Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AT6602 Notes PDF
AT6602 Notes PDF
com
The chassis frame supports the various components and the body and keeps them in
correct positions. The frame must be light but sufficiently strong to withstand the weight and
rated load of the vehicle without having appreciable distortion. The material most commonly
used for frame construction is heat treated alloy steel.
The chassis generally experience four major loading situations or loads acting on the
chassis frame are vertical bending, longitudinal torsion, lateral bending and horizontal lozenging.
a) Vertical bending
Consider a chassis frame is supported at its ends by the wheel axles and a weight
equivalent to the vehicle’s equipment, passengers and luggage is concentrated around the middle
of its wheel base, then the side members are subjected to vertical bending causing them to sag in
the central region.
b) Longitudinal torsion
When diagonally opposite front and rear road wheels roll over bumps simultaneously, the
two ends of the chassis are twisted in opposite direction so that both the side and cross members
are subjected to longitudinal torsion.
c) Lateral bending
The chassis is exposed to side force that may be due to the camber of the road side wind
centrifugal force while turning a corner or collision with some object. The adhesion reaction of
the road wheel tyre opposes these lateral forces.
d) Horizontal lozenging
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The various chassis member cross section shapes are solid round or rectangular cross
sections, enclosed thin wall hollow round or rectangular box section, open thin wall rectangular
channel such as C,I or top hat sections.
The side members should resist bending stresses and side and cross members should resist
torsional stresses. The square solid bar will resist bending stresses. The round solid bar will resist
bending stresses. The circular tube with longitudinal slit will resist torsional stresses. The
circular closed tube will resist both bending and torsional stresses. C section will resist both
bending and torsional stresses. The top hat and I section will resist bending stresses. Rectangular
box section will resist both bending and torsional stresses.
Bending stiffness:
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Problems:
1. Calculate the maximum bending moment and maximum section modulus:
Wheel base=180cm, overall length=360cm, Equal overhang on either side. 270 kgf acting
on C.G of the load 45cm in front of front a x le. 180 kgf acting on C.G of load 45cm in
front of rear axle. 67.5 kgf acting on C.G of load 45cm behind rear a x le. In addition
there is a uniformly distributed load of 1.75 kgf per cm run over the entire length of
chassis.
Given:
Wheel base = 180cm
Overall length = 360cm
Solution:
∑MR2 = 0
R1 x 180 = (67.5 x 225) + (180 x 135) + (180 x 45) - (270 x 45)
= 4578.5 - 12150=35437.5.
R1 = 35437.5/180= 197 kgf
R2 = 270 + 180 +180 + 67.5 - 197=697.6 - 197=500.5 kgf.
From maximum bending moment,
12150 +7088 = 19238 kgfcm
f = 600kgf/cm2 ( allowable stress)
z = section modulus
Bending moment =fz , Maximum bending moment due to dynamic force is twice that due
to static forces.
Z =2 x 19238/600 = 64.1cm3
2. A bus chassis 5.4m long, consists of 2 side members and a number of cross members.
Each side member can be considered as beam, simply supported at two points A and B,
3.6m apart. A being positioned 0.9m from the front end of the frame and subjected to the
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Z = perpendicular distance between the line joining the centers of the eyes of a half
elliptic spring.
Number of leaves, n = 3pl/wt2fb
fb = bending stress (pa)
rate of spring, r = Enwt3l3/1.425(N/m)
Problems
1. A vehicle spring of semi elliptical type has leaves of 75mm width and 10mm thickness
and effective length 900mm. If the stress is not to exceed 220725 kpa when the spring is
loaded to 4905N. Estimate the required number of leaves and the deflection under this
condition. If the spring is just flat under load, what is the initial radius.
Given:
P = 4905N, l = 900 mm, w = 75 mm, fb = 220725 kpa, E = 196.2 x 106 kpa
Solution:
Number of leaves, n = 3pl/wt2fb
n = 3 x 4905 x 0.9/0.075 x 0.012 x 220725 x 103
n=8
Deflection, δ = 2.85Pl3/Enwt
δ = 2.85 x 4905 x 0.93 x 103/192.2 x 109 x 0.075 x 8 x 0.013
δ = 86.57 mm
intial radius, R = l2/8Z + Z/2 = l2/8 δ + δ/2
R= 9002/8 x 86.57 + 86.57/2
R = 1212.9 mm
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Problems:
1. A typical coil suspension spring has 10 effective coils of mean diameter 125mm and
made out of wires of diameter 15mm. The spring is designed to carry a maximum static
load of 3531.6N. Calculate the shear stress and the deflection. If the maximum shear
stress of 375650kpa is allowable in the material then what is the possible clearance.
Given:
N = 10, d = 15 mm, fsmax = 637650 kpa, D = 125 mm, P = 3531.6N, G = 73575 x
103kpa
Solution:
δ = 8nPD3/Gd4
= 8 x 10 x 3531.6 x 0.1253 x 103/73575 x 106 x 0.0154
δ = 148 mm
fs = Gd δ/πD2n
= 73575 x 103 x 0.015 x 0.148/3.14 x 152 x 10
fs = 332915 kpa
δmax = πD2fsma x /Gd
= π x 1252 x 10 x 637650/73575 x 10315
δmax = 284 mm
Clearance = 284-148 = 126 mm.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Problems
1. A torsion bar suspension is to be designed to support a ma x imum static load of 3433.5N
at the end of a lever arm 250 mm long. The deflection of the lever above the horizontal is
to be 30 degree with a total angle of deflection of 90 degree. Assuming a safe allowable
stress of 784800 kpa. Calculate the diameter of torsion bar, the effective length and the
load rate.
Given:
L = 250 mm, α = 30 degree, θ = 90 degree , fs = 784800 kpa
Dynamic load = 2 x static load = 2 x 3433.5 = 6867 N
Effective length of the arm = lcos30 = 250 x 0.866 = 216.5 mm
Solution:
Moment acting on the bar, T = Wy = 6867 x 0.2165 = 1486.7 Nm.
Diameter of the bar, d = 3√16Tmax / π fsmax
d = 3√16 x 1486.7/π x 784800 x 103
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
d = 3.12/102 x 103
d = 31.2 mm
length of the bar, L = π x 73575 x 106 x 90 x 31.2 x 103/360 x 784800 x 103
L = 2.3 m
Deflection above the horizontal, X = lsin30 = 25 x 0.5 = 12.5 cm.
r = πd4G + 32LW X /32L (l2- X 2)
r = π x 0.03124 x 73575 x 106 + 32 x 2.3 x 6867 x 0.125/32 x 2.3(0.252-0.1252)
r = 218916.4 + 63176.4/3.45 = 81766 N/m
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Problems
1. The load distribution between the front and rear axle of a motor vehicle weighing 1350
kgf is that 48% of total load is taken by front axle. The width of track is 140 cm and the
distance between the centers of the spring pads is 66 cm. Design a suitable I section for
the front axle assuming that the width of flange and its thickness are 0.6 and 0.2 of the
overall depth of the section respectively and thickness of web 0.2 of the width of the
flange.
Given:
Total load of vehicle = 1350 kgf
Load taken bu the front axle = 0.48 x 1350 = 648 kgf
From bending moment diagram, maximum bending moment = 37 x 328 = 12136 kgfcm
Flange width = 0.6d cm
Flange thickness = 0.2d cm
Web thickness = 0.2d cm
Solution:
M/I = fb/y
I = 1/12(0.6d x d3) – ½(0.45d x (06d)3)
=1/12 0.6d4(1 – 0.45 x 0.62)
= 0.6 x 0.838/12 (d4)
= 0.0419 d4 cm4
12136/0.0412 d4 = 915/d/2
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
d3 = 12136/0.0419 x 2 x 915
d = 5.42 cm
Dimensions of I section are: flange = 0.6 x 5.42 = 3.25 cm
Flange thickness = 0.2 x 5.42 = 1.08 cm
Web thickness = 0.15 x 5.42 = 0.813 cm
Choice of bearings
The bearing should withstand loads and stresses of weight of the body and components.
The large splaying out effect of the wheel takes place. The wheels are pushed by the force R,
which is opposed by the resistance R. These two forces cause a couple Fx, whose magnitude
becomes very large when the force of front brakes are applied.
Steering becomes heavy because of the distance between king pin and wheel centre. The
wheel moves in an arc of radius x around the pin. Large bending stress occurs in the stub axles
and king pin. To overcome these problems the wheel and king pin should have minimum
possible offset distance x. When the offset is eliminated, the center line of the wheel meets the
centre line of the king pin at the road surface. The condition which can be obtained through
camber, swivel axis inclination. Although the center point steering appears to be ideal, but the
spread effect of the pneumatic tyre cause the wheel to scrub and produce hard steering and tyre
wear. Positive offset is obtained when the center of the line of the wheel meets the swivel at a
point just below the road. The offset distance measure at the road surface between the two center
lines should be equal to balance the inward or outward pull of the wheels.
Castor angle is tilt of the king pin or ball joint center line from the vertical outwards either
the front ( negative castor) or rear ( positive castor) of the vehicle. The weight of automobile
having positive castor tends to turn a wheel inward to allow the body to lower. Negative castor
causes an outward turning effect. Toe in is the amount by which the front wheel rims are set
closed together at the front than at the rear with the wheels in a straight ahead position when the
vehicle is stationary.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Problems
1. A motor car has wheel base of 2.743 m and pivot center of 1.065 m. The front and rear
wheel track is 1.217 m. Calculate the correct angle of outside lock and turning circle
radius of the outer front and inner rear wheels when the angle of inside lock is 40.
Given:
Wheel base b = 2.743 m
Pivot center c = 1.065 m
Wheel track a = 1.217 m
Solution:
For correct steering, cot φ – cot θ = c/b
Cot φ = 1.065/2.743 + cot 40
= 0.388 + 1.19175 = 1.57975
φ = 32.4
Turning circle radius of the front wheel (outer), Rot = b/sin φ + a – c/2
= 2.743/ sin 32.4 + (1.217 – 1.065)/2
= 2.743/0.537 – 0.152/2 = 5.196 m
Turning circle radius of inner wheel (rear), Rir = b/sin θ - a – c/2
= 2.743/sin 40 – 0.076
= (1.19175 x 2.743) – 0.076 = 3.2 m
2. A track has pivot pins 1.37 m apart, the length of each track arm is 0.17 m and the track rod is
behind front axle and 1.17 m long. Determine the wheel base which will give true rolling for all
wheels when the car is turning so that the inner wheel stub axle is 60 degree to the center of the
car.
Given:
Pivot center = 1.37 m
Length of each track arm = 0.17 m
Length of track rod = 1.17 m
θ = 30 degree
Solution:
sin α = c – d/2r = 1.37 – 1.17/2 x 0.17
sin α = 0.178, α = 16.12 degree
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
3. The distance between the kingpins of a car is 1.3 m. The track arms are 0.152 m long and
the length of the track rod is 1.2 m. For a track of 1.42 m and a wheel base of 2.85 m.
Find the radius of curvature of the path followed by the near side front wheel at which
correct steering is obtained when the car is turning to the right.
Given:
Pivot center = 1.3 m
Length of track arm = 0.152 m
Length of track rod = 1.2 m
Wheel base = 2.85 m
Wheel track = 1.42 m
Solution:
cot φ – cot θ = c/b = 1.3/2.85 = 0.4562
sin α = c – d /2r = 1.3 – 1.2/2 x 0.152 = 0.328
α = 19.2 degree
The value of θ is to be calculated for correct steering. This can be done conveniently by
drawing a graph between θ and cot φ – cot θ. using the relation,
sin (α + θ) + sin (α - φ) = 2 sin α
putting, θ = 30 degree, sin (19.2 – φ) = 0.656 – 0.757 = sin (-5.8)
φ = 19.2 + 5.8 = 25 degree
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Steering error
The steering geometry errors with up and down wheel movement are generally due to the following
causes.
III) Incorrect relative lengths of the instantaneous radii of suspension and steering linkages.
IV) Incorrect relative heights of the ends of the two effective radii.
After knowing the values of φ, the corresponding angles θ and φ are laid off on opposite ends of
line C. A curve is then drawn through the intersection of line describing the angle θ and φ. The
curve drawn is called steering error curve. For correct steering layouts, the effective length of
steering tube has a definite value when looked along the suspension linkage can be either double
wishbone or the strut and link. There will be an inward movement of link and arm end as it rises
from a horizontal position due to misalignment of link and tube.
The double wishbone has horizontal and parallel links of lengths r (upper) and R (upper)
their ends apart by a distance d and the end of the lower link is above the ground by a. The strut
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
and link type is effectively an inverted version of the double link type, so that the movement
itself provides the straight line motion with its instantaneous center at infinity on a line
perpendicular to the sliding motion of the strut starting from its mounting pivot point.
UNIT-3 CLUTCH
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The clutch enables smooth transmission of the rotary motion of the engine crankshaft to a
gearbox shaft. It enables rapid disengagement and re-engagement of engine from the
transmission.
r1 and r2 = internal and external radii of contact surface (m)
W = axial load exerted by actuating springs (N)
µ = coefficient of friction between the contact surfaces
Uniform intensity of pressure:
Intensity of pressure, p = W/π (r22 - r12) (N/m2)
Total frictional torque, T = 2/3µW (r23 - r13)/ r22 - r12) (Nm)
Uniform rate of wear:
Total axial load, W = 2πC (r2 - r1) (N)
Pr = C, if the rate of wear is assumed to be constant.
Frictional torque, T = µWR (Nm)
R = mean radius of friction surface = r1 + r2/2
For a single plate clutch having a pair of contact surfaces, T = µW (r1 + r2) (Nm)
Note:
i) In case of new clutch, the intensity of pressure is approximately uniform, but in an old
clutch the uniform wear theory is more appropriate.
ii) The uniform pressure theory gives a high friction torque than the uniform wear theory.
Therefore in case of friction clutches, uniform wear theory should be considered
unless otherwise stated.
Problems
1. An automobile power unit gives a maximum toque of 13.52 Nm. The clutch is a single
plate dry disc having effective clutch lining of both sides of plate disc. The coefficient of
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
friction is 0.3 and the maximum axial pressure is 8.29 x 104 pa and external radius of
friction surfaces is 1.25 times the internal radius. Calculate the dimensions of clutch plate
and total axial pressure that must ne exerted by clutch springs.
Given:
T = 13.56 Nm pmax = 8.29 x 104
µ = 0.3 r2 = 1.25r1
Solution:
T = µπC (r22 - r12)
C = pr1 = 8.29 x 104r1
13.56 = 2 x π x 0.3 x 8.29 x 104r1 (1.5625 r12 - r12)
r13 = 13.56/2 x π x 0.3 x 8.29 x 104 x 0.5625
r1 = 53.6 mm
r2 = 1.25 x 53.6 = 67 mm
Total axial pressure, W =2πC (r2 - r1)
W = 2 x π x 8.29 x 104 r1 (r2 – r1)
= 2 x π x 8.29 x 104 x 0.0536 (0.067 – 0.0536)
= 2 x π x 8.29 x 5.36 x 1.34
W = 373.92 N
2. A motor car develops 5.9 bkw at 2100 rpm. Find the suitable size of clutch plate having
friction linings riveted on both sides to transmit the power under the following
conditions.
a) Intensity of pressure on surface not to exceed 6.87 x 104 pa.
b) Slip torque and losses due to wear is of 35% of engine torque
c) Coefficient of friction is 0.3
d) Inside diameter of the friction plate is 0.55 times the outside diameter
Given:
N = 2100 rpm
P = 5.9 kw
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Solution:
T = pw 6000/2πN = 60000 x 5.9/2π x 2100 = 26.84 nm
T = 26.84 x 1.35 = 36.23 Nm
T = πµC (r22 - r12) 2
36.23 = 2 x π x 0.3 x 6.84 x 104 x ((r1/0.55)2 - r12)2
= π x 4.122 x 104(1/0.303 – 1) r12
r13 = 36.23 x 0.303/ π x 4.122 x 104 x 0.697 = 49.5 mm
r1 = 49.5 mm r2 = 90 mm
3. A friction clutch is required to transmit 33.12 kw at 2000 rpm. It is to be of single plate
clutch with both sides of the plate effective the pressure being applied axially by means of
springs and limited to 6.87 x 104 pa. If the outer diameter of the plate is to be 0.305 m. Find
the required inner diameter of the clutch ring and the total force exerted by the springs.
Given:
P = 33.12 kw pw = 6.87 x 104 pa
N = 2000 rpm d2 = 0.305 m
Solution:
T = pw60000/2πN
T = 60000 x 33.12/2 x π x 2000
T = 158.22 Nm
T =2πµC (r22 - r12)
158.22 = 2 x π x 0.3 x 6.87 x 104 r1 (0.15252 - r12)
= 129430.8 r1 (0.02325 - r12)
r13 = 0.02325 r1+ - 0.00122
r13 + 1222.42 = 232.562
By trial we get r1 = 112 mm or 63.5 mm
Inner diameter d1 = 224 mm or 127 mm
When r1 = 0.112 m and r1 = 0.1525 m
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
4. An automobile is fitted with a single plate clutch to transmit 22.1 kw at 2100 rom. The total
axial load on the clutch plate is 1422.5N. The outside diameter of friction surface is 250 mm.
Both sides of the plate are effective and the µ between the contact surfaces is 0.35. Assuming
uniform rate of wear condition. Calculate inner diameter. The rotating parts attached to the
driven parts of clutch are initially at rest MT of 20.7 Nm2. Calculate the time lapse before the
engine attains full speed of 2100 rpm.
Given:
P = 22.1 kw W = 1422.5 N I = 20.7 Nm2
N = 2100 rpm d2 = 250 mm
Solution:
T = pw/2πN = 60000 x 22.1/2 x π x 2100 = 100.55 Nm
T = µW r2 + r3/2 x 2
100550 = 00.35 x 1422.5 (r2 + r1)
1.25 + r1 = 100550/1422.5 x 0.35 = 202 mm
r1 = 202 – 125 = 77 mm
T = Iω/gt
100.55 = 20.7/9.81 (2 x π x 2100/60)/t
t = 4.62 seconds
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
T = µWRn = π/2µR3pn
79600 = π/2 x 0.25 x R3 x 0.07 x 2 = 0.055R3
R3 = 79600/0.055 = 1.45 x 106
R = 114 mm b = R/4 = 28.5 mm
b = r2 - r1, r2 - r1 = 28.5 mm
R = r1 + r2/2 r1 + r2 = 2 x 114 = 228 mm
r1 = 128.25 mm r2 = 99.75 mm
W = 2πRbp = 2 x π x 114 x 28.5 x 0.07
W = 1429.2 N
Total load on springs = 1.25W = 1.25 x 1429.2 = 1786.5 N
Maximum load on each spring, Ws = 1786.5/6 = 297.75 N
Wahls stress factor, K = 4C – 1/4C – 4 + 0.615/C
= 4 x 6 – 1 /4 x 6 – 4 + 0.615/6 = 1.252
Maximum shear stress, 420 = K x 8WsC/πd2
= 1.2525 x 8 x 297.75 x 6/ πd2
d2 = 5697/420 = 13.56 = 3.68 mm
D = Cd = 6 x 4.064 = 24.38 mm
δ = 8WsC3n/Gd = 8 x 297.75 x 63 x 4/84 x 103 x 4.064 = 6.03 mm
total no. turns, n’ = n + 2 = 4 + 2 =6
free length of spring, l = n’d + δ + 0.15 δ = 6 x 4.064 + 6.03 + 0.15 x 6.03 = 31.32 mm
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
1. A plate clutch has 3 discs on the driving shaft and 2 discs on the driven shaft, providing 4
pairs of contact surfaces. The outside diameter of the contact surfaces is 240 mm and inside
diameter 120mm. Assuming uniform pressure and µ = 0.3. Find the total spring load pressing
the plates together to transmit 23 kw power at 1475 rpm. If there are 6 springs each of
stiffness 13 kN/m and each of the contact surface has worn away by 1.25 mm. Find the
maximum power that can be transmitted.
Given:
nA = 3 n=3+2-1=4 pw = 25 kw
nB = 2 µ = 0.3 N = 1475 rpm
r2 = 120 mm r1 = 60 mm
Solution:
ω = 2 x π x 1575/60 = 52.5π rad/s
pw = Tω T = pw/ω = 25 x 103/52.5 x π = 151.6 Nm
for uniform pressure condition, T = n2/3µW(r23- r13 / r2 2 - r12)
151.6 = 4 x 2/3 x 0.3W (0.123 - 0.063/0.122 - 0.062)
W = 1355 N
No. of springs = 6
Contact surfaces of the spring = 8
Wear on each contact surface = 1.25 mm
Total wear = 1.25 x 8 = 10 mm
Stiffness of spring = 13kN/m = 13 x 103 N/m
Reduction in spring force = total wear x no. of springs x stiffness per spring
= 0.01 x 6 x 13 x 103 = 780 N
New axial load = 1355 – 780 = 575 N
Uniform wear condition, T = nµW (r2 + r1/2) = 4 x 0.3 x 575 (0.12 + 0.06/2) = 62 Nm
Pw = Tω = 62.5 x 52.5π = 10230 watt = 10.23 kw
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
the normal force on the lining increases. This increases in normal force results in increased
torque.
W = total axial force required to engage the clutch supplied by spring
θ = semi angle of the cone
r1 = outer radius of the cone
r2 = inner radius of the cone
w = breadth of the cone face = r1 – r2/sin θ
Wn = normal load on frictional surface
Rn = normal reaction
µRn = frictional force
Area of the ring = 2πrdw
Normal load on ring, dp – p2πrdr/sin θ
Considering uniform pressure, p = W/π (r22 - r12)
T = 2/3µW/sin θ (r23 - r13/ r22 - r12)
Considering uniform rate of wear, pr = C
T = 2πµPR2W (Nm)
Power capacity of the clutch = 2πNT/6000 (kw)
Axial force to engage the clutch = Wnsin θ + µWncos θ
Axial force to disengage the clutch = µWncos θ - Wnsin θ
Force required for effective normal pressure for steady state operation = Wnsin θ = Rnsin θ
Energy supplied = Tωt (Nm)
Energy of flywheel = Iω2/2g (Nm)
Problems
1. In a cone clutch the semi angle of cone is 15 degree, coefficient of friction is 0.35 and the
contact surfaces have an effective mean diameter of 80 mm. If the axial force applied is
196.2 N. Find the torque required to produce the slipping of the clutch. Calculate the time to
attain the ful speed and also the energy lost in the slipping of the clutch, if the clutch is
employed at 1200 rpm, with a flywheel which is stationary and moment of inertia of 3.4
Nm2.
Given:
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2. A cone clutch with cone semi angle of 12 degree is to transmit 11.9 kw at 750 rpm. The
width of the face is 1/4th of mean diameter and the normal pressure between the contact faces
is not to exceed 8.27 x 104 pa. Allowing the coefficient of the clutch and the axial force
required.
Given:
P = 11.9 kw θ = 12 degree µ = 0.2
N = 750 rpm p = 8.2 x 104 pa
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
r2 = 1.11r1
T = µπC/sin θ (r22 – r12) = µπpr1/sin θ (r22 – r12)
142.5 = (0.2π x 8.27 x 104/sin 12) r1 (1.231 – 1) r12
= (0.2π x 8.27 x 104 x 0.231/0.208) r13
= 57678.5 r13
r13 = 142.5/57678.5 = 0.0024706
r1 = 0.135 m r2 = 1.11 x 0.135 = 0.14 m
w = 0.135 + 0.14/4 = 0.7125 m
W = 2πC (r2 – r1) = 2πp (r2 – r1) r1
= 2π x 8.27 x 104 x 0.135 x 0.014
W = 1051.7 N
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
meet the operating condition (α< = µ) (µ = coefficient of friction). The size of engagement angle
is determined by the applied torque and the force of reaction of the expansion of the mating
parts. The engagement angle creates an angle of twist between outer and inner ring which will
remain equal with constant operating conditions.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Epicyclic gear train (simple): An epicyclic gear train consists of an internally toothed
annular (ring) A with band brake encircling it. In the center of this gear is sun gear S which
forms a part of the input shaft. The sun gear and the annular gear are connected by a number of
planet gears P which are mounted on a carrier C and is integral with the output shaft. For
transmission of torque, either the sun gear the carrier or the annular gear must be held stationary.
TA = number of teeth on annular, internal or ring gear
TB = number of teeth on sun or center gear
TP = number of teeth on planet gear
TC = number of effective teeth on arm or planet carrier
TA = TS + 2TP and TC = TS + TA
First gear ratio: 1 + TA/TS = TS + TA/TS
Second gear ratio: 1 + TS/TA = TS + TA/TA
Reverse gear ratio: TA/TS
In the first gear ratio, the annular gear is held stationary and the planet carrier is driven by the
power supplied to sun gear. In second gear ratio the sun gear is held stationary, the planet carrier
is driven member and the annular gear is driven by the sun gear to which the power is applied.
Overdrive: TA/TA + TS
Epicyclic gear train (compound): A simple epicyclic gear train cannot provide adequate velocity
ratios. Therefore a compound epicyclic gear train is used in a gear box to give higher velocity
ratios and to allow several ratios to be obtained. A compound gear train is obtained by joining
together all the arms of simple gear train
Overdrive: = PL (PL + PS + S)/PL (PL + PS + S) + PSS
S = number of annulus gear teeth
PS = number of small planet gear teeth PL = number of large planet gear teeth
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
It comprises of clutch gear fixed to the end of clutch shaft and an main shaft which is
splined to accommodate the first and the reverse gear, second and the top speed gear. The gears
have sliding as well as rotary motion. Lay shaft or the countershaft with the gears comprises one
forging. An idler gear is used to reverse the direction of rotation of the main shaft. The main and
the lay shaft are supported on ball bearing pressed in the gear box casing. SAE 90 grade of oil is
filled in the casing up to the desired level for lubrication purpose. The desired gear is engaged by
moving the gear lever, the end of which fits in a slot made in selector fork. The spring loaded
ball resists the movement of selector fork
First gear: The first gear is slid to the left to engage it with gear. The drive from the clutch shaft
passes to the gear 2 of the lay shaft and then through the first seed gears to the main shaft.
G1 = N1/N2 x N5/N6 = T2/T1 x T6/T5
Second gear: The gear 3 is slid to the right to mesh with gear of the lay shaft. The drive from the
clutch shaft passes to gear 2 and then to the main shaft through gears 4 and 3.
G2 = N1/N2 x N4/N3 = T2/T1 x T3/T4
Top gear: The gear is slid to the left so that it directly meshes with the clutch gear. The dog
clutches on gears 1 and 3 meshes with each other to accomplish direct drive.
G3 = 1:1
Reverse gear: The reverse gear 6 on main shaft is slid to the right such that it meshes with the
idler gear 7.
Gr = N1/N2 x N8/N7 x N7/ N6 = T2/T1 x T7/T8 x T6/T7
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The sliding mesh gear box gives high mechanical efficiency but has certain disadvantages like
gear noise, rough in operation. The constant mesh gear box uses helical gears for quiet operation.
The main shaft is splined and carries gears mounted on bushes. These gears are in constant mesh
with the lay shaft gears. Thrust washes located between gears and casing resist the axial bushes.
The sliding dog is slid by the selector forks to the left or right to obtain in the required gear ratio.
The forks have internal splines and so can move over the splined main shaft. The sliding dog
clutch is positive locking device whose purpose is to allow the power flow from the primary
shaft to the output shaft when the friction clutch has disengaged the gear box from the engine.
The dog cutch has an inner and outer hub. The inner hub contains both internal and external
splines and is fixed to the output main shaft through internal splines. The outer hub carries a
single groove formed round the outside to position a selector fork and is internally splined to
mesh with the splines of the inner hub.
First gear: The sliding dog B is moved to the left to engage with the first speed gear. The drive
from the clutch gear passes to the main shaft.
Second gear: The sliding dog A is slid to the right to engage with the second speed. This locks
the second gear to main shaft.
Top gear: The dog A is now moved to the left so that it meshes with the clutch gear directly.
Reverse gear: The dog B is slid to the right to engage with the reverse gear on main shaft. The
idler gear makes the main shaft rotate in a direction opposite to the clutch shaft.
Synchromesh gear box:
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Synchro means nearly equal i.e. the speed of the main shaft gear and the dog clutch must be
nearly the same when the dog clutch must be nearly the same when the dog clutch is being
engaged with any of the main shaft gear. Double declutch is eliminated. It comprises of a toothed
ring or sleeve with internal splines, an internal cone which fits into the external toothed ring a
spring loaded ball which maintains pressure on the toothed spring and a cone which is tapered to
match the surface of the internal cone. Dogs form an integral part of this cone. The device is
usually placed on the second and the top gear in the case of a 3 speed gear box. The device is slid
towards the desired gear wheel by selection forks having their ends in the recess in the sleeve.
The friction between the two adjusts the speed of gear wheel to a suitable value. A little pressure
on the gear wheel allows the sleeve to override and mesh positively with the dogs on the gear
wheel. The equalizing speeds between the cones depend upon spring pressure, cone angles,
coefficient of friction between the two and depth of groove in the sleeve. Synchronization would
take a longer time if any of these factors are disturbed. Too fast a movement of the gear lever
causes clashing of gears.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The mean bearing load, Fm, for stepped loads is calculated from formula F1, F2 ……. Fn are the
loads acting on the bearing; n1, n2…….nn and t1, t2……. tn are the bearing speeds and
operating times respectively.
Fm = (∑ (Fip ni ti)/ ∑ (ni ti)) 1/p
The mean load for continuously fluctuating load is Fm = (1/to ∫ F (t) p dt) 1/p
The mean load for linear fluctuating load, Fm, can be approximated by formula
Fm = Fmin + 2Fmax /3
The dynamic equivalent radial load is expressed by formula Pr = XFr + YFa
Pr = Dynamic equivalent radial load, N {kgf}
Fr = Actual radial load, N {kgf}
Fa = Actual axial load, N {kgf}
X = Radial load factor
Y = Axial load factor
The dynamic equivalent axial load for these bearings is given in formula Pa = Fa + 1.2Fr
Pa = Dynamic equivalent axial load, N {kgf}
Fa = Actual axial load, N {kgf}
Fr = Actual radial load, N {kgf}
The bearings mostly used in gear boxes are roller ball bearing, cylindrical roller bearing and
tapered roller bearing, spherical roller bearing.
The factors to be considered while designing a bearing for gear box are:
Load conditions
Speed of rotation in bearing
Shaft arrangements
Friction
Bearing life
Lubrication in bearing
Environmental conditions
Strength of connecting parts
Design of 3 speed gear box
1. An automotive gear box gives 3 forward speeds and one reverse with a top gear of unity and
bottom and reverse gear ratio of approximately 3.3:1. The center distance between the shafts
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
is to be 110 mm approximately. Gear teeth of module 3.25 mm. find the number of gear
teeth.
Given:
Center distance = 110 mm
Solution:
Reverse gear ratio = TB/TA x TJ/TI
Since the pitch is same for all wheels and the center distance is the same for all pair of
mating wheels, the total number of teeth must be same for each pair.
TA + TB = TC + TD = TE + TF =110 x 2/3.25 = 67.6 = 68
In general, the gear ratios are kept in a geometric progression, If G1, G2, G3 are 1st , 2nd and
3rd or top gear ratios respectively, then G =√G1.G3 = √1 x 3.3 = 1.817
First gear ratio, G1 = TB/TA x TD/TC = 3.3
Adopting the relation, TB/TA = TD/TC = √3.3 = 1.817
Hence TA + TB = 2.817 TA =60 so TA = 68/2.187 = 24.1 = 24
TB = 68 – 24 = 44 adopted
TC = 24 and TD = 44 adopted
Exact speed reduction, G1 = (44/24)2 = 3.36:1
Second gear ratio, G2 = TB/TA x TF/TE = 1.817
TF/TE = 1.817(TA/TB) = 1.817 x 24/44 = 0.991
TE = 68/1.991 = 34.05 = 34 adopted
TF = 68 – 34 =34 adopted
G2 = 34/34 x 44/24 = 1.83:1
Top gear ratio G3 = 1:1
Reverse gear ratio:
Presence of an idler gives TI + TJ < 68
Speed ratio = TB/TA x TJ/TI = 3.3 approx.
Adopting TI = 22 and TJ = 40
Exact reduction = 44/24 x 40/22 = 3.33:1
2. Then maximum gear box ratio of an engine 75 mm bore and 100 mm stroke is 4. The
pitch diameter of the constantly meshing gear is 75% of piston stroke. If the module is
4.25 mm. Calculate the size and number of teeth gears for a 3 speed gear box. Calculate
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
the face width of the constantly meshing gear using the modified Lewis formula. The
engine torque is 910kgcm and allowable stress is 900 kgf/cm2
Given:
bore diameter = 75 mm Engine torque, Te = 910 kgfcm
Stroke length = 100 mm allowable stress = 900kg/cm2
Solution:
G1 = 4 and G3 = 1
Taking gear ratios in geometrical progression, G2 = √G1.G3
First gear ratio, G1 = TB/TA x TD/TC = 4 giving TB/TA = TD/TC = √4 = 2
Adopting TA = TC = 16 to avoid interference the TB = TD = 32
TA + TB = TC + TD = TE + TF = 48
Pitch diameter of constantly meshing gear i.e. gear A = 0.75 x 100= 75 mm
Pitch diameter of pinion C = module x number of teeth = 4.25 x 16 = 68 mm
Gear D and pinion B = 4.25 x 32 = 136 mm
Second gear ratio, G2 = TB/TA x TF/TE = 2
TF/TE = 2 (TA/ TB) = 2 (15/3) = 1
TE = TF = 24 adopted.
Pitch diameter of pinion E and gear F = 4.25 x 24 = 102 mm
G3 = 1:1
Te = FD/2000 89.27 = F x 75/2000 so that
F= 89.27 x 200/75 = 2380.5 N
Modified lewis formula gives, F = (cfb/1000) (m/1000)
C = form factor
fb = allowable stress (N/m2)
b = face width of gear (mm)
m = module of gear (mm)
2380.5 = 0.07 x 8829 x 104 x b/1000 x 4.25/1000
b = 2380.5 x 2000/0.007 x 8892 x 104 x 4.25 Face width, b = 90.6 mm
Design of 4 speed gear box
1. Sketch a section through a sliding gear type box with 4 forward and one reverse speeds and
explain clearly how the different speed ratios will be explained in the following cases.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
2. A 4 speed gear box is to be constructed for providing the ratios 1.0, 1.46, 2.28 and 3.93 to
1 as nearly as possible. The diametral pitch of each gear is 3.25 mm and the smallest
pinion is to have at least 15 teeth. Determine the suitable number of teeth of different
gears. What is the distance between the main and layout shaft?
Given:
G1 = 3.93:1 G3 = 1.46:1 Pitch = 3.25
G2 = 2.28:1 G4 = 1:1 module = 15 teeth
Solution:
First gear ratio, G1 = TB/TA x TD/TC = 3.8
TB/TA = TD/TC √3.93 = 1.98
Adopting TA = TC = 15 the lowest value given
TB = TD = 1.98 x 15 = 29.7 = 30 adopted
G1 = 30/15 x 30/15 = 4:1
TA + TB = TC + TD = TE + TF = TG + TH = 45
Second gear ratio, G2 = TB/TA x TF/TE = 2.28
TF/TE = 2.28 TA/ TB = 2.28 x 15/30 = 1.14
TE + TF = 2.14 TE = 45
TE = 45/2.14 = 21 adopted and TF = 45 – 21 =24 adopted
G2 = 30/15 x 24/21 = 2.28:1
Third gear ratio, G3 = TB/TA x TH/TG = 1.46
TH/TG = 1.46/2 = 0.73
TG + TH = 45 hence TG = 45/1.73 = 26 adopted
TH = 45 – 26 = 19 adopted
G3 = 30/15 x 19/26 = 1.46:1 G4 = 1:1
Centre distance between the shafts = (3.25 x 45)/2 = 73.12 mm
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Torque to transmitted by the propeller shaft shaft = torque of engine x gear ratio
di = 27 mm
A final drive is that part of a power transmission system between the drive shaft and the
differential. Its function is to change the direction of the power transmitted by the drive
shaft through 90 degrees to the driving axles. At the same time, it provides a fixed reduction
between the speed of the drive shaft and the axle driving the wheels. The reduction or gear
ratio of the final drive is determined by dividing the number of teeth on the ring gear by the
number of teeth on the pinion gear. In passenger vehicles, this speed reduction varies from
about 3:1 to 5:1. In trucks it varies from about 5:1 to 11:1. To calculate rear axle ratio, count the
number of teeth on each gear. Then divide the number of pinion teeth into the number of ring
gear teeth. For example, if the pinion gear has 10 teeth and the ring gear has 30 (30 divided by
10), the rear axle ratio would be 3:1. Manufacturers install a rear axle ratio that provides a
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
compromise between performance and economy. The average passenger car ratio is 3.50:1. The
higher axle ratio, 4.11:1 for instance, would increase acceleration and pulling power but
would decrease fuel economy. The engine would have to run at a higher rpm to maintain an
equal cruising speed. The lower axle ratio 3:1 would reduce acceleration and pulling power
but would increase fuel mileage. The engine would run at a lower rpm while maintaining the
same speed. The major components of the final drive include the pinion gear, connected
to the drive shaft, and a bevel gear or ring gear that is bolted or riveted to the differential
carrier.
Design of semi floating, fully floating and three quarter floating axle
A) Semi‐Floating Axle: This design employs one wheel support bearing mounted on the
outer end of the axle shaft and inside the axle tube. All the wheel forces including vehicle
weight, wheel side skid, wheel traction, and torsional drive, are supported by the axle shaft. This
design is less complicated, lighter weight, less costly, and is used in passenger cars.
The diagram on Figure 7, developed by anti‐friction bearing engineers, has been used to
calculate the axle shaft diameter at the wheel bearing location. The analysis consists of summing
the moments around the center of the outer bearing and equating them to the flexure of length, C,
of the axle shaft:
M = (WRB ‐ .6WRRr) = SI/C
M = maximum bending moment in in‐lbs around the center of the outer bearing.
WR = maximum rear end weight of the vehicle in pounds. (.6WR = side skid load.)
B = axial distance from the center of the wheel to the center of the outer bearing.
Rr = radius of tire in inches.
From the above information, the diameter of the axle shaft is calculated as follows:
D = 2.168 (M/S)1/3
D = the diameter of the axle shaft at the outer bearing center in inches.
B) Three‐Quarter Floating Axle: This design uses one wheel support bearing mounted on
the outer end of the axle tube. The wheel forces due to vehicle weight and tractive effort are
supported by the axle tubes. The vehicle force due to wheel side skid loads and torsional drive
forces are supported by the axle shaft which is then said to be “three‐quarter floating”. This
design has limited application in the automotive industry.
Figure 8 has a sketch of a three‐quarter floating axle design. The following equation sums the
moment loading around the outer bearing center which is the result of the side skid load only:
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
M = .6WRRr
Using the same analysis as was done for the semi‐floating axle above; the diameter of the axle
shaft is as follows:
D = 2.168 (M/S)1/3
D is the diameter of the axle shaft at the outer bearing in inches.
In this three‐quarter design configuration, the axial shaft supports the side skid load only. The
radial load is supported by the axle tube.
C) Full‐Floating Axle: In this design, the wheels are supported by two bearings that mount
on the outer end of the axle tubes. Wheel forces due to vehicle weight, vehicle tractive effort, and
side skid load are reacted by the axle tubes. The outer end of the axle shaft is unsupported or
“floats” in the axle tube and transmits torsional drive forces only. This design is used for heavy
duty applications.
Figure 9 has a sketch of the full‐floating axle design. The axle shaft supports torsional loads only
while the axle tube supports all other loads. The equation is as follows:
S = Q1/(π/16)D3
Rearranging:
D = 1.721(Q1/SS)1/3
Q1 = One‐half maximum low gear torque in inch‐pounds.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Simultaneous appearance of maximum longitudinal and transverse forces at the wheel road
contact is not possible, for joint action is restricted by the adhesion force
The loading conditions of axle shafts and beams reduce to the following three cases:
1- Rectilinear motion
The longitudinal force (Fw or Fb) attain its maximum value equal to Rw φ, Maximum torque is
where:
Tw = wheel torque
Te max = maximum engine torque
ig = gearbox ratio (1st gear)
if = final drive ratio
kd = dynamic factor
kl = the coefficient of differential locking
ma = automobile mass accounted for the driving axle
g = 9.81 m/s2
wt = transferred weight
where
φ = coefficient of adhesion (0.8)
* In this case, Fy = 0
2- Skidding of automobile
In this case a lateral force and normal reaction are acting on the wheel. Assume that the
longitudinal force Fw = 0. The largest lateral force- centrifugal force- whose value is limited by
the wheel-road grip equals
The vertical reactions and lateral forces of the inner and outer wheels are
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
where
v = vehicle speed (km/h)
R = radius of turn of the road
t = wheel track width
φ = coefficient of road adhesion during sidewise skidding =1.0
+ = plus sign is used for the axle shaft of the wheel which is inner relative to the skidding
direction, and the negative sign, the outer wheel.
where
kdr = is the dynamic factor of road;
for cars, kdr = 1.75; for trucks, kdr= 2.50
-The axle shaft dimensions are determined for the most dangerous case of loading. For s semi-
floating axle the dangerous cress section lies in the bearing installation zone. For the first
condition, the equivalent stress due to bending and torsion is
where
d = the axle shaft diameter
b = the overhanging length
During skidding the following bending moments and stresses act on the axle shaft
Mi = Rw i b – Fy i rw;
Mo = R w o b + F y o r w
where
rw = wheel radius
(the upper sings are used for the inner axle shaft, and the lower sign, for the outer axle shaft
relative to the skidding direction).
- The floating axle is calculated only for torsion at the maximum traction force
www.vidyarthiplus.com
www.Vidyarthiplus.com
The axle shaft is calculated also for the maximum twist angle
where
L = the length of the axle shaft
G = the shear modulus
J = the moment of inertia of the cross section of axle shaft
sb = 55 MPa for shafts without keyway
40 MPa for shafts with keyway
www.vidyarthiplus.com