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Pavement Design PDF
Pavement Design PDF
Lev Khazanovich
Associate Professor
University of Minnesota
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Pavement joints, dowels, and tie bars
• Benefits of dowel and tie bars
• Dowel and tie bar design
• Construction
• Summary
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Longitudinal
joints
Transverse
joints
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Dowel and Tie Bars
• Dowel bars
• Placed across transverse joints at the mid-depth of
the slab
• Transfer load from one slab to another without
preventing the joint from opening
• Commonly made of round, smooth, epoxy coated
steel bars
• Reduce joint faulting and corner cracking
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Dowel and Tie Bars
• Tie bars
• Placed across longitudinal joints at the mid-depth of the
slab
• Prevent lanes from separation and differential
deflections
• Made of deformed epoxy coated steel
• Reduce transverse cracking
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Dowels and Tie Bars
Longitudinal construction
joint
Transverse contraction
joint
Dower bars
Tie bars
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Benefits of dowel and tie bars
• Theory
• Mechanism of load transfer
• Effect on deflections and stresses
• Effect on performance
• Practice
• Cost
• Dowel and tie bar design
• Construction
• Summary
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Why do we need tie bars?
None or inadequate tie bar design
Lane separation
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of tie bars on pavement responses
Aggregate
No tie bars interlocking
Tie bars
Nontied joint
Max Deflection = 0.54 mm
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of Dowels
Deflections on Deflections
with Tie Bars
Tied joint
Max Deflection = 0.33 mm
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of Tie Bars on PCC Stresses
Stresses in Y-direction
Principal Stresses at the Slab Bottom
X-direction
Tied joint
Max Stress = 1603 kPa
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Why do we need dowels?
None or inadequate dowel bar design
Faulted Joint
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of dowels on pavement responses
Traffic direction
Aggregate
No dowels interlocking
Aggregate
Interlock
Traffic direction
Dowels
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of Dowels on Stresses and
Deflection
ISLAB2000
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of Dowels on Deflections
Nondoweled joint
Max Deflection = 1.02 mm
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of Dowels on Deflections
Deflection
Doweled joint
Max Deflection = 0.6 mm
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of Dowels on Stresses
Nondoweled joint
Y-direction
Principal Stresses
X-direction
Y-direction
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best X-direction
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Dowel and Tie Bars?
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect on Load Transfer Efficiency
100
Cumulative Percentage of Passes
90
80 Doweled Nondoweled
70
60 nondoweled
50
40 Poor
30 doweled
20 Good
10
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Joint LoadMean LTE, Efficiency,
Transfer percentOOOO percent
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of Dowels on Faulting
of sections
100
(%)
90 Nondoweled
percentdistribution
Doweled
80 Doweled
70
60
Cumulative frequency
50
40
30
Cumulative
20
10 Good Normal Poor
0
0.00 0.05 2.00.10 4.0
0.15 0.20 6.0
0.25 0.308.0 0.35 0.40
Faulting (mm)
Faulting, in
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best Nondoweled Doweled
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Benefits of Dowels
Smith et al. 1990
Dowels increase the initial cost between
5 and 8 percent, but increase the load
carrying capacity over 100 percent
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Benefits of dowel and tie bars
• Dowel and tie bar design
– Diameter
– Length
– Spacing
• Construction
• Summary
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Dowel Diameter
Germany
25 mm
USA
Concrete thickness Dowel diameter
<200 mm 25 mm
200 - 250 mm 32 mm
>250 mm 38 mm
MEPDG – based on the maximum allowed faulting
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Effect of Dowel Diameter on Faulting
0.25
Design period: 20 years
Slab thickness: 200 mm.
0.20
5.00
Nondoweled
(mm) (in)
0.15 ND
D=1
FaultingFaulting
D=1.25
0.10
2.50 D=1.5
DD=25 mm
0.05 DD=32 mm
DD=38 mm
0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Number of Trucks
AADTT perdirection
in one days
Khazanovich et al. 2004
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Effect of Dowels Diameter on Bearing
Stresses
• Dowel length
Germany: 500 mm
USA: 450 mm
Minnesota: 380 mm
• Dowel spacing
Germany: 250 mm in wheel path
500 mm outside of the wheel path
USA: 300 mm
non-uniform
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Non-uniform Dowels Spacing
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Tie Bar Length and Spacing
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
FHWA Tie Bar Spacing
Bar diameter: 16 mm
Steel yield strength: 280 MPa)
PCC Distance to free edge (mm)
thickness (mm) 3000 3600 4800 7200
225 1050 875 650 425
250 950 775 600 400
275 850 725 525 350
300 775 650 500 325
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Presentation Outline
• Introduction
• Benefits of dowel and tie bars
• Dowel and tie bar design
• Construction
– Installation
– Common problems
– Evaluation
– Fixing
• Summary
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Installation
• Dower bars
– Dowel baskets
– Dowel bar inserter (DBI)
A bond breaker (typically, grease) must be
applied prior to placement
• Tie bars
– Machine-place
– Placed by hand
– Chairs
– Drilled and grouted
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Dowel Baskets
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Dowel Bar Inserter
NHI
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Dowel Bar Inserter
NHI
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Tie Bar Installation
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Common Installation Problems
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Common Installation Problems
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Common Problems Problems
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Vertical Position Problem
Dowel Installation
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Vertical Position Problem
Dowel Installation
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Common Problems
Dowel Installation
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Common Problems
Dowel Installation
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Common Problems
Dowel Installation
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Poor Consolidation of Concrete
Dowel Installation
Entrapped air
Dowel bar
The PCC mix was way too stiff
due to paving delays.
300 meters had to be
removed and replaced.
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
How to Avoid Problems
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
NDT for Bar Placement
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
MIT SCAN
•Advantages
• Simple
• Accurate
• Relatively fast
•Disadvantages
• Must be calibrated for specific dowels and tie bars
• May be have problems when dowel baskets are used
• Cannot determine condition of concrete around dowel or
tie bars
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
MIT SCAN
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Advantages
• Fast – can be used for initial screening/gross bar
misplacements
Disadvantages
• Data interpretation is time-consuming
•Resolution is not very high
Advantages
• Determines not only bar
position but also condition of
concrete around dowel/tie bar
Disadvantages
• Relatively slow
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Ultrasound Tomography
Dowels
Lane 3
Measurement Point
18 in.
Longitudinal Joint
Pavement-Base Interface Shoulder
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Ultrasound Tomography
Depth,
150
mm
300
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Alignment Tolerances
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Alignment Tolerances
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Alignment Tolerances
Lev Khazanovich
Kyle Hoegh
Mark Snyder
http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/nchrp/nchrp_rpt_637.p
November 2, 2011
df
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Alignment Tolerances
Field Testing of 60 pavement sections across USA
The majority of joints had dowel misalignments
within the following limits:
Vertical translation – +/- 13 mm
Horizontal skew – +/- 13 mm
Vertical tilt - +/- 13 mm
Longitudinal translation - +/- 50 mm
Dowel misalignment within these limits does not
appear to significantly affect pavement
performance.
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Laboratory Testing
Dowel Installation
• 16 beams ,64 dowels with
precise misalignments
• Pullout test
• Shear test
• Ultimate one time load
application
• Repeated load application
Shear Test
Pullout Test
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Analytical Modeling
Dowel Installation
Plane of Symmetry
8”
Joint
180”
60”
Exaggerated
joint opening
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Analytical and Laboratory Results
• Dowel greasing is very important!
• Dowel alignment
Good Bad
Vertical position Mid-depth +/- 13 mm Concrete cover <50
mm
Concrete cover < saw
cut depth
Embedment length >175 mm < 50 mm
Rotation < 25 mm/450 mm > 75 / 450 mm
• Dowel misalignment has the same apparent effect
on joint performance as a reduction in dowel
diameter
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Equivalent Dowel Diameter Concept
D=38 mm
0.08
2 mm
10.06 Equivalent dowel diameter=1.32 in
0.04
1 mm Nominal dowel diameter=1.5 in
0.02
Faulting Limit
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Pavement age, years
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
If the Bars Misplaced ..
•It is NOT OK to have dowel positioned out of specification
•Do not harm – try to minimize invasive treatment
•How to react
•Carefully evaluate the problem (determine actual bar
location)
• Evaluate short-term and long-term effects
•Develop remedy plan
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
If the Bars are Misplaced ..
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements
Summary
November 2, 2011
2nd International Conference on Best
Practices for Concrete Pavements