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14jan03 PDF
14jan03 PDF
Clinical Thermometer
Stethoscope
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Future Biomedical Instrument
Physiologic Display
Sensor Processor Observer
System Storage
Fundamental Rules of
Biomedical Instrumentation
Signal In Ui(t)
(Physiologic Variable) Operation, f Signal Out Uo(t)
Uo(t) = f(Ui(t))
Uo(t)
Ui(t)
Instrument
Output
Variable Measured
Time
Variable Measured
Variable Measured
Variable Measured
Precision - Number of distinguishable
alternatives from which a given result is selected.
In other words: the smallest change in a variable
that can be correctly measured
Instrument
Output
Variable Measured
Calibration 3
Variable Measured
Physiologic Display
Sensor Processor Observer
System Storage
Possible Types of Transducers
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
Optical
Chemical
Acoustic
Hydraulic
Possible Types of Transducers
Electrical
Mechanical
Thermal
ker
ea
e
on
Sp
ph
Optical
ud
cro
Lo
Mi
Chemical
Acoustic
Hydraulic
Types of Sensors
• Physical
• Chemical
• Bioanalytical
Types of Sensors
• Physical
• Strain gauge • Velocimeter
• Accelerometer • Thermistor
• Load cell (force) • Metal resistance thermometer
• Pressure sensor • Flow sensor
• Chemical
• Oxygen electrode • Ion-selective electrode
• Glass electrode (pH) • CO2 sensor
• Bioanalytical
• Glucose sensor
• Lactate sensor And so on …….
Single Conversion Sensor
Physiologic Electrical
Sensor
Variable Signal
Body Electrical
Thermistor
Temperature Resistance
R = R0 (1 + α (T − T0 ))
R0 is the resistance at temperature T0
α Is the temperature coefficient of
resistance
Thermistor (Temperature Sensor)
Semiconductor
Oxides
Lead Wires
Insulation
1 1
R = R0 exp β −
• High sensitivity T T0
• Inexpensive
• Non-linear R0 is the resistance at absolute
• Moderate stability temperature T0
β Is a constant
Capacitance Force Sensor
Force
A
A
C =ε
d
ε is the dielectric constant
Capacitance Force Sensor