1 SYNOPSIS

2 Diesel and petrol are widely used in automobiles , generators. In spite of

3 high thermal efficiency , one cannot ignore the fact about the effect of their exhaust
4 , in the atmosphere. To conserve the earth’s environment from degradation and
5 also the public health from air pollution , it is very imperative than serious steps
6 are to be taken for conserving them and Aqua Silencer is an attempt to do so. An
7 aqua silencer is a concept which is designed to replace conventional single unit
8 engine silencers on board structure. It is made to deal with the control of overall
9 emissions and undesirable sound at the engine exhaust of the vehicle. Sound
10 produce due to working of the engine can be controlled by using water as sound
11 produce in water is less hearable than produce in open air. This is mainly because
12 of small sprockets in water molecules which lowers its amplitude, thus lowers the
13 sound level. Exhaust emissions are controlled by applying a layer of activated
14 charcoal on a perforated tube. Activated charcoal is highly porous and possesses
15 free extra valances and has good absorption properties. So it absorbs the gases
16 from the engine and releases much less portion to the atmosphere. The level of the
17 sound and smoke coming out of the aqua silencer is considerably less than
18 conventional silencer.

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21 LITERATURE REVIEW

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23 Keval Patel et. al. [1] designs the dimensions of aqua silencer for two stroke petrol
24 engines. The exhaust pipe connects with shell and inner side of it perforated tube is arranged.
25 The charcoal layer is pasted over the perforated tube. Bead Activated carbon is used as a
26 charcoal layer. It is a process by which the carbonized product develops porous structure of
27 molecular dimensions and extended surface area on heat treatment in the temperature range
28 of 800 – 1000℃ in presence of suitable oxidizing gases such as steam and carbon dioxide
29 (CO2). Bead activated carbon is made from petroleum pitch and supplied in diameters from
30 approximately 0.35 to 0.80 mm. It is also noted for its low pressure drop, high mechanical
31 strength and low dust content, but with a smaller grain size. Its spherical shape makes it
32 preferred for fluidized applications. According to operational parameter they conclude that
33 CO is reduced 60-70% compared to ordinary silencer. But it is big in size and more space is
34 required. It is used in both two-wheeler and four-wheeler.

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38 P.Balashunmugam et. al. [2] carried out the analysis in which the lime stones are
39 originally intended to reduce the toxic ingredients of the exhaust, gas through chemical
40 reaction. It is evidently affected the flow of resistance and hence the combustion
41 characteristics of the engine will finally contribute the increased toxic ingredients of the
42 exhaust gas. Because of the introduction of the scrubber, the net length of the exhaust gas flow
43 path is also increased which is again, against the original intention according to his study they
44 conclude that water in scrubber tank can itself play an important role in absorbing the
45 obnoxious products of combustion like the oxides of nitrogen. NO is converted into NO2 after
46 emission which highly toxic is mainly absorbed in the water scrubber.

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51 Alen.M.A et. al. [3] investigated that emission can be controlled by the activated
52 charcoal and lime water. They compared the results between simple silencer and silencer with
53 lime water and activated charcoal layer. They conclude that the silencer is more effective in
54 the reduction of emission gases from the engine exhaust using perforated tube, lime water and
55 charcoal layer. By using perforated tube, the back pressure will remain constant and fuel
56 consumption remain constant and sound level is reduced. Also by using activated charcoal in
57 water we can control the exhaust emission to a greater level it is smokeless and pollution free
58 emission equivalent to the conventional silencer.

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63 Akhil Anil Kumar et.al had observed that the aqua silencer is successfully effective in
64 reducing emission of gases from the engine exhaust. By using water as a medium, the sound
65 levels have been reduced and by using activated charcoal in water, it produces almost
66 pollution-free and smokeless emission and is also cheap considering long term use. The
67 aqua silencer’s performance is almost equivalent to the conventional silencer. It can be
68 widely used in industrial engines and with a little improvisation, in heavy weight vehicles.
69 This project analyzed the smoke content of the exhaust gas before and after treatment and it
70 was found that there is a considerable reduction in the emission as pointed out by the test
71 results.

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78 INTRODUCTION

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80 Automobile source has been found one of the major contributor in air pollution & due to
81 increase of the demand of the automobile day by day the emission norms become more
82 stringent. In INDIA from 1st April 2017 all gasoline automobile industry need to
83 manufacture BS4 satisfied engine. In future all previously manufactured vehicle need to use
84 emission control devices in order to satisfy emission norms. Devices which can be used to
85 reduce emission from automobiles are listed below:

86 - 2WCC- 2 way catalytic converter which uses oxidation catalyst like platinum & palladium
87 to convert HC & CO into H2O & CO2.

88 - 3WCC- 3 way catalytic converter which uses oxidizing as well as reduction catalyst like
89 rhodium to convert additionally NOX into N2

90 - Aqua silencer – Which uses aqua means water to mix with exhaust gases & reduce air
91 pollution. These are very recent technology & having it’s potential to reduce emission. How
92 pollution affects human health.

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100 Aqua silencer is made to reduce the level of noise and emission in IC engines. The main
101 objective why we go for aqua silencer is, in today’s life the air pollution causes physical ill
102 effects to the human beings and also to the nature. The main reason behind the air pollution
103 is automobile releasing the gases like carbon dioxide and unburnt Hydrocarbon. Carbon
104 emission is the release of carbon into the atmosphere. The carbon emissions are directly
105 referred to the greenhouse gas emissions. The main contributors to climate change. Since
106 greenhouse gas emissions are often calculated as carbon dioxide equivalents, they are called
107 as carbon emissions, when discussing global warming or the greenhouse effect. In industries
108 the burning of fossil fuels has growing in high value, simultaneously increasing of carbon
109 dioxide levels in our atmosphere and thus the rapid increase of global warming. In order to
110 avoid this type of gases, aqua silencer is introduced.

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113 Currently, overall exhaust emissions, crankcase blow by & evaporative losses are the main
114 constituents contributing towards exhaust emissions in case of automobiles catalytic
115 converter is used for getting control over carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons
116 (UBHC) & oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and many more gasses. Muffler is used for
117 controlling undesirable noise at tail pipe of vehicle exhaust system. It also controls the
118 exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) for controlling crankcase blow by. Evaporative losses are
119 occurred due to vehicle parking it under direct sunlight. The reason of continuously
120 increasing air pollution is the vehicle exhaust, releasing hazardous gases like Carbon
121 Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Unburnt Hydrocarbons (UBHC) & Lead (Pb),
122 etc. Automobile exhaust is not the only cause of air pollution, other sources like electric
123 power generation stations, thermal power plants, industrial processing, domestic fuel
124 consumption, refuse burning etc. also contributes heavily to degradation of our environment.

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128 CONSTRUCTION OF AQUA SILENCER

129 Aqua silencer consists of

130  Perforated Tube

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132 It is a very essential component of Aqua silencer. It has a Cylindrical shape with different
133 diameter holes to convert high mass bubbles into low mass bubbles. Generally 4 sets of
134 holes are cut on the tube. The Charcoal layer is pasted on it.

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136  Charcoal Layer

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138 It is basically an Activated charcoal . It is made by burning a coal on burner at 1500 oc for
139 several hrs. It has high absorbing capacity as its surface area gets increasing and it is very
140 porous and having extra free valance electrons hence gases get purify.

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142  Non – Return Valve

143 The use of non-return valve is to enable the flow of fluid in one direction only. 20 mm
144 diameter non-return valves are fixed at both inlet and outlet. The non-return valve is
145 used to prevent the back flow of gases and water and to maintain upstream pressure.

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147  Flange
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149 It is a component used for joining purpose. It is used to join the silencer to the
150 engine.

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153  Outer Shell

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155 It is an outer casing of the unit. The whole unit is kept inside it. It is made of Iron or
156 Steel and having cylindrical shape.

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169 WORKING OF AQUA SILENCER

170 An Aqua silencer is an updated version of a normal silencer. As the exhaust gases enter into
171 the aqua silencer, the perforated tube converts high mass bubbles into low mass bubbles,
172 after that they come into contact with lime water they chemically react with it and pass
173 through the charcoal layer which again purify the gases. The gases like HC, CO are
174 absorbed from the emission. The charcoal is highly porous and possesses extra free valences
175 so it has high absorption capacity. The purified gases are then released into atmosphere. The
176 contaminated lime water which has precipitates of calcium carbonate and bicarbonates in the
177 aqua silencer is replaced once in a year. The charcoal layer is covered with an outer shell
178 which is filled with water. Sound produced under water is less hearable than sound produced
179 in atmosphere. This is mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers
180 its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level hence aqua silencer reduces noise and pollution. A
181 schematic diagram is shown below.

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193 Treatment of water

194 In aqua silencer the water gets polluted by the dissolved gases. The exhaust gases mix with
195 water to form carbonates, acids like carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, and Nitrous acid. The
196 petroleum products contain phenols, which gives suffocating smell. The sulfur gas mixes
197 with water to form hydrogen sulphide, which give rotten egg smell. These should be
198 controlled to prevent the water pollution. To control the water pollution following methods
199 are used in this project.

200 1. Lime water wash method.

201 2. Absorption method.

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203 Lime water wash method

204 Lime wash is a mixture of slaked lime. The water is treated with slaked lime. Quantitative
205 analysis of water has to be taken for this process. After mixing the heavy precipitates, they
206 settle down as sludge at the bottom of the tank and they are thus removed from time to time.

207 Lime can neutralize any acid present in the water. SO2 is removed from the flue gases
208 forming calcium sulphate. The precipitates of carbon dissolved as calcium carbonate and
209 bicarbonate converts into carbonates. The equations are given below. The reactions with
210 water are.

211 CO(g) + H2O(l) ⎯→ ⎯ CO2(g) + H2(g)

212 2HCL + Ca(OH)2..........CaCl2 + 2H2

213 H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2...........CaSO4 + 2H20

214 Ca(OH)2(a) + CO2(g) ⎯→ ⎯ CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

215 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 ⎯→ ⎯ Ca(HCO3)2 (colourless)

216 Thus the harmful gases are converted into precipitates and are removed from aqua silencer.

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219 Absorption process

220 Granular or powdered form of Activated charcoal, which is available generally, is used in
221 the aqua silencer. It has high valences and is porous in nature, which enables high absorption
222 capacity. It has excellent properties of attracting gases, It’s finely divided solid particles
223 enable absorption of gases. The water is added with charcoal before the coagulation with the
224 sediment, which is actually in powdered form.

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