Professional Documents
Culture Documents
All praises and gratitude to The Almighty Allah; the most gracious, most merciful and most beneficent;
who bestowed upon me the enlightenment and courage to complete this Irrigation Design successfully.
I am very thankful to my teacher Engr. Sir Huzaifa and would like to express sincere thanks for his
guidance and valuable suggestions all the way through this Design Project.
Author
2018
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction
o Irrigation
o Necessity of Irrigation
o Benefits of Irrigation
o Types Irrigation Systems
o Sources of irrigation water
o History of Irrigation System of Pakistan
o Problems faced by irrigation System
o Planning and Design of Irrigation Scheme
1.2 Methodology
o General
o Calculation of design discharge
o Discharge Statement/ Capacity Statement
o Design of Canals in Reaches
o Design of Outlets
o Design of Water Courses
o Command Statement
o Warabandi for Outlets
1.3 Design of Irrigation System
o Calculation of Design Discharge
o Water Allowance and Outlet Command Area Determination
o Calculation of Design Discharge for Outlets
o Discharge Statement/ Capacity Statement
o Design of Canals in Reaches
o Design of Outlets
o Design of Water Courses
o RL Calculations
o Command Statement
o Warabandi for Outlets
1.4 Drawings
o Irrigation Scheme
o Map of Outlet Command Area
o Cross-sections of Canal
o Cross-section of Water course
o Longitudinal Section of main and Minor Canal
1.5 Results and Recommendations
o Results
o Recommendations
1.6 References
3
4
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Irrigation
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of
agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and
during periods of inadequate rainfall. Additionally, irrigation also has a few other uses in crop
production, which include protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growing in grain fields
and helping in preventing soil consolidation. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall
is referred to as rain-fed or dry-land farming. Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression,
disposal of sewage, and in mining. Irrigation is often studied together with drainage, which is the
natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area.
Necessity of Irrigation;
Non-Uniform Rainfall
Sometimes rainfall is sufficient but non-uniform with time and place. Like Monsoon season etc.
Augmentation of crop yield
New high yielding varieties have higher water requirement. e.g sugarcane and rice need more water.
Exacting water requirement
High yielding varieties need exact amount of water. Excessive water lead to lesser yield
Cash Crop Cultivation
Cash crops require higher and assured supply of water with frequent water for maturity
Assured Water Supply
Right amount of water at right time is a key to For successful farming.
Orchards and Gardens
Fruit trees in orchards and gardens have higher requirement of water.
Benefits of Irrigation;
Sometimes back, irrigation projects were sectioned only if after deducting the maintenance charges,
they would ensure return of minimum prescribed rate of interest on the capital outlay. Sometimes
5
unproductive schemes were also sectioned. Now-a-days, irrigation projects are sectioned on the bases
of benefit cost ratio. The ratio should be generally more than 1:5. Direct and indirect benefits from
irrigation project have been summarized as follows:
Food production is increased. This helps in the solution of food problems of any country.
Production of other crops also increases.
Due to assured controlled supply of irrigation water it is possible to grow cash crops like cotton,
sugarcane, tobacco etc.
Irrigation projects are so designed that they bring some revenue to the state. This revenue adds to the
income of the state, and state can undertake certain welfare measures with it.
It helps the country in the attainment of self-sufficiency in food production. This results in saving of
lot of foreign exchange.
The people of the region become prosperous. This is because yield of the crops and value of land
increases due to irrigation facilities.
Irrigation canals and reservoirs may be used as source for domestic and industrial water supply scheme.
Irrigation canals provide facilities for cattle watering, boating, bathing and other recreations. ix. Large
deep canals with very low velocity of flow can be used for inland navigation.
6
Basin flood irrigation of wheat Irrigation of land in Punjab, Pakistan
Localized Irrigation
Localized irrigation is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a piped network,
in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Drip
irrigation, spray or micro-sprinkler irrigation and bubbler irrigation belong to this category of irrigation
methods.
7
Drip irrigation layout and its parts Drip irrigation - a dripper in action
Deep percolation, where water moves below the root zone, can occur if a drip system is operated for
too long or if the delivery rate is too high. Drip irrigation methods range from very high-tech and
computerized to low-tech and labor-intensive. Lower water pressures are usually needed than for most
other types of systems, with the exception of low energy center pivot systems and surface irrigation
systems, and the system can be designed for uniformity throughout a field or for precise water delivery
to individual plants in a landscape containing a mix of plant species. Although it is difficult to regulate
pressure on steep slopes, pressure compensating emitters are available, so the field does not have to
be level. High-tech solutions involve precisely calibrated emitters located along lines of tubing that
extend from a computerized set of valves.
Sprinkler Irrigation
In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and
distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system utilizing sprinklers, sprays, or guns
mounted overhead on permanently installed risers is often referred to as a solid-set irrigation system.
Higher pressure sprinklers that rotate are called rotors and are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or
impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle. Guns are similar to
rotors, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 40 to 130 lbf/in² (275 to 900 kPa)
and flows of 50 to 1200 US gal/min (3 to 76 L/s), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 0.5 to
1.9 inches (10 to 50 mm). Guns are used not only for irrigation, but also for industrial applications
such as dust suppression and logging.
Center pivot with drop sprinklers Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler
Most center pivot systems now have drops hanging from a u-shaped pipe attached at the top of the
pipe with sprinkler head that are positioned a few feet (at most) above the crop, thus limiting
evaporative losses. Drops can also be used with drag hoses or bubblers that deposit the water directly
on the ground between crops. Crops are often planted in a circle to conform to the center pivot. This
type of system is known as LEPA (Low Energy Precision Application). Originally, most center pivots
were water powered. These were replaced by hydraulic systems (T-L Irrigation) and electric motor
driven systems (Reinke, Valley, Zimmatic). Many modern pivots feature GPS devices.
9
A small center pivot system from the hub of a center-pivot irrigation beginning to end system
Lateral move (side roll, wheel line)
A series of pipes, each with a wheel of about 1.5 m diameter permanently affixed to its midpoint and
sprinklers along its length, are coupled together at one edge of a field. Water is supplied at one end
using a large hose. After sufficient water has been applied, the hose is removed and the remaining
assembly rotated either by hand or with a purposebuilt mechanism, so that the sprinklers move 10 m
across the field. The hose is reconnected. The process is repeated until the opposite edge of the field
is reached. This system is less expensive to install than a center pivot, but much more labor intensive
to operate, and it is limited in the amount of water it can carry. Most systems utilize 4 or 5inch (130
mm) diameter aluminum pipe. One feature of a lateral move system is that it consists of sections that
can be easily disconnected. They are most often used for small or oddly shaped fields, such as those
found in hilly or mountainous regions, or in regions where labor is inexpensive.
Sub-irrigation
Sub irrigation has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high water tables. It is a method
of artificially raising the water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants' root zone.
Often those systems are located on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys and combined
with drainage infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase
or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table.
Sub-irrigation is also used in commercial greenhouse production, usually for potted plants. Water is
delivered from below, absorbed upwards, and the excess collected for recycling. Typically, a solution
of water and nutrients floods a container or flows through a trough for a short period of time, 10–20
minutes, and is then pumped back into a holding tank for reuse. Sub-irrigation in greenhouses requires
fairly sophisticated, expensive equipment and management. Advantages are water and nutrient
conservation, and labor-saving through lowered system maintenance and automation. It is similar in
principle and action to subsurface drip irrigation.
Manual using buckets or watering cans
These systems have low requirements for infrastructure and technical equipment but need high labor
inputs. Irrigation using watering cans is to be found for example in peri-urban agriculture around large
cities in some African countries. This type of irrigation is also practiced in poor or developing
countries. It is also practiced in small gardens.
10
Automatic, non-electric using buckets and ropes
Besides the common manual watering by bucket, an automated, natural version of this also exist. Using
plain polyester ropes combined with a prepared ground mixture can be used to water plants from a
vessel filled with water.
The ground mixture would need to be made depending on the plant itself, yet would mostly consist of
black potting soil, vermiculite and perlite. This system would (with certain crops) allow to save
expenses as it does not consume any electricity and only little water (unlike sprinklers, water timers,
...). However, it may only be used with certain crops (probably mostly larger crops that do not need a
humid environment; perhaps e.g. paprika).
Using water condensed from humid air
In countries where at night, humid air sweeps the countryside, water can be obtained from the humid
air by condensation onto cold surfaces. This is for example practiced in the vineyards at Lanzarote
using stones to condense water or with various fog collectors based on canvas or foil sheets.
Indus basin
Controlled year-round irrigation began in 1859 with the completion of the Upper Bari Doab Canal
(UBDC) from Madhapur Headworks (now in India) on Ravi River.
UBDC was followed by Sirhind Canal from Rupar Headworks on Sutlej in 1872 (also in India) and
Sidhnai Canal from Sidhnai Barrage on Ravi in 1886.
The Lower Chenab (LCC) from Khanki on Chenab in 1892, and Lower Jhelum (L.J.C) from Rasul on
Jhelum in 1901 was constructed
12
Lower and Upper Swat, Kabul River and Paharpur Canals in NWFP were completed between 1885 to
1914.
Ravi River, serving a large area of Bari Doab, was deficient in supply while Jhelum had a surplus.
An innovative solution was developed in the form of the Triple Canal Project, constructed during 1907
-1915.
The project linked the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers, allowing a transfer of surplus Jhelum and
Chenab water to the Ravi.
The Triple Canal Project as a land-mark in integrated interbasin water resources management and also
provided the key concept for the resolution of the Indus Waters Dispute between India and Pakistan
in 1960.
The Sutlej Valley Project, comprising of 4 barrages and 2 canals, was completed in 1933, resulting in
the development of the unregulated flow resources of the Sutlej River and motivated planning for the
Bhakra reservoir (now in India).
During the same period, the Sukkur Barrage and its system of 7 canals serving 2.95 million hectares
of land in Lower Indus were completed.
Haveli and Rangpur from Trimmu Headworks on Chenab in 1939 and Thal Canal from Kalabagh
Headworks on Indus were completed in 1947.
This comprised the system inherited by Pakistan at the time of its creation in 1947.
CHAPTER
15
2
METHODOLOGY
General
To design an irrigation system, we must first find out that how much amount of water is required.
Considering the economy of the project it is found out that either the required amount is available or
not.
The design steps which must be considered are as under
It includes the following:
Deciding the cropping pattern of the area, Estimation of crop water requirements, design discharge,
water allowance, outlet command area and no. of outlets.
Show the alignment of canals and water courses and divide the whole area into outlet command areas,
location of each outlet in the scheme.
Design discharge for outlets.
Discharge/capacity statement for the canals.
Design of outlets, design of canals in reaches, design of water courses.
Typical Cross-sections of canals at start, mid, end, cross-section of water course.
Longitudinal profile of canal.
Command statement
Preparation of Warabandi.
ΣV
CWR for Kharif:
17
Sugarcane 330-365 10-15 0.85 7.5
(180-200
days in
kharif)
18
Rabi Discharge= Qr = ΣVr / rabi period (days) (ft3/sec)
Rabi Discharge= Qk = ΣVk / kharif period (days) (ft3/sec)
Design discharge = larger of Qr ans Qk
Water Allowance:
No. of cusecs required to irrigate 1000 acres.
Water Allowance = QD x 1000/ CCA (ft3/sec/1000 acres)
Outlet Command Area:
Generally the outlets used have Qoutlet =2-3 cusecs.
Qoutlet = WA x CCA of outlet/1000
CCA of outlet = D Acres
Minimum no of outlet required to irrigate the whole CCA = C / D
2. Divide the whole area into outlet command areas, location of each outlet in the
scheme. Show Alignment of canals and water courses.
According to the CCA of each outlet, divide the whole irrigation scheme into no. of blocks (small
areas) and the show the proposed alignment of canals and watercourses on the contour map of the area
keeping in mind the following points:
The area commanded by each outlet should be irrigated under gravity flow.
The length of water courses should not be more than 3Km or 2 miles.
Minimum idle length of canals in the system.
Based on these conditions, the area allocated for each outlet may be altered and hence the no. of
outlet calculated at the start will be different from what are being actually provided in the
distribution scheme.
19
3. Design discharge for outlets
Discharge of each outlet is calculated based on its actual area served plus the conveyance losses in the
water course (take 10-15%).
Conveyance Losses: Take place from barrage to the field. So design should be according to
requirement of water plus losses.
Major loss of water in an irrigation channel is due to:
Seepage (absorption or percolation), mainly absorption losses, vary from 2-50% of canal diversions
Evaporation, vary from 2-3%
In earthen channels losses due to seepage are much more than the losses due to evaporation. The
absorption losses depend upon following:
Type of soil o Subsoil water o Age of canal o Position of FSL w.r.t to NSL o Amount of Silt carried
by canal
Wetted perimeter
According to lacey:
QA=0.0133 L Q0.5625
QA= Absorption loss
L= Length of channel in thousand feet
Q= discharge in channel
20
Inflow outflow method
Water budgeting is done
Flows are measured at upstream, downstream end and diversions
Seepage = Inflows – Outflows
Relatively Quick, Simple, but depends on accuracy of discharge measurement (Notch Coefficent?
Current Meter?)
Indirect Methods
Steady state method
Knowledge of soil permeability and water table level is required
Flow net is drawn based on water table around canal
Seepage losses are calculated, using Darcy Forumlae
Q=KiA
Q=Seepage flow
K= Permiability
i = Head Loss Gradient = HL/L
A = Area of flow
Q/A= discharge velocity (not actual velocity, that depends on capillary area)
21
It can be calculated in the tabular form.
RD = Running Distance = 1000 ft
RD of QT
outlet GCA NCCA CCA Qoutlet Qs
Sr # Side L/R Designation
(Acres) (Acres) (Acres) (Cusecs) (losses)
(ft)
(Cusecs)
Main canal
1 1+500 R R1 a 0 a
L L1 a 0 a
2 2+000 R R2 b c b-c
3 4+000 L L2 d e d-e
4 4+500 L L3
5 5+500 R R3 f 0 f
L L4 g 0 g
Minor on Left (ML1), at 2+500 RD from Source
6 1+000 R ML1R1
L ML1R2
Similarly, it can be done for all the outlets off-taking from distributaries and minors.
NCCA
MR1R3 HR
E3 A
MR1R2 R1
MR1L3 E2 MR1R1 R2 B
MR1L2 E1 MR1 E C L1
MR1L1 ML1
F
R3 G L2 D1
ML1L1
ML1R1
H L3
Branch
L4
D2 Canal
ML1L2
ML1R2
NCCA
22
Discharge/capacity statement:
It gives the information about the discharge / capacity of canal at each section or reach of canal.
Preferably it should be started from the last reach and making the calculation of discharges upto the
starting reach of canal. Based on this discharge, canals reach is designed.
Sr # Canal Length of RD of Outlets In the Outlet Discharge (cusec) Qs Q in reach QT
Reach Reach reach (cusec)
(cusec) Cusecs
(ft)
QRight QLeft QT
1 HG 1000 5+500/R4 A A
5+500/L4
1+500/MR1R2
1+500/MR1R1
Q (cusecs)
RD (ft)
23
Design of outlets, design of canals in reaches, design of water courses.
In this way each canal reach section can be designed as Trapezoidal & Unlined section using Lacy’s
formulae. Follow the example 4.3 (dr. Iqbal Ali) on page 134.
Show detailed calculations for at least one canal reach and rest of the work can be done in tabular form.
24
Design of Outlet (Crump’s Open Flume type):
q = Cd W H3/2
H = Head over the crest of outlet from FSL of canal
Cd = 3.088 (Theoretical)
Actual value of Cd depends on W (throat width)
W = (q/Q) x B, q = outlet discharge, Q = canal discharge, B = Width of distributary canal (4 in-6 in).
W Cd
0.2 ft – 0.29 ft, 2.90
0.3 ft – 0.39 ft 2.95
Over 0.4ft 3.00
In this way the Head (H) for all the outlets can be determined based on the design discharge for each
outlet. Show one detail calculation and rest in tabular form as:
RD of QT W H (ft)
outlet Side
Sr # Designation
L/R
(ft)
(Cusecs)
Design of watercourses:
Design it as Lines and Rectangular using Manning’s formula:
Q = 1.49/n AR2/3S1/2
Slope of water course = 1:5000 (Normally) varies from 1:3000~1:4000. Min 1:10000
B = 2D, Velocity = 1 ft/sec, n = 0.013
Calculate the depth of water in watercourse
Show one detailed calculation and rest in tabular form for all the watercourses.
25
Cross-section of water course:
Elev
BL FSL
(ft) NSL
RD (ft)
NSL (ft)
BL (ft)
FSL (ft)
FSD (ft)
26
Command Statement:
it is prepared to ensure that the slope of an irrigation channel is capable of
commanding the area to be irrigated.
From head to tail (when the water at the head of canal is fixed)
From tail to head (when the topography of the area is dominating and water level at the head can be
adjusted)
Section Outlet BL of canal FSL of Water Bed level Bed level of Actual
or designation at of water water field
Canal B level in
course at course
Reach B water
at tail of
AB R1/1000 At pt B At pt B
27
Preparation of Warabandi for an outlet chak:
Contents:
Definition and brief description
Warabandi Management System
Objectives of Warabandi
Types of Warabandi
Benefits of Warabandi
Formulation of Warabandi
Example Problem
28
“distributories” and “minor” canals and deliver water at the head of tertiary level “watercourse”
through an outlet called “mogha” which is designed to provide a quantity of water in proportion to CA
of water course.
The agency has to ensure a uniform flow in watercourse so that it continuously receives its allotted
water duty. Farmer within the watercourse are expected to manage the on-farm water distribution of
water according to warabandi schedule officially “sactioned” or established solely on the basis of
mutual agreement by the farmers. Once the arrangement of turns has been agreed upon, the agency
does not interfere unless a dispute arises among the farmers and it is brought to official notice. . The
dispute is resolved through an adjudication process (a legal process) according to prescribed rules.
The warabandi system in Pakistan includes the following functions and characteristics, among other
things;
The main canal distributing points operate at supply levels that would allow distributory canals to
operate at no less than 75 percent of full supply level.
There is rotation of distributaries, in some instances, when the supply in the main canal system falls
further.
Only “authorized” outlets draw their allotted share of water from a distributary at the same time and
Outlets are ungated and deliver a flow of water proportion to the area commanded. Cooperative
behavior among agency staff and water users is an overriding requirement to follow an agreed set of
rules.
Water users have to maintain the watercourse in good condition.
The operating agency has to ensure proper hydraulic performance of the conveyance system.
Objectives of Warabandi:
Types of Warabandi:
Official Warabandi:
Warabandi schedule officially determined and recorded in official document.
29
Note: None of the watercourses in the study sample followed the official Warabandi schedules in
actual practice. (D. J. Bandaragoda)
Agreed Warabandi:
Agreed Warabandi is a derivative of the official Warabandi and is mutually agreed upon by the people
for their convenience. For instance, a big landowner may divide his water turn into several component
turns with the consent of other farmers. This new schedule is not reflected in the official schedule.
The reported reasons for these modifications were:
Changes in water supply
Changes in the physical layout of the watercourse
Changes in landownership
Other power relationships among the water users
Actual Warabandi
Field observations of the actual application of water turns by farmers showed that even the agreed
warabandi was not strictly followed, and frequent changes took place on timing and duration of turns
almost on a daily basis. While the reasons for introducing some flexibility in developing a more
functional warabandi on mutual agreement can be easily understood, the divergence between the
official warabandi schedules and what is actually practiced in the field is unexpectedly large.
30
Benefits of Warabandi:
Increased cropping intensity
Irrigation discipline
Common issues are settled
Greater economy and dependability
Simplicity of implementation
Productivity increment of irrigated agriculture.
Formulation of Warabandi:
The warabandi schedule is framed under Section 68 of the Canal and Drainage Act (VIII of 1873) in
which rights to form and maintain water distribution schedules for watercourses are vested (having the
rights of ownership) with the Canal Officers of the Irrigation Department. Several amendments and
departmental rules were added later.
Theoretically, in calculating the duration of warabandi turn given to a particular farm plot, some
allowance is added to compensate for the time taken by the flow to fill that part of watercourse leading
to farm plot. This is called Khal bharai (filling time). Similarly, in some cases, a farm plot may
continue to receive water from a filled portion of the watercourse even when it is blocked upstream to
divert water to another farm or another part of the watercourse command. This is called Nikal
(Drainage time) and is deduced from the turn duration of that farm plot.
The calculation of Warabandi schedule starts with determining by observation, the total of such filling
times (TF) and total of such drainage time (TD). Thus for a weekly Warabandi rotation, the unit
irrigation time (TU) in hours per hectare/acre can be given by
TU = (7x24-TF+TD)/CCA = (168-TF+TD)/CCA
Tt = TuxA + Tf – Td
Where: A= farm area/ area of farmer.
Tf and Td are filling and drainage time respectively for a farm area.
31
Only some of the farms in a watercourse may be entitled to filling time or drainage time, or both. The
warabandi schedule is prepared on the basis of different turn times calculated for each farm plot on the
basis of these values, whenever they occur, and the area of each farm plot.
Warabandi Schedule:
It should be prepared for any one outlet in the irrigation scheme. Divide the whole CCA of outlet into
sub areas of 25 acres (01 square = 1100 ft x 990 ft) preferably.
CCA = Outlet Command area
Q = Outlet discharge
V = 1 ft/sec
Time of filling/emptying the watercourse=L/V
TU= (168-TF+TD)/CCA
Tt=TUxA+Tf-Td
Time required for filling and drainage of watercourse is calculated by considering the velocity of water
equal to 1m/sec (3.281 ft/sec). In actual practice, 5 minutes are added or subtracted per side of an acre
(220 ft or 198 ft) for the same purpose.
32
The above said affair is the base FOR most of the disputes arising in the Warabandi after its
implementation. As the actual time required by the watercourse for filling is more than 5 minutes per
side of acre and the actual time required for the watercourse to be emptied is less. So in general,
drainage time is very much liked by the irrigators and filling time is avoided.
Conventionally distribution of water is started from head of the watercourse (Head Moga) to tail of the
water course with the consideration that at the same point, the land on left side is irrigated first and the
land on right side is irrigated latter on. Due to this, at the same nakka points, the land owners having
land on left side have to take water filling from the previous nakka (in previous Muraba) which is
disliked by the irrigators widely due to above said reason. The solution of the problem which have
successfully been implemented in the filed is that when such problem arises, the warabandi should be
fixed turn by turn between the two irrigators, irrigating from the nakkas at the same place.
“Nikal” is the water left in the water course when the last irrigator irrigates his land. Although drain
water subtraction is taken place but on most of the outlets, this dispute arises between the irrigators
having their lands at the tail of the watercourse.
33
Step involved:
o Identification of area:
o Based on the given contour map of the area, draw it on a larger scale and find out the GCA,
NCCA and CCA in acre.
o Estimation of crop water requirement:
o This is done based on the given cropping pattern of the area for Rabi and Kharif season
o Estimation of design discharge
o Determination of water allowance for the area
o Determination of proposed outlet command area and no. of outlets
o Plottation of irrigation scheme
o Show alignment of canals (distributary & minors) o Alignment of watercourses o
Location of outlets
o RD and command area of outlets and minors o Designation of canals, outlets
o Design discharge of outlets
o Capacity statement
o Design of canal in reaches
o Design of outlet
o Design of watercourses
o Plotting the typical cross-sections of canal at star mid and end and one typical cross-
section of watercourse
o Command statement
o Longitudinal profile of canals
o Warabandi schedule for an outlet command/outlet chak
34
CHAPTER
3
DESIGN OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Rabi Crops
Crop Crop Cropped
Crop Delta Vol
Period Intensity Area
(%) (acre) acre-ft
Wheat 150 40 15 199686.452 249608.065
Grain 110 20 12 99843.226 99843.226
Barley 150 10 12 49921.613 49921.613
Sugarcane 160 15 15 74882.4195 93603.024
Fodder 110 15 40 74882.4195 249608.065
total volume required for 182 days= 742583.993
volume required for 1 sec in acre/sec= 0.047223748
volume required for 1 sec in cusec=Qrabi= 2057.066
35
Khareef Crops
Crop Crop Cropped
Crop Period Intensity Delta Area Vol
(%) (acre^2) acre/ft^3
Rice 160 45 50 224647.2585 936030.244
Cotton 180 25 12 124804.0325 124804.033
Maize 125 25 20 124804.0325 208006.721
Sugarcane 200 14 40 69890.2582 232967.527
Fodder 120 10 12 49921.613 49921.613
total volume required for 183 days= 1551730.138
volume required for 1 sec in acre/sec= 0.0981412
volume required for 1 sec in cusec=Qkhareef= 4275.031
36
37
Design discharge of
outlets
Minorcanal
(MR1):
Chainage start = 0+000 ft Water
allowance = 8.56
Qoutlet = CCA x Water
allowance.
Qs = 30% loss of Qoutlet
QT =
R RD
Qout Qoutl
d of GCA NCCA Qs
Sr cumula Direction Designa CCA let et +
in outl gca (Acr (Acre (ft3 (ft3
.# tive of outlet tion (Acres) Qs
k et es) s) /s) /s)
(ft3/
m (ft)
s)
0+00 MR1 - 1.23 305. 2.61 0.78 3.40
1 0 0 L 0 305.49
0 L1 63 49 6 5 1
3 5+46 MR1 - 1.19 294. 294.22 0.75 3.27
2 37 L 0 2.52
7 3 L2 07 222 2 6 6
1 7+67 MR1 - 1.35 334. 334.99 2.86 0.86
3 52 L 0 3.73
5 7 L3 57 994 4 9 1
1 9+59 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
4 65 L 0 0.88
3 6 L4 51 259 9 1 1
1 11+3 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
5 77 L 0 0.88
2 68 L5 51 259 9 1 1
1 13+1 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
6 89 L 0 0.88
2 40 L6 51 259 9 1 1
1 14+9 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
7 101 L 0 0.88
2 11 L7 51 259 9 1 1
1 16+6 MR1 - 1.38 342. 27.00 315.25
8 113 L 2.7 0.81 3.51
2 83 L8 51 259 8 1
1 18+4 MR1 - 2.53 627. 297.2 330.24 2.82 0.84 3.67
9 125 L
2 55 L9 94 486 366 941 8 9 7
2 21+7 MR1 - 2.07 513. 189.1 324.25 2.77 0.83 3.61
10 147 L
2 03 L10 77 4 427 7305 7 4 1
38
1 24+3 MR1 - 1.38 342. 342.25 2.93 3.81
11 165 L 0 0.88
8 60 L11 51 259 9 1 1
1 26+1 MR1 - 1.15 285. 285.22 2.44 0.73 3.17
12 177 L 0
2 32 L12 43 228 8 3 3 6
56.4
sum 668
Minor canal
(ML1):
Chainage start = 0+000 ft Water
allowance= 8.563
Qoutlet = CCA x Water
allowance.
Qs = 30% loss of Qoutlet
R
QT =
d Qoutl
RD of GCA NCCA CCA Qs Qoutle
Sr i cumul Direction Designa et
outle gca (Acre (Acres (Acres (ft3/ (ft3/ t + Qs
.# n ative of outlet tion
t (ft) s) ) ) s) s) (ft3/s
k
)
m
0+00 ML1 - 1.332 329.2 329.2 0.84
1 0 0 R 0 2.82 3.666
0 R1 45 49 49 6
3 4+72 ML1 - 1.354 334.7 334.7 2.86 0.86
2 32 R 0 3.728
2 4 R2 7 47 47 7 1
1 6+93 ML1 - 300.2 300.2 2.57 0.77
3 47 R 1.215 0 3.343
5 9 R3 27 27 1 2
1 8+41 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
4 57 R 0 3.621
0 5 R4 2 34 34 5 6
1 9+89 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 303.9 21.25 0.18 0.05
5 67 R 0.237
0 2 R5 2 34 824 158 2 5
1 11+3 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 135.1 190.1 1.62 0.48
6 77 R 2.118
0 68 R6 2 34 019 321 9 9
1 12+8 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 67.55 257.6 2.20 0.66
7 87 R 2.87
0 44 R7 2 34 714 769 7 3
39
1 14+3 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
8 97 R 0 3.621
0 21 R8 2 34 34 5 6
1 15+7 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
9 107 R 0 3.621
0 97 R9 2 34 34 5 6
1 1 17+2 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
117 R 0 3.621
0 0 74 R10 2 34 34 5 6
1 1 18+7 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
127 R 0 3.621
1 0 50 R11 2 34 34 5 6
1 1 20+2 ML1 - 1.316 325.2 325.2 2.78 0.83
137 R 0 3.621
2 0 26 R12 2 34 34 5 6
48.99
44
40
41
Capacity
statement
Minor canal (MR1):
42
DESIGN OF CANAL MD1 IN REACHES
d.50=0.25 mm RATIO B/D= 2.453
Q.D of reach R Pw A D B
Sr.# Canal reach f SLOPE
(cusecs) (ft) (ft) (Sft) (ft) (ft)
1 HG 4.669 0.880 0.0003390 0.714 5.769 4.120 1.092 2.680
2 GF 9.338 0.880 0.0003020 0.898 8.159 7.325 1.545 3.790
3 FE 14.007 0.880 0.0002823 1.026 9.993 10.255 1.892 4.642
4 ED 18.677 0.880 0.0002690 1.128 11.539 13.021 2.185 5.360
5 DC 23.346 0.880 0.0002592 1.215 12.901 15.670 2.442 5.992
6 CB 28.015 0.880 0.0002515 1.290 14.132 18.231 2.676 6.564
7 BA 32.655 0.880 0.0002451 1.357 15.258 20.704 2.889 7.087
8 AA' 37.015 0.880 0.0002401 1.414 16.244 22.973 3.075 7.546
43
Design of Outlets
Cd = 3.088(Theoretical)
QT = Cd* W *H^(3/2)
Designation
QT Depth Width
Sr # of n Slope
(ft3/s) (ft) (ft)
outlet
1 MR1 - L1 3.401 0.013 0.0002 1.44 2.88
2 MR1 - L2 3.276 0.013 0.0002 1.42 2.84
3 MR1 - L3 3.73 0.013 0.0002 1.491 2.982
4 MR1 - L4 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
5 MR1 - L5 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
6 MR1 - L6 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
7 MR1 - L7 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
8 MR1 - L8 3.51 0.013 0.0002 1.458 2.916
9 MR1 - L9 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
10 MR1 - L10 3.611 0.013 0.0002 1.473 2.946
11 MR1 - L11 3.811 0.013 0.0002 1.503 3.006
12 MR1 - L12 3.176 0.013 0.0002 1.404 2.808
13 MR2 - L1 3.143 0.013 0.0002 1.398 2.796
14 MR2 - L2 3.135 0.013 0.0002 1.397 2.794
15 MR2 - L3 3.586 0.013 0.0002 1.469 2.938
16 MR2 - L4 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
17 MR2 - L5 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
18 MR2 - L6 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
19 MR2 - L7 3.677 0.013 0.0002 1.483 2.966
20 MR2 - L8 2.759 0.013 0.0002 1.332 2.664
21 MR3 - L1 3.02 0.013 0.0002 1.378 2.756
22 MR3 - L2 2.204 0.013 0.0002 1.224 2.448
23 MR3 - L3 2.235 0.013 0.0002 1.231 2.462
24 ML1 - R1 3.666 0.013 0.0002 1.481 2.962
25 ML1 - R2 3.728 0.013 0.0002 1.491 2.982
26 ML1 - R3 3.343 0.013 0.0002 1.431 2.862
27 ML1 - R4 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
28 ML1 - R5 0.237 0.013 0.0002 0.531 1.062
29 ML1 - R6 2.118 0.013 0.0002 1.206 2.412
30 ML1 - R7 2.87 0.013 0.0002 1.352 2.704
31 ML1 - R8 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
32 ML1 - R9 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
33 ML1 - R10 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
34 ML1 - R11 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
35 ML1 - R12 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
36 ML1 - R13 3.621 0.013 0.0002 1.475 2.95
37 ML1 - R14 1.811 0.013 0.0002 1.137 2.274
38 ML2 - R1 2.781 0.013 0.0002 1.336 2.672
39 ML2 - R2 3.594 0.013 0.0002 1.471 2.942
40 ML2 - R3 3.115 0.013 0.0002 1.394 2.788
41 ML2 - R4 3.063 0.013 0.0002 1.385 2.77
42 ML2 - R5 3.065 0.013 0.0002 1.385 2.77
43 ML2 - R6 3.455 0.013 0.0002 1.449 2.898
44 ML2 - R7 3.455 0.013 0.0002 1.449 2.898
45 ML3 - R1 2.925 0.013 0.0002 1.361 2.722
46 ML3 - R2 2.313 0.013 0.0002 1.247 2.494
47 ML3 - R3 2.953 0.013 0.0002 1.366 2.732
RL Calculations
147
146 NSL
145 BL
144 FSL
143
142
141
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Length (ft)
Warabandi
4
DRAWINGS
CHAPTER
5
RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Results
The outcomes and observations made from “Irrigation System Design Project” are as follows;
Gross Area = 624020.2 acre
Non-Cultivable Command Area = 124804 acres
Cultivable Command Area = CCA= 499216.1 acres
Design discharge, Qd = 4275.031 cusec
No. of Minor canals = 1
No. of outlets = 47
Average Discharge for outlets = 3.61 cusecs
Maximum Discharge for main canal = 155.76 cusec
Maximum depth of main canal = 3.85 ft
Maximum width of the main canal = 16.1 ft
Width of outlet =0.5 ft
Maximum depth of outlet = 1.96 ft
Minimum depth of outlet = 1.21 ft
Slope of water-courses So = 1/5000 = 0.0002
All the water courses are designed as lined channels.
All the actual field levels are lesser than the bed levels of water-courses at tail.
Average water time for one square cultivable land is 10 hours and 26 minutes.
Recommendations
o The recommendations based on study and design of “Irrigation System” are as follows;
o Care must be taken while selecting the pattern and cropping intensity of the crops.
o All the water-courses are designed as lined rectangular channel. Proper care regarding material
must be taken during construction.
o In canals proper falls must be provided where there is too much elevation of the bed of canal.
This is done to avoid too much filling of the earthen material.
REFERENCES
o Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures by Dr. Iqbal Ali, fourth edition 2010.
o Class Notes
o Wikipedia