Design of REINFORCED CONCRETE ML GAMBHIRMe amen (© 2000 by Prove of aa Pte Lint, New Debi lt es. No pat of fh book ray be roposced n my rm, by meneogagh ary er ears Atak main nr om be plot “The aig ts of is bok a at ly wth pea Pars by funk K Grea rr alo bea Prt Lire MS, Coma Cre, Now ont 900" aos bering by aera Eleare Paes 8.299, G7 Rama Road Indu vn ute 0080Contents {1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN! 6 11 Induction —_1 12° Limit State of Collapee: Flexure 1 124 Design of Rectangular Beam: 6 1.22 Design of the Funged Beam Sections 12 13 Limit State of Collapse: Shear, Bond and Torsion — 16 134 Design fr Shear 17 132 Design for Torion 23, 133 Design for Bond 25 14 Use of Design Ads 32 LS Limit Ste of Collapse: Compression 32 151 Axialy Loaded Short Colum (aith ¢ = 0.10 ea) 34 1552 Column Sobjeced¢o Combined Axil Load and Uniaral Bending 46 153 Column Subjected to Axial Lood and Biaxial Bending 37 Sa Slender Colarns 3 155 _ Colum Design Interaction Diagrams 39 1.6 Shear Fowce in Columns Subjected 0 Moments 39 LI Limit Stes of Servicebibiy 3 1S Stusural Drawings 4 19. Detling for Ductliy 4 Tuaociat ProblemsContents EES z 43__Determinason of Design Bending Moments 181 431 Direct Design Method 182 432 Equivalen Frame Method 186 44 Comparison of Ft Slab with Two-Way Slab 200 45. Openings in Flat Slabs 200 Tutorial Problems 201 203-250 S41 Induction 208 52. Basie Phnciples of Yield Line Theory 204 5.21 Location and Orientation of Yield Lines 205 5.22 Typical Failure Mechanisms 206 5.2.3 Bending and Twisting Morente Along a Yield Line 208 53. Methods of Yield Line Analysis 209 S31 The Virwal Work Method 210 532. The Equi Method 211 '53.3._Unifoom Stel Distbution 212 $4 _Blleet of Floxble Edge Beams 212 55 Comer Levers and Fans 214 536 Opening in Slabs 215 5.7 Application to Practical Design Problems 215 ‘S8_One-Way Isouopicaly Reinforced Coaiauous Slab 216 ‘59 Onbotropially Reinforced Rectangular Sis 208 510 Skow Slabs 237 SAL Tiangular Slabs 234 SALT saropcaly Reinforced Twangular habs 234 ‘S112 Onhoropically Reinforced Triangular Slabs 247 5.12. Regular Iotropiclly Renforood Polygon Sib Contnuoasly ‘Supported on All Sides 249 ‘arial Pablens — 247 ‘SPECIAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS oer ‘61 Intaducion 251 62 Dome 251 62.1 Structural Action 253 63. Beams Curved in Plan 270, G31 Clrular Beam Syrmecically Suppored 271 {63.2 Semictcular Beam Sappoed en Three Equally Spaced Columns 273, 63.3 Curved Beam Fixed at Ende 275, 64 Deep Beams 287 64.1 Recommendations of IS:56 259 65. Brcket or Corel 298 65.1 Design of Coxtel 30Preface ‘The endeavour to write this book is a esol of challenges that I ave faced as « teacher, researcher, and practicing engine Working inthe field of inforced concrete design; and the long cherished desire 10 develop quality text on reiaforced eoperste design for civil enginccring undergraduate stadens covering the design of reinforced concrete structures generlly reeribed for reinforced ene design course in civil engineering curialum in Indian universities. The subject mater is generally tug in two courses, the fist couse covers the concept and design of independent suctural elements and thir detailing, whereas the second course deals with the design of stuctures which ae assembly of elements covered in the fist course and ae advanced in nature. Therefore, itis decided to cover the subject matter in to books. ‘The main objective of the fist book eniled: Fundamentals of Relnforced Concrete Design published by Prentice-Hall of India (2005), covering the fit cours on reinforced concrete, i to develop the ability to analyze ad design a reinfored concrete member subjected to different types of forces ins simple and gical manner using the basic principles of sates and code provisions which emphasize safety. serviceability and eeonor ‘This second book presents the applictions of design concept learted in the fit book. However, due to ever ineeasing use of concrete structure allover the word, the progress in the design concept has increased in the Inst few decades. At present efforts are being made to formulate unified design approach. Engineering companies expect civil engineering grates to understand the code provisions and. consequetly, tobe able to design a concrete strocture effectively and economically ith minimum taining period or overhead costs. Taking this ito onsideraon, the Book is writen to achieve the fllowing ebjctives: To preset a teat to cater mainly tothe clssroom or selF-sidy needs of senior undergnduate student in civil engineering, withthe subject mater based on cure Gesign practices and the requirements of the I:456 PyProface ESE However the desig and deuiing of fla slbs by icc design and equivelest frame methods are covered in Chaper 4 CChapier Shas been devoted io the design of sats by yield line theory which is consistent with limit tates method used inthe book. All ypes of one-way and two-way isotopically and ‘athetopeally reinforced slabs incladiog uapensial, eangulr polygonal ciculue and skew slab, re presented with adequate examples (Chapter 6 explains the design of special snictral elements ke domes, curved beams deep beams, racket ar cobel nibs oF beam shelves, grid or cotfered floor system, ribbed slab fysom and spandel beams, et. which are frequemly used in stu srucares. Chapter 7 emphasizes onthe analysis of continuous bears and building ames under gravity lad pateres using approaimate methods like momen coefficies for continue beams, subsite frame methed of frame analysis. A unique feature of tis chapter is the ‘moducton ofthe design of frames, adjustment of design moments at beam- tugs ies Mg> Mua the section i over reinforced. As the oversoinforced section is not parm it should be redesigned, 12.1 Design of Rectangular Beams ‘Te design of 4 reinforced concrete flexural member generally consists of determining the cross-sectional dimensions, v2. and D and the area of tension steel Ay reqied ta revs the ‘esign moment, My, The material properties fy and fare generally prevcibedieleted the basis of exposure Conditions. availability of materials and economy. The selection of cross section dimensions of flexural members (thickness of slabs, in particular) fom a structural view pair is efter dicted by sericabiiy ertera andthe requirement elated to the placement Of reinforcement General guideines for beam sizes: In general iis economical o opt for singly reinforced sections with moderate percentage of tension reinforcement, 1,7, = 06 to O8 times Pn ‘The recommended ratio of overall depin D to width b in recungular beam Sections is generaly in the ange of 15 to 30, it may be higher for beams caning very heavy loads. The width and depth of beams are also governed by the shear fore on the seetion. Ifthe ies of beams 5 dicated by architectural or oter considerations ae oo restrictive then the desired moment ‘essing capacity ofthe beam inflenare can be provided by making dewby reinforced and! for by providing bigh strength concrete and steel In practice, the overl depth of beams are often fixed in relation to their spans. Span: to-overaldepth ratios of 10 Wo 16 are generally found to be site in the ease of simply ‘Supported and continuous beams. However, incase of cantilever, lower ratios ae adopted, 2d the beams are gecrlly tapered in depth along thei lengths for economy. Design of Singly Reinforced Beams TYPE I Determination of tensile steel for « given crosssection. The following example Iusraes te procedure.Basic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design Example 1.1 Determine the area of tensile reinforcement required for a singly reinforced beam Section of size 300 % 550 mm effective 1 cary factored moment of 195 kNm. The comerete mix used is M20 and tensile stool reinforcement i of grade Fel Solution For the given section and materials, = 300 mm, d = $50 mm, fi = 20 MPa, and f, = 415 MPa Limiting moment of resitance of the section, Mi g20.1388 fh = 0.1388 % 20 x 300 x 550" x 10% = 251.92 kNm Since acual factored moment M, = 175 ENm i less than the limiting moment of resistance, the section must be designed as‘ upéer-reinfoced section. From Eq. (110), 010 mm? naam ssn) [ -} ‘(=3]) OF Fv 3 Yn a 2 ed ca be of 10m 8 y= 5 mm 19981 sno poping of secon spr he gen oT sep ste ( Caeite e mairum fire being moet Me ape ot (> Ghooe 4 per ay oft tan ain pei en 2 ea 4 (i) Downie seal Sims ad’ d om hoe Ma = Manes (i) nam te ol ah Dy ning Cone coer ome ete coo a (0 Chamas he wet of aso énorenen wig te epopiae exon 1.2. Design a reinforced concrete beam having an effective simply supported span (of 5:3 m. The beam is reguited tO support live and superimposed loads of 15 KN ind TO kNim, respectively. The materials 10 be sed are M20 yrade concrete and HYSD steel of sade Fells Solution For M20 grade concrete and Fe815 grade wee, fig = 20 MPa and f, = 415 MPa Live lod 9) = 1S kN ‘Soperimposed load, = 10 kN For caleulstion of the sel-weight of the beam. conser the depth of th bear toe ithe range of LI2 iz, D = 50) mm and 5 = 250 mm (b = DP),Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures Self-veight of the bear Total dead load w= Wy + m= 3125 + 10.00 = (025 « 050. 1 x 25 = 3:25 kN 3.125 kN ‘The pail safety factors fr loads ace: yy = = 1.5. Desigh moment at collapse de to factored loads wll oeour atthe mid-span of the beam: umd, owl 18031284 oy, = 2a, mate For the balanced file condin, s = 159.52 kN Mem, Msg, 0.1388 ghd! = 15952KNm Assuming b = 2, the receding relation reduces to, 0.1388 6d2M¢ = 159.52 10" 159.52 108 i388 20% 07 | = 49619 wm (ay 490 Adopt 20 nn bars ‘Overall depth D= d+ (ial diameter of bar) + Nominallear cover = 486.19 + 10 + 30 = 526.19 mm (sy 530 mm) Effective depth d= 530 — 10 - 30. = 490 mm “Thus, provide = 250 mm, D = 30 mm and d = 490 mm with an effective cover of 40 mm, ‘The dimensions assumed for calculating the sel-veight are close tothe actual values. Hence tere is mo ecessiy for repeating the calculations For M20 grade coocrete and Fodl5 grade stel, 0.961 Pim 0.961 x 250 490 100 177 eo? Provide 4 bars of 20 mm @ (Ay = 1257 mm. Design of beams reinforced in tension and compression: In practice, very frequently the section has wo cary a moment mor thin ican rest sea balanced section, Ax 1456 do a6 Permit the use of over reinforeed section iti preferable to design it as a doubly reinforced beam where the einferement is also provided in compression to pve aditional strength 1 the concrete due to additonal moment of resistance. Doubly reinforced sections ate aso ‘Provided inthe eases of load wheve reversal of suesen may ‘ake place, eg. wind and farhquake ood ‘Thus the moment of resistance of « doubly reinforced section is the sum of the Hmiing ‘moment of RSstnce Mju Of te singly winfored section and the addiioeal moment ofBasic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design JEM resistance Miy(* My ~ Mya): The lever arm for addtional moment of resistance is equal to the distance between the cenzoids of tension and compression reinforcements (=~ d), where isthe effective cover to the compression reinforcement. The addtional tensile force is ‘olanced by the adsitonsl compressive force, i, ArAOST) = Auk fe ~ So) ay) May = Aes OSTEAE ~ at) May = Auli ~ LNd ~ as) ‘Area of additional tension reinforcement ‘Area of compression infreement Design suess in compression steel Design stress in concrete a the level of compression tela distance d” below the "op edge ‘The stress in eonrete is constant fom the top 10 8 depth 04 nae Geral, a 5 09 Sn Hence Ju 0447fa ‘The stress in compression tej ean be determined from is sta. The sans and stresses ‘developed in & doubly reinforced section ae shown in Fig. 1.3, The stain in concrete st ‘distance a” from the extreme compression fibre and hence in compression steel can be ‘eterined 0.003505 =’) Sm (16) For mild ste, stress emuins constant with the increase in sain beyond the yield point For the values of (ld) up 10 0.2, fe 18 equal to OST and fu 6 equal 1 O87}, Le foe = O8Tf, = 087 250 = 217.5 MPa When the reinforcement to be ase is HYYSD steel of grades Fet15 and FeS00, the sess in compression sel, can be obtained from Table 1.3 forthe given values of 7d For a doubly reinforced balanced section, equate total compressive force to toa tensile force, i 362 humee B+ Auth ~ fe) = O87 Ay a ‘Taking moment of compressive force about lesion steel, My = 0362 fp HnebMd ~ OMe) +A ~ Sa) (1.18)Design of Reinforu! Concrete Structures Design pro ede. ‘The varios steps involved are: (@) Determine the limiting moment of resistance of the section Mya. considering the section tobe singly minfored wo 9 Sra (© Sh roca pat ‘Fig, 13. Design of beam reinforced both in tnsian and compression. Tra" AelO87h) (6 ona a Table 13. Design Sees for Dierent Yates of (6) a D000 0045 0.080. 0055 0.080 0.086 2070 2.080 0.088 2.000 D006 ‘0.300 0.108 oxo ons 0120 an zi Sas Raa resid FD Feiso Fee rn irs aseartauas | ome 2s aon SATSURSLROMMARA] 188 27s os ars ase ans | ong irs et irs jeror aie | ows ays ane 2175 5ps0 2047 ROHAN RET SEED, hrs wot om | oe ats ora irs sere tear | 010 zis aoa ins sara tise | ore 27s Sano hrs iowa te | ome 2s Ses bs eam aisas | ovo airs 880 ars ates dies irs a0 avs asim ost | oto airs aes ins woe wea | ome ais snes irs Moa coras. [oaa 008 irs wes cosas | 0708 mss Feet 045 arn sao 30749Basic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design MINN (i) Compare Mai with the factored design moment My IF Miiin > Ma singly reinforced station will be adequate, and FOF Mam My the beam sal be designed 8 doubly reinforced section. (ity Determine the area of tension reinforcement Ay required fr singly reinforced beam. of sep Mate Ae WRF 081 aad ey) (Gv) Calle the balance or additonal factored momento be resisted by the beam: Mag = My — Mun 120) ‘This moment is to be balanced by the additional tension steel Aye and the compression stel Ay the forces in these steels form an additonal items! couple of resistance. (9) Determine Aye and Ay from the relations: Mas ana M, fe oarganay ASTM aan ry where and fare design stresses in compression sel and concrete atthe level of the centioi of compression steel, (Gi), Determine tol tension steel: Ae hat es ay Bxample 1.3 A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular seeion of size 250 x $80 mm ‘overall is 10 be designed for a factored moment of 225 kNm. Compute the reinforcement ‘eure atthe effective cover of $0 mm, The concrete mix tobe used is M20 andthe grade (of eel is Fe. Solution The eees-sectonal dimensions and materi properties are: = 250 mm, d= $50 ~ 50 = 500 mm and d= 50 mm fin = 20 MP, f= 415 MPa and M, » 225 kNm ‘The limiting depth ofthe neural axis: Fame = 0479 X 300 = 23955 om ‘Mem for & singly reinforced setion is given by Mase" 01388 fd = 0.1388 x 20 x 250 x SOG! 17350 10° Nom For M20 grade cones and Fost5 grade sel, 173.50 kN Ae Pram = OF =WHEA_Devign of Reinforced Conerete Structures Therefore, 96 «250 x 500 Ay SEXES 1200 ma? Since M,> Meum: sdiional moment of resistance required is: My, = 25 = 1735 = 515 kNm ‘Adéisonal tension reinforcement is bined at follows: Mus = COBTS,) Ayla ~ 2) AM 515% 10" Mo ORT aT)” OaTKA Te ap -316 98 en? Total tensile steel Ay = Ayy «Ags = 1200 + 31698 = 1517 mm? ‘The compression see i piven by the relation: Maa = Anthe~ fod ~ ) M, fe Ga fama For did = 010 and sts grade sel fom Table 13. f, = 35193 MPa fo = 048TH, here, s1sx 10% Au = GS193= 8.98) x S00= 50) ~ 7967 mH 1.22 Design of the Flanged Beam Sections When a concrete slab is cast monokiially with and, comnecied 0 rectangular beams, & potion ofthe slab above the beam behaves structurally a8 part ofthe beam in compression. Te lab ortons is called the flange and beam the web. If he ange projections are on ether side of ‘he ecangular web o Hib the resin erossection resembies the Tape and hence i ealed 1 T-eam section. On the other hand. ifthe lange projets on one side, the resuling eros ‘ection resembles an inverted Land hence is teed as L-beam. The anged beams ae shown, 114. The effective width ofthe ange, 8 that acts along withthe rectangular, may be taken tr stilted by IS456 ae ra Yee tye (4) em, cares for thom (5) enon, wasBasic Principles of Reinforced Conerte Design EM where isthe distance between zero moment (inflection) points inthe beams. This is equal to the effecive span for simply supponed beams and is 0.7 times the effective span for ‘continuous beams. However, the effactive flange width in no case should exceed the breath ‘of web plus half the sum of the clear distances to the adjacent beams on eter sie. In case of isolated beams, the effective fange width obtained below shall, in wo case, be greater than the actual width of the flange, For P-beam: by bet oR by + 70d For Pea: yo Tinea ae ‘Asin rectangular beams, the anged eections may be ether singly or doubly reinforced. Design of Flanged Beam with Tension Reinforcement only: ‘Te steps involved ae () Batimate the depth ofthe Nanged beam for preliminary computations as follows (@) V2 of the span for heavy loads (©) V2 to LAS ofthe span for medium loads (134 10 120" for ight touts bye yte) +20. bg Zi - (0) tect secon of ange bans 414 Iéeatization of @ floor system using longed booms.Design of Reigforced Conerote Structures oe WELLL LLL, Ls aa ecm bee wa ‘cn (0) Natl wit te Srge Ge > 0) 0086 ete — Lin (0 Creesecten (9 Seams) Wed coreston 9) Range cansbuon cove ) Newalac wed Ut 0 ig. 1.5, Nomel stress distribution in a reinforced concrete T-beam under lure. Determine self weight and hence the design moment Mf ‘Check depth from economic consieratins: 2 (efaterl” a5 here r isthe cost ratio of steel to cere However sine the width ofthe Mange of « T-bam is generally large and the neta axe falls within the Mange, the depth of the Beam may be selected such that she neural axis coincides withthe bottom of the flange 50 thatthe concrete in flange is fully tized. Thus, M, = 0.36% by Dd ~ 04160) d= 0.8160, + (126 aM D362f5;D, Revise the design moment My. if required, to be caved by the beam. Gi) Eximate the wid of rb 2, which is approximately one-half ofthe sib projection below the flangeBasic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design (IE (ii), Ascenain the ype of section, Le, whether it is balaned, underceinforced oF ove reinforce, (iv) Caeulte the sectional area of reinforcement (©) Based on the sectional area of reinforcement obtained in step (iv), determine the actual postion ofthe neural axis and hence the actual value ofthe lever arm. (i). Recalculate the sectional area of reinforcement Bxample 1.4 Design a Thoam section witha Mange width of 1250 mm, a lange depth of 100 min, a veb width of 250 mm, and an effective dept of $00 mm, which is eubjeted to «factored moment of $60 kN. The concrete mix tobe used is of grade M20 and steel sof agode Fels Solution For the given cross-section and mute y= 1280 mm, Dy = 100 mam, by = 250 mm and d Sig= 20. MPa and f, = 415 MPa com = 0479 d = O79 x 500 = 239 mm Limiting moment of resistance ofthe balanced section is given by Mig = 036% by Sunald ~ 0416 ya) + O44 A2{b, ~ byNd ~ OY) 00 mm where (15% + 0450) 0€ Dy whichever is less OS % 2395 + 06S x 100 = 100925 mm > Dy Hence Y= 100 mm Therefore, (0.362 x 20 x 280 x 2395 x (S00 - 0416 x 2395) ++ 1487 x 20 x 100 x (1250 ~ 250) x (500 ~ 0.5 x 100) = 51586 % 10° Nom = 575.86 km Since My < Myjy it is an under-reinfored section. To ascertain the postion of neural axis ‘consider tha it coincides withthe botom of the ange. i. x4 = Dy The moment of eistance ofthe section Is given by Mesa = 0362 by D/d ~ 0160) = 0.362 x 20 x 1250 % 100 x (S00 ~ 0.416 x 100) x 10 = 414.85 Khim Since M,punge < Mu the actual neutral axis is inthe web. The value of x, can be determined fiom the moment equation. My = 0362f eb ld ~ 04165) + O47alb, ~ BOA ~ 054) where Y= 0S, + 0650,MEER. Desie of Renfred Coneete Stratos Table 14 Permisuble Shear Stostas i Concota % with Various Values of Crack Cont Parameter (Cont) ‘p= 100 Porn shar anos MPa) Fameabie amar sees Pa) agi Grate of canoe ‘of eoee on carr onze 07 290 ons 00 780 he oso He een, 10 ose 12 om 13 ome 138 one 12 oe va caeBasic Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design EM Table 14 Pamictble Shear Sresses in Cerete t wih Varout Values of Crack Cont! Parameter (Con) = 10) Paria shor simon MPs) ‘Pens shear eas OPS) Pate ‘Gia of eonaee 2a 958 0916 0540 ae oa oote 0960 tort Nat The won Aue ae of natal lens entcaret wich cannons atest ore afc enh ‘jade ocar nang conte excels suppers ere the ul nes of ns febconem May 20 td pondol he duining contre le cures 2803 and 2829 of (OME ‘Maximum shear stress in concrete, fue When nominal sear stress, exceeds the shear strength of concrete tq suitable shear reinforcement is provided. However, ander a0 ‘Grcumstances even withthe sear reiforcerent, sll the nominal shea ste, eX Fann ‘When dhe shear sess, greater than fg he section is redesigned by using higher grade ‘of concrete mix or by providing greater depth. The values of Tue for different grades of ‘eonersie ae given in Table 1.5 Table 1.8 Manu Sheer Sess, fae Canara grade 20 2s wae ene PA) 28 34 38 a7 40 For solid slabs, tho nominal shear sass shall ot exe0ed 0.5F yx Shear reinforcement: When +, exceeds the shear stength of conerele tthe shear reinforcement in the farm of sirups shall be provided to cany the design shear Tore, Vg = Va 4 (128) whore Vis the shear force duc 4 externally applied design loudHED esign of Reinforced Concrate Siructuree ‘The design of sticrps is based on vera cognponent of diagonal tension wie horizontal component is resisted by the main tension sel. Consider 2egged simups with ttl area of legs of A, the spacing S, of stipe is ven by O87 And ae (129) where “Ay = Total crose-sectonal aca of sirup les effective in shear pocing ef simaps along the length af the member reaih of the beam (or the web inthe langed beam) f= Characerisic strength of stirrup steel in MPa which shall not exceed 415 MPa ‘Minimum shear reinforcement: If x, < the minimum or nominal seat reinforcement in the form of stirups shall be provided in all ube beams sch that tesou(t) wo Maximum spacing of stirrups, Syux To ensure that no potential crck shall remain tmerosed, che manimun spacing Sime should mot exceed 0.7Sd fr eral stimups and d for stimups inclined at 5°, where d i the effective depth ofthe section or 300 mun. whichever ales. Design Procedure for Shear Reinforcement (@) Determine the factored or uikimate design shear fore, Vi i) Compute nominal shear sess onthe section by dividing V, by bd (i) Determine the shear strength of concrete, and hence the shearessting capacity of the um-reinfored concrete seston, V. = hk Go) Compare, With Fu HE > Kaa EUesgD the cross-section of the beam such that % < Fenn 0) Compare Vy with ¥ (0 with &). IF US Vn 90 shear design is required. Provide nominal reinforcement in form of vertical Simups throaghout the Beam at the Spacing S. given by or aay where Ay isthe tata cross-sectional atea of step eps (vi) IF > V provide shear reinforcement fr sessing the design shear force Vs given by Va = Ve Ye c 32)Basie Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design ETM (i) Choose the dlameter ofthe sirup bar (generally 68.10 or 12 mm) and the type of sup. Determine the spacing of the siraps a follows For vertical sirraps ost, ud O87f, Aw os = a3) For beneap bars If the tesion ste is available for shea, bend one or more bats fom tension steel at AS" at distanced from the suppors. The shear force taken by ben-up bar i V, = Gy Ay sin acy 4 ¥y) asp where Ay isthe total ers-sectonal are of bent up bar Design sheur fore for te veral str is given by Wa= Ve ~ Vy Vyp= O87 dy Hn 39) where ‘Ay ® Total crosssectional area of stinup legs or beat-up bars within a distance 5, S, = Spocing of sirup or beat-up bas along the Kngth +b Broadth of section (fora flanged section, b= b,) {fy = Characteristic strength of steel sed for simaps > 415 MPa (= Angle between the inclined stiups andthe axis ofthe member and shall tot be Jess than 45" 4d = fective depth ofthe section (ii) Cheek wheter the spacing of stirups obtained in Step () or (1) amd (i sates the code design requirement: (@) 8, ¥ 075d (spacing governed by the depth of the beam) 0) 8, ¥ nf WO4D) Coased on the minimum shear reinforcement) (6) 8, £ 60 1am (auggested foe beter compaction of conc. (8) Find the distance from the suppor up to which the designed stirups are require. For the rest ofthe portion provide minimum shear reinforcement. Bxample 1.5 A reinforced concrete eam of rectangular cross-section of 300 mim width and 550 mim overall depth is reinforced with 6 bars of 20 mm ¢ HYSD steel of grade Fes13, laced a an effective cover of $0 mm. Out of 6 bars 3 burs have been bent up st 45°. Design the shear reinforcemcat if the beam is subjected to & uniformly disubuted faired lad of 100 kNim over a simply supported clr span of 7 m. The concrete mix usd is MO.HEB enipn of Reinforced Conerte Structures ‘Solution For te given cross-sectional dimensions and material prope, b= 500 mm, d= 550 ~ 50 = 50 mm, fy = 20 MPa end f, = 415 MPa, The maximum focored shcar force is calcul at a distance from the Fae of the suppor Ths, we 1006 300 kN ‘Ava of inclined bars AS x 20 mm @) = 942 mn? Shear resistance of inclined bars ent up atthe same crossetion is SI) Ay sin = O87 x 415 5c 942 5 in 48 240493 N = 240.49 KN Aves of tension reinforcement a te section of maximum shear (Le. the aoa of continuing bas Tren AGS x20 mm @) 2 982 mn? 0A, _ 100942 m= Td * 300% 500 0.628 per cent Shear swongth of M20 grade conrate for p, = 0.628 per cen, = 0524 MPa Shear resisting capacity ofthe un-infoced concrete section We ohd = 0524 3005500 = T8600 N= 78.6 KN Marimum permissible sear strength with sear reinforcement Son = 28 MPO [Nominal shear sires an the erosssecton, 1M, _ 30010" {a ~ 300% 500 Since F< 5 € fun the Seton i seceptable with shear reinforcement Design shear fore Vy = Vy ~ Vp = 300 — 786 = 221.4 KN Since Vay < Var its resisted by 3 inclined burs. However. 18:456 stipulate that half of the ‘design shea force must be resisted by the vertical surups. Provide 8 mm @ 2egged vertical stimaps with y= 100 ma 2.0MPa O81 Aod OSh, Spacing, 5, = 87 4155 100 x 500 0.5% 2014 x10" 16308 ramBaio Prineipies of Reinforced Concrete Design ERM Maximum spacing based onthe depth of the beam, s, 175 mm oe 300 mm stichever i smaller 15d = 0.75 x 500 ‘Therefore, provide 8 mm @ 2egged vericalstinups at 160 mm cle whic is ls satisfactory ‘om the placement pot of view. The fir slimup i wally plced at a distance $,/2 from ‘he suppoet to prevent any possible propagntion of shear erick 1.32. Design for Torsion ‘The torsion reinforcement consists of closely spaced closed stimups or hoops with good anchorage being provided by hooking the stirup bar ends around the longitudinal reinforcement, 'AS per the simplified approach recommended by 18:456, the total longindlnal ‘enforcement is termined for 4 ficous equivalon? bending moment. Similarly, the transverse reinforcements determined fo a itisous equivalent shear which is obtained Fm ‘actual shear and torsion. In the flanged secions the contibtion of anges is neglected, i, the rectangular web portion alone is considered quivalent shear: The equivalent shear Vi, is ealealted as follows ve=neu() a9 Factred shear force T= Factor torsion moment ‘Wilh ofthe Beam (= b, forthe Nanged section) ‘The equivalet nominal sheer sess is clcultd as, wet for beams of uniform eth = ac 4,14 tan bd where and Bare the effective depth and the angle between the top and bottom edges ofthe eam, respectively. The -ve sign shall be ase when the moment IM increases numersly in the stme decton asthe effective depth for beams of varying depths aanHEEB Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures ‘The value off shll not exceed the valve of fu olbervise cross-sectional dimensions should be revised. If < , minimum shear reinforcement shal be provided, which is given ty An 04 my a3) nd longitudinal enforcement for flere only shall be provided. IF exceeds x, both Tongitudal and transverse reitorcemens shall be provided as described herenaier. Longitudinal reinforcement: Longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided 10 resist equivalent bending moment Mf given by Maa Me My 439) where 1M, = Factoed bending moment atthe cross-section M,= Contribuion of torsion moment T, in te bending moment 1+DIb) 17 ‘where D and b are overall depth and breadth of the cross-section, respectively. “The bending equivalent M4, fr torsion induces tension on both faces of Beam along the length Therefore, if the numerical valu of as defined eater, is les than the numerical Value of moma! M,, the tension due 19M, adds to the tension due to My andthe stel for tou tension duc to M+ Mf, is provided on bending tension side ony. The tension effet of ‘Mon bending compression side being les than bending compression due tM, no addition see i required on bending compression side, ‘On the her hand, when #f,> My, the resolantfenie foree on bending tension side ‘emains hat due 10 M, + M, on bending compression side, tension due to M, being greater than bending compression di to My theres revallant tension due off, and longa reinforcement shill he provided on the Flexural compression face sls to resist an equivalent moment Ms = Mf~ M, taken as acting inthe sense opposite to the moment M, to take care reveal of moment 40) Transverse reinforcement: The crossscctioal orca Ay of tworegged cloned hoops oF simape encksing in the comers longitudinal bars is given by TS, __WS, BaWOSTA) * ESH0RTF) aay ‘But the transverse ste shall not be ess than rhs, (ON7h) aanBasic Principles of Reinforced Conerte Design EM where 'S.= Spacing of simup reinforcement y= Centretocenize distance between comer bars in the direction of width 4d, = Cente-o-cente distance between comer bars inthe direction of depth ‘b= Breadth of the member f= Characteristic strength of wansvere sel Detailing Requirements for Torsion (©) The longidinal tel shall be placed as close as practicable to the comers ofthe cross section. The spacing of longitudinal bars (¢ 10 mm ©) dstibued around the periphery (of closed stirups shall not exceed 300 rm. In all cases, there shall be at last one Tongitadinal bar in each comer ofthe sirup. In case the cross-sectional dimension of the member exceeds 450 mm, aditional longitudinal bars shall be provided along the two faces. Tho tal area of sch reinforcement shall not he Tess than 0.1 percent of the web area and shall be distributed equally on the two faces a a spacing nt exceeding 300mm or web width, whichever is less, (Gi The eansvere see for torsion shall be inthe form of rectangular closed stipe placed perpendicular to the axis ofthe member. The spacing of simups shall not exceed the Jeast ofr.) + 9;)4, and 300 mm. where x; and yy re the short and long dimensions ofthe simups, respectively, as shown in the Fig. 1.6) (ii) The torsion sel shall be provided atleast fora distance (d+ 5) beyond the point where its teoreclly required, were isthe width ofthe par of the crot-setion having closed stimaps resin tonion, ‘Beample 1.6 Design a recangular reinforced concrete beam section 0 camry @ factored ‘ending moment of 200 kN, factored shear force of 120 KN. and a Tacoved torsion moment ‘of 75 ENM. Concrete mix of grade M20 and HYSD see of grade Fed ae to be used ia Solution Foe the given materials, Jg= 20 MPa and f, = 415 MPa (My = 200 KN, Vz = 120 KN and 7, = 75 kN Consider the ease fg > 5: wherein both longiidinal and transverse reinforcements shall be ‘provided for resisting equivalent moment and equivalent shear free. respectively. Longitudinal reinforcement: Equivalent moment is given by Me = My + My shee m= 7,( 2) Conte at, Db = 20; hen see BXLD «035 aK 17‘etre TPT samme (2) Rescate of nam of Caste 1 Fig. 1.6. Dimensions ond reinforcement details of « rectangular section subjected to fle sheor and tonon. Since M, i ess than M,, no steel on the compression fae s required for equivalent moment of M, ~My My = My + M;= 200 + 13235 = 33235 kN ‘The design for lexure may result in cliher singly reinforeed balanced, undersenfored oe ovbly reinforced section. For a balanced section, int ‘To ensure the beam to be upderteinforced, liming p; to (4) x (0.00961) = Q0072 (ay 00075). IF x, be the depth of the actual neutral xis, then from the internal force equllciam condition, 0.362 bey O87h A, Kem "04794 and Pram) = 0.00961 087s, 03625 0362 fa JL bd ne d= 03608 (0362 x 20 « b x 03740 x dx (d ~ O16 x 03780 x d) = 2.286 bE ‘Therefore, 2.286 ad = 33285 x 10° Consider b = 0.54, therefore, pw 332352108 = Taoxos 4 = 662.50 mmBasie Principles of Reinforced Concrete Design EBB ‘Adopt b = 350 mm, d = 650 mm and D = 700 mm, with the ratio DYb = 700380 = 20. The ‘al i the same as coosdered caler and, hence, the section is satisfactory. Ars of steel requie, Ay © 0.0075 % 380 % 650 = 170625 ma? Provide 5-22 mm bars as tension reinforcement (Ay = 1900 mm!) and 2-12 mm @ bars a tp in compression zone as hanger bars. Side face reinforcements As the dept of the section i more than 450 mmm, side face reinforcement of 0.10 percent of te Web section is 19 be provided: eo tonal intoceat = 910,079 = 245m Provide 2 x 10 mm @ bars on each face. Transverse reinforcement: The sheer srength of concrete, depends on p. anim 0200835, ie. 0835 per cen From Tables 1 8 MPs. W115, 5 = 0583 MPS ad aol) Equivalen shear force. V, =. Equivalent nominal shear sess, 1, 462.86 010° tao i BBO 3.055 Moa Since f < fe < fom the scion is secepable with shear reinforcement Consider uansverse reinforcement consisting of 12 mm @ 2legged vertical sterups (Ay, = 226 mn’), the spacing of straps is given by OSTA Thay + VIOSH) ] = 28 se distance between corner bars in the direction of the width of the bear 390-25 - 25-22 = 278 mm e distance between comer bars in the diretion of the depth of the beam 660 = 25 - 6 = 619 mm, se 087 x 415% 226 _ {75 «10°78 6199] + [120% 1057125 619), 58.97TEI _Design of Reinforced Concrete Sructeres Minimum reinforcement to be provided is given by Thus, os7fA, , Pan (= O8 percent) Therefor, x0) (uae a) (ar 885 mm*) ata clear cover of 40 mam over the els. ) = 08 et Provide 6 bars of 20 mm ® (A, Design of spiral tet Consider a bar diameter of 6 mm and pitch Diameter ofthe core, D, = 399 — 40 40 = 310 mm Diameter of the helix, Dy = 390 - 40 — 40 6 = 304 mam From Eq. (147), 11 Ma pean = 28.87 mm 390° = 3107 35 )HED Design of Reinforot Concrete Structures However, 15:486 has imposed rections on the pitch as follows 25 mm 5 l39, 218 om 15 mm ** |310/6=51.67 mm Provide 6 mm @ spin at 28 mn cle pitch. 1.52 Column Subjected to Combined Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending ‘The teal eos-sctonal dimensions are generally fixe in advance during the stage of analysis for design forces. The crost-ectional dimensions are either based on architectural consideriions of on designer's judgement and experience. In onder to overcome lengthy ‘akultons, column design interaction diagrams may be used. The following procedue i recommended: (@) Consider the ares of longitodinal sel say, between and 2 percent of the gross ‘ronesectonal area of concrete. Wi Pf fy a al eawsctional dimensions, ing predetennied, check whether the columa is shoe or long. If there are no retstions onthe dimensions ofthe column, consider the eimentions ofthe clara such that i i a shor’ columa, Le ly/D € 12 and lyf < 12, I shor proceed as follows (i) Check te eccentricity we -(@)omm| CCompine the design paramters 1D, PylfgbD) a0 My fabD"). (iy For the given dD ratio, grade of sco, shape of the section and the ype of stabaton of eel, choose the appropriate column design interaction cue iv) For the computed values of P/fbD) and M,((fabD*) mack the pont som the curve selected in sep (i (1) Find the valu of pif comesponding to the pints pote in sep (i) (63) Caleulte the total area of reinforcement forthe vale of (pf) obtained in sep (8) ss follows POA) yf DY, a” Ta 100 (i) Distribute the tal ares of stecl as por the curve used. (vis) Determine wansvene steel and dex the sections suitably.Basie Principlos of Reinforced Conerete Design EE | Load and Biaxial Bending ‘Keeping in mind the following poins select sable tral section: 1.5.3 Column Subjected to Axi Mas. ™, 4 © exec, iw where d, and dy are effective depths in y+ and dictions, respectively. (i) From the point of view of god design practice, Per 2sr0 ‘The tal percentage of reinforcement can be determined by designing the columa section 5 vnianalyIoeded column for the moment, a= (ua M3, a9) 150 hus recommended the formula proposed by Breser forthe design of columns subjected to banal bending. The method is based on interaction surface forthe design lod sytem Py, May a08 Me, as) Gas) «(me where Mai ad May are the uniaxial moment capacities combining the given axial lod P, with bending moments about x and janes, eapectvey. “The value of ce depends onthe parameter PyIPux. For Py/Py values varying from 0.210 (08, cr vary nearly from 10 t0 20: to fe 02, 1 square inertace for E > 08, = 20 cirle interface wore Scot ax(2)-(3)£) assy OANA, + O73 Aw Ce = 0) ADA, + O6TfAy (0 < € < 05D) In pretical designs, r= 1.15 10 1.55 is generally satisfactory for rectangular sections ad 1.5 to 2.0 for square sectionsMBI Devign of Reinforced Concrete Structures ‘The following procedure can be adopted for the design of biaxilly loaded column (i) Predatermine or assign the tal cross-sectional dimensions (Gi) Chock thatthe events eg = (Ma/P) ane, = (Mg/P4) are no less than the comespondimg minimum design eccenices i) Compute Mx. and Min comesponding to P, such that they are significantly preter than Mand My: cterwise vse the tal section. iv) For the given section, determine Pe and hence a (0) Chock the adequacy of the section, redesign if necessary. 1.5.4 Slender Columns For the columns with slendemess ratios /,D and ef > 12. the aditional moments Ma, end ‘Ma, in appropriate directions shall be taken into account while designing the eohumn section eo [BBNis)] me [RBI] oo P,= Axial load on the member |= Erfectve lngihs in respect of major and minor axes, respectively De Depth a nght angles to the major axis ‘b= Wiath of the section “These adinal moments are to be reduced hy the factor K given by ae Pas where, = axial load to be supported on the compression member, Pag = OMIA, + 0.75 Ae = axial lod comesponding to the balanced stains condition, be <1 sy) Calculation of Puy: For a secon with steel dstbuted on all 285, Pu For rectangular section Aon ) [oe(Z])am as) Fe eek ction ran[a onl f]fao% ass 1 and canbe oto’ from Table 5" of wh pis the perenage oft el nthe ‘tam. ‘andanct of infired concee dig by MLL. Gaijagrams, Tmeraction curves for recingular column sections with reinforcement of grade FedI5 disibwted equaly on wo sides parallel to the axis of bending and placed coverto-Seth ratios d'1D of 0.04, 006, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 and 0.20, are gives in ‘Appendix D. The tel ratios represented by he paramcter pf onthe design curves vary fr (000 to 0.24 at an interal of OO. The readers shoul refer othe special publication of BS, *SP:16—Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS'456" and reference 3) for more details In the parameter pl. the term p represents percentage of ttl tel with respect 10 BD Aiseipued symmeticaly on two faces oF on all the faces i case of reetangular sections, and with respect to DK 9 for erela sections. 1.6 SHEAR FORCE IN COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO MOMENTS. ‘The columns subjected to ail load and bending should be checked for shear In the absence of aia lad, shear along the eotie height of column is given by Mag + Mean ‘Storey eight weer, due to presence of comprosice, the shea strength of concrete is larger than tha in ‘ase of pure shesr.BS'8110 has recommended enhanced shear strength, which is smaller of the following: oof), coors ocean Zi), oyna at eo soam teal 19 Di sto en cry tld of 201, Feo, Sada sin ft met ec SSorat eine ecu cia oan Renae Sta ld RAD np ei Ge ca cr sa Solution From the problem stipulations, fg = 25 MPa, f,= 415 MPa, b= 300 mm, P= 2250 KN My, = 150 kNm and M,y= 100 kN Preliminary design: To predetermine trial scion, consider an average reinforcement ratio (of 25 percent at an axially loaded column, P= Ohad. + O5T5A, 2250 x 10° = 040 x 25 & O9TSA, + 067 x AIS x 0.0254, Therefore, Ay = 1347206 mm?