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Formula Sheet Aircraft Tutorials

This document provides formulas for preliminary weight estimation and sizing of airplanes. It includes Breguet range and endurance formulas, as well as formulas for maximum cruise range, endurance, take-off distance, cruise speed, climb rate, climb gradient, and maneuvering based on parameters like lift, drag, thrust, weight, wing area, and propeller or jet efficiency. The formulas allow estimation of key performance parameters early in the design process based on assumed characteristics and configurations.

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273 views2 pages

Formula Sheet Aircraft Tutorials

This document provides formulas for preliminary weight estimation and sizing of airplanes. It includes Breguet range and endurance formulas, as well as formulas for maximum cruise range, endurance, take-off distance, cruise speed, climb rate, climb gradient, and maneuvering based on parameters like lift, drag, thrust, weight, wing area, and propeller or jet efficiency. The formulas allow estimation of key performance parameters early in the design process based on assumed characteristics and configurations.

Uploaded by

Pythonraptor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Data and Formulae for Airplane Preliminary Weight

Estimation and Sizing

Preliminary Weight Estimation


Breguet formulas for range (R) and endurance (E):

 η   η  L  W 
L  W  Eprop =  p  .  ln  start 
R prop =  p  .  ln  start   Vg.c 
 g.c   p loiter  D loiter  Wfinish 
 p cruise  D cruise  Wend 
 V   1  L  W 
L  W  E jet =   .  ln  start 
R jet =   .  ln  start   g.c 
 g.c 
 j cruise  D cruise  Wend   j loiter  D loiter  Wfinish 

Maximum cruise range formulas

For propeller aircraft:


L 
Maximum range (R) for maximum  
 D cruise
CL
maximum for CD = 2CD0 CL= πAeCD0
CD
For jet aircraft:
L  W 2 CL
Maximum range (R) for maximum Vcruise .   =
 D cruise S ρ CD2

CL CD0 πAe 4
maximum for CL = CD = CD0
CD2 3 3

Maximum endurance formulas


For propeller aircraft:
 1  C  ρ S CL3
Maximum endurance (E) for maximum    L  =
 V   CD  2 W CD2
CL3
=
maximum for CL 3CD0 πAe CD = 4CD0
CD2

For jet aircraft: C 


Maximum endurance (E) for maximum  L 
 CD loiter
 CL 
  maximum for C = πAeCD0 CD = 2CD0
 CD loiter
L

Preliminary Sizing
Take-off formulas
Takeoff parameter definition for jet and propeller a/c

W W 1 1 W W 1 1


TOPjet =   .   . . TOPprop =   .   . .
 S  TO  T  TO CL TO σ  S  TO  P  TO CL TO σ
Landing formulas
Statistical relationship between landing distance and stall speed

=sL 0.5915 Vs2land → CS23


=sL 0.5847 Vs2land → CS25

Cruise speed formulas


1 3
ηp .Pbr ρV C D0
For propeller aircraft: = 2 W 1
+ 
W (W / S)  S  1
πAe ρV
2
1 2
CD0 ρV
T 2 W 1
For jet aircraft: = + 
W (W / S)  S  1
πAe ρV 2
Climb rate formulas 2
For propeller aircraft: For jet aircraft:

W
ηp .Pbr . 2 T C  W2 1
=c − S c  − D .
=
W CL3 / 2  W CL  S ρ CL
. ρ
CD
CL3 / 2 CL 3CD0 πAe
maximum for= and CD = 4CD0
CD

Climb gradient formulas


For propeller aircraft:

c P 1 C
G= ηp . br .
= − D
V W W 2 1 CL
S ρ CL
Optimizing this expression (for best climb gradient) leads to a value for CL which
could be very close to the maximum lift coefficient.

For jet aircraft:


c T CD
G= = −
V W CL

Maximum G for maximum aerodynamic efficiency:

CD = 2.CD0 CL
= CD0 . π . A .e

Maneuvering formulas
For propeller aircraft: For jet aircraft:
1 3 1 1
ηp .Pbr CD0 2 ρV  W  nmax
2
T
CD ρV 2 CD0 ρV 2 2
 W  nmax
= +  = = 2 2 +
W (W / S)  S  1
πAe ρV W (W / S) (W / S)  S  1
πAe ρV 2
2 2

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