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TOS-1
TOS-1 (Russian: тяжёлая огнемётная система (ТОС-1), Heavy
ТОС-1
Flamethrower System) is a Soviet 220mm 30-barrel (original
TOS-1 Buratino
system, Ob.634 or TOS-1M) or 24-barrel (Ob.634B or TOS-1A)
multiple rocket launcher and thermobaric weapon mounted on a
T-72 tank chassis. TOS-1 was designed for defeating enemy
personnel in fortifications, in open country, and in lightly
armoured vehicles and transport. First combat tests took place in
1988–1989 in the Panjshir Valley during the Soviet war in
Afghanistan. The TOS-1 was shown for the first time in public in
1999 in Omsk.

TOS-1 is not assigned to the artillery units of the Russian Armed

Forces but is found in Russian CBRN defense units RKhBZ
ТОS-1A – Russian 24-barrel multiple rocket
(Russian: войскa радиационной, химической и биологической
launcher
защиты (войска РХБЗ), Radiological, Chemical and Biological
Defence Troops).[2] That is why it does not have a GRAU index, but Type Multiple rocket
rather an RKhBZ index—МO.1.01.00. launcher
Place of origin Soviet Union
Service history
In service 1988–present
Contents
Used by Soviet Union, Russian
Development Federation,
Combat history Azerbaijan
System description Wars Soviet–Afghan War
Operators Nagorno-Karabakh
Current operators
conflict
Former operators
Second Chechen War
References Iraqi Civil War (2014–
External links present),[1]
Syrian Civil War
War in Donbass
Development Production history
The idea of a heavy short-range MLRS to launch rockets equipped Designer Omsk Transmash
with incendiary and thermobaric warheads arose in the late 1970s. Design Bureau
The combat system consisting of the combat vehicle, rockets, and Designed 1988
loading vehicle was developed in early 1980s at KBTM in Omsk
Produced 1987–present
and was named TOS-1, remaining a secret development for a long
time.
Variants TOS-1A
Specifications
Weight 45.3 t (100,000 lb)

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The TOS-1 is intended to engage military personnel, equipment, Length 9.5 m (31 ft 2 in)
and buildings, including fortified constructions. The combat Width 3.6 m (11 ft 10 in)
vehicle acts within the combat order of infantry and tanks. The
Height 2.22 m (7 ft 3 in)
large mass of the launcher and the need for a high-level of
protection (due to the relatively short range of 3,500 m (11,500 ft)) Crew 3
helped determine the use of the chassis of the T-72 main battle
tank. The TZM reloading vehicle was built on the chassis of a Caliber 220 mm (8.7 in)
KrAZ-255B cross-country truck and equipped with a crane for Rate of fire 30 rounds/15 s
loading/unloading of the launcher.
Effective firing range 500–3,500 m (TOS-1)
In 2001, the improved TOS-1A system entered service. The 6,000 m (TOS-1A)
improved system's range has been extended to 6 kilometers and its
ballistic computer has been upgraded. Engine V-84 Diesel
840 hp (630 kW)
The nickname "Buratino" originates with the name of the hero of a
Operational 550 km (340 mi)
Russian retelling of the Pinocchio tale (by Alexey Tolstoy), given
range
the perception of the big "nose" of the launcher.
Speed 60 km/h (37 mph)
In September 2016, Russia was developing a new rocket for the
TOS-1A with a planned range of 10 km, achieved in part by weight and size reductions of a new fuel air explosive mixture
in the warhead, while also increasing the power of the warhead. However, minimum range is extended from 400 m to
1.6 km, so the shorter-range M0.1.01.04M rocket will be retained for close combat environments.[3]

Saudi Arabian Military Industries signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Rosoboronexport for the local
production of the TOS-1A.[4]

Combat history
TOS-1s were first used in combat[5] in Afghanistan’s Panjshir valley by the
Soviet Union during the Soviet-Afghan War.[6][7] Later, they were used during
the Second Chechen War, prominently by the Russian Army during the Battle
of Grozny in 1999.[8]

TOS-1As were first used in combat in Iraq by the Iraqi Army in the recapture of
Jurf Al Sakhar on October 24, 2014 from ISIL forces.[9] The Iraqi Army
launched at least three TOS-1 rockets on 18 June 2017 during the first day of an
Heavy flamethrower system TOS-
offensive to recapture the Old City of Mosul, Iraq, from the Islamic State,
1A in action
targeting school buildings held by Islamic State forces and known to be devoid
of civilians.[10]

The OSCE reported in September 2015 that the TOS-1 was sighted in a rebel training area in eastern Ukraine.[11]

The TOS-1 was used in Syria on October 10, 2015 by Syrian Army forces against rebel forces in Hama.[12][13] In 2016 it was
used against rebel forces in the Latakia mouintains.[14] It was used again by the Syrian Army in April 2017 in the area of
Palmyra,[15] and later that same month to destroy an ISIS camp.[16]

Azerbaijan used the TOS-1A against the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army on April 4, 2016.[17]

System description
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The TOS-1A Solntsepyok (Russian: Солнцепёк, Blazing Sun, Sunheat) system consists of the following items:[18][19]

The "combat vehicle" BM-1 (Russian: боевая машина) (Ob.634B) based on a modified T-72A chassis and fitted with
a rotating launch system for 24 unguided thermobaric rockets. All rockets can be launched within 6 to 12 seconds.
The launch vehicle is equipped with a fire control system with a ballistic computer, aiming sight and 1D14 laser range
finder. The other standard equipment consists of a TKN-3A sight for the commander, a GPK-59 navigation system, an
R-163-50U radio station, an R-174 intercom and a 902G smoke grenade launcher with four barrels. The 3-man crew
is armed with one AKS-74, one RPKS-74, three RPG-26s, and 10 F-1 hand grenades. The BM-1 is fitted with the
same equipment as the T-72 tank (NBC protection, fire-fighting, observation etc.).
Two TZM-T (Russian: транспортно-заряжающая машина) (Ob.563) re-supply vehicles, fitted with a 10 kN crane.
Each vehicle carries 2x12 spare rockets and 400 litres of fuel for the BM-1 and has a combat weigh of 39 t
(86,000 lb). The TZM-T has a crew of three, armed with two AKS-74s, one RPKS-74, five RPG-26s, and 10 F-1 hand
grenades.
A set of rockets NURS (Russian: неуправляемый реактивный снаряд) MO.1.01.04 and MO.1.01.04M. These are
3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) and 3.7 m (12 ft 2 in) long and weigh 173 kg (381 lb) and 217 kg (478 lb) respectively. The original
rocket for the TOS-1A had a range of only 2,700 m (8,900 ft), but the improved version extends the range to 6,000 m
(20,000 ft). Some sources say its range is 12 km.[20] The system was modernized in 2016.[21] Modernized systems
with dynamic protection, new engine and launchers and other improvements were delivered in early 2018.[22][23]

Operators

Current operators
Algeria – 52[24][25]
Azerbaijan – 36[26][27][28]
Armenia – Part of Russian–Armenian
arms deal[29]
Iraq – 12[30][31]
Kazakhstan – 3[32]
Novorossiya – 1. The OSCE reported
in September 2015 that the TOS-1 was
sighted in a rebel training area in eastern Map with TOS-1 operators in blue
Ukraine.[33]
Russia – ~18 + TOS-1A[34][35][36]
Syria – 8+[37]

Former operators
Soviet Union – Passed on to successor states.

References
1. "Iraq: See the EXPLOSIVE Russian firepower helping Iraqi forces fight IS" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1a75
5ybJbE). YouTube. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
2. http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/otvaga2004/caleidoscope/flamethrowers_1.htm Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20100214195833/http://www.otvaga2004.narod.ru/otvaga2004/caleidoscope/flamethrowers_1.htm) February 14,
2010, at the Wayback Machine.
3. Russia's TOS-1A 'Sunheat' Heavy Flamethrower Just Nearly Doubled Its Range (https://sputniknews.com/military/201
609221045589469-TOS1A-extended-range/) - Sputniknews.com, 22 September 2016

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4. http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/10/05/Saudi-Arabian-Military-Industries-signs-agreement-to-
manucafture-Russian-weapons-locally-.html
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euWFB3nRXxE
6. http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a17324/the-scariest-soviet-tank-mounted-rocket-launcher-ever-
will-blow-you-up-now/
7. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/tos-1.htm
8. https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-chechen-wars-cast-a-long-shadow-7b058a84ffe9
9. Salami, Jassem Al. "Led by an Armored Bulldozer, Shia Militia Fought to Restore Their Credibility" (https://medium.co
m/war-is-boring/led-by-an-armored-bulldozer-shia-militia-fought-to-restore-their-credibility-8a6467a29174). War is
Boring. Medium.com. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
10. Morris, Loveday, "Iraqi forces fight their way into the narrow streets of Mosul’s historic center," Washington Post, June
18, 2017. (https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/they-will-fight-to-the-death-iraqi-forces-start-offensive-t
o-retake-last-area-of-mosul-held-by-militants/2017/06/18/ca390f08-53f3-11e7-be25-3a519335381c_story.html)
11. Ukraine rebels have powerful new Russian-made rockets – OSCE (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-3442545
4)
12. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fUgOJpuf50
13. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWdNdHB4BCk
14. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Cf5RzijSRs
15. http://vpk-news.ru/news/36062 (in Russian)
16. https://www.liveleak.com/view?i=d6a_1492097056
17. "For the first time Azerbaijan has used heavy flamethrower systems" (http://azeridaily.com/reality/17758). AZERI
DAILY. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
18. http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos_1a.htm
19. "Тяжёлая огнемётная система ТОС-1А" (http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tos-1a/tos-1a.shtml). Retrieved
23 December 2014.
20. https://wikileaks.org/gifiles/docs/77/772837_russia-new-brigade-for-radiation-defence-formed-in-russia-s.html
21. http://tass.com/defense/921184
22. http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0326/110045981/detail.shtml
23. http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0410/142046252/detail.shtml
24. http://xn--b1aga5aadd.xn--
p1ai/2017/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F313/
25. "Les premières images du TOS 1A Algérien - MENADEFENSE" (https://www.menadefense.net/2018/02/22/premieres
-images-tos-1a-algerien/). MENADEFENSE (in French). 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
26. (http://www.vestnik-rm.ru/news-4-5037.htm) Еще одна сенсационная сделка: Азербайджан закупил огнеметные
системы ТОС-1А на базе Т-90 (in Russian). Retrieved 23 December 2014.
27. "APA – Russia to deliver another batch of TOS-1A heavy flamethrowers to Azerbaijan in the near future" (http://en.ap
a.az/xeber_russia_to_deliver_another_batch_of_tos-1_211838.html). Retrieved 23 December 2014.
28. The Military Balance 2017, p.201
29. http://www.janes.com/article/58187/russia-details-usd200-million-arms-sale-to-armenia
30. "bmpd" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140802224719/http://bmpd.livejournal.com/937199.html). Archived from the
original (http://bmpd.livejournal.com/937199.html) on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
31. http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2016/0921/101037163/detail.shtml
32. "TOS-1 multiple rocket launcher" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141218181744/http://www.bubblews.com/news/5388
164-tos-1-multiple-rocket-launcher). Bubblews. Archived from the original (http://www.bubblews.com/news/5388164-t
os-1-multiple-rocket-launcher) on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
33. Ukraine rebels have powerful new Russian-made rockets – OSCE (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-3442545
4)

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34. Eugene Yanko, Copyright 1997 – info@warfare.ru. "TOS-1 Buratino Flamethrower | Russian Arms, Military
Technology, Analysis of Russia's Military Forces" (http://warfare.be/?catid=353&linkid=1582&title=tos-1-buratino-flame
thrower). Warfare.ru. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
35. "Войска ЦВО получили комплект тяжелых огнеметов "Солнцепек" " (https://rg.ru/2018/02/14/reg-urfo/komplekt-tia
zhelyh-ognemetov-solncepek.html). Rossiyskaya Gazeta. 2018-02-14.
36. http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0418/102046369/detail.shtml
37. "Hier zerstört Putins Höllenkanone eine Festung der Rebellen" (http://www.stern.de/digital/technik/raketenwerfer-tos-1
--putins-hoellenkanone-zerstoert-acht-haeuserblocks-auf-einmal-6504704.html) (in German). STERN.de. Retrieved
2 February 2016.

External links
Video of the TOS-1 in action (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfacUxfJbFI) (in Russian)
GlobalSecurity profile (http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/tos-1.htm)
FAS profile (http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/tos-1.htm)
TOS-1A article on Military Today (http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos_1a.htm)
TOS-1 article on Military Today (http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos1.htm)
Detailed article on Rbase (http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tos-1a/tos-1a.shtml) (in Russian)
V. Kuzmin's photo blog about the 2010 Victory Parade in Moscow (http://vitalykuzmin.net/?q=node/294) (in Russian)
Russia's TOS-1: Moscow's Most Powerful Weapon of War (That Isn't Nuclear) - National Interest (http://nationalintere
st.org/feature/russias-tos-1-moscows-most-powerful-weapon-war-isnt-nuclear-17567)

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