Fundamentals of Engineering (Fe) Examination Review

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A.
Gross EE1- 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING
(FE) EXAMINATION REVIEW
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
Charles A. Gross, Professor Emeritus
Electrical and Comp Engineering
Auburn University Broun 212
334.844.1812
gross@eng.auburn.edu
www.railway-technology.com
FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 2
1
EE Review Problems
1. dc Circuits We will discuss

2. Complex Numbers these.
3. ac Circuits
4. 3-phase Circuits
1st Order Transients

Control We may discuss
Signal Processing these as time
permits
Electronics
Digital Systems
1. dc Circuits:
Find all voltages, currents, and powers.
2
Solution
The 8 and 7 resistors are in series:

R1  8  7  15
R1 and 10 are in parallel:
1
R2 
1 1

10 R1
10  R1
  6
10  R1
Solution
4 and R2 are in series:

Rab  4  R 2  10
L :
Vab 100
Ia    10 A
Rab 10
V4  4  I a  40V (L)
V10  100  40  60V  KVL 

3
Solution
V10 60
Ic    6A  L 
10 10
KCL :
I b  I a  I c  10  6  4 A
V8  8  I b  32V (  L)
V7  7  I b  28V (  L)
Absorbed Powers...
R4  I a2  4 10   400W
2
In General:
R10  I  10  6   360W
2 2
c
PABS = PDEV
R7  I b2  7  4   112W
2
(Tellegen's
R8  I  8  4   128W
2 2
b
Theorem)
Total Absorbed Power  1000W
Power Delivered by Source  Vs  I a  100 10   1000W
4
2. Complex Numbers
Consider x2  2 x  5  0
2  (2) 2  4(1)(5) 2  16
x 
2 1 2
4 1
 1  1  2 1
2
The numbers "1  2 1" are called complex numbers
Summer 2008
9
The “I” (j) operator
Math Department.... ECE Department

Define i  1 Define j  1
x  1  2i x  1  j2
We choose ECE notation! Terminology…
Rectangular Form.....
Z  X  jY  a complex number
X  e  Z   real part of Z
Y  Im  Z   imaginary part of Z
Summer 2008
10
5
Polar Form
Math Department.....
Z  R  e i  a complex number
R | Z | modulus of Z
  arg  Z   argument of Z  radians 
ECE Department.....
Z  Z   a complex number
Z | Z | magnitude of Z
  ang  Z   angle of Z  degrees 
11
The Argand Diagram
It is useful to plot complex numbers in a 2-D cartesian

space, creating the so-called Argand Diagram (Jean
Argand (1768-1822)).
“imaginary” axis (Y)
+2 Z  X  jY  1  j 2
“real” axis (X)

+1
Summer 2008
12
6
Conversions
Retangular  Polar
Z X2 Y2
Y
Y 
  tan 1   Z
X

Polar  Retangular.....
X  Z  cos   X
Y  Z  sin  
Summer 2008
13
Example: Z  3  j4
X  e  Z   3 4
Y  Im  Z   4 5
Rect  Polar..... 0

Z  32  42  5 3
 4
  tan 1    0.9273 rad  53.10
 
Summer 2008
3
14
7
Conjugate Z  X  jY  Z 
Z *  conjugate of Z  X  jY  Z   
Example...
(3  j 4)*  3  j 4  5  53.10
Summer 2008
15
Addition (think rectangular)
A  a  jb  A  3  j 4  553.10
B  c  jd  B  5  j12  13  67.40
A  B  (a  jb)  (c  jd )
 (a  c )  j (b  d )
A  B  (3  j 4)  (5  j12)
 (3  5)  j (4  12)  8  j8
Summer 2008
16
8
Multiplication (think polar)
A  a  jb  A  3  j 4  553.10
B  c  jd  B  5  j12  13  67.40
A  B  ( A )  ( B )
 A  B(   )
A  B  (553.10 )  (13  67.40 )
 (5)  (13) (53.10  67.40 )  65  14.30
Summer 2008
17
Division (think polar)
A  a  jb  A  3  j 4  553.10
B  c  jd  B  5  j12  13  67.40
A A  A 
     (   )
B B  B 
A  553.10   5 
 0 
B  13  63.4   13 

    53.10   67.40  
 0.3846120.50
Summer 2008
18
9
Multiplication (rectangular)
A  B  (a  jb)   c  jd 
  ac  bd   j  ad  bc 
A  B  (3  j 4)  (5  j12)
 (15  48)  j ( 36  20)
 63  j16  65  14.30
Summer 2008 EL
19 EC
38
10
Addition (polar)
553.10
Complex number
addition is the 11.31  450
same as "vector
addition"!
20
Summer 2008 13  67.40EC
EL
38
10
10
3. ac Circuits
i(t)
Find "everything"
8 in the given
+ circuit.
v(t) 0.663 mF
-
26.53 mH
v (t )  141.4cos(377 t ) V
Frequency, period
v (t )  141.4cos(377 t ) V
(radian) frequency    377 rad / s


(cyclic) frequency  f   60 Hz
2
1 1
Period    16.67 ms
f 60
11
The ac Circuit
To solve the problem, we convert the circuit

into an "ac circuit":
R, L, C elements  Z (impedance)
v , i sources  V , I (phasors)
R : Z R  R  j0  8  j0
L : Z L  0  j L  0  j (0.377)(26.53)  0  j10
1 1
C : ZC  0   0 j  0  j4
j C 0.377(0.663)
The Phasor
v (t )  VMAX cos( t   )
VMAX
To convert to a phasor... V 
2
For example.. v (t )  141.4cos(377 t )
VMAX
V   100 0o
2
12
The "ac circuit"
I
 L(ac ) :
VR V
I 
  Z
1000  100
 VC 
8  j10  j 4

  10  36.9o
VL
 i (t )  14.14  cos(377 t  36.9o )
Solving for voltages
VR  Z R  I  (8)(10  36.9o )  80  36.9o V

v R (t )  113.1  cos(377 t  36.9o )
VC  Z C  I  ( j 4)(10  36.9o )  40  126.9o V
vC (t )  56.57  cos(377t  126.9o )
VL  Z L  I  ( j10)(10  36.9o )  10053.1o V

v L (t )  141.4  cos(377 t  53.1o )
13
Absorbed powers S  V  I *  P  jQ
S R  VR  I *  80  36.9o (10  36.9o )*  800  j 0

SC  VC  I *  40  126.9o (10  36.9o )*  0  j 400
S L  VL  I *  10053.1o (10  36.9o )*  0  j1000
STOT  S R  SC  S L  800  j 600
PTOT  800 watts; QTOT  600 var s;
STOT | STOT | 1000 VA
Delivered power
S S  VS  I *  100 0o (10  36.9o )*  800  j 600
S S  STOT  800  j 600

PS  PTOT  800 watts
QS  QTOT  600 var s
In General: PABS = PDEV QABS = QDEV

(Tellegen's Theorem)
14
The Power Triangle S  800  j 600
S = 1000 VA
Q = 600 var
V  1000o
 = 36.90
P = 800 W I  10  36.9o

P
power factor  pf   cos( )  0.8 lagging
S
Leading, Lagging Concepts
Leading Case
I Q<0
V
Lagging Case
V
I Q>0
15
A Lagging pf Example

V  7.200 kV R jX

R  103.68  jX  j 43.2 
Currents
I
 V
IR IL
V
R jX

V 7.2
IR    69.44 A
R 103.68 I  IR  IL
V 7.2 I  69.44  j166.7
IL     j166.7 A
jX j 43.20 I  180.6  67.380 A
16
Powers pf  cos    cos  67.360   0.3845
I

IR IL
V 1300 kVA
R jX 1200 k var

S R  V  I R *  500 kW  j 0
S L  V  I L *  0  j1200 k var
500 kW
SS  V  I *  S R  S L
SS  500  j1200  130067.380
Add Capacitance
I
I C  j125
  jX C
V
IR IL IC
 I R  69.44
IC 
V

7.2
 j125 A I L   j166.7
 jX  j 57.6
I  I R  I L  IC
I  69.44  j166.7  j125  81  310 A
17
Powers pf  cos    cos  310   0.8575
900 kvar
1200 kvar
SC  V  I C *  0  j 900 kvar 583.1 kVA
SS  V  I *  S R  S L  SC
SS  500  j1200  j 900 500 kW
SS  583.1310 kVA
Observations
By adding capacitance to a lagging pf (inductive) load, we

have significantly reduced the source current., without
changing P!
Before I  180.6 A; pf  0.3845

After I  81 A; pf  0.8575
Note that: low pf, high current;
high pf, low current;
If we consider the “source” in the example to represent an

Electric Utility, this reduction in current is of major practical
importance, since the utility losses are proportional to the
square of the current.
18
Observations
That is, by adding capacitance the utility losses have

been reduced by almost a factor of 5! Since this results
in significant savings to the utility, it has an incentive to
induce its customers to operate at high pf.
This leads to the “Power Factor Correction” problem, which

is a classic in electric power engineering and is extremely
likely to be on the FE exam.
We will be using the same numerical data as we did in the previous example.
Pretty clever, eh’ what?
The Power Factor Correction problem
Load
Utility
pf correcting
capacitance
An Electric Utility supplies 7.2 kV to a customer whose load

is 7.2 kV 1300 kVA @ pf = 0.3845 lagging. The utility offers
the customer a reduced rate if he will “correct” (“improve”
or “raise”) his pf to 0.8575. Determine the requisite
capacitance.
19
PF Correction: the solution
1. Draw the load power triangle.

1300 kVA @ pf = 0.3845 lagging.
pf  0.3845  cos     67.380

1200 kvar
S LOAD  S   130067.38 0
S LOAD  500  j1200

Because the pf is lagging, the load is
inductive, and Q is positive. Therefore we
must add negative Q to reduce the total, 67.380
which means we must add capacitance.
500 kW
2. We need to modify the source complex power so

that the pf rises to 0.8575 lagging.
pf  0.8575  cos     310
Closing the switch (inserting the capacitors)
SS  500  j1200  jQC  500  j 1200  QC 
Let QX  1200  QC
Therefore SS  500  jQX  S S 310 kVA
 Tan  310   0.6

QX
Then Tan   
500
20
QX QX  300 kvar
 0.6
500
QC  1200  Q X  900 kvar
900 kvar
The new source power triangle
1200 kvar
Install 900 kvar of
7.2 kV Capacitors
300 kvar
500 kW
4. Three-phase ac Circuits
Although essentially all types of EE’s use ac circuit analysis

to some degree, the overwhelming majority of applications
are in the high energy (“power”) field.
It happens that if power levels are above about 10 kW, it is

more practical and efficient to arrange ac circuits in a
“polyphase” configuration. Although any number of
“phases” are possible, “3-phase” is almost exclusively used
in high power applications, since it is the simplest case that
achieves most of the advantage of polyphase.
It is virtually certain that some 3-phase problems will appear

on the FE and PE examinations, which is why 3-phase
merits our attention.
21
A single-phase ac circuit
n
Generator Line Load
“a” is the “phase” conductor
“n” is the “neutral” conductor
For a given load, the phase a conductor must have a cross-

sectional area “A”, large enough to carry the requisite
current. Since the neutral carries the return current, we need
a total of “2A worth” of conductors.
Tripling the capacity
Ia
+
Ib
+
Ic
+
In
If I a  I b  I c  I  then I n  3I 
We need a total of A + A +A + 3A = 6A conductors.
22
But what if the currents are not in phase?
Suppose I a  I 00 I b  I  1200 I c  I   1200

Then
I n  I a  I b  I c  I 00  I   1200  I   1200
I n  I 1  j0   0.5  j 0.866   0.5  j0.866 
I n  I 1.0  0.5  0.5)  j(0.0  0.866  0.866   I (0  j 0)  0
Now we only need a total of A + A +A + 0 = 3A conductors!
A 50% savings!
The 3-Phase Situation
23
"Balanced" voltage means equal in
magnitude, 120o separated in phase
v an ( t )  V max cos( t )  2  V  cos( t )

vbn ( t )  V max cos( t  120 0 )  2  V  cos( t  120 0 )
vcn ( t )  V max cos( t  120 0 )  2  V  cos( t  120 0 )
Van  V 00
Vbn  V   1200
Vcn  V   1200
The “Line” Voltages
By KVL Vab  Van  Vbn

  1 3 
Vab  V 00  V   1200  V 1  j 0     j    V 330
0
  2 2  
Vbc  V 3  900
Vca  V 31500
Vab  Vbc  Vca  VL  V 3
24
When a power engineer says “the
An Example primary distribution voltage is 12 kV”
he/she means…
Vab  12.47300 kV
Vab  Vbc  Vca  VL  12.47 kV Vbc  12.47  900 kV
Vca  12.47  1500 kV
Van  7.2 00 kV
VL
Van  Vbn  Vcn   7.2 kV Vbn  7.2  1200 kV
3
Vcn  7.2  1200 kV

bc
An Important Insight….
All balanced three-phase problems can be

solved by focusing on a-phase, solving the
single-phase (a-n) problem, and using 3-phase
symmetry to deal with b-n and c-n values!
This involves judicious use of

the factors 3, 3, and 1200!
To demonstrate…

bc
25
Recall the pf Correction Problem
An Electric Utility supplies 7.2 kV to a single-phase customer

whose load is 7.2 kV 1300 kVA @ pf = 0.3845 lagging.

V  7.200 kV 104  j 43.2 

1300 kVA
1200 kvar
I  I R  I L  181  67 A 0
500 kW
bc
The pf Correction Problem in the 3-phase case
An Electric Utility supplies 12.47 kV to a 3-phase customer

whose load is 12.47 kV 3900 kVA @ pf = 0.3845 lagging.

Van  7.200 kV 104  j 43.2 
 3900 kVA
3600 kvar
3 times bigger!
I a  181  670 A
1500 kW
52
FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1-
26
If we want all the V’s, I’s, and S’s
Van  7.2 00 kV Vab  12.47300 kV

Vbn  7.2  1200 kV Vbc  12.47  900 kV
Vcn  7.2  1200 kV Vca  12.47  1500 kV
I a  181  670 A Sa  500  j1200 kVA

I b  181  187 A 0
Sb  500  j1200 kVA
I c  181  53 A 0
Sc  500  j1200 kVA
FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1-
PF Correction: the 3ph solution
Install 2700 kvar of

Capacitance.
2700 kvar
3600 kvar
The circuitry in the 3-
phase case is a bit
more complicated. 900 kvar
There are two
possibilities….
1500 kW
27
The wye connection….
a
S
O b L
U c O
R A
C n D
E
Install three 900 kvar

7.2 kV wye-connected
Capacitors.
The delta connection….
a
S
O b L
U c O
R A
C n D
E
Install three 900 kvar 12.47 kV delta-connected

Capacitors.
28
wye-delta connections Z  3 ZY
wye case delta case

2700 2700
Qan   900 kvar Qan   900 kvar
3 3
Qan 900 Qab 900
Ia    125 A Iab    72.17 A
Van 7.2 Vab 12.47
Van 12.47
Zan  ZY   57.6  Zab  Z   172.8 
Ia 72.17
1 1
CY   46.05  F C   15.35 F
 ZY  Z
1st Order Transients…..

i t
Network A  Network B
contains contains
dc sources, vt one energy
resistors,  storage
one switch element
(L or C)
The problem….(1) solve for v and/or i @ t < 0; (2) switch is
switched @ t = 0; (3) solve for v and/or i for t > 0
29
The inductive case
di L
vL  L 
dt
L's are SHORTS to dc

iL(t) cannot change in zero time
i L (0 )  i L (0)  i L (0 )
An Example…
di L
vL  L 
dt i L (0 )  i L (0)  i L (0 )
30
Solution....
t  0: vC (t )  vC (0)  constant 
t : vC (t )  vC ( )  constant 
0 t  : vC (t )  vC ( )  vC (0)  vC ( )   e  t /
  Rab  C
Our job is to determine
vC (0); vC ( ); and  Rab  C
Solution....
For a dvC
capacitor: iC  C 
dt
C's are OPENS to dc
vC(t) cannot change in zero time
Therefore, if the circuit is switched at t = 0:
vC (0 )  vC (0)  vC (0 )
31
Solution: T < 0; switch and "C" OPEN
  a
0
+ +
120V  vC
- -
A b
120
vC  0   12   48 V
12  6  12
Solution: T > 0; switch CLOSED
6  12
  iC Rab  4
a
6  12
0.2 F
+ +
120V  vC
- -
A   Rab C
b
 4(0.2)  0.8 s
120
vC     12   80 V
0  6  12
32
Solution....
vC (0)  48 vC ( )  80
t  0: vC (t )  80   48  80   e 1.25 t
vC (t )  80  32  e 1.25 t
3. 1st Order Transients: RL
0.4 H
b. The switch is closed at t = 0. Find and

plot iL (t).
33
Solution....
t  0: i L (t )  i L (0)
t  0: i L (t )  i L ( )   i L (0)  i L ( )  e  t /
L

Rab
Our job is to determine
i L (0); i L ( ); and  L / Rab
Solution....
For an di L
inductor: vL  L 
dt
L's are SHORTS to dc
iL(t) cannot change in zero time
i L (0 )  i L (0)  i L (0 )
34
Solution: T < 0; switch OPEN; L SHORT
  a
iL
+ +
120V  vC
- -
A b
120
iL  0    6.667 A
12  6
Solution: T > 0; switch CLOSED
6  12
  iL Rab  4
a
6  12
+ +
0.4 H
120V  vL
- - L 0.4
 
A b
Rab 4
 0.1 s
120
iL      20 A
060
35
Solution....
t  0: i L (t )  6.667
t  0: i L (t )  20   6.667  20   e  t /
i L (t )  20  13.33  e 10 t
5. Control
Given the following feedback control system:
+
R(s) G(s) C(s)
-
H(s)
1
G ( s)  H ( s)  K
( s  1)( s  4)
36
a. Write the closed loop transfer function in
rational form
1
C G ( s  1)( s  4)
 
R 1  GH 1  K
( s  1)( s  4)
C 1 1
  2
R ( s  1)( s  4)  K s  3s  ( K  4)
b. Write the characteristic equation
s 2  3s  ( K  4)  0
c. What is the system order? 2
d. For K = 0, where are the poles located?
s 2  3s  4   s  1   s  4   0
s = +1; s = - 4
e. For K = 0, is the system stable? NO
37
f. Complete the table s 2  3s  ( K  4)  0
Roots of the CE are poles of the CLTF
K poles damping
0  4 .0 0,  1 .0 0 u n stab le
4  3 .0 0, 0 .0 0 o ver
5  2 .6 2,  0 .3 8 2 o ver
6 .2 5  1 .5 0,  1 .5 0 critical
1 0 .2 5  1 .5  j 2,  1 .5  j 2 u n d er
f. Sketch the root locus
j g. Find the range on K

for system stability.

-4 +1 If K = 4:
s 2  3s  0   s    s  3   0
Poles at s = 0; s = - 3
Therefore for K>4, poles are in LH s-plane
and system is stable.
K≥4
38
h. Find K for critical damping
CE : s 2  3s  ( K  4)  0
3  9  4( K  4)
Solving the CE: s 
2
Critical damping occurs when the poles are
real and equal
9  4( K  4)  0
K  4  9 / 4;
K  4  2.25  6.25
6. Signal Processing
a. periodic time-domain functions have

continuous discrete frequency spectra.
(circle the correct adjective)
b. aperiodic time-domain functions have

continuous discrete frequency spectra.
(circle the correct adjective)
39
c. Matching
d.
Laplace Transform d Fourier Transform c

Fourier Series a Convolution integral b
Inverse FT e N
a. x(t )   D exp( jn t)
n  N
n 0
t 
b. y(t ) 

 x( )  h(t  )  d c. X ( j )   x(t )  e
 j t
 dt


 1
 X ( j )  e
 j t
d. X ( s )   x(t )  e  st  dt e. x(t )   d
2 
0
c. Matching
d.
Z-Transform d DFT c
Inverse ZT a Discrete Convolution b
Inverse DFT e 
a. X ( j)   x[n]  e
n 
 jn
k
b. y[ k ]  
n  
x[ n ]  h[ n  k ] N 1
c. X k   x[ n]  e  j 2 kn / N
n0

d. X ( z )   x[ n]  z  n
N 1
1
n0
e. x[n] 
N
X
k 0
k  e  j 2 kn / N
40
7. Electronics
 v
e (t ) v

e
e (t )  169.7  sin( t ) T
a. Darken the conducting diodes at time T
b. Given the "OP Amp" circuit
Ideal OpAmp....
•infinite input resistance
• zero input voltage
•infinite gain
• zero output resistance
41
Find the output voltage.
vi  5 V
Ri  10 k 
R f  50 k 
vi v
KCL :  0 0
Ri R f
 Rf 
 50  v0      vi
v0      5  25 V  Ri 
 10 
c. Find the output voltage.
40k KCL :
0 +
10k
v1 v2 v3 v
20k    0 0
5 + R1 R2 R3 R f
10k -
5 +
+
+
vo LOAD
-
42
Solution: "SUMMER"
0 5 5 v
40k    0 0
0 + 40 20 10 10
10k
20k
5 +  10   10   10 
v0      5     5     0
10k -
 10   20   40 
5 +
+
+
vo LOAD
v0  7.5 V
-
8. Digital Systems Logic Gates
43
a. Complete the Truth Table
A C 0
AND Half Adder (HA)
B S 0
XOR
A + B = CS
A B C S
0 0 0 0 0 + 0 = 00
0 1 0 1 0 + 1 = 01
1 0 0 1 1 + 0 = 01
1 1 1 0 1 + 1 = 10
b. Complete the indicated row in the TT
C1 A1 B1 C2 S1
A C0
0 0 0 0 0 A
11 1
0 0 1 0 1 HA S 1
OR C2
B
01
0 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 C 0
HA
1 0 0 0 1 1C1 S1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
Full Adder (FA)
1 1 1 1 1
44
c. Indicate the inputs and outputs to perform
the given sum in a 4-bit adder
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1010
A3 B3 C2 A2 B2 C1 A1 B1 C0 A0 B0 +1110
11000
FA FA FA HA
C3 S3 S2 S1 S0
1 1 0 0 0
d. Design a D/A Converter to accomodate 3-bit

digital inputs (5 volt logic)
Digital Analog (V)

Resolution: 3-bits 000 0.00
(23 = 8 levels; 001 1.25
10 V scale) 010 2.50
011 3.75
100 5.00
101 6.25
Example... 110 7.50
Convert "110" 111 8.75
to analog Binary Word: ABC
(A msb; C lsb)
45
d. Finished Design ABC = 110
40k
0 C+ 10 10 10
10k
v0   5 5 0
20k 10 20 40
5 B+  7.50
10k -
5 A+
+
+
vo LOAD
-
Good Luck on the Exam!
If I can help with any ECE material, come

see me (7:30 - 11:00; 1:15 - 2:30)
Charles A. Gross, Professor Emeritus
Electrical and Comp Engineering
Auburn University Broun 212
334.844.1812
gross@eng.auburn.edu
Good Evening...
46

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FE: Electric Circuits © C.A.

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 2

1. dc Circuits We will discuss

1st Order Transients

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 3

Find all voltages, currents, and powers.

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 4

The 8 and 7 resistors are in series:

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 5

4 and R2 are in series:

V10  100  40  60V  KVL 

Power Delivered by Source  Vs  I a  100 10   1000W

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 8

The “I” (j) operator

Math Department.... ECE Department

The Argand Diagram

It is useful to plot complex numbers in a 2-D cartesian

“real” axis (X)

Rect  Polar..... 0

Addition (think rectangular)

Division (think polar)

(radian) frequency    377 rad / s

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 22

To solve the problem, we convert the circuit

Solving for voltages

VR  Z R  I  (8)(10  36.9o )  80  36.9o V

VL  Z L  I  ( j10)(10  36.9o )  10053.1o V

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 26

S R  VR  I *  80  36.9o (10  36.9o )*  800  j 0

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 27

S S  VS  I *  100 0o (10  36.9o )*  800  j 600

S S  STOT  800  j 600

In General: PABS = PDEV QABS = QDEV

P = 800 W I  10  36.9o

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 29

Leading, Lagging Concepts

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 30

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 31

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 32

SC  V  I C *  0  j 900 kvar 583.1 kVA

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 35

By adding capacitance to a lagging pf (inductive) load, we

Before I  180.6 A; pf  0.3845

If we consider the “source” in the example to represent an

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 36

That is, by adding capacitance the utility losses have

This leads to the “Power Factor Correction” problem, which

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 37

The Power Factor Correction problem

An Electric Utility supplies 7.2 kV to a customer whose load

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 38

1. Draw the load power triangle.

pf  0.3845  cos     67.380

S LOAD  500  j1200

PF Correction: the solution

2. We need to modify the source complex power so

SS  500  j1200  jQC  500  j 1200  QC 

 Tan  310   0.6

FE: Electric Circuits © C.A. Gross EE1- 41

Although essentially all types of EE’s use ac circuit analysis

It happens that if power levels are above about 10 kW, it is

It is virtually certain that some 3-phase problems will appear

For a given load, the phase a conductor must have a cross-