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EE2001D Unit 3-Electric Field in Material 2
EE2001D Unit 3-Electric Field in Material 2
3.5 Dielectrics
Dielectrics (or insulators) are characterized by bound
charges instead of moving charges.
When an electric field is applied, these charges in
molecules are displaced slightly to form dipoles. The
dielectric medium is said to be polarized and the resultant
field may be different from that if the medium were free
space.
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3.5.1 The electric dipole*
Two equal and opposite charges +Q and –Q separated by a
distance d form an electric dipole.
+Q
-Q
Qd
E 2 cos ar sin a 0a
4 0 r 3
(3.14)
We now define dipole moment as follows:
p Qd (Cm) (3.15)
Then
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E
p
4 0 r 3
2 cos a r
sin a E a E a
r r (3.16)
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3.5.2 Electric dipole in a uniform electric field*
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If Wp = potential energy of the dipole in the field then:
W p Td pE sin d pE cos const
Supposing the angle at the Fig. 3.6 is = 0,
when = /2, torque = 0.
Choosing the constant such that at = /2, Wp = 0. Then
0 pE cos
2
const const 0
Wp p E (3.19)
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3.5.3 Two types of dielectric polarization
Dielectric polarization can be produced by an electric field
E in two ways:
(1) For polar molecules (e.g. HCl, H2O) which have
permanent dipoles, the randomly oriented dipoles re-align
themselves in the direction of the field E .
This decreases the effective electric field between the
plates.
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(2) For non-polar molecules, the “+” and “–” charge centres
are displaced slightly in the field E . The dipoles so
created then align themselves in the direction of E .
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3.5.4 Dielectric polarization
If n = number of dipoles per unit volume,
the total dipole moment per unit volume:
P n p nQ d (3.20)
For a general volume (vol) with N dipoles, polarization P is
p1 p2 ... pN Q1 d1 Q2 d 2 ... QN d N
P
(vol ) (vol ) (3.21)
P may be assumed to be proportional to E, hence
P
pm
e 0 E
N
m 1 (vol )
P e 0 E (3.22)
where e (chi) = electric susceptibility.
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3.5.5 Relative permittivity
Now we adopt a more general definition of the electric flux
density vector D :
1 1
D 0 E P E D P
that means: 0 0 (3.25)
where polarization P is: P e 0 E
e (chi) = electric susceptibility (介質的相對極化率).
Then
D 0 E P 0 E e 0 E 0 (1 e ) E r 0 E E (3.27)
D E
where r 1 e = relative permittivity or dielectric constant
of the material, and
r 0
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3.6 Boundary conditions
3.6.1 Boundary conditions for dielectrics
Fig. 3.8 shows an interface between two dielectrics of
relative permittivity 1 and 2.
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hence
Et1 Et 2 (3.28)
i.e. Et undergoes no change in passing through the interface
and it is said to be continuous at the boundary.
Dt1 1 Et1 Dt 2 2 Et 2
Dt1 1 Et1 1 Dt1 1
Dt 2 2 Et 2 2 Dt 2 2 (3.29)
i.e. Dt is discontinuous at the interface when 1 2.
Next consider the Gaussian surface S.
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By Gauss’s theorem, and h0
Dn1S Dn 2 S Q S S
Dn1 Dn 2 S
D can only arise due to free charges at the surface.
It is extremely unlikely that any free charge is on the
interface, for no free charge is available in the perfect
dielectrics we are considering. This charge must then have
been placed there deliberately.
Therefore, we may assume in a dielectric S = 0.
Dn1 Dn 2 0
or Dn1 Dn 2 (3.30)
i.e. the normal component of D is continuous at the
boundary.
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En1 2
1En1 2 En 2
Dn1 Dn 2
En 2 1 (3.31)
i.e. the normal component of E is discontinuous at the
boundary when 1 2.
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Example 3.1
In Fig. 3.9,
D2 is the incident (入射的) electric flux density vector in
dielectric 2
D1 is the refracted (折射的) electric flux density in
dielectric 1.
Given the incident conditions D2, E2 and 2, find D1, E1
and 1.
2
tan 1 tan 2
1
and
1
2
2
1 1 2 2
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D sin 1 cos 1 D sin 2 D cos 2 2
1
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 2 2
1
2
D1 D2 cos 2 2 sin 2 2
2
2
If 2 < 1, because 1 < 2
tan 1 tan 2
1
(e.g. 2 : air, 1: water)
i.e. D and E are refracted away from the normal and
towards the tangent.
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3.6.2 Boundary conditions in ideal conductors
The following phenomena are observed for ideal
conductors:
Any charges of like sign liberated within a conductor
appear on the surface.
No charge may remain within a conductor, hence there is
no electric field inside a conductor.
No tangential component of E at a conductor surface, i.e.
the surface of a conductor must be an equipotential.
The electric flux must leave a conductor surface
normally.
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Tangential component of E
Consider the line integral of E around the rectangular loop
abcda in the flowing figure. Side bc is parallel to, and just
outside the conductor surface, and side ad is just within the
conductor.
Dn S Q ( Dt 0 )
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Q
Dn S Dn S
S
where S is the surface charge density.
+Q
-Q
Dielectric
2 1
Example 3.2
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Find the capacitance of a parallel-plate capacitor as shown in
Fig. 3.11.
1 1
1
S
S ( 0 d ) d
The total charge on each plate Q S S ,
Q S S S r 0 S
C S
V d d d C
(3.34)
S
d
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The capacitance is not dependent on Q or V.
If the geometry and material are determined, the capacitance
is determined. Capacitance is an inherent property among
conductors. (電容是導體之間的固有屬性。)
Example
Find the capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor formed by
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two concentric cylindrical conductors of radii a and b (a <
b).
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L
D
E ar
2r
dr dr ar
L dr L r2
V V12 E dr E dr ln
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 r 2 r1 V/m
Q Ll 2 l
C
r2
V12 V12
ln F (3.35)
r1
For a length of l m,
2 l
C
r2
ln F (3.36)
r1
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Example
Find the capacitance between two concentric spheres having
radii a and b, with a < b and the dielectric constant .
Solution:
Vab Edr
Q Q Q 1 1
E dr
,
b b
4r 2 a a 4r 2
4 a b
Q 4
C
Vab 1 1
a b
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3.8 Stored energy in capacitor
Only consider a simple case: a parallel-plate capacitor.
S
The magnitude of electric field: E
S d
The potential difference: V Ed
1 1 2
ED E
The energy density is: 2 2
The total energy stored in the capacitor is
S 1 S2 S d
WE E 2 d (vol )
1 1
2
dx dS dx dS
S d
2 vol 2 0 0
2 0 0
1 S 1 S S d 1 1 1 Q
or E 2
2 2 2
Sd QV
2 C (J)
W CV 2
2 2 d 2 2
1 Q
WE QV
2
C
V (3.37)
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3.9 Comparison between electric field and dc conduction
field
E E
D J
d d
Q S I S
Capacitance: C Conductance: G
V d V d
1
(Resistance: R )
G
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Electrostatic field DC Conduction field
D E J E
D J 0
t
E V E V
V V
t
Boundary condition: V0 Boundary condition: V0
D dS Q I J dS
S S
Q I
Capacitance: C Conductance: G
V V
E E
V V
D J
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