TOPIK Essential 150 Intermediate Grammar Notes

Prepared by: Alex Lintzenich for www.topikguide.com

Used
Grammar Usage Similar Phrases Notes
With
V/A/N( When P1 context does not affect
-(느)ㄴ다고 해도 -아/어 봤자
I) P2 result
Used to indicate that it is better to
V/A/N(
-(느)ㄴ다기보다(는) say P2 rather than P1 (rather than
I)
P1, P2 is a better reason/option)
Explains the situation when the -Indicates speaker's intention
-(느)ㄴ다는 것이 V intention and result differ (I should -Can't use
have P1 but P2 happened) Imperative/suggestive
-To show a condition or assume
something (hypothetical) that has
not happened yet (assuming -Lower probability of happening
V/A/N( different situation) than -(으)면
-(느)ㄴ다면
I) -Used to refer to hypothetical -Usually -겠어요/-(으)ㄹ
situations either contrary to what 거에요/-(으)ㄹ 텐데 occur at end
happened in the past or what is
happening in the present
To express certain feeling or
-(으)ㄴ 감이
-(으)ㄴ 감이 있다 A thoughts that spring from seeing
없지 않다
something
-(으)ㄴ 지 오래
되다 been a
-(으)ㄴ 지 long time
Used to say how much time has
N(Time)이/가 V -(으)ㄴ 지 얼마 N is always a time noun
passed after doing something
되다/넘다/지나다 안 되다 hasn't
been a long
time
-Can use with verbs indicating
wearing things on your body
-When used
Used when certain action is taken -Can use for continuation of
with -아/어 놓다
in the process of another action emotional state
-(으)ㄴ 채(로) V or -아/어두다
(P1), focus is on the resulting state -Incomplete/Complete actions
the 로 is
that continues can be used
dropped
-Not used to describe naturally
expected situations
-When used in the past the
V/A/N( An expression that modifes the action has already ended
-(으)ㄴ/는
I) following noun -Expresses only the simple past
with no recollection
-To guess through a certain fact or -나 보다 (1)
situation -(으)ㄴ/는
V/A/N(
-(으)ㄴ/는 것 같다 -To express a thought or an 모양이다 (1)
I)
opinion -(으)ㄴ/는
-"looks like" "appears that" 듯하다 (1)
-Used when changing P1's matter
P1's action can either be
into P2 (Since P1 ____ instead P2)
V/A/N( replaced by another action or
-(으)ㄴ/는 대신(에) -Used to reward P2's matter due
I) that another action can
to P1 (Because P1, P2 <reward>
compensate for P1's action
can happen)
Used to add (phrases should be -Subject should be the same
related and be able to be -N-에다거 used to indicate the
V/A/N( -(으)ㄹ
-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가 connected by 그래서 or 그러니까) noun in following clause is
I) 뿐(만)아니라
information from P2 to P1 (as well added to P1, it can also indicate
as) location
 -(으)ㄴ/는 듯이
((-으)ㄴ/는 것
처럼)
V/A/N( To speculate on the basis of -나 보다
-(으)ㄴ/는 듯하다
I) certain fact or situation -(으)ㄴ/는 것
같다
-(으)ㄴ
모양이다
-나 보다 -No guess in P1 (If guess you
To speculate something on the -(으)ㄴ/는 것 use -(으)ㄹ 것 같다)
V/A/N(
-(으)ㄴ/는 모양이다 basis of certain fact or situation 같다 -Often used with -(으)ㄴ/는 걸
I)
(shape or appearance) -(으)ㄴ/는 보니까 which is the basis for
듯하다 making the guess
Express 2 things that are
V/A/N( Used when context of P1 contrasts -지만
-(으)ㄴ/는 반면(에) opposite or one positive and one
I) with P2 (_____ while _____) -는데 반해
negative in one sentence
Used to say that it is only natural in
-(으)ㄴ/는 법이다 V/A general for something to happen -기 마련이다
as such (it is certain)
-When something seems to be
similar to something else (almost -는 셈치다 used to suppose
-외/과
-(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다 V the same) something that is different from
마찬가니다
-When it is considered that it is reality (pretend)
similar as doing something else
-는다고
생각하다
-(으)려니
생각하다 -When used with positive and
Used when information about
-(으)ㄹ 줄 negative comments on ability
-(으)ㄴ/는 줄 V/A/N( certain fact is different from what
알다/모르다 (+/+ and -/- worse than you
알았다/몰랐다 I) had been expected (I thought that..
(used to when expected) (-/+ and +/- better
but really..)
checking than expected)
ability/awarenes
s on how to do
something
-은 척했다
(Subject acts
like they did
something but
Used to express a fabrication of an
didn't) -P1 contains what is contrary to
V/A/N( attitude or actoin that is different
-(으)ㄴ/는 척하다 -는 척했다 reality
I) from the fact (act like <V/A/N
(Subject acts -You can't use 알다 in the past
attached)
like they are in
the process of
something but
in reality not)
Used to express the attitude that is
V/A/N( different from the actual action or -(으)ㄴ/는
-(으)ㄴ/는 체하다
I) condition (acted as though <V/A/N 척하다
attached> in order to Clause 1)
-는 탓이다 In this phrase 탓 roughly means
V/A/N( When a bad result is placed in P2
-(으)ㄴ/는 탓에 -는 바람에 reason/cause something bad
I) due to P1
-는 통에 happens
-Normally adverb in front
To say that something tends to be -Negatve forms
-Characteristic/quality needs to
-(으)ㄴ/는 편이다 V/A similar to something else (generally 안 -는 편이다, -
be obvious or objectively
so) 는 편이 아니다
verifiable (in general terms)
-When P1 becomes the reason of
P2 (since/therefore/and)
V/A/N( -When the P2's context contrasts
-(으)ㄴ/는데
I) with P1 (but)
-To do something in P2 on the
basis of P1 (background
 information)

-With 불구하고
to make -
(으)ㄴ/는데도
When something that is different 불구하고 to
V/A/N( -Can't use future tense,
-(으)ㄴ/는데도 from a generally expected result in further
I) imperative, or suggestive ending
P1's situation is placed in P2 emphasize the
contrast or
unexpectednes
s
Used to ask whether the listener
-(으)ㄴ/는지 V/A/N( It can also be a response "I
is/isn't aware certain information
알다/모르다 I) don't/do know.."
(do you know..)
-Don't use with verbs with
When the result does not change -아/어 봤자
negative connotation
-(으)나 마나 V whether the action (attached) is -(으)나
-Can' use 안/못 in front of -
taken or not 만나이다
(으)나 마나
-았/었어야
했는데 (Should
Used to regret or feel sorry for have done)
-그랬다 always in the past
something (Should have <V -지 말걸
-(으)ㄹ 걸 (그랬다) V -Normally if used at end of
attached>/Regret doing something 그랬다/안 -
sentence just -(으)ㄹ 걸
else would have been better) (으)ㄹ 걸 그랬다
(Should not
have done)
-지 말고
Used to suggest doing P2's action Rather than P1, P2 is a better
-(으)ㄹ 게 아니라 V -(으)ㄹ 것이
and not doing P1's action idea
아니라
-는 김에(means
doing actions
together)
-가는 길에/오는 -When used with 1 reason
In P1 to express more than two 길엥 (on the listener can infer there is another
-(으)ㄹ 겸 (-을 겸) V
purposes about P2's action way to/from reason (in this case 해서 often
you do follows)
something)
-겸 (used with
noun)
-절대로 -지
To express that what comes in P1
-(으)ㄹ 리(가) V/A/N( 않을 것이다
is not true based on certain fact or
없다/있다 I) -(으)ㄹ 리(가)
situation
있어요?
-To reocommed something since
the speaker consideres it to be When used as worthwhile many
-(으)ㄹ 만하다 V worthy times in this form with -아/어
-To express an available level or 보다= -아/어볼 만하
degree
-Most cases speaker is relieved
it didn't happen
Used to mean that something
-Always use in past
almost happened (but did not
-(으)ㄹ 뻔하다 V -Often used following
actually happen) (almost <V
constuctions that indicate
attached>)
hypothetical past situations (-
았/었더라)
-Clauses should be +/+ or -/-
-(으)ㄹ 뿐(만) V/A/N( To add a piece of information from -(으)ㄴ/는 can't mix
아니라 I) P2 to P1 (but also) 데다가 -These often follow (A/V-기까지
하다/ A/V-기도 하다/ N-까지
 A/V)

-(으)ㄹ 뿐
-More emphatic
To show that there is nothing else -Only one course of action
V/A/N( use (N-만 -
-(으)ㄹ 뿐이다 than what is mentione in P1 (that's -In this form 뿐=오직 meaning
I) (으)ㄹ 뿐이다/
all, all I did, only) solely, merely, only
A/V-기만 -
(으)ㄹ 뿐이다)
Used in situations in which there is
no other choice for the subject but
-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 A/V to do P1's action (in case of verb)
or to be in P1's stat (in case of
adj)
-(으)ㄹ
정도이다
To say that the degree of P2 is
-(으)ㄹ 정도로 V/A -(으)ㄹ 만큼 Used to exagerate
same as that of P1 (so…that…)
-(으)ㄹ
지경이다
When the condition is similar to -(으)ㄹ
-(으)ㄹ 지경이다 V
something else (about to) 정도이다
Combination of
-Can't be interrogative (use -
-P1 is used to express the -(으)ㄹ 터이다
(으)ㄹ 텐데 for a question)
speaker's strong supposition and it (Express
-Subject should be speaker in
V/A/N( becomes a reson or condition of speaker's
-(으)ㄹ 테니(까) P1
I) P2 intention) and -
-P1= reason for suggestion or
-P1 shows the speaker's will and (으)니까
advice
becomes the condition for P2 (express
-P2=suggestion or advice
reason)
-Combination
of -(으)ㄹ
When the preceding phrase shows
터이다 used for
a speaker's speculation and it
future situation
works as a basis of the succeeding -This regers to the reason for
or intention to
phrase the speaker's supposition -
do something
V/A/N( -P1-strong intention or expection (으)ㄹ 테니까
-(으)ㄹ 텐데 and -
I) -P2-statement related or contrary -Different than -(으)ㄴ/는데 as it
(으)ㄴ/는데
to P1 is used to express assumption
provides
This refers to the actual situation about current or future situation
background
related to the supposition or
information for
assumption
what is to
follow
- Converation only, intention
-(으)ㄹ 거야
To speculate (need knowledge to raises at end
V/A/N( -(으)ㄹ 거예요
-(으)ㄹ걸(요) back up speculation) about certain -Not that confident when saying
I) (means a
fact this, can use to softly disagree
speculation)
with listener
*This is different-(으)ㄹ까 보다/-
-(으)ㄹ까
-To do P2 in advance because the (으)ㄹ까 싶다/-(으)ㄹ까 하다/-
V/A/N( 싶어(서)
-(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) speaker is worried about P1 (봐 (으)ㄹ 지도 모르다 comes at the
I) -(으)ㄹ 지도
here used as to guess/think) end of sentence and shows an
몰라(서)
uncertain plan
-Negative sentences can't use
Used to describe the speaker's
뭇
-(으)ㄹ까 하다 V vague intention or plan that can -(으)ㄹ까 보다
-Can't use future
easily be changed (I might _____)
tense/imperative/suggestive
Used to say that something almost
happened but didn't at the end (I
-(으)ㄹ락 말락 하다 V
nearly <V attached> but (reason
why not))
 -Used as a guess so rude to use
Used to indicate the speaker's view about an important event that
V/A/N( -(으)ㄹ지
-(으)ㄹ지도 모르다 that something might happen or someone is worried about
I) 모르다
could possibly (but unlikely) occur -With past tense don't add to
모르다
-Used to explain future plans
(more concrete than -(으)ㄹ까
-Indicates the speaker's
하다)
intention
-(으)려고 하다 V -Used to explain when something
-Can use for future plans
is likely to happen
-Intend to/Plan to/Going to..
-Usef for when plan did not
materialize as expected
-(으)려던
참이었다-even -These often appear at the
before the beginning 마침/그렇지 않아도/안
Used to express a plan for the
suggestion (I 그래도
foreseeable future (indicates
-(으)려던 참이다 V had planned to -Can't use future
speaker's intention), speaker was
<even before tense/imperative/suggestive
just about to do what is suggested
you said that> -For mid sentence 이다 changes
and was just to 에
about to)
When P2's result comes because
-(으)로 인해(서) N of P1 (Due to <N attached> _____ Can't use imperative/suggestive
happened)
Used to indicate that someone has
a position, social status or
-(으)로서 N
authority or in such stance (as a
<N attached>)
-(으)리라고는
상상도 못하다
(used when
speaker never
Used to speculate something (I
V/A/N( thought about 믿다, 생각하다, 보다, etc.. Often
-(으)리라고 believe <V/A/N attached> since
I) the situation) follow
Clause 1)
-(으)리라는 N
(used to mean
think, guess,
speculate)
Used when the opposite context to
-(으)면서도 V/A -지만
the status/action of P1 come in P2
-Used to choose something even -You can use
-잠시나마
though it is not 100% satisfactory imperative/suggestive
-(이)나마 N -잠깐이나마
(2nd best option) -Should be used with intention
-조금이나마
-Can also show no preference or will phrases
-Used with
어느, 아무,
무엇, 무슨, or
Used to indicate the speaker's 누구 the
choosing of something that will expression -Choosing the next best option
-(이)라도 N suffice even though it is not the means that -Use when ranking the available
best option among the available something is options
choices the case no
matter the
circumstances
or situation
Used to emphasize something
-(이)야말로 N among others representing the rest N attached is most among all
(prime example)
V/A/N( Used when one is supposed to -거나 Typically one used once
-거나 (-거나) -든지
I) choose one out of two options (or) but can appear twice

-To show a condition or assume
something that has not happened
V/A/N(
-거든 (generally used in casual
I)
conversation)
-If P1 is actually true then…
Used to respond to a question or
to add to a statement the speaker
V/A/N(
-거든요 has already made to provide the
I)
reason or thinking behind the
answer or statement
V/A/N( Used when there are opposite fact
-건만
I) between P1 and P2
To show the purpose towards the
-게 V action of P1 (P2 in order for me
to/so that P1)
Used when something is changed
or something happened due to a
certain reason, used to express
-게 되다 V/A
passively in cases in which the
subject's will or intention is not
involved
-When someone (subject) made
someone else do something
(verbally make them do something,
-게 하다 V no direct physical connection)
-Also refer to giving/not giving
another person permission to do
something
When doing P2's action after
-고 나서 V -고서
finishing all P1's action
-Used to express that something
finally took place (unplanned
event/action that continued until it
-고 말다 V shows stronger
was completed or thoroughly
finished in a way undesired by the
speaker)
When some fact is found after
-고 보니(까) V doing something, new/contrary to
current belief (after I realized)
This expression means that the
V/A/N( reason given in P1 is just one of a
-고 해서
I) number of reasons for the
behaviour in P2
-거든요 means
reason (only
known by -Many times P1 is guess and P2
speaker) and is suggestive/imperative
comes at the sentence
end of the
sentence
####################
#########
Although/Despite P1's action,
P2's action (opposite) happened
-개끔 used to be emphatic
-Past indicates a state or
situation that has come to be
true in the present, or that has
been decided
-Used to tell someone
something happened in a
indirect/gentle manner
-Can't use 안 for negative only
못 to show prohibition of some
action
-도록 하다
-When attached to Adj it
-게 만들다
indicates that the subject causes
another person to be in the state
described by the Adj
Only use -고나면 when end of
P1 becomes condition for P2 (If
you do action 1 then action 2 will
happen bc of 1)
-Subject did not plan or intend
to do what happened (efforts
-아/어 버리다
were made to prevent a result
-고 말겠다
but were ineffective)
-End in past tense usually
intention of
-Can be used to show intention
speaker
with -겠-/-(으)ㄹ
테니까/꼭/반드시
-고보면 (If you do this you will
get this result)
-Occurs after an action is
completed
-Refers to a time after
performing an action once
-P2 contains new or unexpected
information learned by the
speaker
-N 도 V-고/
A/V-기도 하고
해서
-N 도 A/V-고
A/V-고 해서 or Only primary reason is given but
A/V-기도 하고 the clause indicates that thare
A/V-기도 해서 are other reasons also not said
this expression
indicates two
representative
reasons among
 many for the
action in P2

When the result of P1's action is Can't use with imperative or

-고도 V
different from the expectation suggestive sentences
Used to express an agreement of
V/A/N( something or a thought to think of
-고말고(요)
I) something as reasonable (of
course <V/A/N attached>)
To express when P2's action or
condition appears after P1's action -고 나서
-고서 V
is finished (before/after -고
relationship)
-When P2's action can take place Use -아/어 야 when P1 is critical
after P1's action is finished condition for P2 to take place or
-고서야 V
-As a rhetorical question when P1 when P1 turns out to be
works as a condition of P2 meaningless
-고자 하다
(used when the
-Used in official speech/writing
speaker has an
When P2's action is taken for an -Subjects must be same
-고자 V intention to take
intention or purpose of P1 -Can't use Imperative or
certain action)
Suggestive endings
-(으)려고
-기 위해(서)
Means that a certain action or
situation repeatedly happens, but -고는 하다
-곤 하다 V Used often with 곧잘, 자주, 가끔
not always without exception -기 일쑤이다
(often)
-Can't use
-기 때문이다
V/A/N( imperative/suggestive
-기 때문에 Usef for the reson of P2's action -아/어서
I) -Larger reason compared to -
-(으)니까
아/어서/-(으)니까
-게 마련이다
Used to say that certain situation is -(으)ㄴ/는 게
-기 마련이다 V/A natural and reasonable (is bound 당연하다
to) -(으)ㄴ/는
법이다
-기 위해(서) V P1 is an objective of P2 -기 위하여 Subject must be the same
Used when something occurs
-기 일쑤이다 V Usually a negative connotation
frequently
Used to express the state or
Normally Adj at the end to mean
-기(가) V thought of doing something (find
feeling
that ending Adj <V attached> P1)
To express doing something as
-기(가) 무섭게 V soon as something is finished (as -자마자
soon as)
-기(를) 바라다 V Used to express one' wish or hope
-Subject must be same for both
When despite recognizing P1's
clauses
V/A/N( condition, something different than
-기는 하지만 -기는(긴) -지만 - P1 is acknowlded but
I) what had been expected is placed
emphasizing speaker's belief in
in P2.
--기는 했지만 shows past
Used to slightly deny what the
other person said or answer about
V/A/N( Can't be used with expressions
-기는(요) a compliment in a modest way (I -긴요
I) that denote tense
don't think so, <V/A attached>
"negating sentence")
 -기도하고 (used
with V when P1
"or" P2 are
done, used with
Adj when
Used to indicate that it is done
-기도 하다 V adding
sometimes
information "P1
happens but
sometimes P2
happens as
well)
-Usually past tense but when
Used to describe a plan, resolution -기로 계획하다 present tense speaker & listener
-기로 하다 V and promise towards something (I -기로 결심하다 are making a promise together
decided to ____) -기로 약석하다 -Can't use
imperative/suggestive
To show that only one particular
-기만 하다 V/A
action or state has been continued
To represent when P1's action or
V/A/N( If P1 happens P2 always
-기만 하면 situation always accompanies P2's
I) happens
context
-Can't use
V/A/N( When P1 is the basis or reason of -길래
-기에 imperative/suggestive
I) P2 (colloquial)
-P1 subject can't be speaker
-Can't use
V/A/N( When P1 becomes basis or
-길래 -기에 (written) imperative/suggestive
I) purpose of P2
-P1 subject can't be speaker
-마저/조차
Used to indicate that something
(only when it is
-까지 N else happened on top of
a negative
something (as well as)
connotation)
-(으)ㄴ/는 것
같다
V/A/N( To guess about something based -(으)ㄴ/는
-나 보다
I) on certain fact or situation 모양이다
-(으)ㄴ/는
듯하다
Used when P2 is not satisfactory
Often followed by 차라리 (rather,
-느니 V but it is considered to be better
preferably)
than P1 (would rather P2 than P1)
-When doing what comes in P2 is
-는 바람에
not possible due to P1 ####################
-느라(고) V -는통에
-When P2 becomes the same #########
-는 탓에
situation due to P1
-It means "on the way to/from
somewhere" -는 길이다
-는 길에 V Can use only movement verbs
-It means "using coming/going to -는 도중에
somewhere as a chance"
Used to the situation of doing
something during the process of
-는 김에 V -는 길에 (1)
doing something else (P1's action
while…P2's action)
-It means to do the same as doing -Second option can't use in past
something else (repeat, do as told) -Only Adj you can use is -고
-는 대로 V
-It means to do something as 싶다/편하다/좋다
soon as something is done -Can't use negative in front
-Can't use
When thanks to P1, good result
-는 덕분에 V/N(I) -는 덕분이다 imperative/suggestive
comes in P2
-Positive result
Used to express that something
did not take place wholeheartedly First clause is usually the reason
-는 동 마는 둥 V
during the task (wasn't all for <V why
attached>)
 Used to express the period of time -는 사이(에)
Movement verbs you can use -
that certain action or condition (only when
-는 동안(에) V (으)ㄴ 동안(에) to show past
continued (P2's action while <V subjects are
tense
attached>) different)
-Typically negative result
(exception when something
-는 탓에
To express the reason why P1 completely unexpected or
-는 통에
badly affected P2 (expresses unintended occurs and is
-는 바람에 V -는 덕분에
reason and als the result was not positive)
(opposite
intended) -Should end in past tense
meaning)
-Can't use
imperative/suggestive
Used to show the period of time
-는 사이(에) V that a certain action or condition is -는 동안(에) Subjects must differ
continued
Used to mean there is a possibility
that something might happen due -(으)ㄹ 지도
-는 수가 있다 V Usually a negative result
to a certain action or condition 모르다
(You may <V attached> Clause 1)
Used to show the process of
-는 중에 V -는 중이다 P2's action while <V attached>
certain action (in the middle of)
When there is abad result in P2 -는 바람에
-는 통에 V Can't use imperative/suggestive
due to P1 -는 탓에
To show the situation of P2 will be
-는 한 V realised as long as the condition of
P1 is satisfied
-다가 보니까
-다 보니까
-다 is
shortened form
of -다가 which
refers to
Used to indicate that the speaker something
learned something new after doing occuring in the
some actoin or behaviour middle of a ####################
-다 보니 V
continuously from time in the past continuance #########
or that a certain situation has action
occurred as a result of -보니 is
shortened form
of 보다 and -
(으)니까 which
refers to a
discover or
result
-No past at the end of P2
-Common endings for P2 (-
When P2's action may be realized (으)ㄹ 수 있다/-게 될 거예요/-
-다 보면 V (discovery of something) if P1's -다가 보면 게-)
action is continued or repeated -다 모(니까) is slightly different,
P2 is a result (more definite) of
continued action
-는 길에 (Only
when 오다/가다
used in front) -아/어다가 P2 result do to P1
-That something is done on the
-다가는 -다(가) 보니(까) P2 action result
way while stopping the previous
speculates a of P1 action continuing
-다가 V action
bad result in P2 -다(가) 보면 If P1 action
-When some other action is taken
-다가 말다가 happens expect P2 to happen
in the process of certion action
하다 use when (guess cause and effect)
action is on and
off
 -If P1 has continued from some
time in the past
-Speaking 이렇게/그렇게/저렇게 are often
When a bad result is expected after hypothetically used
-다가는 V
doing P1's action use - -P2 should end with supposition
았/었다가는 or conjecture ending
-Can use present tense for
general result
Used to express that certain fact or
V/A/N( situation is amazing or -다니(요) end In response follow form in first
-다니
I) unbelievable (I can't believe that of sentence sentence
<V/A/N attached>)
V/A/N( Recognize P1's fact if it does not Can only be used when P1's
-다라도 -아/어도
I) affect P2's context action is not taking place
-When doing something nearly -다시피 is used to reconfirm the
similar to something else (as you information a listener is expected
know) to be aware of already (used w/
-다시피 하다 V
-When speaker is not actually 알다, 보다, 듣다, 배우다, 느끼다,
doing something but doing etc..- as you know, as you have
something that is similar heard, as you have seen, etc..)
Used to indicate that something
has the qualities or characteristics
Can be used after nouns
-답다 N of the noun, having the qualities
denoting places and institutions
that are typically expected in the
particular noun
-Used when P1 contrasts with P2 -Speaker wants to refer to
(but) something directly seen or
-It indicates the result due to experienced (reason/cause) in
V/A/N( someone else's action (P2's action the past to describe how that
-더니 -더니만
I) because/since P1's action) has changed
-Occurrence of something -Speaker can't be subject
immediately following the end of -Topic/subjects must be same
another occurrence -Present tense always used
-더군(요)
-더라 (only
familiar speech
-Used to -Subject can't be speaker
express a -Speaker needs to learn for the
person's mood, first time not something already
Used to express the speaker's
emotions or known
V/A/N( recollection that he or she directly
-더라고요 feelings 3rd -First person used for
I) saw, heard, or felt some prior
person- expressing a person's mood,
event or action
아/어하더라고요 emotions or feelings
-To refer to -Can't use to express contrary
things that opinion
completed in
the past use -
았/었더라고요
-Expresses recollection of
something done repeatedly
V/A/N( ###################### -Past action that has not come
-던
I) ######### to an end
-Can't use with things that only
occurred once and do not repeat
-Combines - -Use past for actions completed
-Used to talk about the 더- recollection in the past
recollection of the past (when and - -Subject can only be in first
expressing something (으)ㄴ데요 person
V/A/N(
-던데(요) contradictory to what the other which indicates -Used mid-sentence for cases
I)
person just said or showing background used to introduce a past
shock/surprise toward a past event information situation or the fact that the
or particular situation contradictory or present situation is contrary to
a surprising what the case was in the past
 situation

-게 (1)
-When P1 works as a purpose of
-기위해(서)
P2
-도록 V/A (can't use when
-It means the period to reach a
the subject
certain time
differs)
-게 하다
-도록 하세요-
Suggestion to
When someone made
do a certain
-도록 하다 V (instruct/suggest) someone else Only imperative/propositive
action
do something
(response -
도록
하겠습니다)
-If using with Adj need to add -
든지 to both Adj
-든지 -든지
Used in a situation that using either - Can't use -겠-
-든지 V 하다
is fine (You can either..) -Many times used with
-거나
interrogatives (언제든지, 뭐든지,
누구든지
Indicate a sufficient amount of a
Only used with some nouns
-럽다 N certain quality of the noun attached
without final consonants
to
Used to indicate the last one left is -까지
-마저 N Usually used in bad occasions
even added -조차
Used to compare two things that
have similar degree (used with
N 만 못하다- <N> is less ___
-만 하다 N noun denoting size, amount,
than <N attached 만못하다>
number) (P1 Noun is as _____ as
P2 Noun)
Also used to express a situation
Used when providing examples to that is opposite to what was the
-의 경우만 봐도
-만 해도 N explain a situation or statement case in the past (usually a time
-만 하더라도
made previously word if often followed by -
전만해도
-P1 usually includes (으)ㄴ 지
which indicates that the action
described in the cluase has been
Used to indicate that something
completed in a certain amount of
-만에 N occrred a certain amount of time
time
after a previous event occurred
-Refers to an event happening a
certain time after the occurrence
of a previous event
-만큼도 (used
to emphasize
Used to show the similarity in size
-만큼 N something with
(same as)
an
exaggeration)
Used to indicate that there is only -Has to be negative in second
-이나
-밖에 N that person/matter remaining part
(opposite)
(only/nothing but) -Can't be imperative/suggestive
Has the feeling or quality just like Sounds weird used after nouns
-스럽다 N
the noun it is attached to denoting places and institutions
 - When it is expected that
-Can't use with imperative or
regardless of doing P1's work, the -(으)ㄴ/는다고
suggestive
-아/아 봤자 V/A expected result does not seem to 해도 (1)
-소용이 없다 commonly used in
be realized (even if) -(으)나 마나 (1)
P2 (it is useless meaning)
- When P1's condition is great
-가다-Used when the current
situation is continuously
maintained in the future (now to -Use for a long time only
future) -This can be used when
-아/어 가다/오다 V
-오다- Used when the past something is about to be
condition has long been finished 다 -아/어 가다
maintained to the present (past to
now)
-With V used only to express the
order of something
When P1's completed result (Imperative/suggestive ok)
V/A/N( -아/어 갖고
-아/어 가지고 becomes the reason for P2 (Since -With Adj used only to indicate
I) -아/어 서
P1 ~ P2 happened) the speaker's reason for a
certain action (can't use
imperative/suggestive)
-Usually some sort of problem
Used to the result that has been that you need to find a solution
-아/어 내다 V
accomplished after certain process for
-Past tense follows
-Don't use with verbs used to
-아/어 두다
When certain action continues after indicate wearing things on your
-With
-아/어 놓다 V being finished (continuance, body
놓다=놓아두다/
maintaining) -Focus action completed
놔두다
-Can't use for emotional state
Used when a certain action is done Used to deliver negative feeling
-아/어 대다 V
repeatedly of speaker
-아/어 놓다 (but
normally prefer
-Used to mean that the action that to use -아/어 -Focus on action being
has been done in advance (usually 두다 for long completed already
to prepare for an event) is being time period, -Can't use for emotional state
-아/어 두다 V
continued more often -Don't use with verbs used to
-Fact that something is already in used to indicate wearing thing on your
such a state (in advance) describe storing body
or saving
something
Used to emphasize that something
-Subject usually plans in
is completely done (refers to the
-아/어 버리다 V -고 말다 advance and does intentionally
final state or resulting of a
-Past tense follows
situation)
Used to indicate one's conjecture
or feelings based on the outward
-아/어 보이다 A -게 보이다
appearance of a person, thing or
event (You look..)
-Difference
Used to express a certain -Used with verbs that don't need
with -고 있다 is
condition or result is continued objects (앉다, 서다, 눕다) or
-아/어 있다 V this action is
after an action or change has been passive verbs (걸리다, 열리다,
completed not
completed (is "-ed/ing") 닫히다)
in process
-Phrase indicates that the
Expression indicates that the
speaker performed the second
action in the P2 is done based on -아/어다 주다
-아/어다가 V action in different location than
the result of first completing the -아/어다
that of the first action
action in P1
-Tense shown P2
-다라도 (only
Recognize P1's fact but it does not
when P1's
-아/어도 V/A affect P2's context (even if,
matter is not
regardless)
taking place)
 -아/어서 그럴
V/A/N( To speculate that P1 is the reason 거예요 used at
-아/어서 그런지 Can't use imperative/suggestive
I) for P2 (guess maybe…) end of
sentence
When something in P1 makes it
P2 needs to be negative -
-아/어서는 V/A impossible for something to be
없다/힘들다
accomplished
-When the P2's action is taken
when it reaches certain timing Used as second meaning -
-아/어서야 V/A -To emphasize that it is difficult for (으)ㄹ 수없다/ -겠어요 often
P2 to take place having P1 as the follow
condition
-아/어야(만) -Can't end with past
-To show that P1 is necessary
(used in tense/propositive/ imperative
condition to accomplish P2
V/A/N( speeches sentences
-아/어야(지) -To indicate the futility of
I) reports) -Used in conversation
expecting the result described in
-이/가 아니어야 -을 수 있다/-을 것 같다/-지요
P2 regardless of P1
-이/가 아니라야 will often follow
Used when the speaker is making a
promise to oneself, making a
-아/어야지요 V
decision to do something or simply
expressing such an intention
-Past tense expresses a change
resulting from an action
Used to express the change in performed in the past
-아/어지다 A condition (turn/become <Adj -Present tense used to describe
Attached>) a change that generally occurs
when a particular action is
performed
Used when something is not done
-아/어지다 V directly by the subject but done by
something else
-When something else takes place
that drastically contrasts with
-Action must be completely
something that happened before (-
finished
았/었 express completion of
-았/었다가 V -았/었 는에 (1) -Subjects meed to match
action)
-Actions should be
-Do an action and then experience
related/opposite
something noteworthy/unexpected
(usually unplanned event)
-For something that has been
-When 3rd person recalling
recognized after doing certain
completed action and P2 subject
action (Because P1 action new
-았/었더니 V -(으)니까 different, P1 subject usually
thing recognized <P2>)
speaker
-To state the result after doing
-Not past form of -더나
something
-았/었으면
When supposing something (in -아/어야 했는데
past) opposite (what actually -(았/었)는다면 -Sometimes used with -(으)ㄹ
V/A/N(
-았/었더라면 happened) and then think about it (this can be 뻔하다 to say it was lucky you
I)
(If past even happened different used both if or didn't do something in the past
guess on the result) if not a situation
happens
-Adj can refer to cases in which
-Modifies the following noun and
the present situation has
also indicates the reminiscence of
become the opposite or contrary
the past
to a past situation or state of
V/A/N( -Modifies the following noun and it
-았/었던 affairs
I) is used to describe that the matter
-Or Adj can refer to cases in
has ended
which a past situation has
-Used to reminisce something that
continued in the same state until
has been done only once
the present
 Used to regret or feel sorry for Regret because they did not do
V/A/N( -(으)ㄹ 걸
-았/었어야 했는데 something (Necessary action was something they should have
I) (그랬다)
not completed/achieved) done
-More strongly emphasizes the
-았/었으면 V/A/N( -는다면 좋겠다 verb
Used to show one's hope or wish
(싶다/하다/좋겠다) I) -(으)면 좋겠다 -Desire for situation opposite of
what it currently is
Used to show that something is
-느냐에 달려 있다 use with
more important in deciding -기 는것 (used
-에 달려 있다 N interrogatives (who, when,
something (depends on <N for verbs)
where, what and how many)
attached>
-느냐에따라 다르다/-느냐에 달려
Used to say that result changes
있다 use with interrogatives
-에 따라 다르다 N because of something (according
(who, when, where, what and
to <N attached>)
how many)
Used to indicate the place where
-에다가 N -에
certain action is taking place
-Used to indicate that not only
what comes in P1, the more -In one normally negative in
realistic one that comes in P2 is -은/는 말할 second part
-은/는커녕 N
even hard to accomplish 것도 없고 -In two used with 오히려 (rather)
-Shows that something is different often
from what had been expected
-Action must be completely
When P2's action takes place as
finished
-자 V soon as P1's action is finished (as -자마자
-Can't use for imperative and
soon as)
suggestive sentences
-기(가) 무섭게
-는 대로
When an action of P1 is taken as (present tense
-Subjects can be different
-자마자 V soon as certain action of P1 has only)
-Tense expressed in P2
been taken -자 (can't for
imperative/sugg
estive)
-Used wen talking about
something that both the speaker
and listener are aware of or should
V/A/N( be aware of (as you know..)
-잖아(요) -Typically spoken not written
I) - Used when the speaker
emphasizes something that he/she
said to the listener (Like I told
you..)
-마저
-까지
-(으)ㄹ 수조차
Used when something is 없어요 (used for
-Speaker either did not expect
considered to be fair or easy is verbs)
or could not anticipate an
-조차 N different than what had been -used with -
extreme situation
expected (not even <N 은/는 커녕 has
-Use with negative statements
attached>/"worst case scenario") the meaning of
not even../let
alone../not to
mention..
Used to suggest or recommend
-지 그래(요)? V something to someone else (what Can't use with -아/어서
about <V attached>)
Citation- Suggestive sentences
-지 말자고 하다
(negative)
-Used to indicate something is
better or worse than what had
Often used with -는 편이다
-치고 N been expected
(tend/generally so)
-Used when everything is the same
without an exception
 Used to express that the degree of
The more <V/A attached> P2
(-으면) -(으)ㄹ수록 V/A P2 increases as the action or
happens
situation of P1 continues
-아무한테나,
아무 refers to "any", depending on
아무 곳이나, -Positive expression follows 아무
the particle that follows it can
아무+(이)나/아무+ 아무거나 + (이)나
N either refer to people or things,
도 -아무하고도, -Negative expression follows
아무+도 is used to indicate "no
아무 데도, 아무 +도
one"
아무것도
Used to emphasize P1 when it is
the cause of P2 (I can't believe When using a V usually a degree
어찌나 -(으)ㄴ/는지 V/A -얼마나 -는지
<V/A attached> describing P1 adverb is present
resulting in P2
-았/었는지
-Only declarative sentences
Used to emphasize the greatness 몰라요 (used to
-Need a degree adverb (잘,
얼마나 V/A/N( of the degree of the fact or refer to past
많이) in from of V in this form
-(으)ㄴ/는지 모르다 I) situation (You have no idea how situations or
-Can't use to express
<V/A/N attached> states of
feelings/attitude
affairs)
When an extreme degree of an The A/V in between the clause
하도 -아/어서 V/A actoin or state becomes the shows what is the extreme
reason for P2 reason

-(느)ㄴ 다고 하다 Citation- Declaritive sentences

-(으)/느냐고 하다 Citation- Interrogative sentences
-(으)라고 하다 Citation- Imperative sentences
Citation- Imperative sentences
-지 말라고하다
(negative)
-자고 하다 Citation- Suggestive sentences