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Projectfile 160207030754
Projectfile 160207030754
OF
PHYSICS
Logic Gates combination for a
given Truth Table
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are
used in digital electronics to change on voltage level (input voltage)
into another (output voltage) according to some logical statement
relating them.
A logic gate may have one or more inputs, but it has only one
output. The relationship between the possible values of input and
output voltage is expressed in the form of a table called truth table
or table of combination.
Truth table of a Logic Gates is a table that shows all the input and
output possibilities for the logic gate.
LOGIC STATES
1
0
HIGH
LOW
+ve
-ve
ON
OFF
CLOSE
OPEN
RIGHT
WRONG
TRUE
FALSE
YES
NO
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THE OR GATE is a device that combines A with B to give Y as
the result.
The OR gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic
gate of OR gate with A and B input and Y output is shown below:
The AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The logic
gate of AND gate with A and B input and Y output is shown
below:
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In Boolean algebra, multiplication sign (either x or.) is referred as
the AND. The Boolean expression:
THE NOT GATE is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT is a
one input and one output. The logic gate of NOT gate with A and Y
output is shown below:
_
In Boolean algebra, bar symbol ( ) is referred as the NOT. The
Boolean expression:
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2).
If switch A & B are open lamp do not glow (A=0, B=0), hence Y=0.
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
Truth Table:
Input A
Input B
Output Y
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
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1
1
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R.
If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
If switch A open & B closed (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will glow, hence
Y=1.
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Truth Table:
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
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Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
An ideal n-p-n transistor.
The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of the
electrical circuit:
If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the lump will glow, hence Y=1.
If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the lump will not glow, hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
Input A
Output Y
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0
1
1
0
Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), an ideal n-p-n transistor.
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
Input A
Input B
Output Y
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
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Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two ideal p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R, an ideal n-p-n
transistor.
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
Truth Table:
Input A
Input B
Output Y
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0
1
0
1
Aim:
0
1
1
TO
1
1
0
DESIGN
Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, two NOT gate.
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In Boolean expression, the EX OR gate is expressed as
Y=A.B + A.B =
If both switches A&B are open (A=0, B=0) then lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) Lamp glow, hence Y=1.
If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) Lamp will not glow, hence Y=0.
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Truth Table:
Input A
Input B
Output Y
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
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Aim:
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX NOR GATE CIRCUIT.
Components:
Two AND gate, an OR gate, three NOT gate.
Y=A.B + A.B =
If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then Lamp will glow, hence Y=1.
If Switch A closed & B open (A=1, B=0) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
If Switch A open & B close (A=0, B=1) then Lamp will not glow, hence
Y=0.
If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then Lamp will glow, hence
Y=1.
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Truth Table:
Input A
Input B
Output Y
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
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Some Common Applications of Logic Gates
During the course of discussion about various digital logic gates, we have
mainly discussed about the design, property and operation of them. In this
article we will look at various applications of logic gates. Their
applications are determined mainly based upon their truth table i.e. their
mode of operations. In the following discussion we will look at the
applications of basic logic gates as well as many other normal logic
gates as well.X
Application of OR gate
Wherever the occurrence of any one or more than one event is needed to
be detected or some actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in all
those cases OR gates can be used. It can be explained with an example.
Suppose in an industrial plant if one or more than one parameter exceeds
the safe value, some protective measure is needed to be done. In that case
OR gate is used. We are going to show this with the help of a diagram.
The above figure is a typical schematic diagram where an OR gate is used
to detect exceed of temperature or pressure and produce command signal
for the system to take required actions.
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Application of AND gate
There are mainly two applications of AND gate as Enable gate and
Inhibit gate. Enable gate means allowance of data through a channel and
Inhibit gate is just the reverse of that process i.e. disallowance of data
through a channel. We are going to show an enabling operation to
understand it in an easier way. Suppose in the measurement of frequency
of a pulsed waveform. For measurement of frequency a gating pulse of
known frequency is sent to enable the passage of the waveform whose
frequency is to be measured. The diagram below shows the arrangement of
the above explained operation.
Application of Ex-OR/Ex-NOR gate
These type of logic gates are used in generation of parity generation and
checking units. The two diagrams below shows the even and odd parity
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generator circuits respectively for a four data.
With the help of these gates parity check operation can be also performed.
The diagrams below show even and odd parity check.
Figure (a) shows the parity check using Ex-OR gates and the figure (b)
shows the parity check using Ex-NOR gates.
NOT gates are also known as inverter because they invert the output given to
them and show the reverse result. Now the CMOS inverters are commonly
used to build square wave oscillators which are used for generating clock
signals. The advantage of using these is they consume low power and their
interfacing is very easy compared to other logic gates.
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The