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 Borobudur Temple (candi borobudur)

Borobudur,or Barabudur, is 9th century Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Magelang, Central

Java, Indonesia. The monument consists of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms
and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the
center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues each of which is seated inside a
perforated stupa. It is the world’s largest Buddhist temple, as well as one of the greatest Buddhist
monuments in the world.

Built in the 9th century during the reign of the Sailendra Dynasty, the temple was designed
in Javanese Buddhist architecture, which blends the Indonesian indigenous cult of ancestor
worship and the Buddhist concept of attaining Nirvana. The temple also demonstrates the
influences of Gupta art that reflects India's influence on the region, yet there are enough
indigenous scenes and elements incorporated to make Borobudur uniquely Indonesian. The
monument is both a shrine to the Lord Buddha and a place for Buddhist pilgrimage. The journey for
pilgrims begins at the base of the monument and follows a path around the monument and
ascends to the top through three levels symbolic of Buddhist cosmology: Kāmadhātu (the world of
desire), Rupadhatu (the world of forms) and Arupadhatu (the world of formlessness). The
monument guides pilgrims through an extensive system of stairways and corridors with 1,460
narrative relief panels on the walls and the balustrades. Borobudur has the largest and most
complete ensemble of Buddhist reliefs in the world.

Evidence suggests Borobudur was constructed in the 9th century and abandoned following
the 14th-century decline of Hindukingdoms in Java and the Javanese conversion to Islam.
Worldwide knowledge of its existence was sparked in 1814 by Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, then
the British ruler of Java, who was advised of its location by native Indonesians. Borobudur has
since been preserved through several restorations. Borobudur was built on a bedrock hill, 265 m
(869 ft) above sea level and 15 m (49 ft) above the floor of a dried-out paleolake. The lake's
existence was the subject of intense discussion among archaeologists in the 20th century. In 1931,
a Dutch artist and scholar of Hindu and Buddhist architecture, W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp, developed a
theory that the Kedu Plain was once a lake and Borobudur initially represented a lotus flower
floating on the lake.
 PRAMBAN TEMPLE (candi prambanan)

Tampak dari atas (Replika) Tampak Dari Timur

Candi Prambanan or Candi Rara Jonggrang is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound

in Central Java, Indonesia, dedicated to theTrimurti, the expression of God as the Creator
(Brahma), the Preserver (Vishnu) and the Destroyer (Shiva). The temple compound is located
approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of the city of Yogyakarta on the boundary between
Central Java andYogyakarta provinces.

The temple compound, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest Hindu temple site in
Indonesia, and one of the biggest in Southeast Asia. It is characterized by its tall and pointed
architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the towering 47-metre-high (154 ft)
central building inside a large complex of individual temples.Prambanan attracts many visitors from
across the world.

The present name of the temple, Prambanan', was derived from the name of Prambanan
village where the temple stood, this name probably being the corrupted Javanesepronunciation of
"Para Brahman" ("The Supreme Brahman"). It is also possible Prambanan comes from Javanese
root '(e)mban' which means carries a duty, reflecting gods role in the world, or the villagers duty in
relation to the temple. Comparable with parahyangan (western part of Java island), comes from the
root hyang, means god, or (e)yang, means ancestor in Javanese.

The Prambanan temple is the largest Hindu temple of ancient Java, and the first building
was completed in the mid-9th century. It was likely started by Rakai Pikatan as the Hindu Sanjaya
Dynasty's answer to the Buddhist Sailendra Dynasty's Borobudur and Sewu temples nearby.
Historians suggest that the construction of Prambanan probably was meant to mark the return of
the Hindu Sanjaya Dynasty to power in Central Java after almost a century of Buddhist Sailendra
Dynasty domination. The construction of this massive Hindu temple signifies that the Medang court
had shifted its patronage from Mahayana Buddhism to Shivaist Hinduism.
 NATIOnal monument (MONAS)

Construction of Monas Tugu Monas

The National Monument (Monumen Nasional, abbreviated Monas) is a 132 m (433ft)

tower in the centre of Merdeka Square, Central Jakarta, symbolizing the fight for Indonesia. It is
the national monument of the Republic of Indonesia, built to commemorate the struggle for
Indonesian independence.

Construction began in 1961 under the direction of President Sukarno. Monas was opened
to the public in 1975. It is topped by a flame covered with gold foil. The monument and the
museum are open daily from 08.00 - 15.00 Western Indonesia Time (UTC+7) throughout the week
except for the last Monday of each month when the monument is closed.

After the Indonesian government returned to Jakarta from Yogyakarta in 1950 following
the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence, President Sukarno began to contemplate the
construction of a national monument comparable to the Eiffel Tower on the square in front of
the Presidential Palace. On 17 August 1954, a National Monument Committee was established
and a design competition was held in 1955. This attracted 51 entries, but only one design, by
Frederich Silaban, met any of the criteria determined by the committee, which included reflecting
the character of Indonesia in a building capable of lasting for centuries. A repeat competition was
held in 1960, but once again, none of the 136 entries met the criteria. The chairman of the jury
team then asked Silaban to show his design to Sukarno. However, Sukarno did not like the design
as he wanted the monument to be in the form of alinga and yoni. Silaban was asked to design
such a monument, but his design was for a monument so large that it would have been
unaffordable given the economic conditions at the time. Silaban refused to design a smaller
monument, suggesting that construction be delayed until the Indonesian economy improved.
Sukarno then asked the architect R.M. Soedarsono to continue with the design. Soedarsono
incorporated the numbers 17, 8 and 45, representing the 17 August 1945 Proclamation of
Indonesia independence in the dimensions of the monument.
 Lawang sewu

Lawang Sewu in 2011 Blueprints for Building

Lawang Sewu is a landmark in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The colonial era
building is famous as a haunted house, though the Semarang city government has attempted to
rebrand it. The name Lawang Sewu is from Javanese; it means "Thousand Doors". The name
comes from its design, with numerous doors and arcs.[2] The building has about 600 large
windows.

Lawang Sewu was designed by C. Citroen, from the firm of J.F. Klinkhamer and B.J.
Quendag. Construction began in 1904 with A building, which was completed in 1907. The rest of
the complex was finished in 1919. It was initially used by the Nederlandsch Indische Spoorweg
Maatschappij, the first railway company in the Dutch East Indies.

After the Japanese invaded Indonesia in 1942, the Japanese army took over Lawang
Sewu. The basement of B building was turned into a prison, with several executions taking place
there. When Semarang was retaken by the Dutch in the battle of Semarang in October 1945, the
Dutch forces used the tunnel leading into A building to sneak into the city. A battle ensued, with
numerous Indonesian fighters dying.] Five employees working there were also killed. After the war,
the Indonesian army took over the complex. It was later returned to the national railway
company. In 1992 it was declared a Cultural Property of Indonesia.

By 2009 the Lawang Sewu complex was in a state of considerable dilapidation. Simon
Marcus Gower, writing in The Jakarta Post, noted it as being "dark and evidently sick. Its white
walls are faded throughout; blackened by pollution and neglect. Rendered walls are cracked and
any wall paper has long since fallen away to reveal the red bricks beneath. Mould and weeds grow
over much of the building and mice and rats are the chief residents."

The building soon underwent renovations to ensure that it would be profitable as a tourist
attraction. Governor of Central Java Bibit Waluyo mobilized several dozen soldiers to assist with
the renovations; the soldiers focused on external repairs. Local residents were disappointed in the
renovations, opining that it had lost its authenticity.
 GADANG clock (jam gadang)

Jam Gadang in May 2011 The original clock tower before shape alteration.

Jam Gadang (literally "Big Clock") is a clocktower and major landmark of the city
of Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is located in the centre of the city, near the main
market, Pasar Atas, and is a tourist attraction. This clocktower has large clocks on each side and
was given the name "Jam Gadang" (English: big clock).

The structure was built in 1926 during the Dutch colonial era, as a gift from the Queen to
city'scontroleur. It was designed by architects Yazin and Sutan Gigi Ameh. Originally
a roosterfigure was placed on the apex, but it was changed into a Jinja-like ornament during
theJapanese occupation. Following Indonesian independence, it was reshaped to its present form
resembling traditional Minangkabaun roofs (see Rumah gadang). It is said to have cost
3,000guilder. Each clock face has a diameter of 80 centimetres (31 in). Its base is 13 by 4 metres
(43 ft × 13 ft) and stands 26 metres (85 ft) tall.

One unique clock feature uses "IIII" for the number 4 instead of the traditional Roman
number "IV". Based on a local story, the four vertical lines represents the four workers who died
while constructing the building. The laying of the Jam Gadang cornerstone was done by the 6-
year-old son of Rook Maker, the city secretary of Bukittinggi at the time.

Given its iconic appearance, the structure is a frequent object of local souvenirs. It is
printed on apparel, painted, used as a sculpting model, and so forth. As of January 2008, it cost
50,000 rupiahs (around US $5) to enter the tower.
 Masjid Istqlal

Istiqlal Mosque, largest mosque inSouth East Asia Istiqlal tower with the Monas monument in the background

Istiqlal Mosque, or Masjid Istiqlal, (Independence Mosque) in Jakarta, Indonesia is the

largest mosque in Southeast Asia. This national mosque of Indonesia was built to commemorate
Indonesian independence and named "Istiqlal", an Arabic word for "independence". The mosque
was opened to the public 22 February 1978. Within Jakarta, the mosque is positioned next to
Merdeka Square and the Jakarta Cathedral.

After the Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1949, followed by the acknowledgement

ofIndonesian independence from The Netherlands in 1949, there was a growing idea to build a
national mosque for the new republic, which had the largest Muslim population in the world.[2] The
idea of constructing a grand Indonesian national mosque was launched byWahid Hasyim,
Indonesia's first minister for religions affairs,[3] and Anwar Cokroaminoto, later appointed as the
chairman of the Masjid Istiqlal Foundation. The committee for the construction of the Istiqlal
Mosque, led by Cokroaminoto, was founded in 1953. He proposed the idea of a national mosque
to Indonesian President Sukarno, who welcomed the idea and later helped to supervise the
mosque's construction. In 1954 the committee appointed Sukarno technical chief supervisor.

Following US President Barack Obama and his wife's visit to the Istiqal Mosque in
November 2010, about 20 visitors per day have come to tour the mosque. Among foreign
dignitaries who have visited Istiqlal mosque are former US president Bill Clinton; President of
Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad; former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi; Prince Charles of United
Kingdom; Li Yuanchao, Vice President of theCommunist Party of China; President of
Chile Sebastián Piñera; Heinz Fischer, the President of Austria; Jens Stoltenberg, the Prime
Minister of Norway, and German Chancellor Angela Merkel in 2012.

There is one Grand Imam, one deputy of the Grand Imam, and seven imams in Istiqlal
Mosque. As of 2013 the Grand Imam was Kyai al-Hajj Ali Musthafa Ya'qub, chairman of Darus
Sunnah Hadis Research Institute in Ciputat, South Jakarta. His deputy was al-Hajj Syarifuddin
Muhammad.
 Taman sari (yogyakarta)

The bathing complex of Taman Sari. The bathing area

Taman Sari also known as Taman Sari Water Castle is a site of a former royal garden of
the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. It is located about 2 km south within the grounds of
the Kraton, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Built in mid 18th century, the Taman Sari had multiple
functions, such as a resting area, a workshop, a meditation area, a defense area, and a hiding
place.

Taman Sari consisted of four distinct areas: a large artificial lake with islands and pavilions
located in the west, a bathing complex in the centre, a complex of pavilions and pools in the south,
and a smaller lake in the east. Today only the central bathing complex is well preserved, while the
other areas have been largely occupied by the Kampung Taman settlement. Since 1995 the
Yogyakarta Palace Complex including Taman Sari is listed as a tentative World Heritage Site

The building of Taman Sari commenced during the reign of Sultan Hamengkubuwono
I (1755–1792), the first sultan of the Yogyakarta Sultanate, and was completed by the time of
Sultan Hamengkubuwono II. The building site, however, had already been known as a bathing
place called Pacethokan Spring since Sunan Amangkurat IV’s reign (1719–1726). According to
Kitab Mamana in Yogyakarta Kraton, the project leader for the construction of Taman Sari was
Tumenggung Mangundipura. He had travelled twice to Batavia to learn about European
architecture, which is the reason why the architecture of Taman Sari has marks of European
style. The Regent of Madiun, Raden Rangga Prawirasentika, participated in funding the
construction of Taman Sari. Prawirasentika also beseeched the Sultan to be relieved of Madiun's
tax obligation. He offered other alternative ways of payment. The Sultan accepted his proposal. In
1758, the Sultan commanded the Regent to supervise the making of bricks and various
complements, which would be used to build a beautiful garden. The sultan wanted a place where
he could spend some time to relax after many years of wars that he had just experienced. Raden
Tumenggung Mangundipura, under supervision of Raden Arya Natakusuma (who later became Sri
Pakualam II), was responsible for the construction. The building was started in 1684 Javanese
year (1758 AD). After finding out how large the complex was, Raden Rangga Prawirasentika
realized that the cost would have been greater than the taxes. He resigned from the project and
was replaced by Prince Natakusuma who continued the project to completion.
 Mendhut Temple (Candi Mendhut)

Mendhut Temple The ruins of Mendut temple before restoration, 1880.

Mendut is a ninth-century Buddhist temple, located in Mendut village, Mungkid sub-

district, Magelang Regency, Central Java,Indonesia. The temple is located about three kilometres
east from Borobudur. Mendut, Borobudur and Pawon, all of which are Buddhist temples, are
located in one straight line. There is a mutual religious relationship between the three temples,
although the exact ritual process is unknown.

Built around early ninth century AD, Mendut is the oldest of the three temples including
Pawon and Borobudur. The Karangtengah inscription, the temple was built and finished during the
reign of King Indra of Sailendra dynasty. The inscription dated 824 AD mentioned that King Indra of
Sailendra has built a sacred building named Venuvana which means "bamboo forest". Dutch
archaeologist JG de Casparis has connected the temple mentioned in Karangtengah inscription
with Mendut temple.

In 1836 it was discovered as a ruins covered with bushes. The restoration of this temple
was started in 1897 and was finished in 1925. Some archaeologists who had conducted research
on this temple were JG de Casparis, Theodoor van Erp, and Arisatya Yogaswara. Currently, during
the full moon in May or June, Buddhists in Indonesia observe Vesakannual ritual by walking from
Mendut passing past Pawon and ends at Borobudur. The ritual takes the form of mass Buddhist
prayer and pradakshina (circumambulation) around the temple.

For local Javanese, especially those who follow traditional Kejawen Javanese mysticism or
Buddhism practices, praying in Mendut temple is believed to fulfill various wishes, such as
deliverance from sickness. The bas-relief of Hariti for example is popular among local Javanese
childless married couples to pray for a child, since in traditional Javanese beliefs, Hariti is
considered as the symbol of fertility, the patroness of motherhood and protector of children.

The main room has three carved large stone statues. The 3 metres tall statue of Dhyani
Buddha Vairocana was meant to liberate the devotees from the bodily karma, at the left is statue of
BoddhisatvaAvalokitesvara to liberate from the karma of speech, at the right is
Boddhisatva Vajrapani to liberate from karma of thought.
 tongkonan

A tongkonan with colorful decorations on the wall. Tongkonan in a Torajan village.

Tongkonan is the traditional ancestral house, or rumah adat of the Torajan people,
in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tongkonan have a distinguishing boat-shaped and oversized saddleback
roof. Like most of Indonesia’s Austronesian-based traditional architecture tongkonan are built on
piles. The construction of tongkonan is laborious work and it is usually built with the help of all
family members. In the original Toraja society, only nobles had the right to build tongkonan.
Commoners live in smaller and less decorated homes called banua. The word 'Tongkonan' is
derived from the Toraja word tongkon (‘to sit’) and literally means the place where family members
meet.

According to the Torajan myth, the first tongkonan house was built in heaven by Puang
Matua, the Creator. It was built on four poles and the roof was made of Indian cloth. When the first
Torajan ancestor descended to earth, he imitated the heavenly house and held a big ceremony. An
alternative legend, describes the Toraja arriving from the north by boats, but caught in a fierce
storm, their boats were so badly damaged that they used them as roofs for their new houses.

There are three types of tongkonan. Tongkonan layuk is the house of the highest authority
and it is used as the center of government. The second type is tongkonan pekamberan, which
belongs to the family group members, who have some authorities in local traditions (known
as adat). The last one is tongkonan batu, which belongs to the ordinary family members.

Although still commanding great prestige in a ritual sense, the tongkonan, like many
traditional Indonesian housing styles, has a small, dark and smoky interior, and consequently is
losing favour amongst contemporary Torajans. Instead, many Torajan villagers are choosing to live
in a single storey 'Pan-Indonesia' style residence. The more spacious, brighter and more
ventilated bugis-type dwelling is also increasingly being adopted. An approach more inline with
tradition is to add an extra storey and a saddleback roof which fulfils contemporary expectations of
space and brightness, while maintaining the prestige of a tongkonan.
 Maimun Palacae (Istana maimun)

Maimun Palace (1890-1905) Maimun Palace (1998) Maimun Palace (2013)

Maimun Palace or Maimoon Palace (Indonesian: Istana Maimun) is an istana (royal palace)
of Sultanate of Deli and also a well-known landmark in Medan, the capital city of North
Sumatra, Indonesia.

Built by Sultan Makmun Al Rasyid Perkasa Alamsyah in years 1887–1891, the palace
covers 2,772 m² and has 30 rooms. The Palace has become a popular tourist destination in the
city, not solely because of its historical heritage statues, but also because of its unique interior
design of the palace, mixing the elements of Malay cultural heritage, Islam, Spanish, Indian,
andItalian style.

Penataran Temple (Candi penataran)

The dated temple in Penataran complex

Penataran or Panataran (Candi Penataran) is the largest Hindu temple complex in East
Java, Indonesia, located roughly 10 km north of Blitar. Believed to have been under construction
from the 12th Century to the 15th Century, the temple played a significant role in the Majapahit
Kingdom, especially under King Hayam Wuruk.

Penataran was believed to be dated back to Kediri era. This temple was identified
in Nagarakretagama as Palah temple and reported being visited by King Hayam Wuruk during his
royal tour across East Java.

The site is being considered to be put on the World Heritage list of sites that have
"outstanding universal value" to the world. This site was added to the UNESCO World
Heritage Tentative List on October 19, 1995 in the Cultural category.