , fi Ed , fi
V . V 5 0 <
The effect of the applied shear force on the moment resistance of the section
can be neglected when the shear force is less than half the plastic shear
resistance of the section
Otherwise use a reduced yield strength on the shear area

f
y
f
y
f
y
(1- )
f
y
(1- )
2
, ,
,
1
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Rd t fi
Ed fi
V
V
Class 1 or 2 Class 3
181
Fire Resistance: Shear and bending
182
1 s
_
u u u
fi , M
y
, y z , pl
Ed , fi , z z
fi , M
y
, y y , pl
Ed , fi , y y
fi , M
y
, y fi min,
Ed , fi
f
k W
M k
f
k W
M k
f
k A
N
1 s
_
u u u
fi , M
y
, y z , el
Ed , fi , z z
fi , M
y
, y y , el
Ed , fi , y y
fi , M
y
, y fi min,
Ed , fi
f
k W
M k
f
k W
M k
f
k A
N
Without lateral-torsional buckling
Class 1 and 2
Class 3
Fire Resistance: Members with Class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections,
subject to combined bending and axial compression - 1
183
Class 1 and 2
Class 3
1 s
_
+
_
u u u
fi , M
y
, y z , pl
Ed , fi , z z
fi , M
y
, y y , pl fi , LT
Ed , fi , y LT
fi , M
y
, y fi , z
Ed , fi
f
k W
M k
f
k W
M k
f
k A
N
1 s
_
+
_
u u u
fi , M
y
, y z , el
Ed , fi , z z
fi , M
y
, y y , el fi , LT
Ed , fi , y LT
fi , M
y
, y fi , z
Ed , fi
f
k W
M k
f
k W
M k
f
k A
N
With lateral-torsional buckling
184
185
186
187
188
If there are moments about the
major axis, the program allows
for the possibility of considering
LTB
189
Fire Resistance: verifications of the fire resistance not covered
by EN 1993-1-2
Clause 1.1.2 (Scope of Part 1.2 of Eurocode 3) of EN 1993-1-2 states This
Part 1-2 of EN 1993 deals with the design of steel structures for the
accidental situation of fire exposure and is intended to be used in conjunction
with EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1991-1-2. This part 1.2 only identifies differences
from or supplements to normal temperature design
This means that for the cases not covered by EN 1993-1-2, the formulae
from the part 1.1 of EC3 should be used but modified to take into account the
effect of the temperature.
190
Fire Resistance: Cross-sectional verification of a member
subjected to bending and axial force (compression or tension) - 1
For class 1 and class 2
0 1.
M
M
M
M
Rd , fi , z , N
Ed , fi , z
Rd , fi , y , N
Ed , fi , y
s
(
(
+
(
(
|
o
where M
N,y,fi,Rd
and M
N,z,fi,Rd
are the the design plastic moment resistance
reduced due to the axial force.
For class 3
0 1.
M
M
M
M
N
N
Rd , fi , z
Ed , fi , z
Rd , fi , y
Ed , fi , y
Rd , fi
Ed , fi
s + +
191
subjected to bending and axial force (compression or tension) - 2
192
For class 1 and class 2
0 . 1
M
M
M
M
Rd , fi , z
Ed , fi , z
Rd , fi , y
Ed , fi , y
s
(
+
(
(
|
o
For class 3
0 . 1
M
M
M
M
Rd , fi , z
Ed , fi , z
Rd , fi , y
Ed , fi , y
s +
subjected to bi-axial bending - 1
Ed , fi , y
M
Ed , fi , z
M
Example: a purlin
193
subjected to bi-axial bending - 2
194
A
B C D
EI = Const.
p kN/m
l
E
l l l
A B C D
l
E
l l l
l l l l
A B C D E
a) Structural scheme.
b) End span mechanism.
c) Intermediate span mechanism
Typical collapse mechanisms for a continuous beam
Fire Resistance:
Design of continuous beams - 1
195
Fire Resistance:
196
Fire Resistance:
197
Two procedures:
1. In the absence of calculation a critical temperature of 350 C
should be considered (conservative results).
2. Alternatively use Annex E, considering the effective area
and the effective section modulus determined in
accordance with EN 1993-1-3 and EN 1993-1-5, i.e. based on
the material properties at 20C. For the design under fire
conditions the design strength of steel should be taken as
the 0,2 percent proof strength instead of the strength
corresponding to 2% total strain.
Fire Resistance:
Members with Class 4 cross-sections
198

Extenso c
Tenso o
o
E = tan o
a,u
c
y, u
c
p,u
c
u,u
f
y,u
f
p,u
c
t,u
0,2%
f
0.2p, u
Cross-sectional
Class 4
= 2%
Cross-sectional Class 1, 2 and 3
Annex E of
EN 1993-1-2
Eurocode 3: Fire Resistance
Design yield strength to be used with simple calculation models
199
Two procedures:
1. In the absence of calculation, a critical temperature of 350 C
should be considered (conservative results).
2. Alternatively use Annex E, considering the effective area
and the effective section modulus determined in
accordance with EN 1993-1-3 and EN 1993-1-5, i.e. based on
the material properties at 20C.
, 20 p C u
~
(Slenderness of the plates)
(See next slide)
=
= =
y
y
cr
y
p
f
E
k
t b
b
Et
k
f f
1
) 1 ( 12
) 1 ( 12
2
2
2 2
2 2
v
t
v
t
o
o
o
=
=
210000
235
1
235
210000
) 1 ( 12
2
2
E
f
k
t b
y
v
t
o
o o o
c
c
k
t b
k
t b
E
f
k
t b
y
4 . 28
1
4 . 28
210000
235
1
4 . 28
= = =
210000
235 E
f
y
= c

with
y
f and E in MPa
For Class 4 cross-sections and
high temperatures:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
,
0.2,
235 235
1.00
E
p y y
k
k f f
u
u
c = ~
1.00
20C u
c c ~
, 20 p C u
~
202

Extenso c
Tenso o
o
E = tan o
a,u
c
y, u
c
p,u
c
u,u
f
y,u
f
p,u
c
t,u
0,2%
f
p0.2, u
Cross-
sectional Class
4
= 2%
Cross-sectional Class 1, 2 and 3
Annex E of
EN 1993-1-2
Fire Resistance:
Design yield strength to be used with simple calculation models
Note: for the time being
Elefir-EN does not
allow for Class 4
elements
203
u
crit,1
crit,2
u
<
crit,2
u
u
crit,1
The designer should
provide the owner with
value of the critical
temperature, so that the
thickness of the fire
protection material can be
defined in a more
economical way.
Note: the concept of critical
temperature should only be
used if uniform temperature
in the cross-section is
adopted.
Fire Resistance:
Concept of critical temperature - 1
204
Fire Resistance:
a
y
or E
a

at 20C
Reduction
factor
(relative to
f
y
)
for effective
yield
strength
Reduction
factor
(relative to
f
y
)
for
proportional
limit
Reduction
factor
(relative to E
a
)
for the slope of
the linear
elastic range
Reduction factor
(relative to f
y
)
for the design
strength of
hot rolled and welded
thin walled sections
(Class 4)
Steel
Temperature

u
a

k
y,u
=f
y,u
/f
y
k
p,u
=f
p,u
/f
y
k
E,u
=E
a,u
/E
a
k
0.2p,u
=f
0.2p,u
/

f
y

20 C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
100 C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
200 C 1.000 0.807 0.900 0.890
300 C 1.000 0.613 0.800 0.780
400 C 1.000 0.420 0.700 0.650
500 C 0.780 0.360 0.600 0.530
600 C 0.470 0.180 0.310 0.300
700 C 0.230 0.075 0.130 0.130
800 C 0.110 0.050 0.090 0.070
900 C 0.060 0.0375 0.0675 0.050
1000 C 0.040 0.0250 0.0450 0.030
1100 C 0.020 0.0125 0.0225 0.020
1200 C 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
NOTE: For intermediate values of the steel temperature, linear interpolation may
be used.

1 1 9674 . 0
833 . 3
1
19 . 39
482
,
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

a
e k
y
u
u
The best fit curve to the points of this table can be obtained as:
205
Fire Resistance:

1 1 9674 . 0
833 . 3
1
19 . 39
482
,
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

a
e k
y
u
u
( )
1
, ,

=
u
u
y cr a
k
482 1
9674 , 0
1
ln 19 . 39
833 , 3
,
,
+
(
(
=
u
u
y
cr a
k
206
u
cr,d
N
fi,Rd,t
= N
fi,Ed
R, E
N
fi,Ed
t
t
u
t
fi,d
t
fi,d
Collapse
N
fi,Rd,t
Fire Resistance:
Concept of critical temperature for a member in tension -1
N
fi,Ed
207
- Resistance at normal temperature:
N
Rd
= Af
y
/
M0
- Resistance in fire situation:
N
fi,Rd
= Ak
y,u
f
y
/
M,fi
< 1
Fire Resistance:
Concept of critical temperature for a member in tension - 2
N
fi,Ed
208
N
fi,Rd,t
= N
fi,Ed
R, E
N
fi,Ed
t
t
fi,d
Colapso
N
fi,Rd,t
N
fi,Rd,t
= N
fi,Ed
Collapse occurs when:
Ak
y,u
f
y
/
M,fi
= N
fi,Ed
k
y,u
= N
fi,Ed
/ (Af
y
/
M,fi
)
u
a, cr
Fire Resistance:
N
fi,Ed
209
a
y
or E
a

at 20C
Reduction
factor
(relative to
f
y
)
for effective
yield
strength
Reduction
factor
(relative to
f
y
)
for
proportional
limit
Reduction
factor
(relative to E
a
)
for the slope of
the linear
elastic range
Reduction factor
(relative to f
y
)
for the design
strength of
(Class 4)
Steel
Temperature

u
a

k
y,u
=f
y,u
/f
y
k
p,u
=f
p,u
/f
y
k
E,u
=E
a,u
/E
a
k
0.2p,u
=f
0.2p,u
/

f
y

20 C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
100 C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
200 C 1.000 0.807 0.900 0.890
300 C 1.000 0.613 0.800 0.780
400 C 1.000 0.420 0.700 0.650
500 C 0.780 0.360 0.600 0.530
600 C 0.470 0.180 0.310 0.300
700 C 0.230 0.075 0.130 0.130
800 C 0.110 0.050 0.090 0.070
900 C 0.060 0.0375 0.0675 0.050
1000 C 0.040 0.0250 0.0450 0.030
1100 C 0.020 0.0125 0.0225 0.020
1200 C 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
be used.

u
a, cr
k
y,u
482 1
9674 , 0
1
ln 19 . 39
833 , 3
,
,
+
(
(
=
u
u
y
cr a
k
or
Fire Resistance:
N
fi,Ed
k
y,u
= N
fi,Ed
/ (Afy/
M,fi
)
u
a, cr
By interpolation
210
Reduction fa
Reduction
factor
(relative to
f
y
)
for effective
yield
strength
Steel
Temperature

u
a

k
y,u
=f
y,u
/f
y

20 C 1.000
100 C 1.000
200 C 1.000
300 C 1.000
400 C 1.000
500 C 0.780
600 C 0.470
700 C 0.230
800 C 0.110
900 C 0.060
1000 C 0.040
1100 C 0.020
1200 C 0.000
Fire Resistance:
k
y,u
= N
fi,Ed
/ (Afy/
M,fi
)
N
fi,Ed
1
N
fi,Ed
2
N
1
fi,Ed
< N
2
fi,Ed
k
1
y,u
< k
2
y,u
u
1
a,cr
> u
2
a,cr
<
At collapse
211
482 1
9674 , 0
1
ln 19 . 39
833 , 3
,
,
+
(
(
=
u
u
y
cr a
k
482 1
9674 , 0
1
ln 19 . 39
833 , 3
0
,
+
(
(
u
cr a
0 , ,
,
0
d fi
d fi
R
E
= (degree of utilisation)
~
Where:
Fire Resistance:
How to evaluate the critical temperature?
1. Using Eq. 4.22 from EN 1993-1-2:
Eq. 4.22
2. Interpolating on table 3.1
from EN 1993-1-2:
or
a
y
or E
a

at 20C
Reduction
factor
(relative to
f
y
)
for effective
yield
strength
Reduction
factor
(relative to
f
y
)
for
proportional
limit
Reduction
factor
(relative to E
a
)
for the slope of
the linear
elastic range
Reduction factor
(relative to f
y
)
for the design
strength of
(Class 4)
Steel
Temperature

u
a

k
y,u
=f
y,u
/f
y
k
p,u
=f
p,u
/f
y
k
E,u
=E
a,u
/E
a
k
0.2p,u
=f
0.2p,u
/

f
y

20 C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
100 C 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
200 C 1.000 0.807 0.900 0.890
300 C 1.000 0.613 0.800 0.780
400 C 1.000 0.420 0.700 0.650
500 C 0.780 0.360 0.600 0.530
600 C 0.470 0.180 0.310 0.300
700 C 0.230 0.075 0.130 0.130
800 C 0.110 0.050 0.090 0.070
900 C 0.060 0.0375 0.0675 0.050
1000 C 0.040 0.0250 0.0450 0.030
1100 C 0.020 0.0125 0.0225 0.020
1200 C 0.000 0.0000 0.0000 0.000
be used.
u
a, cr
k
y,u
or
or
212
Fire Resistance:
How to evaluate the critical temperature in Elefir-EN? - 1
Note: for stainless steel, interpolation
is always used.
213
Fire Resistance:
How to evaluate the critical temperature in Elefir-EN? - 2
Note: Once one of these two
options has been chosen, all
the calculation in Elefir-EN
are based on that choice.
This means that if instead of
the critical temperature the
user wants to work on the
resistance domain, internally
the software obtains the
reduction factor k
y,u
, either
by interpolating on table 3.1
or using the inverse of
equation 4.22 from EN
1993-1-2, i. e.:

1 1 9674 . 0
833 . 3
1
19 . 39
482
,
s
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

a
e k
y
u
u
214
Fire Resistance
215
Example 5.1 from the ECCS Book: Member in tension. Consider a HE 200 A
profile in S275 grade steel that was designed at normal temperature for an
axial tension load N
Ed
= 1200 kN. The unprotected member is heated on all
four sides and is part of an office building with a required fire resistance time
to the standard fire of minutes (R30). Verify the fire resistance of the
member.
Fire Resistance
Solution: Considering q
fi
= 0.65:
N
fi,Ed
= 0.65 x 1200 = 780 kN
216
Fire Resistance
217
Fire Resistance
218
Fire Resistance
Verification in the time domain
219
Fire Resistance
Verification in the time domain
t
fi,d
= 13.3 min < t
requ
= 30 min ko!
220
Fire Resistance
221
Fire Resistance
Verification in the resistance or temperature domain
222
Fire Resistance
223
Fire Resistance
N
fi,Rd
= 177 kN < N
fi,Ed
= 780 kN ko!
Verification in the temperature domain:
Verification in the resistance domain:
u
a,cr
= 802.2C > u
fi,d
= 576.1C ko!
224
Fire Resistance
Example 5.2 from the ECCS Book: Laterally restrained beam. Consider
a simply supported restrained beam 4.0 long, constructed from an IPE
300 section, in steel grade S235, supporting a concrete slab. Assuming
the steel beam does not act compositely with the concrete slab and that
the design load in the fire situation is q
fi,Ed
= 33.8 kN/m, verify if it is
necessary to protect the beam for a fire resistance period of R90. If fire
protection is needed, use fibre-cement boards.
Design value of the moment in fire situation at
the mid span:
M
fi,Ed
= 33.8x4
2
/8
= 67.6 kNm
Design value of the shear in fire situation at the
supports:
V
fi,Ed
= 33.8x4/2
= 67.6 kN
Solution:
225
Fire Resistance
At mid span:
226
Fire Resistance
227
Fire Resistance
t
fi,d
= 16.7 min < t
requ
= 90 min ko!
Passive fire protection is needed!
228
Fire Resistance
229
Fire Resistance
230
Fire Resistance
231
Fire Resistance
232
Fire Resistance
233
Fire Resistance
Check the shear resistance at the supports
234
Fire Resistance
As the critical temperature of
729.5 is bigger than the critical
temperature obtained for the
bending moment (624 C),
shear is not limitative.
235
Fire Resistance
Example 5.3 from the ECCS Book: Unprotected column under axial
compression
Consider a 3.5 m long HE 180 B column in S275 grade steel, located in
an intermediate storey of a braced frame and subject to a compression
load of N
fi,Ed
= 495 kN in the fire situation. Assuming that the column
doesnt have any fire protection and that the required fire resistance is
R30, verify the fire resistance
Buckling length:
l
fi
= 0.5x3.5 = 1.75 kNm
Solution:
236
Fire Resistance
237
Fire Resistance
238
Fire Resistance
t
fi,d
= 17.47 min < t
requ
= 30 min ko!
239
Fire Resistance
Example 5.6 from the ECCS Book: Unrestrained beam.
Consider a simply supported IPE 300, S235 grade steel beam from an office building,
with fork supports. The member is 5.0 m long and is subjected to a transverse
uniform load at normal temperature q
Ed
= 19.2 kN/m. The transverse loading is
assumed to act at the shear centre of the beam. Evaluate the critical temperature
considering that the beam is unrestrained. Lateral-torsional buckling is not prevent
and may therefore occur.
Design value of the moment span in fire
situation at the mid span:
M
fi,Ed
= 12.48x5
2
/8 = 39.0 kNm
supports:
V
fi,Ed
= 12.48x5/2 = 31.2 kN
Solution:
Design value of the uniform load in fire situation:
q
fi,Ed
= q
fi
xq
Ed
= 0.65x19.2 = 12.48 kN/m
240
Fire Resistance
u
cr
= 845.7 C
241
Fire Resistance
Lateral-torsional buckling:
242
Fire Resistance
u
cr
= 517 C
u
cr
= min(845.7 C, 517 C)
= 517 C
243
Fire Resistance
Example 5.7 from the ECCS Book: Unrestrained beam-column.
A 6.0 m long, simply supported beam-column constructed from an IPE 450 section is
subjected to a uniform load in a fire situation of q
fi,Ed
= 15.89 kN/m and to an axial
compression load of N
fi,Ed
= 136.5 kN . Assuming that the steel grade is S235 and
that the load is applied at the shear centre of the beam, evaluate the critical
temperature in the following conditions:
a) When the beam-column is lateral restrained.
b) When the beam-column is unrestrained. Lateral-torsional buckling is not
prevent and may therefore occur.
15,89 kN/m
136.5 kN 136.5 kN
244
Fire Resistance
a) The beam-column is lateral restrained.
245
Fire Resistance
246
Fire Resistance
b) The beam-column is laterally unrestrained.
247
Fire Resistance
248
Fire Resistance
supports:
V
fi,Ed
= 15.89x6/2 = 47.67 kN
Solution:
249
Fire Resistance
u
cr
= min(515.4 C, 881.7 C)
= 515.4 C
250
Fire Resistance
Example 5.8 from the ECCS Book: Beam-column with restrained lateral
displacements.
Consider a 3.0 m high, HE 200 B column in an intermediate storey of a braced frame,
subjected to a bi-triangular bending moment diagram with moments at the ends in
fire situation of M
y,fi,Ed
= 50 kNmabout major axis and to an axial compression
load in fire situation of N
fi,Ed
= 800 kN. Assuming that the steel grade is S235, and
that lateral-torsional buckling is not allowed, evaluate the critical temperature of
the column.

800 kN
800 kN
50 kNm
- 50 kNm
50 kNm
- 50 kNm
251
Fire Resistance
supports:
V
fi,Ed
= [50 - (-50)]/3 = 33.3 kN
Solution:
Buckling length in fire situation:
l
yfi
= 0.5x3.0 = 1.5 m
252
Fire Resistance
253
Fire Resistance
254
Fire Resistance
u
cr
= min(516.6 C, 822.5 C)
= 516.6 C
255
Fire Resistance
Example 5.9 from the ECCS Book: Class 4 column subjected to axial
compression.
Consider a 3.2 m high HE 500 A column in steel grade S460 in an intermediate storey
of a braced frame, subjected to an axial compression load. Evaluate the critical
temperature of the column for the following axial loads in a fire situation:
a) N
fi,Ed
= 5460 kN.
b) N
fi,Ed
= 3520 kN.
Solution:
Buckling length in fire situation:
l
yfi
= 0.5x3.2 = 1.6 m
256
Fire Resistance
Note: For the time being the program Elefir-EN
does not evaluate the critical temperature of
profiles with Class 4 cross-sections.
257
Fire Resistance
Example 5.10 from the ECCS Book: Three-span continuous beam.
Consider a three-span continuous beam in an office building, with equal spans of 6.0
m, constructed from an IPE 300 section in S235 grade steel, as shown in the Fig..
The beam is subjected to a permanent uniform load of G
k
= 20 kN/m (including the
weight of the profile) and a live load of Q
k
= 8 kN/m. Assuming that the out of
plane displacements are restrained and that the beam is unprotected and supports
a concrete slab, evaluate the critical temperature.
Solution:
Load combination:
q
fi,Ed
= G
k
+
2
Q
k
= 20 + 0.3x8 = 22.4 kN/m

A
B
C
6.0 m
D
6.0 m 6.0 m
q
fi,Ed
258
Fire Resistance
259
Fire Resistance
No shear effect.
260
Fire Resistance
u
cr
= min(665.8 C, 708.7 C)
= 665.8 C
No shear effect.
261
Fire Resistance
Considering shear effect.
262
Fire Resistance
263
Fire Resistance
u
cr
= min(664.0 C, 699.3 C)
= 664.0 C
264
Fire Resistance
Example 5.11 from the ECCS Book: Member subjected to combined
bending and tension.
Consider an HE 200 A section in S355 grade steel subjected to tension and major axis
end moments as shown in the figure.
a) Evaluate the critical temperature.
b) Verify the fire resistance of the member after 30 minutes of standard fire exposure
on four sides.

M
fi,Ed
= 20kNm
N
fi,Ed
= 100 kN N
fi,Ed
M
fi,Ed
= -10kNm
265
Fire Resistance
a) Evaluate the critical temperature.
266
Fire Resistance
267
Fire Resistance
b) Fire resistance after 30 min of ISO 834 curve on 4 sides.
268
Fire Resistance
269
Fire Resistance
Example 5.12 from the ECCS Book: Laterally restrained stainless steel
beam.
Suppose that a welded section equivalent to the IPE 300 is made of Grade 1.4301
stainless steel. What is the critical temperature if it is supporting a concrete slab
and subjected to a bending moment of M
fi,Ed
= 67.6 kNm and what is the time
needed to reach the critical temperature if the profile is unprotected and exposed
to the ISO 834 fire curve in three sides?
270
Fire Resistance
271
Fire Resistance
272
Fire Resistance
273
Fire Resistance
274
Fire Resistance
275
Case Study
For more details see
Chapter 9 from
ECCS book
5.5 x 12 = 66 m
2.0 m
1.85 m
8.15 m
Case study from Chapter 9 using simple calculation models
Single storey hall for indoor sport activities
IPE 500
276
Case Study
2.75 x 24 = 66 m
6 x 14 = 84 m
Single storey hall for
indoor sport activities
Steel grade S355
For more details see
Chapter 9 from
ECCS book
2.0 m
1.85 m
8.15 m
277
Case Study
Section N M
1
M
2
q
l
fi,y
l
fi,z
- [kN] [kNm]
[kNm] [kN/m]
[m] [m]
IPE 500
-139.4 0
135.9 0
16.300 -
-139.4 0
0 0
- 4.075
-135.9 0
170.9 0.69
16.300 -
-135.9 0
0 0
- 4.075
HE 280 A
-567.3 5.5
7.7 2.26
2.750 -
-567.3 0
0 0
- 5.500
550.8 5.8
7.0 1.36
- -
140x5.6
-111.1 3.8
-3.8 0
1.003 -
-111.1 0
0 0
- 2.005
211.9 0
0 0
- -
100x4
-60.5 0.9
-0.8 0
1.235
-60.5 0
0 0
2.470
96.0 -0.2
0.3 0
- -
80x4
-48.9 0.3
-0.3 0
1.313 -
-48.9 0
0 0
- 2.625
56.1 0.1
-0.1 0
- -
120x5 -25.2 0
0 0
6.000 6.000
90x90x9 31.3 0
0 0
- -
100x4 -23.1 0 0 0 6.000 6.000
Maximum design values of the
effect of actions in each
type of profiles, obtained
for the accidental load
combination:
i i 2 1 1,1
Q Q G

+ +
,

278
Case Study
Task:
1. Evaluate the critical temperature of the profile IPE 500.
2. Standard fire ISO on three sides
2.1 Evaluate the time needed to reach the critical temperature
subjected to ISO 834 curve acting on three sides.
2.2 Evaluate the thickness of vermiculite and cement spray on the
profile contour to fulfil R60.
3. Natural fire defined in Chapter 9 of the ECCS book on three sides
3.1 Evaluate the time needed to reach the critical temperature
subjected to the natural fire curve acting on three sides.
profile contour to fulfil a fire resistance of 60 minutes.
profile contour to ensure that the load-bearing function is maintained
during the complete duration of the fire including the decay phase.
279
Case Study Load combinations
G Dead load
Q Live load in the roof
W - Wind
G W . Q . G W Q G
W , Q ,
= + + = + + 0 0 0 0
2 1
Load combination 1:
W . G Q . W . G Q W G
Q , W ,
2 0 0 0 2 0
2 1
+ = + + = + + Load combination 2:
280
Section N M
1
M
2
q l
fi,y
l
fi,z

- [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kN/m] [m] [m]
-139.4 0 135.9 0 16.300 -
IPE 500
-139.4 0 0 0 - 4.075

Case Study
Critical temperature for load combination 1
281
Case Study
282
Section N M
1
M
2
q l
fi,y
l
fi,z

- [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kN/m] [m] [m]
-135.9 0 170.9 0.69 16.300 -
IPE 500
-135.9 0 0 0 - 4.075

Case Study
283
Case Study
284
Case Study
285
Case Study
Critical temperature of the profile IPE
u
a,cr
= min(656 C; 638 C) = 638 C
286
Case Study Critical time with ISO 834
287
288
t
fi,d
< t
requ
= 60 min Fire protection is needed
289
Case Study Fire protection with ISO 834
290
291
A thickness of 9 mm of vermiculite and cement is needed for R60
292
Case Study Temperature development in the compartment
Natural fire
According to the characteristics of the fire, given in section 9.3.1 of
Chapter 9 of the ECCS book, the two zone model OZone V2.2.6
has been used and the temperature development in the
compartment transferred to Elefir-EN:
293
Case Study Natural fire
Critical time
294
Critical time
295
Critical time
t
fi,d
< t
requ
= 60 min Fire protection is needed
These required time must be accepted by the authorities
296
Fire protection for t
requ
=60 min
297
requ
=60 min
298
requ
=60 min
A thickness of 4 mm of vermiculite and cement is needed for t
requ
= 60 min.
299
Case Study Natural fire - Fire protection to maintain the Load-
bearing function during the complete duration of the fire
300
Case Study Natural fire - Fire protection to maintain the Load-
bearing function during the complete duration of the fire
u
d
< u
cr,d
During the complete duration of the fire, including the
decay phase.
Using 11 mm of vermiculite and cement:
301
Case Study Comparison between different
calculation procedure for de main structure only
Profile
u
cr
ISO 834 Natural Fire - OZone
k
sh
A
m
/A
v
t
fi,d
k
sh
A
m
/A
v
t
fi,d
[C] [m
-1
] [min] [m
-1
] [min]
IPE 500 638 93.1 18.7 103.4 43.6
HE 280 A 602 101.7 16.3 113.1 41.5
140x5.6 725 183.2 18.9 183.3 45.0
100x4 683 256.6 13.8 256.6 40.5
80x4 644 258.3 11.8 258.3 38.6
Results obtained with
SAFIR, see Chapter 9
from ECCS book
ISO 834 Natural Fire - OZone
t
fi,d
[min] t
fi,d
[min]
18.5 39.2
302
Fire Design of Steel Structures, J ean-Marc Franssen and Paulo Vila Real
(2010) ECCS ed and Ernst & Sohn a Wiley Company ed.
www.steelconstruct.com.
Elefir-EN V1.2.2 (2010), Paulo Vila Real and J ean-Marc Franssen,
http://elefiren.web.ua.pt.
The ESDEP (1995), (European Steel Design Education Programme)
Society, The Steel Construction Institute.
DIFISEK + (2008), Dissemination of Fire Safety Engineering Knowledge +.
Ozone V2.2.6, (2009), http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections/.
SAFIR - A Thermal/Structural Program Modeling Structures under Fire,
J ean-Marc Franssen, http://www.s2v.be/portfolio/safir/.
References
303
Thank you for your attention
pvreal@ua.pt

ECCS Fire Des Kurs 20130429

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ECCS Fire Des Kurs 20130429

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A course on

Fire Design of Steel Structures

Convective heat flux

The maximum temperature is needed for determining

Heat flux has 2 parts:

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