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    Non Linear Structures Matrix Methods of Analysis and Design by Computers PDF

    Uploaded by

    Adolf Salvatierra

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 179
    Non-Linear Structures K.1 MAIID, BS, PRD, MICE, MI. Stoct.E.C. og Profesor of Ci Engincering, The Unrersty LONDON BUTTERWORTHS Beane! 340 Quoen Stet, 4000 Betecrcth& Cy Zant Lak {B meron & Co, alter) Le 172 Preface ‘A chnracerisi entre f twentieth ena enineing itl and Slender setter in which non-lnetr and secondary eet ae reponderat. Fortis eon 3 rea eal of aetion hasbeen [Bren to sting hee eats ad te lassi theory of clus Ets hon exuded fo esl with complete structs. In pu tila the combined aes of sahiy and plasty are of prtmount importance inthe fel of stactralengnering, $0 {hoch so tht otk psicy and stably ells in ames have tow bern ntrodate ito dpc cous. In many iver postgraduate Me. and Diplo coure in non-linear structures tre abo. wel ctablaied, Furthermore @ vast number of Te ‘earch workers, having exbasted the Hear aspects of sorts, Fine now moredon tothe stad of non-linear Fo thete people 2 comprehensive bok covering variow aspect of nonlinearity i ‘vale The ict of noatnerity becomes more apparent with larger sscres whee event advances in mate methoss of suctrl fli ero nectar sod bean ofthis boo fo ovine thew o madera methods itable for corpsters. In ssng mate Imetods the problems of nonlin flow eturly fom he Tear ev and ae much ese fo undeeand "The tent deals with the probs of both anslsit and dein Srwctars with none behaviour, whether elastic or eat: piste ne way now fentres and sie ects cessing nw pproch o their den. The scence of operational research eit ‘tered io optimisation by ner and nonsinea programming i tecoming more fa in al was of ie In strstr ensneering itis, or the ste, scene bass to the design a ‘tres andthe rin rpc of recet work crf out on hi suet be fily covered inthis book Tn the fie chapter bi introduction othe ehavour of stu tures in pene gen wilt refrence tothe linear lsc and Simple plastic methods srctoral ana. Chapter 2s devoted fo fintr male methods, otk fore and displacement, and the Imalices developed hee stewed ip ler chaps. There i sa ‘Ger information inthis chapter o enable the reader fo understand {he atic methods of stretural anal, bul a knowledge of asi Matrix Algebra seu ‘Chapet 3 sade the sabi of an inividuat member with various end condtions,Iealko derive the salty fenctins wed In Matis force and Matrix placement methods, Chap cv {thease sabi of complete frames, wast Chaper 5 deals treet lstabity of ramen. I he ater chapter, atestion gre toinsabiiy as an cigenelae problem sod he vanishing hareceiicof the eterioan ofthe sfaess matrix is presented fo sad the state of frame sai” The gereral real state of hemes formated dy fr this, tbe ther elvan elas ex ie mode wl be deduced. “Chale 6 preset he eusticplatic anys of fumes, aking th noisy dae to ably and plasty into consideration. ‘The method of evattng he alu load of strate by flowing the sequence of hinge onstin ir developed in deta Thi fo Towed in Chapter 7 by # numberof approximate mnthods forthe ‘lation of the flute Lond of frames without allowing the feqence of hing formation, The es tne chapters are devo tothe dain of tractus 20d the noniear aspects of design problems, These coer: The theo ‘Hes on norlaer stare pas analses; recent developments in Trsthematial option to proce rnin weight dein Inetods for ucturs where streagth aswel as defections form port epects of sig’ and a summary of inet prosramming fn the simplex rthodA description of aa-ner propamning ty nlesewite itearstion ince in Caper 10. Using Mats free method, desied procedures are given forthe minimum trie design of sly etermiaale and indeterminate src Tues by nonlinear proraming Tyersal a the end of cach chapter and, whee aval le experimental verizon of he theoreti! work als pro Yideds A-muber of computer proprammes are dcused eh oman ng preset yagi posure togter with "The author acknowledges th blp of present and former cl leager st the Universes of Manchester and Anon who have Worked wth him oa the sbject mate ofthis book He wes to Thank Profesor M.R. Home atthe asthor' fet feacher onthe is gratetulto Me Alon Jennings, senior letra he Qoers Un ‘erty of Beat wh collboredonmany othe eas inthe caty arto this book Thanks are aso dus to Professor M. Hoi or bi soport inthe writing of this ook, reading the text snd making ‘alushe suggestions, and to Dr. D. Andeion who card out Tesarch withthe autho tos monber of ops who was Kind enough to tay the textes the examples nd heck the diagrams KL MAID 1 Contents ‘Netton troduction ‘Behaviour of idealised suuctures — Variation of genera sed datormation of stroctres mth the load paratet— ead-isplacsneat diagrams of portal ~The eit of ‘ua oa onthe teiour of Medined sractres ~The rel behaviour of structures The rgd plas thoy “The fully plas age moment ~The shape fst — The loud factor ~ Proportional losdig The te of vital ‘work equation Calpe of contnaous beans See Tis of mechanisms — Design ty ihlate theory Ect fan load on fy Eerie Mates methods of Structural Analysis Induction ~ Matix daplacenent method —The semblge of member stihess maces Transformation of dsplacements ~The overlies max of sro ture "The we of degree of feed in sirutoral pe. Scola ~ Worked eramples Marit force shod ‘The feibilty matin The overall fen matin of stratre — Mati fore method forthe tata deter nate strctures Mati force method for statically inde terminate strostres— Worked exampier —Astomatc onsection of thelaadransformaton nati Execs, Te Stabity Fanctinae ‘The ett of xl loud on the sips ofa member — Ro 9s tation ofa member — Sway ofa member — A state of gen tral svay ofa member with hinges The sabi ne tions din the mars dsplceent method — The tb iy funtiogs uae in iatrt force method — Relston ‘pe Between the ability fnctons General deforms tion of a member with plastic hinges Elect of ster leading an gst lates A computer routine for the canton ofthe sat Factions — Exercises 4. Nomina tai feames Darian a nonrnea slies matr — Using sand ¢ factions — Using’ 4 fonction — Matix dsplscenest Inetbod for nonlinea analy of srotues ~ Worked ‘amples —Tvanglaed frames — Ini sess — ‘computer programme forthe neler anal of plane frames Execs lati tatty Esti isabity of members — Member wit singe cu ‘ature Member in doube curvature ~ Member pinned {tone ead and ined a the oer Member in pe svsy stint of frames Determination of he i ‘tal conditons — Extraction of the particular mode from the general” Approximation of the axa leeds — hater loads ot ced rot portal romero {rea Toad of tases A ik determination af tae bility condition Exerc, 6.Namtiaiy de to paticy. Hast pascaalyss of Tetoducton —The displacement transformation matrix fora ember witha binge ~The oneal eis mates ‘ttcplate analyse of «propped caniever-—Elsti= plist anal of frames ~The mar ofthe eration eration so const My — Neston fo redsced My A fertions othe lod vector A computer programe for the earticpasc ala of genera frames — Worked ftomples lance finger Computational economy Lair load of fames (approximate mens) "The relate drooping carve — Ca Iniroecton| ‘ution of fre Ioods-Appeoximate method 1 — As Samptins — Anais of columns Anahat of frames Rankige’sformule-Appeoximute melbod 2 Esper rental evidence Eseries, 8. Mastic plastic desig of sway frames zs individual members Design erie Design pros Stoey fame Design of eg ames ~ Coacusion, 9, Optimum dein of structure wing nar programming 259 Intreton-~Linesrproramming Egat constant Jers Minimum weight design of structures — The rigid ‘mechanism method — Minimum weight design using equi- 10. Optimum design of strates sing. notnear program: lng aa Thrduction — Some properties of convex funtion — Pecos nearcaton — Satay determinate soc “Worked example Static indtermiatesoctares Separation ofthe varies Psenise linearisation Design example Design of rig jointed. ames — Breet Arrndic 1 a6 Reference an Index ms Notations Symbols are defined when they appear for the fst time inthe {ext Esch eis ededned when fs meaning changes. Some sme ‘oleae used throughout he ext wih he allowing meaning, Constant Breadth ofa section Sabi Fonction Depth of ection Hops BIL wm Direction cosies for P axis me Sui Factions Fore ina member , Constant tie Subilty fonctions : Member displacements pra to P and Q sr reget Join dispscemeats paral to X and ¥ anes Obpetive function Member area Depth Modis of latiy Force pra to¥ aie Second moment of ret Seen g ieee tater me gmoeay XYZ Zz Mates, Vectors Spun oe Fully plastic moment Local member coordinates or axes Shes fore ove parallel to ¥ axis Force (eral sefrece coordinates Sreton modstst ingonl matrix of reciprocal of member areas Sbmatsces of overall sities matrix cor responding tL plasm transormaton matrix “Tanepoe of A {Usd tranarmation matric Sebratnes of B cortesponding respectively to te asic satally determinate ruta find redundant forex. lero 12 £10 Vale of determinant lement —obell? lent E61 ment 287 Memes Renbiity matrix eral exity mee of stucture Meme sities matrix vr sess ati of strctre Exim load matrix o veto Sobmaties of Ecnal fce marie or sector appli ns satay determi stare Redundant ove trix or vestor sat dplcement mato veto Shbvecor of corresponding to Ls La Grek Symbols ioacsment eto consponing tof and Member displacement oF distortion vector ‘Upper bound displacements vector Visor of permis sess Shape factor ‘Ange of pil Datletins Stes Rotation Tad factor i Stab functions 7iPy ratio of axa lad to Esler load for led member Introduction Li, BEHAVIOUR OF IDEALISED STRUCTURES The ses stn relationship for apecimens of rata materials ‘uch mail teal, as te pial farm shown i Figure LL. [ei Almost eae near inthe laste range oil the "oper ik ge 1, Ses rat ran om tel trex i reached at Theses then dope abraply to the “lower es ses and hen ten inceaer constant tress pt the Point this belaviour beg tered ‘purely plas Bow. Beyond Pont Da furer increase of sets euied to produce nica stim, andthe aerial sid toe othe rin Ragen? ange. Eventually a maximum srest reached at, beyood which Ineenses in iainoccur wi decane of es unl pre ocears 1d Theslope ofthe inear part Oa ies Young's modulus so the il oft oes il seo he ower of 38 for Tn analysing structures, various ideation ae made te render the approcch manapeabic. Aluhough he pper ld phnomenon {sa elon, vanes on cld-werklng ands fen to exe bythe mater of alle sta sections The et elation is thos | Oe Hatat onsen" ihren (3 de ‘0 ore this upper veld and this approach hasbeen adopted by teary athe wo have dt wih Ble of plas and Seb "The fl of sia hardening on the caring capaci com sia, pei with smal stra, Fo el star bw cere cle fasta far peter than of stn hardening ‘ete state eon hor el i “Azar from the above iealistins which ae marly univer, ‘aris analytical thers require frbrSnpliicaton The csc {Bers foriance snes tat he salty tor ted spud ‘ait ying and thar rests ul fo ie potion Oca he Stress gram, Figure 12). The ih le theory, om the eter hands tied on he Heaton tht the seseatin Tenn Och of Figure 1.40) reprodutscsely the sesestrain ‘elation forthe miteal concerned. This sows no tin ap to Print flowed bya pre plat ow ch alte estate theory asses tthe stress elation shat gen by Ocbin Figure 121). This sa improvement onthe psictbeory since te ltr oot the lati erin ergy represented by Ue area 12, VARIATION OF GENERALISED. DEFORMATION OF STRUCTURES WITH THE LOAD PARAMETER “The calculated values ofthe aera deformations ofthe members ofa ripduruciue measured orthoporally 10 Use ein de ‘ons are determined hy he ssumpions made concerning the ‘Sesestan relation ofthe mater ofthe stractre They abo ‘pend upon the manner in which he eternal loads reapplied as sells he fore tht ae considered to be sipisnt when deriving {he enulibcun equstions or insane ithe materials sod to be pfctl and the applied lads ae al othe members of te strate, thea 29 ‘Sepa takes place inthe meters unl the lod factor feaches arta ale resulting ia age deformation this load “hiss showa by carve OAC in Figure 3. Tae Beavior ofa pet fee east pin ede srt va wal Known example The value 3, ised the elas erial lod factor ofthe trace. Tis seq "let tothe Euler load of single meter “Te same srature maybe subeted to sof non-xal loads ‘ha so say the loads he spied to the memes between the joins and ge ise to trannere bending a nell 2x ads in the vaio mens the ele of the rsa saa ladon the ‘ulirum condition are peace, te resuingIeral displace fren dtc tothe bending lx lon, vary ier with he lod plrunetr Thi state of Sformation repeseted by the staight line OB in Fire 13. An nasi ofthe trace in his anaes is enown the "Liear elastic nals A point sac as Gon thle ‘OB can be obi’ by any ofthe well-known liar elastic ap rosches ssh asthe sope-deftion method ‘One other and the simple pls? ai assumes gl pls sesestrainrlaonship se shown in Figure 120). Once pun velctng the axial lade inthe members he load deformae ‘on characteris of the state flows the vertical line OD, Figure 13 nil suet ‘ops tks place and deformation nsteses indent ar shown by he orale DE ‘Apt fom weseting sy es ormation of he ttre, rot to cate the sol plats teey ices» monte ob Str asumpton. Fort i somes tat an facemeet oF Is bendi moment ats son avs css annem cr {i ofthe in ad a te map th ee vay nso become aropy age when the beading moment reece telly pla’ oer thecarsecon ae. a2 Twacton 8 Pere 1 Lind ot eration of es “he hors umes that whee the lly plac manent 4s atid a ny eresaeto,Pate hing! formed the ‘chan wer tin of ny gta mg he os Ine momeat rosie constant the all psc wc One's Ios is inrodced at acon, rastuned it il cae {orate re sane deco ‘Acordng fo the unger’ there of the simple plac approach sretreclarwtentce eae restos Thea th mchansn reuse that to uy aot number plate ge shoul Sept ten ie srr ot Berto ino a mechani, he euro requiem he {nina eg moment satin equton wh bead lens: nd the yi regents wanely te hee meat Shou nowbere in the act be pet tan te fay pase Frames wit more etic lato pac materia Figure 120), Ihowenr follow the plecewise nea ste asc ere wa a ‘OGHLIBin Figure 13. Thepece-ws neat elastic-plastic theory ‘Sstmes thatthe lid defection cure of stucture flows tht laste He OG wal plas hinge i formed ata erosion Snberethe hening moment the highest inte sractare apd el {othe ful plastic moment ef the section. From then onwards the ‘etesons incense ata faster rate shown by GH i the fie ‘ni a second pase hinge develops i the suctre, This process ‘onines vat the applied load fictr reaches that given bythe Fisdplasie theory and collapse takes place. The portions” 00 ‘Gi, He, reconsidered fo be Hoes, while the overall non Tnearity inte laden relationship is party da tthe ovlopment of material psy at dscete sos. The pce tie Ine htc patie heoy involve exactly the ame asamp Mons a he iid plas theory except hat the prolapse delle tins ofthe sractres arent eget, 1.3, LOAD-DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAMS. OF A PORTAL, ‘Asan example et consider the ied tse poral fame loaded shown ia Figure 14 ad analyse i wing the ther dierent ‘pproacer nce inthe previous section, This portal wil be ‘Sloe insubsequet chaps using various none there. Tes dimensions and erosesetions este in wy tht rakes the frame very files hat the sto nonsinea eres maybe ‘readily distinguished. Fe 14 Fb pol one ‘The fame has span Lo 508 mm ad the spa to eight ati is uni. The erossection af the members bd which worm ‘houghou wih b= 127 mm and d= 3175 sm. The modulus ‘telat His 207 KN nd the fully pls moment yt 527 kN. Forte sake of simply i sumed tht fly plastic hinge develops a a secon as son atthe extee le Sues vac the il tes In ebor words the shape factor” of the section ib wi For the linear elt analy denoting the fps: Lo he toss section by the rotation a8 ot by tnd he horizontal sway by Athen ader the loa shown the eoding moments Aa the ends of the menbers can be cased ing the slope defection equations, Le, May = 2864 Mag = $0 SAIL Myc = A88p 2c PEN Meg = Mee 2g PLS @) Meo = 48e— 6A. Moe = 266 For the quia of jit 8 2 My = Mau Mac =0 from equations (1 fellows that By + 2c aL = PLS ay Silty for jit equilibrium at C 2p 886664 Pui “ Finally the sear equation gies PLA Mart Mas Meo Moc = 0 which, upon substation fom the slpedefecton equations (1, Yi: LIA Gb + 6c —24k4}L = 0 16 Sobing equations (12 through gs a as aor 15 Ldn rok of il ‘These equitons show tht the horizontal sway and the joint ‘otations are inery related to the applied load Pn Figure 13 the values of are ploted apnins Pas shown by the sight line (D, The slpedeeton equation (1.1) ean now be wed to call the bending moment distribution throughout the ame This shown in Figure 1. in tems of Pind to thee gues “The analysis ofthe portal bythe plastic theory canbe performed in accordance wit the kinematic tore’ that sats "OF al te mechanism fred byasuming patching poston te correct mechani for cols is ha dich rege he tna oa! The portal frame is sally indeterminate with tne redundan ‘ies, ence i becomes tcl dterminate i thee plat ages fort in appropriate placer and will elle with mechan ‘of fur hinges In thi frame tore are five Possible hinge eats St 4,0,C,D and Pandthercore $32 independent mech hiss can develop in the frame, These ar the “oy mechan? it hinges forming at, B,C and D an the “bats mechani With hinges forming at BF, and C ae shown in Fgue 10) snd (), Each ope of thes mechani corresponds fo ane Tsim equation which ean be derived sng te veal work method thus Sway mechanism: PLAOM. = Mp0 06 Beam mechanism: ALSO = 4M 40 an where 29 is a angular movement at shown in Figure 1.7. A ‘co Vine mechanism an be obtained from the above tw. Tht shown it Figure 1.7) in whi the hinge st Bis limited. The cul work equation fo this new mechanism s PLO PLiO}4=6M, 9 as From equation (1.6) through (18 flows tat scoring othe Kinet tearm the colle load of the fame ie PBN sive by Both equation (7) aad (18), Using tbe appropriate “ales of Mf and L gen earerthe fine collier a sd of (0146 EN, The dove ie (2) a Figure 13 has the rds 1s of interest to not ia this example, that he colton for collapse Bo with beam mechanism ard comiaed eis (bined atthe same vale of P= iE, Sach 9 sae termed “overcllps” and the frame wl develop le hinges aA. Be Fe 4nd D. To reali, because of some imperfection the trme il Calpe citer with eam mechasn or wth combed mht sm Tndsed, theoreti te sie load is reduce slightly the frame wil collapse with beam mectriem while 9 sal ictesse ofthe side oad least collapse with combined mechanism ‘Te piecewise liner lapis anays of the frame is Somewhat dict, Peshape a comenentappresch iss follows From te lear else ening moment dapat showin Figure 1.6 tno thatthe makin bending moment overs st F wi val of 847P, Natoraly ithe value of Ps cen the es psi hinge would develop at ths pont andthe ale of the Teng moment would te equ tthe ul pai hinge moment BM, of the section. Thus with My = 927%10-2 KN th load lich cases the development of thie Gist plastic Ringe Fie ‘ate can now be evaluated rom the fst f equine 13). ‘Once the also P exceeds 109 Nth lati ings developed 1 F begs to route The Trane is pow more Nessie apd the ‘ral deflections inxesce faster than before ae shown by the Sah lie GH In Figure 13. Point 1 o thine represents the State where a second plastic ing is about to develop a lat Cin the Fame, whee tbe lai Bending moment isthe highest In forder to locate point, the slope deflection method ean, once in, be sed bat his tie making use ofthe at ha the ending ‘oma at F woud ave cnsan aloof M withthe contin {ous rotations Ore abd By beg Unequal, The bending moment VC would alo be equa fo te lly plastic moment except for theft hat since tis ae as just tee aaed without ase ny fing rostion, the coin of sooty lex a © Wilh op = Yep = No- The slope defscton equation il thee Fore botme Map = 24064 YL Mau = My 6k AL Myp = 8p Akdpa— 24631 Mpa = —My = py 4865-246) Myo = My ~ Stree 6k IL ae Mer = My = lc tips 2483 Meo = My = Atlee Sik Moe = 28le 6k IL where ie the verti defston at F. It aolied that inthe Slope deacon equations point Fis treated ara srotural oink inte frame and thus the sifis f the wo potions BF and FC ‘Te vale of Kj canbe imine fom the thi ofthe eae. tins by tring the fourth since the ler hae know Bt aad ‘de thas Simely sig the Sth, 6h and 7b by simiting dpe and seit follows that ban = 2Me_8t8 o (410) i Forth joint equilibrium a 8, My ~ 0, ence jor. 228 95m, aay ‘Me borat my ion PL MyM Me Moe =, Vpetid Meno any 2 ‘A second may equation canbe obtained wing itl work gu thn for vera ladng, EPL Mar Mry~Mer—Mre = 0 sich snes Jee Tagsstoy ian cay) Equations (1.10) throvgh (13) can now be soled forthe four fuknowns So aa the load P. Ung the kno vale of Sarco“ Rm for Myin thee equations, the contin st which the scond hinge develops at Is found fo be when P= 0-120 Tie above prose cin be Wed <0 complete the piecewise linear lane graph, Its noticed from Figure 1.6 thatthe "hed plastic Binge wll develop at Dad the ast ene at 4 ‘Once apn, wiva conden te condition forte formation ‘ofthe td hiage aD, ae represented by pot Pin Figure 13 the beading moment at would be equal to the Tally pase moment ofthe ection while due to continuity # willbe 200 ‘Bene of disoninty at Fad C, om the ober Band ye > Ope fod for Beo. The deta of the aoa for sand Tor the [inca when hinge develope at ze ft as a execs tothe {reader Te third Binge at D wl fom when the apie oad Ps (0124 KN and the corespooding lateral sway 6 mm Faly ‘hs formation ofthe last ing at aks pace when P reaches the ried plats alae load of 146 KN wr sway of 171 mm The pesos nea elapse graphs shown as cone G) in Figure 1.5. The levers on this cure refer tothe postion on the fame where the hinges ae devlope, The foregoing analysis appear to be sate lengthy but i a fact one ofthe quickest approaches. Ih the advstge that at ‘ery stageal he information concerning the defestion ad bend ing momeot dstbution ax wl ate hinge ttons ered fable. The lenihy appearance of the proces inaes why 30 lies writen abot the noaiear behaviour of strates 14. THE EFFECT OF AXIAL LOAD ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF IDEALISED STRUCTURES In the pecding sections the diferent theories were somin ised for the analsis of del strates. Apart onthe dats Tins stated concerning the materi proper, thee theres fare bed on two farther assumplion, First i sed tht ‘using the loading peocess of strata the change nthe cal Sage abd dimension of the srutue is tmatnl. Thus hey alldepend on the smal defection teary wich permite one wed ‘considering srctral defrmation 0 nuke he preston that cos = Land sin = tan 9 @ Inte example o the portal frame it was calculated that atthe formation ofthe fourth sed Inst hag a 4, ese of he fae wes 17 ama the lumns ofthe frame wee fcied some 2 tothe vera Nate tly the te of small efstion theory with suck a deformation touod to ado gros errors Howes, wit more east rmes, ‘he evrall deformation tot wo arg andthe small defection theory may be sulle accurate; The second assumption inden all dhe thee approaches is ‘nt Because the deformations are il the tas ons in the members canbe nected when deriving the ele eq tion fora soctre Fora genera mere sch stat shown a ewe 18 is assumed tht forthe equi ofthe menor fy = SL a9) here isthe ss forse in the member iis sen frm he re ht wen either te trl deformation ofthe member or he il oad Pin the meter o both ae are, cqution (114) Becomes inaccurate and shoul he alee to rend a ay A prinary cause of sootineariy in structures du othisfct ‘Pon tbe eqlteiom ofthe src. At Gistace x frmend ‘ibe member see Figure 18 thea odin the member cases Sn dion tenement of agate P+). This a ‘re 18 Gen rain of a ment mount Ps det he alain of ot BtoB by eave in the meraber resulting from the preseace of end moments My TA dicly i he nontnersrctralaalyss ares frm he {act hat the til free in he members ae themes snknown land cannot be ince nthe eration ofthe equa equ ‘ir. This problem wil be stad exteasiely in he subsequet the eis te meme ail lad upon the beaviour of stu {bis with particular reference tothe ie heres presented eater Conse ist, ames sb o app loads hata all xat tothe menrs Tae ail oes do nt ae! be ead deforma Ma characerstios of eal perfec srctres un theca rit ‘eis to defor the ail lads stato psy part inthe ea Hvom ofthe member, resuing in meng the sah ne b AC of Figure 1.3 to te drooping ure AC shown in Fgue 13. ‘That iso say to maintain equlibium, a define loc the éxterclly pped loads have tobe seduced in magni Simla, Yor nowasillyToaded else stutues, taking the ‘fect of the resuing av loads into conerston indies the Taeal displacement in» nonlinear manner indicated by carve OC" in Figue 19. Flexi tingularsretures wre pray tenting memens inthe members aze sll may eta I this manne. As the compressive axa ots inte member ines, thesis ofthese members redsed, ening toa redaction Inthe overall tines of the srctre. This etuses the else faire ofthe structure ata load factor Jyy which ie blow the elas rial loud, The ela file load often onfsed with the elastic eical oad: The distinction betmeea te wo in he ‘act tht the former isthe maximum lead the stractre would cay under any st of lads provided the material ein entirely flat, The elastic eral lad, howexer sate of fueion ‘ofequlleium och hat unde set of eased loathe tacoe ‘may vier remain united or ssome a mode of deoration ‘Conidertion of the stn lond soars te gid plastic be Inviour of suucture by modifying the sgt ne DE to the stooping cure DE Far mote inprtat than this, However, ‘he fact that consideration of axial leds Undermine the base fundnmenils of the Fipple theory ise The all loads atthe the eirementso equi ed and mechanism ‘aed earier under theuniguenettheorem Fie i techn 5 sumed at collape then by considering the axl loads the ‘quid condoned bythe vital work equations. tele fom those sopsested by the rgd plat theory. The ‘ual werk equation wil now ctain second order 3 terms, ‘where 29s the incremental deformation given i equations (16) through (1). Equation (L8 forte combined mechanism ofthe Pol frinetaace change to become (PL 102+ PLOO/A) LR OLR I LH 36 (16) ‘where the terms between the Brackets ae those wd in equation (18), The remaining terms onthe lf and side of equation (16) se duetothe anal lead eects, Here Ry Ro and Hare the vertical ‘easton at and D aad the hezonta thrust respectively. De ‘ation of auton (1.16 wl be ives in. later chap, Fartermore needing the eft of eal lade sso vile: the ysl eiterion by making the tending moments at een testo, ot neces tensor under poit loads, bigher than ‘he fly pute monsnte of these cose section: “The wort eect of he axial loads, however, sto make collapse tate place before he formation of ¢ mechani anda oad factor Gp whichis below tha predited bythe dpa thor. Dang ‘he lading proces, te resin axe lands rece the overall “itston Rew 19. Note a mats of aces sts of he structure contnsouly sod modify the piecewise lear elsepasts esponte 10 tht shows by OGHTED" in Figure 19, whee Fist point with the highest orinte onthe ‘hie ad ingetes th pre mechani sat of Ele. "Finally, the sil loud may afer the ose of deformation completly in sucha way tat the sequence of hinge formation ‘woud be ately diferent from those predicted bythe piecewise Tver elaseplav theory. To detonate ti be two strey feu of Figure 110, orgy aaled by Hee, considered. ‘Th load Wi sock hat sigh last cllape ofthe fame occurs 15 when the loa factor iy. The members ofthe fame are to vo al te it he pe ay ‘he dh tee tht 3 and the sends oe nH. pc ey 3 No ‘nh yd seas 0.248 KN? ormny eons hi me Wlaianascor pew erateplneaaes “Theres of the sess w shown in poe 1100), where he Pew Src of hig formato a tse ame Anon wit pee of ie formation by pee (0) Rete mi ih ae (6) Seco hg ation ete ati pate malas "fata cpl nai, taking he lo sa THE REAL BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURES So far the to caus of nomnsrity in structires have been steribed to the eft of axial lads in the mutes Sng a ‘lstity ofthe material Tn veal structs there as scene, tes fstors hat play an imperiast pat in aptavtng te ron, nea of sroetres.A few of those tat are ely concen the eft ofthe shape factor nt tng uy, thesis hae fest meno eal, he ells of uneven a nome ae ‘our ofthe foundations, the infuene of the nonlin Weer of ting iis and plates on the famesete Reinforces ne Srostres ae becoming more common, parca i ie ‘Steton of al uldings andthe stein or mone cen ‘ationshps ofthis material are highly ow-new, lon aint, An important cause of otic mace fore srucirs is due tothe caching of coma, Ir ‘ey 10 define the fully plastic moment of tence coe ‘seston beeaue at an carly stage of loadings efor the torent, of plastic hinge, the concrete being to crack tule nt ‘eduction nthe momeat of estan ofthe sien, To.ive afl weatnent to ever aspect foo leary is beyond the scope ofthis book therefor, enly the min apps eP nary willbe covered, tention wile pai oth oe sao ‘specs and 0 the design of srctzes, were he prose ot onteaityi more comes. Beste ofthe Somples ate ok ‘he robles it is eld that the ue of computes sed ee ‘ecingoes, such as matic methods, ae uve the haoter, therefor, the matrix methods of ctu ace eat be presen and these wil be used througout the sae chapters The plastic theory of srvetures is perhaps the simplest ofthe {Beorescuremlystoded by undergraduates and ajcd, i's limited way, by praising engineers Many spect cre pt, ‘eon are tse throught this book, both Wbsn eshne ns tbe casticplastic analsis an wit srctural dion, Tas a ‘er ofthis chapter will cove ts they 5, THE RIGID-PLASTIC THEORY 1 was pointed ou eater thatthe ripple theory nepets the precllapse stains develope in the material of the toc IM the tanto calape, issues shat the peomety of tbe ‘Htactue is natere, Nevetbelss sugests tat t cola the exterly applied oade are sufiealy high fo case the Dlding of the ttrial a eran sections 20 that the acre tenes like a machaism. The stutue a this stage staal Aetrminate and brace the equations f sai equim are Mile o eae te ole oud Insite of thee assuntns te igi plastic theory can be vwefully employed to calesste the carrying cpacty of may Stroctores, pray othe cae of onauous Beams ond sine Frames, The development of the iktplastie theory contrbuted tora beer understanding ofthe state of clipe, In parcu, ita a the plat theory that heute lo hry bese terol forte design of srctres, Unfertantelyfecause a his {he concept ofthe ult loud carrying cacy of srt ‘fen confused with tat pen by the pane theay. es advan [tous hereforto presen the plastic heey st and then proceed Shh the stay ofthe uma fare lad theory in deta. Tas Procedure i hcessny sine bo theories invoke many snlar encepts such a the proportional method of loading. the Paste ings formation snd offers Itt convenient to introduce these oncepts withthe simpler ofthe two theoris,naely the plastic theory 1.1. THE FULLY PLASTIC HINGE MOMENT Consider eesesiton of strata member that i subject to.a moment which nessng gradually Wiehe eros-secton Iselasicte ses distribution across the ection near a shows jn Figure Ila). At certain value of tbe Bening poment the treme ovier Hives tein To jel apd thereafter remain at Tocrexsing the moment futher causes tbe spresd of ying to tne nner lite stn theses nbn awus the Seton takes the form sbown in Figee Lie) At some sage the bending rmoment es cei vale M, kno 15 the fly pac tome abd the catie Cosesttin ye The dager fr ‘vos duibuon tats te fn shoei gre L110), Figs then omar the ection cons lo san So eto Imoment Ati contat momen and fe sey th scton Sexi to Sturm psa slowing the eco of ge Sins the sen a lage fron he Sere Inmet sid hat he ction fas deo ts ges io ‘or ‘a ‘a te ‘out 1). Cosson of rail menber ni 6 eats mons (ie pi ee a er For a symmeuizal sation the plastic momeot of resistence, ich ilo equal toMy cam be clelaed for Knowledge of the dimensions ofthe seion aad the vale of he yd sens of ‘he materia Ta tbe ese ofthe section shown in Figure 111), {he sreses above apd telow the bortonal axis of symnetly Mi up oa par offre each beng eau Yo Ay. The omen Edo X20 ofthe eal oppose forces falas te fall My = dad For instance fora rectangular section of wid Band depth D, Figure 1.12, the resatant Tore cting on ach hal ey BD)2 ‘These fores act atthe ented ich portion and thas re DPB apart Hence for this ston M, = FosBoxDn=B0%)4 oy should be pine out hat, unite an eastcseton, where the iid aus the neu paste secton has sequal ‘srs ania the neutral ans. This bess he fre sting onan element 44 of an ate is 0/84 andthe moments ofthese forces Shout the ner ws re 2ro ths, fdd=ofdd 0 faamo “This means that he area above the nesta axis equal to that ‘slow ‘At exam sie Ton hom in Fg 1120 “The relent ofthe for cng om each ange Bi. Thse ae ‘= tyapart On the oer han each bao tbe web Subject 03 e112, oes aig ein a lig aly a) eg eto’) Ton fore (D—21),/2 ante two fore ae (D212 par. Thus 2M, = [BrdD—19-+ 4 1AD-2% 18. THE SHAPE FACTOR tas been son that the fully plastic momen of a seton is tue pobct of the yd stress and quafity which dependent ‘on the dimension ofthe seston, M, = 2p cs) were Z; is known asthe paste section modulus ofthe scton, » For a rectangular section for instance, ution (1.17 gives 8 ‘The plastic section modus i analogous tothe elastic section ‘moguls Z.n fit the ratio Zs known he shape faces 2 ofthe section. For a rectangular ton Z,_ BU, Bo 2746 Snir for an ¥ section, the shape factor 2° = 45, Fora pi ‘pra pats the shape factors uni ‘When te outer fires of Seton fist yield the elastic tending ‘momenta fst led, equal 102 ths ay 1 fotows thatthe shape fctr isthe aio between the Fly ‘asi momen ofthe Seton and te moment fst Ye. a 19, THE LOAD FACTOR Consider a simply supported beat which is sajet toa point load atts midespan as shown i Figure 1.130) Lethe yl af this lad at working condition te # If ths load is eradaly Increased then ts salve at sny eter stags ct be esresed 2. where 2's factor known 2 the fa factor For rales of {hc load above the working load 2s more than one As the loud factor increases the maxim bending moment inthe beam so Increases. Eventually a some lad factor ili wil begin a the outer Ries of the beam. The corponding maxima laste Bending moments a the wecking load aod st st Yo are ‘tom e150 ont peneetiey Men Bh wae am MoM naz aa Furies increases ofthe los factor cause yield to spread side ‘ys along the Ber and inwards, towards the neue sis eo evenly toa ctor 3 he whole sson at idpan Ss and plane hoe dwaped thre, The ram Bus ered nos meh wih hee Mage Ape Sing t throu dw geste suppor The al ator canna We nse ay feria the am claps wh Ee tenig monet a Brom Constant and ea 10 By ‘Ths moma gen by Let ie 24Pe = AML Zy My= aot, fon Furthermore, from equations (1.19) (1.20) and (1.21) ly = ry = By 2 BZ 2 1 follows at Thue This means that the load factor at collapse & given by the ‘rodut ofthe lod factor a ft yield od the shape aco a the 1.10, PROPORTIONAL LOADING Consider now the sme simply sepprted beam but subject to two point loads wilh working val Psat miespen and 3Py ta quaner span as showa fa Figure Lida), When grades incesing these loads, 4 proportional Ioeing proces af the ‘eam is achieved i bth lade areictessed Oy the sae Tod {Seto 2 andthe ati ofthe two loads remain constant. The be Jing moment siogram for this beam Suing the elastic anges shown in Figure 114) where its appar thst yd takes Place at'C under the hens load. Exenvaly te paste Nags Aeselops at C ad the beam elles as 8 mechanism, Ths Sown in Figue 1140) “The load factor ia collapse i once asin obtained by equating the maximum moma thebestof ths The sate of claps witha pls hing at C was obtained by incrensing the loads proportional. I this procure had not teen adopted the calpe rage mould have been blaine io t totaly ferent manser For instance i the lsts ot C and Bare Ineresed by applviog loud fctrs 2 and 2 sespesively, ith 21S aay then the bending momen at and'€ would both ‘equal to 7/4. The bending momen ove the etre portion ‘BC woud also be conan and eu to SAPsLUA AL cope a therefor, this ene zone ies and acs as aplastic hinge as how in Figure 1148). For wlues of ? gh tun 1S the ening moment B becomes greater than that at C and at ‘Sole he plastic hings develops at B intend of C on a, HH bate —~tnee tenis TF (o) em nt a (inde ‘Tien st ty hse of ola nd he pos: sional psig ed nce ene fleng Ie pt tery Sno te woking ed Sg on Tada papoose i het sw te oman os mee thn aly ne Urano pope ding Foran pe designed to carey a moving trainin ple winds may carry he tia wih no wind blowing Tne ease of bung Fames i move realise to expect that some ofthe vertical ive load re lend acting before the Fame jected othe wig leads. Although te posible to cary nelisi-psticanalsisors frame wptocollaps under any loning Pooslure iis tcl to ped th long procedure Furtien rove sch an anal wool be tore df than tha for re Peatona lewding. For this reason only the eae of proportions Tending is discussed in his book It shoul be Bore i mind hw er, that while propeton lading is ot asesry proce invan clasticpiaic analy i recs conde for the ‘he ofthe pls ton. LIL. THE USE OF VIRTUAL WORK EQUATION 1 stron stated eae that when the ellie mechan devlops, a stractre satya ond the equtons ‘of ste equ can be wile to calculi the colle toad factor Ik comvenient to drive the eguliviom equation some spoing toa mechani y the viral work: method or instance tbe mechanism coreponding fhe collapse of « simply suppored team loaded at widcpan is shown ia Figure M13), The vin wrk equation for this mecanism can be ered ty allowing an icremeral rotation Of the cleping ‘eam. The point of apptieaton of he lad wll move down Cy mount 0318 and the work dane by this ond O3E2-P. This ‘work 5 absorb by the lati hinge during the rotatiaceah fof the Beam by 0. Thus the work absorbed bythe hinge Is 2M, Equating the work done bythe spi ond otha sb 051,210 = 208 BP AMG nis een thatthe quanti 8 appears on both ses ofthe viet work equation and thus it doesnot appear cite inte expen By for collapse load o fo My. This i why the alo the cremental rotation i immaterial Te viral work eqeton can be sed to dete the ond factor that gives se 10 an echaniam In the cise of ¢fedended team Fibre 115, thre plat hogs re vexed to tevlop mechanism. These hinges form at endr 4 nnd € of the team and Under the applied load at B. These postion can be easly fours Fe 115. et eg mit ron or ama ean (0) Cato mesa from the caste tending moment diagram, whi shows thatthe tedig noments these pt re higher than howe snybere be along the be, ‘Once sean an incremental rotation 0 gen tothe system will make the applied toad do work by &P,-L2. Frm Figue 1150) Is oad that the work aborted by cach sppor hinge Mh while hata the midspan ing 247) Hance te vital work ee 029 Sint fora propped cansleer supporting lad 22, at is risipan, th reer can ver st Pe €RiE td My = pra). Colle takes place with to binges one under the load tbe stra the ted suport. Tnthecate of ed ended beam carving vier issibuted oad of pee ui neh bing the vaio te working 1a Collage als aks pace with thre plasc ings 4, and C shown In Figure 116 For incremental tation 0, the oa wrk absorbed owe Pkt ri min nt 8 ete een by these hinge ils 4442 The mip point B moves down ‘by 102 and thus the erage mova he ttl applied load downwards is 134. The work oe by the load hs 7. 54 tnd the vital work equation becomes aM = ayrL0 ving 3 = V6MgICE o My = WEN Ti ole mechs for he simply soppoted Beam in Figure LidG) is shown at Figure 114, An isemenalroation potion 4Cby 8 wil make post B move dove Li ad pnt © 1 Usa Thus the rotation of poron €D i 31614 Ea 85 30. The work dove by the pot Hod at Bi hus JP L513 2 sd hat by the load at Ct 30,219), The work absorbed by {he binge at Cie M029) sa he vial work easton i Mo ~ AP ye = 16M, o IM, = 12,Patl16 31,PeL04 Inthe shove instaneit ws yf the poston ofthe plastic hinges und hence ihe collapse mesa. Sometines the eect postion of al he hinges rent apparent For instance, conser {he propped eanlizver shown in Figure 1.17 which i carying a Pare 117. Ram whey pot eat (4) Taal echo a iformly dissibued fad 74 pe uit ent, This bam becomes 4 mechanism wih two hinges One hinge develope a od 4 whee the hogging tending: moneat is maximom. The ether hinge ‘evelop in he span a some pint € where he seeing moms {smximu, To nd the pston of his hinge, tur sume tat ‘tis ata distance = from te sinph-supored ead as shown in Figue 1.176). Giving he portion BC a icsenenal rotation 0 point C moses down hy. Hene the sveage monet of tbe Uniforsoad dows 4/2 the ing ctation ats dI(E—). ‘A collapse the work doe by the la i thos V2 and the ‘or absorbed bythe binges at 4 and C ate PAGE) and ‘MjO-+20)1—x)] respectively. The vital work egton I hus aiten by += Wo) ‘Te beam collapses when J, sa minima. Th it sy 85 the load factor increases cole ates Pace witha mechani at ‘an develop withthe smallest oad. The second hinge can te mye in de span 20 long the loud that exuss it the es This ne only commen Sete, bot in fc i loin eccerdance withthe “Kinematic Theorem” which was sated are, Th os sha s(t skb~20) a a sF Which ges x = 0414 Hence the collapse load factors piven by SW = 6sat Le H! os (125 is My = awe, ) “he actual elapse mechan shown in Figure 1.1). The procedure just deseibed for finding the positon ef plate hinge Ine beam which uiformiy loaded can be applied totes sr tures sch es contlauous Beam and a, L12 COLLAPSE OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS In order to cua the collapse load ofa continuous beam with several spas, the viral work equation canbe sed to eee the cola land ofeach span toatl. The collpse load ote beam is the elected tote utes od tha aes te collapse ofthe weakest panne bea, Consider, for stance, the uriform contauous beam ABCDEF ‘of Figure 1.18 The spans 4B and BD are of eagth whe span Fis 4B care 3 total nifor working lou BD cars « working point lad acting at its midpan an DF cis work Ing load of 2 ating ata distance of £2 rom support D. Ast loads are inereasedpropornaly by malig eh span lord bythe se load factor the est clas mechanism tay deelon any ofthe the suns. These mechani are shown in Pigs TIS), (6) and (For the macanis to develop ln spn, Figure 18() ahings ast format whe the howang ending romeo i highest in this span, and anther hing hs to fore Semevher uch at @inthespan whee th tging momen is he highest. This type of clipe similar to the bropped. can lever of Figure 1.17, analysod inte lt section and ence pt Gis 04141 trom the imple sopport 4. Once apn te load factor [given by egation (1.29) thu ta] am For the mechan to develop in ps 2D, the hogsing beading ‘moments at 8 abd C shuld be aumercly equal othe sagging ending moment a midspan C and they all ake the numeric ‘vale iM, This sia othe cave of the fede bea of igure 15 analysed inthe last ston and hee theese oad factors ven by eauition (128) ie saan My = WEN ed) Finally for he mechani to develop in span DF, the sumer Values of Mp nd if bold be egal to fy This mechanism Is shown in Fgue 1.18), The collapse Toad factor y with this Imecaairncan be derived by wing the ial work equation Git 20 ing. an incremental sottion 8 tthe portion DE, then poi ‘moves down by #-[/2andtbe work done by theloud 3 IL ‘The ciation 6 of the simply supported end Fis OSL31-3E te $= 0/8. Theinge rotation ste therefore 6-073 andthe wok we 1. ota of nie ban orale sorbed by this hinge is (5-09)M. The work absorbed by the Inge at Ds 449 and the virtual work eattion becomes MOL M0418) = AWB Hesce jeans, 2» ‘The continuous beam callpes when only one of these mechs elope. Te lowes ofthe load facts ven by egatons 20, (127) and (1.28) isthe la factor tat uss colle Sie, MAS My (WL = SUE = 1630 it follows that collapse ake pace ty the meckanam of Faure 18) wih 3, = 784,901 ion by coun 129). 113, SELECTION OF MECHANISMS Inthe ease of continuous beams, though ther ithe poutiiy ofthe development ofa separate mechs in ech sp the fal lle takes plac wth ely one ofthese mechani Ti the oe ‘of frames, however, here may be he posbiiy of cal spas ‘ember mechani Cll may tke place by ay oae oy ‘nial mechanisms. Oo the eter hand hinges may be sled ‘rovghout the fame that reader the frame oe pat oi ite ‘mechanism. In frame collapsing in this manne no ember il fe ts own indnual mechani. In order o find the ellape oad factor ll these mecunis veto be investi ta fd ‘ut the neat can develop wilh he lowest oe factor, To aciene {his im, its necessary to fatal the pose pston of tinge a ‘Tame and ‘select ro this wo or more hinges tat ets Sng Fie othe development of mechem Fora member tat snot lade ayer along it san, here is {he posibliy ofa hinge ormingat eter ad of sacha member I however, the member Is subject ote form of lateral dig, then an esra hinge anfermaong te spanofthemenber. Amc ‘nism in the fame Is nigel defined whens heise "otations inthe frame caste alsbaly expressed inter fone ofthese rotations. AAs en example conser the porta frame of Figure 119. The plus 4B and ED ae not loaded slong ths engi ints Gan therefore develop ony attend: On he other hand the ae ‘BCD is tral loaded at C an can thettore hve thc hinge, ‘Altos seven ins an develop inthis fame, In Figure 1130) 2 ‘Paar 19. Sprecher fae (a) Pel pntons ages) Soy ea, (ont isin 4 beamype cllpse mechani s shown wth hinges 8, C and D in the bem and an incremental eoation 0. The mechanism shown in Figure 119(0) is alo eam type excep the hinges Band Dave dovloped atthe colons ined ofthe eds of te bens, Wheter ‘he hinges form at the end ofthe tenor the column ends eso the vals of the ily past hinge moments Mfr ofthe teamand of thecolumns. If ia Methcahe hogedccos ‘ a in the columns, otherwise they form at tbe eas of he beam. In Figure 19) eit mechinim develope. Soca mechs {sposible ta join where an exteral momen! eating andi aks lace wih plastic hige atthe en ofall the momen meeting st that oi Meckansms e and inthe Signe sre sway type mecha nisms These can generally devlop when te side Tad acing the frame is large, "The lst two mechan area combed ype Inehanism witha hinge developing snder the pin loa at Cid ‘he ume moving sideways nfs combined mechan ca be obtined by superimposing a bem type mechanism on = sway Inecnism, For istace the hinge rotons tend B of the boy in Foguesb and fate in opposite deetons Oace thes two Iehanisns are added tops the ngs rotation at B rede 0 ‘ro. The hinge rotations st are in the sae ction thot these mechanisms and therefore ey add up. esting nolo ‘fat. In this manser mechanism gs bined Foreac one af thse mechanisms ital werk equation can be wren andthe load factor cause ole y cach methane te caculited The lowest ofthese fcr isthe ata colleen Sector 1 snot sess to ty every maim, nce Mg erat rom the the binges st Band D ny foemethe te team or the column Ofcourse the mechan the octal sondtons are the ones that are poste to develop. IP ge = a then the lad fictrs given by mechanisms band ar ee Soe Tay the fad factors for mechanisms ed wil egal nd oo wilthose or canis pan Let ws assume, by way of a9 example, that Mg = 15H, AB™ [, BC'~ 3L}4= CD and = Since My =p meek sms, and haze the only oes that repos Yo deep. Th {he ese of mechanism the reader can derive the wrt! work 2M :O+3Mpi0 = SYVTBIS, (Mga = 15M: 3, = 20M, 30 : and My = 3,019 Go “The vital work equation for mics es a0 = agree 3p = 2H ana Ma awe we Finally for meni he val work equations 204 +284 20Mye = 25,170 3,8 LI 3, = 24M, 000 ie Mp = Ma SeL08 . From equations (1.29) though (1.31) he sls vale of 3 is 21/7 given by mechani ¢ ch is torre the Clap rnechanine awe 120. Psd wf frame ool Ege ie tert ‘As anther example consider the pitched roof fame of Fig ue 130, The fame is ued at and Fad ete toa ett ead of 27 atte apex C soda horizontal la of 3 at The louis 29 and 3 eee working lod. The emsers ofthe Came ae made out ofthe same ersten with te fly pass hinge ‘moment A, This rae may claps wlthone of the tee mecha nisms shown inthe figure. In the cave of the symone, igre 1.20) hinges form at 4, Dandf. The ingest Band . 4 may frm ier the coms inthe aller Fra incremental {tation as show inthe fire the work sborted byte ges [84M The vertical load at doc not move dow ane hence does ‘no work. The horizontal lod at Dever by hand hence the work Sone by ii SAW "The vital work eatin is thas 44,0 = 34,70 4M, a oh, ax or 4, = 3,04 nthe coe of the frame mechan, Fine 1.200) hinges evelop et B,C, D and Elo rie to fod the hinge station mmemer CD is reat by Gabo the istaniseeus ere Lom ihe geomety ofthe rane, tis evident that CD = 2D © he = and CI = CB, Thus CC” = 10D tthe vena tance of the load 2 i CC cos y= 10 The hinge rotation at Bo CO ‘BC = 1, The horizontal monet Dis Dh and the hing roe tion at is heeere 2h0)h, Since mentee CB aod CD both ote by 0s the hinge rotation aC, therefore, 2 On the tbe ‘spd the hinge at D rotates by 6 2h. The vita werk ess sons thus ase by u,foedteosans (0:82) mh |] -t5 a4" an Hence for = hth we obtain 3, = ML New. soi womanly | 9 “The reader can derive the virtual work equation forthe symnet= sical frame mechanism of Figure 10). Ths shes, 3, = Mls 2h)2071 sod M, = 2aWLKN4 2 1s evident from equations (1.33) and (136) tht, tecanse (12h (C48) the symmetrical fixe mechanism doe not ote en whee the term EAI aia ties ofthat member. Sinily In the pn jointed strate the free aod the exerions (or on trcton) ean be exes at pom Bills Pes Bedale ey 1 = Bedale APS iy or singty P= kz ea) In equation (24) he loud vector P= (pap ois th member Fores n he struts Wing ipl member ard yr bsg the last The vetor Z = ses) sma theo Companying displacements ofthe memes athe matic ke ‘he member sis matrix of the structure. The ter space Ime is used to inte sll member Soros sich a exten, Po 1a Figure 2.24 member of il joined plane frames shown subject to “mene fore tha oa) Tos aor moment, The frees cause an exiesion va svaye of one end relive to the oer and end rotons yy aid py atthe ens 4 and B respectively. The sign convention fr fres and isplcetets fre abo shown inthe figure. The slope-dlecioneuation Fr this member ae Mar Ete AE ayy Eu ser, 261 4 ABI es Maa = Eo AE ns EE ogg aac 22. Deaton ofa ment of gyn pa ane (fc ign Taking moments abost point enring pe tem the sear Force Sis obained Wer, oer get nu ry ‘Wtng egstion (2. forthe axial ites of the member to filer with equnione (26) and (29) ia max frm we obtain | Cy Sew | fo t2enns ~eens ~08122|| eae Ma} | eens sere 201 || bun Lael Lo eras zene anne J Lon en or jus Pan= han Zan ew ‘where the wector Pay summaries the force in member AB, Zan Summaries the placements ad the matrix Ky the siest mater the member. Denoting fr simply, b= ene = eric ey = MEL thesis mati ofthe ember becomes kas [a symmetical e210) ode od fe. uations sna wo (27. (2) o (210) can be obi’ for at the other members of the plane fame. When these ze con Pounded wget, te meer slies matrix of the frame is Formed, Ths conse of somatic sila to (210) whos ling agonal form the leding saga! of the Sembled mate with roe eewber thie aes a ey rl | te a % al L z, « Pokz em where P,= (Pay Sen Mag Mus 10 the forces iw typical inember# and 2, athe coresponingdsplacements, The frame is members and equation (212) express the sf of al thee member (i) For aii ote space frame [A member ofa rigidly jointed space frame, Figue 22, that us an ais of symmetry bene about two perpeniclar axes. Equtions, silat to (23) and (26) ean be writen for Sending : ° owe 28.4 mone ofa sce ane (6) Si convention for member force and phone shout both these aes, The mer alo twists about it oni ‘dial axis andthe torsional stesso the member i eee 9y 1 r-Ze en ere 7s the apptied rorqu, xs the angle ft Gis the Torsional rig of the cosesction, When writing thee. ‘ons teeter they become ee + Ja we] [bo omni ta] fo at mn tm] fo ae me ry ooo oe : m | foo toon — {it Mn { |o0 0 0 oa [lh vol [oe 00 oak alle here = GUIE, a bd and eae the quits defined by eu ions (25, Sand Mp are shea lon sn Beading mote stout the Oais ofthe meer. The sues Q and Rae forte Cand {xcs of the mener and the second fix assoc with te ‘omeats and rotations i to ienly end I and? ofthe meter ‘The sign conventions shown in Figue 2.40, 2.2.2, Transformation of delacements Soir th equations presented in the ast ection give the member {ores ina structrein ters ofthe daplacemens every separate Imember. In general, however, i ix mote convene fo express ‘ew in tems ofthe join dpacerene and sons seo leas essay chosen fr the statue as whole The dpacement teasformation matric fora member expresses the displaces ‘he ends ofthe member, int cal coordinates Tn ore to construct this matin for a member ofa pind plane frame et ¥ aod Y beth overall reference anes aad Pad 9 {the anes of te member: The member als peti by pn ‘and. Point 4 being at the lst end ofthe member and pant ‘Batis second end so thatthe postive direction of te Pata from to B. Point Cis on he Osuvo he member andthe pone

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