BACHELOR IN AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE TECHNOLOGY

AAB 40102

HUMAN FACTOR

ASSIGNMENT:

AAB 40102

HUMAN FACTOR

Prepared by:

NAME : MUAZ BIN OTHMAN

MATRIC NUMBER : 53213115403

H/P : 010-9021892

EMAIL : muazgongkala@gmail.com

GROUP : 2BAV2

Prepared for:

ABDUL GHANI BIN ABDUL SAMAD

SPECIALIST

UNIKL MIAT

JANUARY 2016 SEMESTER

 ASSIGNMENT

YOUR COMPANY AND YOUR ENGINEER WILL EXPECT YOU TO WORK ON

AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE / AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT IN COMPLETE SAFETY
– SAFETY FOR YOU – SAFETY FOR OTHERS – SAFETY FOR THE PASSENGER
AND SAFETY FOR THE AIRCRAFT.

WRITE A REPORT REGARDING SAFETY ASPECT ON THE ABOVE

MENTIONED.

3000 WORD

FONT 12

TIME ROMAN

SPACING 1.5

NO PLAGIRISM

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRO

BODY OF CONTENT

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

TABLE OF CONTENT
NO TOPIC PAGE

1 INTRODUCTION 4-5

2 BODY OF CONTENT

2.1 safety for myself 5–7

2.2 safety for aircraft, passengers 7 - 10

and others

3 CONCLUSION 10

4 REFERENCE 11
 INTRODUCTION

Safety is the things that very important in anything that you do in

your life. In the aviation industries, safety is the most priority aspect that people in the
aviation sectors must apply in their work. Aviation safety is a term that describe about the
theory, investigation, and categorization of flight failures. It’s also involve the prevention of
such failures through regulation and training.

Aviation safety is at the core of ICAO’s fundamental Objectives. The organization

is very strongly emphasize safety performance in aviation industries. They have make a
collaboration with the entire air transport community to improve aviation’s successful safety
performance. ICAO has strives to do the most effectives ways to improve safety and
efficiency in all sectors of aviation.

In the aviation industries safety is closely linked with human factors because human
factors were the main factors of accidents in aviation industries. Regarding to the report 80%
of accidents in aviation is cause by human factors or human error and the others 20% is cause
by mechanical failure. Aloha flight 243 is example of an accident that totally caused by
human factors, a Boeing 737-297 survive to fly when having an extensive demage after
having an explosive decompression in flight, but was able to land safely at Kahului Airport
on Maui. The accidents involve one fatality and another 8 passenger were seriously injured, a
fifty eight years old and the veteran flight attendant, Clarabelle lansing were the only person
that was killed in the tragedy. She was she was swept overboard to atlantic oceans while
standing near the fifth row seats and her body was never found until now. During the
extensive search at the ocean, neither lansing’s body nor the piece of fuselage that were
blown were ever found until now. Investigation by the United States National Transportation
Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the accident was caused by metal fatigue exacerbated
by crevice corrosion. The aircraft was 19 years old and operated in a coastal environment,
with exposure to salt and humidity. Regarding to the interview with the aircraft passenger,
one of them, Gayle Yamamoto, told investigators that she noticed a crack in the fuselage
before entered the flight but did not notify anyone. The tragedy had changed the aviation
safety policies and procedure to make sure it will not happen again. After a lot accidents
causes by human error such as Aloha flight 243 in 1988, all aircraft maintenance trainee must
learned about human factors in their syllabus and their module for the license to reduce
accidents due to human factors in aviation industries. Safety in aviation is not only involves
safety of aircraft during their flight but it’s also involve the safety of others such as safety of
aircraft grounded crew.

Since the first aircraft created by wright brothers in 20’s century, aviation safety have
been improve based on previous accident that occurs in aviation industries. Many laws have
been created by ICAO and others organization to make sure the previous accidents will not
happen again. Some people said laws is written by blood and its true because when an
accidents happen, people will make sure it’s will not happen again by improve their safety.

Sadly, the circumstances of each new accident are often remarkably similar to those
of previous accidents. This proved that some maintenance crew are not taking advantage of
the lessons learned from such tragedies that could help them avoid making the same mistake
that lead to the tragic accident

. For me as aircraft maintenance engineer, to avoid the same mistake happen and to avoid a
mistake in my task, I should consider four main safety that is safety to myself, safety to
others, safety to the passengers and lastly safety to the aircraft. When we take a consideration
for all of the safety, I am sure that we can reduce our mistake and improve the safety for the
aviation industries

Safety to myself
As a aircraft maintenance crew, safety for myself is the most important things that I should
take care of. To ensure the safety of myself is always in good condition, the first things I
should do is wearing a suitable outfit to protect myself from any injured during working, I
will wear coverall outfit to make sure my body is safe from sharp tools and the outfits also
can reduced the injury effects when accidents occur. Maybe its look just a simple safety
precaution that does not effects so much for us as an aircraft maintenance crew, but for me
it’s play a role to lead another accidents, it’s all about discipline in workplace, for me small
mistakes always can lead to a big mistake that we will regret after all of that was happen. The
reason I said like that is because discipline is very important for us, when we always do a
small mistake in our workplace, we will always tend to break the rules. The next step to make
sure my safety is always in good condition, I will make sure that I am wearing personal
protective equipment. Personal protective equipment, commonly referred as a PPE is
equipment that will minimize serious injuries and illness in workplace and its include items
such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats and respirators. PPE is
very useful for any situation such as safety from electricity, safety from fire, debris, loud
sound.

Working with electrical equipment always give us a risk to get an electrical shock, it is
known that when electricity is applied to human body, it can create severe burns to human
body and cause a fatality. To make sure my safety when working with electrical devices, I
must have a working knowledge of the principles of electricity. I also wearing a proper safety
equipment such as rubber gloves, safety glass and rubber or grounded safety mats that can
protect me from physiological injuries due to electric shock. When working with electrical
devices, precaution about safety from fire also must be consider, anytime current flow it will
produce a heat due to resistance, the greater current flow, more heat were generated. When
the heat becomes to great, protective coating on electrical device can melt and cause a short
circuit that lead a fire to give you injuries. To make sure safety of myself is safe, I will keep
the area around electrical work or electrical equipment clean, uncluttered and free of all
unnecessary flammable substance. I will make sure all the wire free from kinks and bend
which can damage the wire and caused a short circuit that can lead a fire. I will closely
monitor the condition of electrical equipment and repair the damage before its give me a
disaster.

Material safety data sheet(MSDS) is very useful for me. Material safety data
sheet (MSDS) is a more detailed version of the chemical safety issues. These form have a
detailed about breakdown of the chemical, it’s explained about how to handle chemicals,
proper storage and disposal and the requirement of the suitable personal protective equipment
(PPE). To prevent the danger of chemical substance, I will use MSDS to make sure I was safe
from injuries due to chemical substance. As a aircraft engineer, for surely I always working
with plane or near the life aircraft, it’s important for me to be aware of rotary parts or
propellers that can give a serious injuries. I will always stay at the place where the pilot can
see me while in the ramp area. When performing a aircraft routine inspection, I will make
sure the place near the aircraft is clean and free from foreign object damage (FOD). Not just
for the aircraft, FOD also dangerous to the aircraft crew because when the FOD were blown
by the turbine engine exhaust, it will stroke the persons who were near the aircraft, that why I
always make sure the area near the aircraft were clean before perform a routine inspection.
The flight line is a place of dangerous activity. Technicians who perform maintenance on the
flight line must constantly be aware of what is going on around them. Working in flight line
area is very noisy. Noise comes from many places such as auxiliary power units (APU), fuel
trucks, baggage handling equipment, and especially from the aircraft engine. People who
work on this area must have a proper protection to their ears, the effect of the noise cannot be
obtained immediately but it effects our hearing ability slowly. Always expose to the noise
activity finally will results us to the damage of our hearing. So that’s why I always used a
hearing protection equipment such as earmuff and headphone. The equipment will reduce the
sound level reaching eardrum thus reduce the chances of hearing loss.

Safety for the aircraft, safety for passengers and safety for others

Another thing to make sure safety of aircraft, passengers and others always in good
condition is by aware about Duponts’s dirty dozen. Dupont’s dirty dozen is refer to
12common human errors in maintenance and the prevention to the errors. The 12 dirty dozen
that were highlight by Gordon DuPont while working with Transport Canada is lack of
resources, lack of communication, lack of knowledge, lack of teamwork, lack of
assertiveness, lack of awareness, complacency, distraction, fatigue, pressure, stress and
norms. Actually there were not all of the errors that contribute to the catastrophic in aviation
but it is just a common major errors that always cause a tragic disaster for aviation industries.
As illustrated by ICAO, there are such 300 human errors that can leads to accidents in
aviation and that’s prove all of aviation members must have a properly safety precaution
especially for aircraft maintenance crew. The first common human errors that were highlight
by Gordon DuPont in 12 dirty dozen that I will elaborated is fatigue. Fatigue is very insidious
cause because until it becomes extreme, the person who suffered from fatigue usually not
realize that they were fatigue, fatigue issues will affected on our performance because when
we in fatigue condition, we will not able to make a proper decision. Aircraft maintenance
crew also tends to do a mistake because of fatigue, they will find an easier way or short cut to
complete the task and missed a double checked due to the fatigue. It’s make an aircraft is not
safe to fly and causes a crashed that will killed others crew and the passenger. I will make
sure I always aware about the symptoms of fatigue and look for them in myself. I will plan to
avoid complex task at the bottom of my circadian rhythm and I will have an enough sleep or
doing exercise regularly to make sure I will not suffered from fatigue when doing my task.
The next common human error is complacency, many aircraft technician feel complacency
when doing their work and did not perform a double check when repair or replace anything
because they felt it was a normal task for them and they were doing that for many years and
its always ok without any problems. To avoid complacency I will train myself to expect to
find a fault in my task and as an engineer I will never sign for anything that I never do or
checked. Teamwork also important for me as an engineer because the tough task can be make
easier task when we doing in group. Lack of teamwork is a most common error that causes
the catastrophic, to make sure I did not make a mistake I will always work in group as long as
the task didn’t need an individual work. When I get a task, I will discuss with my fellow
workers what, who and how the task is to be done to make sure the task will completely done
without any mistake. When I discuss the task, I also make sure that anyone of my group
members were understand what we have discuss, good communication is important when we
in group discussion because poor communication also common human errors while
performing aircraft maintenance.

Distraction is one of the problems to the aircraft maintenance crew, when

completing their task, some workers had many distractions such as phone call from someone,
noisy place and poor lightning. As a aircraft maintenance crew, I admit that distraction is one
of the big problems we need to faced, distraction can stop our work not even for a short time
but sometimes it take a long time and we were forced to leaved our work. Leaving our work
without complete it will give us a problem to continue the task and then make us tends to do a
mistake while completing the task. The problems will lead an accident to the aircraft and
effects on the safety for the passengers because a mistake while completing the task during
the maintenance of the aircraft will lead the aircraft suffered from crash. To overcome the
problems and make sure the safety of the aircraft and the passengers mark the uncompleted
work when I must stop the work because of the distraction. I also go back 3step to make sure
I have never missed any step in completing the task that had given to me and used a detailed
checked sheet to identify where I should continue my task.

The next dirty dozen that I should avoid for the safety to the aircraft,
passengers and others is norms. The terms of norms is describe by Norms explain why people
do what they do in given situations. Some aircraft technician thinks that they did not need to
refer to the manual when doing their work because they were do that for over decades and the
task had been their norms in their life. In our life, we must avoid such a bad attitude to avoid
us from doing a mistake. Although we have do the task for aver many years and we know
everything about that, we must remember that human always do a mistake, that why norms is
one of the dirty dozen that were highlights by Gordon DuPont. For the safety of the aircraft
and passengers, I always work as per the instruction or have the instruction changed and
aware the about the norms, I also referred to the manual although doing my routine task that I
always do. The next step to make sure the aircraft is keep safe is aware about communication
with others crew. The problems is always happen when we have a shift work, after complete
our work schedule, we must be replace with another crew to complete the task. Poor
communication will give a problem to the person who replace us to complete the task
because they did not know where we stop our work thus cause them missed some step of the
task. To make sure the people who replace me clearly know where I stop our work and what
they should do to complete the task, I always explain to them clearly to make sure they
understand what I said. Verbal communication is not enough to help the person who replace
us, for me I will give a written instruction because I know that people tends to forgot what I
have said.

Next, routine inspection also must followed the schedule, as a maintenance crew
I always follow the schedule to make sure the aircraft safe to fly. Routine inspection of
aircraft is depends on the types of inspection and types of the aircraft. When a new aircraft is
being designed and produced, the aviation authority, the manufacturer, and selected industry
participants form groups called maintenance steering groups (MSG) and industry steering
committees (ISC).These groups will determine the frequency and scope of aircraft
inspections to be performed. This information is provided to another group called the
maintenance review board (MRB). The next things that I should alerts for safety of the
passengers and safety of the others crew is make sure all the emergency tools in the aircraft
well function. Not for only aircraft system must be inspect regularly, aircraft emergency tools
also must be inspect either they can be use it anymore or not. I will inspect the tools that use
for emergency to make sure all the passengers were safe during aircraft disasters. The
important tools are aircraft emergency oxygen system. Aircraft emergency oxygen systems
are emergency equipment fitted to pressurized commercial aircraft, intended for use when the
cabin pressurisation system has failed and the cabin altitude has climbed above a safe level. It
consists of a number of individual oxygen masks stored in compartments near passenger seats
and near areas like lavatories and galleys, and an oxygen source, like a centralized gaseous
cylinder or decentralized chemical oxygen generator. The next aircraft parts that use for
emergency that I always checked is windows exit and evacuation slide. An evacuation slide is
an inflatable slide used to evacuate an aircraft quickly. An escape slide is required on all
commercial (passenger carrying) aircraft where the door sill height is such that, in the event
of an evacuation, passengers would be unable to step down from the door uninjured. I must
inspect all of the tools to make sure all the people in the aircraft were safe if anything happen
to them, not all of the aircraft crash were explode and because of that the emergency exit
were important and must always keep in well condition to help aircraft passenger exit
immediately from the aircraft during the crash.

conclusion

those were all the precaution that I always consider as an aircraft maintenance crew. Mostly
all of the precaution needed a well knowledge and good discipline to follow all the rules and
the safety precaution guidelines that were given by legitimate organization. To make sure that
aircraft remain as a safest transport in the world, we as a aircraft maintenance crew must
alerts about 4important safety that is safety for ourselves, safety for the aircraft, safety for
passengers and safety for others. If all of the safety precaution were applied by all
maintenance crew, we can reduce the accident that occurs and increase every year. All of the
things that I have highlights must be applied with good disciplined, last word from me is
knowledge is nothing without discipline.
REFERENCE

1. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/personalprotectiveequipment/

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Airlines_Flight_243

3. http://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/maintenance_hf/library/documents/media/mx_fa
a_(formerly_hfskyway)/human_factors_issues/meeting_11/meeting11_7.0.pdf

4. http://www.aviation-safety-bureau.com/aircraft-inspections.html

5. CAP 175 An introduction to aircraft maintenance engineering human factors for JAR
66

6. Human factor slide for UniKL Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology