Mysteries of The Smith Chart: Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching, and Little Known Facts

Mysteries of the Smith Chart
Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching,

and Little Known Facts
Stephen D. Stearns, K6OIK

Chief Technologist
TRW Firestorm Wireless Communication Products
stearns@ieee.org
VG – 1
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
Outline
❏ Transmission Line Theory

➤ Historical development
➤ Heaviside’s rewrite of Maxwell’s theory, Telegrapher’s equations,
➤ Impedance, reflection coefficient, SWR, phase constant, and velocity
factor
➤ Special facts for λ/2, λ/4, and λ/8 lossless lines
❏ The Smith Chart
➤ Bilinear complex functions
➤ Impedance and admittance coordinates (circles, circles, and more
circles)
❏ Impedance Matching
➤ Why match? Impedance matching vs. conjugate impedance
matching
➤ Single frequency matching
➤ Multiple-frequency and broadband matching
VG – 2
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Part 1: Transmission Line Theory
VG – 3
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
Key Dates in Electrical Transmission
1830s Magnetic telegraphs - Gauss, Henry

1839 Electromagnetic telegraph - Wheatstone & Cook
1844 Telegraph in America - Morse
1850s Thousands of miles of telegraph line U.S. and Europe
1851 40-mile cable under English Channel
1855 Distributed analysis of transmission line - Lord Kelvin
1858 Transatlantic cable, project delayed by civil war
1873 Theory of electrodynamics - Maxwell
1876 Invention of telephone - Bell
1880s Vectors, vector calculus, reformulation of Maxwell’s
theory, transmission line theory - Heaviside
1886 Experimental confirmation of Maxwell’s Theory - Hertz
1937 Early Smith Chart, published 1939 and 1944 - Smith
VG – 4
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Numbers to Remember!
1.4142135623...
1.7320508075…
1.6180339887...
3.1415926535...
2.718281828459045…
2.54
299,792,458
376.7303134...
VG – 5
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Heaviside’s Vector Formulation of Maxwell’s Theory
∂B
∇×E = −
∂t
∂D
∇×H = J+
∂t
∇⋅D = ρ
∇⋅B = 0
D = εE
B = µH
“And God said, Let there be light; and there was light.” Genesis 1:3
VG – 6
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Frequency Domain or Phasor Form
∇ × E = − jωµH
∇ × H = (σ + jωε )E
∇⋅E = 0
∇⋅H = 0
VG – 7
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Heaviside’s Telegrapher’s Equations
Uniform transmission line Equivalent circuit of

infinitesimal segment
I(x) R∆x L∆x
V(x) G∆x C∆x
dV
= −( R + jωL) I ( x )
dx
dI
= −(G + jωC )V ( x )
dx
VG – 8
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Transmission Line Solution
TEM Waves
Traveling wave
V ( x ) = Vo eγx
V ( x)
I( x) =
Zo
Propagation constant
γ = α + jβ = ( R + jωL)(G + jωC )
Characteristic impedance
R + jωL
Zo =
G + jωC
VG – 9
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Notations
Real Parameters
R= Series resistance per unit length (Ohms/meter)

L= Series inductance per unit length (Henries/meter)
G= Shunt conductance per unit length (Siemens/meter)
C= Shunt capacitance per unit length (Farads/meter)
α= Attenuation constant (nepers/meter)
β = Phase constant (radians/meter)
λ= Wavelength (meters)
vf = Velocity factor (dimensionless)
X= Reactance (Ohms)
B= Susceptance (Siemens)
s= Standing wave radio (dimensionless)
VG – 10
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Notations (Cont’d)
Complex Parameters
Z = R + jX = impedance (Ohms)
ZL = Load impedance (Ohms)
Zi = Input impedance (Ohms)
Z0 = Characteristic impedance (Ohms)
z= Z/Z0 = r + jx = normalized impedance (dimensionless)
Y = G + jB = admittance (Siemens)
y = Y/Y0 = g + jb = normalized admittance (dimensionless)
Γ = Γr + j Γi = complex reflection coefficient (dimensionless)
γ= α + jβ = propagation constant (inverse meters)
VG – 11
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Transmission Line Parameters
Physical Dimensions and Material Properties
d
dielectric dielectric
a (µ, ε, σ) (µ, ε, σ)
b
a a
c
Parameter Coax Twinlead
1  1 1 1
R Ω/m + πaδσ c
2πδσ c  a b 
µ  b δ  1 1  µδ −1 d 
+
L H/m ln a + 2  a + b  
cosh
2π π  2 a 2 a 
2πσ πσ
G S/m d
b
ln cosh −1
a 2a
C F/m 2πε πε
b d
ln cosh −1
a 2a
Where skin depth is For copper σ c = 5.8 × 10 7 S/m
1
δ=
πfµσ c  8.5 mm at 60 Hz
δ =
VG – 12 6.6 µm at 100 MHz Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Round Open-Wire Transmission Line Formulas
d
s
❏ Approximate formula
➤ Widely published by ARRL and others
➤ Accurate only for large spacings: s/d > 3
or large impedances: Z0 > several hundred
❏ Exact formula
➤ Accurate for all spacings and impedances
VG – 13
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Comparison of Impedance Formulas
Round Open-Wire Line
VG – 14
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
K6OIK Square Open-Wire Transmission Line Formula
w
s
❏ Excellent approximation in the range of practical interest
➤ Accurate for small spacings: 1 < s/w < 3
or small impedances: 0 < Z0 < several hundred
VG – 15
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Round vs Square Open-Wire Lines
VG – 16
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Optimal Characteristic Impedances
Coax
For minimum loss Zo = 77Ω
For maximum breakdown voltage Zo = 30Ω
For minimum temperature rise Zo = 60Ω
Zo = 50Ω has no special significance
VG – 17
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Reflection Coefficient and Impedance Relation
at a Terminal Plane
Terminal
Plane
Definition
ΖO ΖL
ΓL
Z L − Zo z − 1
Γ= =
Z L + Zo z + 1
Inverse
1+ Γ
z=
1− Γ
❏ For every terminal plane, the complex load impedance and

complex reflection coefficient seen to the right give the same
information for that terminal plane
❏ Question: How do Γ and z change as the terminal plane
moves?
VG – 18
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Relations Between Two Terminal Planes
Input Output
Terminal Terminal
Plane Plane
Impedance relation
ΖO ΖL
ΓL
z L + j tan βl
zi =
Ζi
Γi 1 + jz L tan βl
Cross relations
Reflection coefficient relation
− j 2 βl
1 + ΓL e
zi =
1 − ΓL e − j 2 βl
Γi = ΓL e − j 2 βl
1 + Γi e j 2 βl
zL =
1 − Γi e j 2 βl
VG – 19
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Velocity Factor
Wavelength
c
λ free space =
f
v
λ actual =
f
Velocity factor
v λ actual
vf = =
c λ free space
VG – 20
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
How To Measure Velocity Factor of a Line
(One Way To Do It)
Known length
Antenna open
Analyzer circuit
Same length
Antenna short
Analyzer circuit
2πfl 1
vf =
c −1
− Z open
cot
Z short
VG – 21
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Phase Constant
2π 2πf
β= = radians/meter
λ actual v f c
❏ Phase constant β and velocity factor vf give equivalent

information
❏ Both can be calculated from line dimensions and material
properties
β = Im ( R + jωL)(G + jωC )
❏ Best to measure!
VG – 22
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
How to Measure Complex Zo of A Line
(One Way to Do It)
Unknown or
arbitrary length
Antenna open
Analyzer circuit
Same length
Antenna short
Analyzer circuit
Zo = Z open × Z short
❏ Geometric mean of two complex numbers
❏ Calculation is trivial in polar form on Smith Chart
VG – 23
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
What Special Lengths of Lossless Line Do
Half wavelength, l = _/2
Zi = Z L
Quarter wavelength, l = _/4
Z o2
Zi =
ZL
Eighth wavelength, l = _/8
Zi = Z o if Z L and Zo are real (resistive)
VG – 24
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Standing Wave Ratio
Easy to remember from
1+ Γ 1+ Γ
s= z=
1− Γ 1− Γ
s −1 z −1
Γ = Γ=
s +1 z +1
VG – 25
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Part 2: The Smith Chart
VG – 26
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
VG – 27
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
TOWARD LO GEN
ERA
0.47 THS ± 180 0.48
ENG -170 17 0 TO
EL R—
AV 0.47 >
6 W 0.0
0.4 <— -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15
0
0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80
5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
TAN AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R T 70
0.
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
C
N
0.0
65
A
0.4
8
0.5
8
-65 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
E
12
0
VE
-12
S
NC
1
US
0.0
TA
0.4
9
0.6
0.4
0.6 60
CE
0.0
1
-60
AC
0.4
PT
E RE
AN
V
CE
ITI
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)
90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 0.2
1
0.2 TRANSM
ISSION COEFFICIENT IN 0.28
0.22 ANG
LE OF DEGREES
0.27 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN 0.22
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
Pacificon 2001
Complex Functions
zi wi
Complex Number Complex Number
y (x, y) v (u, v)
z = x + jy w = u + jv
zr f( ) wr
x u
❏ Basic types of complex functions

➤ Global Properties
– Linear – lines map to lines
– Bilinear – circles map to circles
➤ Local Properties
– Conformal – right angles map to right angles
VG – 28
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Mathematical Basis of the Smith Chart
z −1
Γ= A bilinear conformal
z +1 complex function
(r - 1) + jx
u + jv =
(r + 1) + jx
x v
r u
Right Half Interior Unit Circle

Z Plane Γ Plane
VG – 29
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
VG – 30
r=0
r=1
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
r=2
x Series Reactance
x=0
x=1
x=-1
r Series Resistance
0
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
ARD LO GEN
0.47 TH S TOW ± 180 0.48 ERA
TO
NG -170 170 R—
V ELE 0.47 >
6 — WA 0.0
0.4 < -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 150 0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
AN AC
PT TA
44 SCE 0.1 75 0.
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70
4
0.
0.4
7
,O (+
7
o) jX
0.4
0.0
3
30
13
/Z 0.2 /Z
0
-1
jX
(-
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
0.5
8
-65 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
20
12
1
0
VE
CE
1
SU
AN
0.0
9
0.6
0.4
9
SC
CT
0.4
0.6 60
E
0.0
1
-60
EA
0.4
x=0
PT
R
AN
VE
CE
ITI
Smith Chart: Impedance Coordinates
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
AC 0.5 0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
Inductive
0.6
(Positive)
(Negative)
Reactance
Reactance
Capacitive
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0
1.0 1.0
90
-90
0.2
0.2
Γi
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4 1.2
0.8
0.8
1.2
x=
x=
80
-80
1
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
-1
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
r=1
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
r=0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
r=2
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2
20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50
0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
ANG
50
50
9 EES 20 0.2
0.2 -20 LE OF
TRANSM DEGR 1
0.22 ISSION COEFFICIENT IN 0.28
ANG
LE OF REES
0.28 0.27 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG
0.23
0.22
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
∞
Pacificon 2001
Γr
Γr
Pacificon 2001
0
0.0 —> WAVELE

0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 D <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
RD LOA GEN
TOWA ± 180 0.48 E R
0.47 THS A TO
ENG -170 170 R
VEL 0.47 —>
WA 160 0.0
0.4
6 <— -160 -90 90 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
0.0 6
5 0 150 0.0
0.4 -15 5
0.2
0.2
-80 o) IND 80
5 jB/Y UCT 0.4
0.0 E (- IVE 5
NC RE
TA AC
EP TA 0.
44 -75 SC 0.1 N 75 06
0.3
0.3
0. 40 E SU CEC 14
0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0.
CT PO
DU N
IN EN
-70 R T 70
3
0.0
,O
0.
4
0.4
(+
0.
o)
4
jX
7
0.4
/Z /Z
0.0
30
0.2
13
jX
-1
0
o)
(-
,O
T
EN
R
Susceptance
Susceptance
2
0.0
0 65
N
-65 .5
CA
0.5
0.4
PO
8
8
0.4
PA
0.0
Capacitive
(Negative)
OM
2
(Positive)
CI
Inductive
0.3
b=0
TI
EC
0
120
VE
-12
NC
SU
1
0.0
TA
0.6
0.4
0.6 60
SC
9
0.4
-60
9
AC
0.0
EP
0.4
RE
TA
VE
NC
ITI
E (+
-110
110
0.7
AC
0.4
0.1
0.5 0.7
0.1
0.4
jB/
CAP
55
-5 5
Yo)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.11
-100
0.7
100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
0.9
Γi
1.0 1.0 1.0

-90
90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
0.37
0.13
0.4
0.4
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
-1 1
0.
b=
1.4
0.
8
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
b=
-80
1.0 80
0.14
0.36
1.0
0.36
0.14
0
1.0
1.0
40
-4
1.6
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
Smith Chart: Admittance Coordinates
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
-70
70
-35
35
0
1.6
1.6
g=
g=1
.16
0.3
4
0.1
0
4
0.3
3.0
g=2
6
1.8
1.8
-60
60
-30
30
2.0
7
0.3
2.0
0.1
4.0
3
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
-25
25
0
50
-5
8
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
19
-20
20
31
0. 0
-4 10
40
0.
31 19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
0.2
-15
15
20
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
0.2
0.2
1 50 9
-10
10
10
10
ANG EES
20
20
0.2
50
50
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20
0.2 TRANSM
ISSION COEFFICIENT IN 0.28 1
0.22 ANG
LE OF REES
RE FL T IN DEG 0.22
0.28 0.27 ECT ION C O EFFICIEN 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.25 0.23
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
∞
Shunt Conductance
b Shunt Susceptance
g
b=-1
b=1
b=0
g=2
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
g=1
g=0
VG – 31
VG – 32
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 — 0.0 0.49
ARD
D LOAD < GEN
S TOWAR ± 180 0.48 ERA
0.47 NGTH -1 70 170 TO
E R—
AVEL 0.47 >
6 W 1 0.0
<— -160 -90 90 60 4
0.4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 1 50 0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 o) IND 80
5 jB/Y UCT 0.4
5
0.0 E (- IVE
NC RE
TA AC
4 CEP 0.1 TA
75 0.
4
0.3
0.3
0. -75 US NC 14 06
40 ES EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
C
N
0.0
65
A
0.4
8
0.5
8
-65 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
12
0
VE
CE
-12
1
SU
AN
S
0.0
9
0.6
0.4
9
CT
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-6 0
EP
EA
0.4
R
TA
VE
NC
ITI
E (+
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
0.1
0.4
jB/
55
CAP
-55
Yo)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
5
0.2
0.2
45
0.2
0.2
-4
Γi
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
1.5
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
Smith Chart: Constant SWR Circles
1.4 1.4
2
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
3
4.0
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2
20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50
0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
ANG
50
50
9 EES 20 0.2
0.2 -20 LE OF
TRANSM DEGR 1
ANG
LE OF REES
0.23
0.22
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24
0.25 0.26
Γr
Pacificon 2001
VG – 33
x
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
0.5
1
2
r
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
ARD LO GEN
0.47 S TOW ± 180 0.48 ERA
ENGTH -17 0 170 TO
R—
AVEL 0.47 >
6 W 0.0
0.4 <— -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 150 0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
AN AC
PT TA
44 CE 0.1 75 0.
0.3
0.3
0. 0 -75 SUS NC 14 06
4 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70
4
0.
0.4
7
,O (+
7
o) jX
0.4
0.0
3
30
13
/Z 0.2 /Z
0
-1
jX
(-
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
8
-65 .5 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
0.5
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
120
VE
CE
-12
S
1
U
AN
0.0
9
0.6
0.4
9
SC
CT
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
EP
EA 0.4
TA
IVER
NC
IT
E (+
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
0.1
0.4
jB/
55
CAP
-55
Yo)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0
1.0 1.0
90
-90
0.2
0.2
Γi
45
0.2
0.2
- 45
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4 1.2
0.8
0.8
1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
Smith Chart: Constant Impedance Magnitude Circles
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2
20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50
0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
ANG
50
50
9 EES 20 0.2
0.2 -20 LE OF
TRANSM DEGR 1
ANG
LE OF REES
0.23
0.22
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
Pacificon 2001
Γr
22
180°
VG – 34
5° 13
5°
270° 90°
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
45
31 °
0°
5°
0.0 —> WAVELE

0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 D <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
RD LOA GEN
H S TOWA ± 180 0.48 ERA
0.47 NGT -1 70 170 TO
EL E R—
AV 0.47 >
6 W 0.0
0.4 <— -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 150 0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 o) IND 80

5 jB/Y UCT 0.4
5
0.0 E (- IVE
NC RE
TA AC
4 CEP 0.1 TA
75 0.
4
0.3
0.3
0. -75 US NC 14 06
40 ES EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
8
-65 .5 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
CI
OM
0.3
TI
2 0
EC
120
VE
-1
S
NC
U
.41
0.0
TA
9
0.6
0
9
SC
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
AC
EP
E
0.4
R
TA
VE
NC
ITI
E (+
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
0.1
0.4
P
jB/
A
55
C
-55
Yo)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
Γi
0.4
0.4
0°
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4 1.2
0.8
0.8
1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
45°
1.8
1.4
315°
1.4 2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
9 0.
20
-20
1 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
Smith Chart: Constant Impedance Phase Angle Circles
15
0.2
20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50
0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
ANG
50
50
9 EES 20 0.2
0.2 -20 LE OF
TRANSM DEGR 1
ANG
LE OF REES
0.23
0.22
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Pacificon 2001
Γr
Smith Chart: Multiplication, Division, Squares, and
Square Roots
Unary Operators
squares a2
square roots a
tangents tan θ
cotangents cot θ
inverse tangents tan-1 a
Inverse cotangents cot-1 a
Binary Operators
multiplication X a•b
division ÷ c/a
geometric mean ab
VG – 35
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
VG – 36
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 D <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
OWA RD LOA GEN
T ± 180 0.48 ERA
0.47 NGTHS 70 17 0 TO
ELE -1 R—
V 0.47 >
6 — WA 1 0.0
< -160 -90 90 60 4
0.4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15
0
0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 o) IND 80
5 jB/Y UCT 0.4
5
0.0 E (- IVE
NC RE
TA AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 5 SC
0.3
0.3
0 . -7 U NC 14 06
40 ES EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
0.5
8
-65
P
0.5
PO
0.4
0.0
2
M
AC
0.3
IT
CO
0
IV
12
0
CE
-12
ES
1
AN
US
0.0
9
0.6
0.4
9
CT
b=0.5
0.4
0.6 60
E
0.0
1
-60
EA
0.4
PT
R
AN
VE
CE
ITI
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
Γi
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
c=2
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
-√ 2
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
√ c=1.414
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
3
4.0
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2
20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
a=4
1 50
0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
ANG
50
50
EES 20 0.2
.290 -20 LE OF
TRANSM DEGR 1
ANG
LE OF REES
0.23
0.22
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
Smith Chart: A Nomogram for Math Calculations
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Γr
Pacificon 2001
Part 3: Impedance Matching
VG – 37
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
Impedance Matching Categories
❏ Single frequency matching

➤ Manual synthesis using Smith Chart
➤ Eight canonical networks
➤ Lumped elements
➤ Series and parallel stubs
➤ Transmission line sections
❏ Multiple frequency matching
➤ Ladder networks
➤ Multiple stubs
➤ Multiple line sections
❏ Broadband matching
➤ Maximize SWR bandwidth
➤ Software for computer-aided manual design
➤ Software for network optimization
➤ Smith Chart used for visualization only
VG – 38
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Bandwidth Classifications
Fractional Bandwidth
Narrowband < 10%
Moderate band 10% to 50%
Broadband > 50%
VG – 39
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Two Kinds of Matching
❏ Conjugate Matching ❏ Load Matching
ΖS
∼ ΖL ΖO ΖL
Zs = ZL* ZL = ZO
❏ Best use at source ❏ Best used at ends of transmission
(transmitter) lines
❏ Maximizes power delivery to ❏ Minimizes reflections
the load
❏ Does not maximize delivered
❏ Does not minimize reflections power unless Z0 is real
unless Zs is real
❏ Normally done by the
transmitter manufacturer at the
circuit design level
❏ Ideally Zs (ext) = 50 Ω
VG – 40
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Where Should Matching Network Go?
❏ Poor Setup High to

Low SWR High SWR
Antenna
Tx
Tuner
Long Transmission Line
❏ Good Setup
Perfect 1:1 Low SWR Low SWR
Antenna Matching
Tx
Tuner Network
Very Low-Loss Line
Insertion Loss x dB
❏ Best Setup
Low SWR Low SWR
Matching
Tx
Network
VG – 41
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Necessary Test Equipment
❏ Antenna analyzer
➤ Autek
➤ CIA
➤ MFJ
❏ Noise bridge (less accurate)
❏ Network analyzer (more accurate)
➤ Hewlett-Packard
VG – 42
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Matching Network Design Recipe
1. Measure transmission line parameters Zo, vf

2. Measure antenna feedpoint impedance across band(s) of interest
3. Measure or calculate impedance across band(s) of interest at network
insertion point
4. Narrowband match:
➤ Select appropriate lossless L network, 2 or 4 choices
➤ Select lumped elements vs stubs
➤ Calculate component values
➤ Calculate SWR and SWR bandwidth
➤ Build and test
5. Broadband match:
➤ Use design software - winSMITH or equivalent
➤ Design n-stage lossless ladder network
➤ Select lumped elements vs stubs
➤ Calculate component values
➤ Calculate SWR and SWR bandwidth
VG – 43
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
How to Measure Antenna Feedpoint Impedance
❏ Measure impedance through known line

❏ Divide measure impedance by Zo
❏ Plot impedance point on Smith Chart
❏ Move counter clockwise on chart by electrical length of line
❏ Read coordinate values from chart
❏ Multiply result by Zo
VG – 44
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
VG – 45
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
0.0
0.49 > WAVELEN
GTHS
TOW
0.48 D< 0.0 0.49
ARD
RD LOA GEN
TOWA ± 180 0.48 ERA
0.47 THS 170 TO
ENG -170 R
VEL 0.47 >
6 WA 0.0
0.4 < -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
0 15 0.0
.45 0 5
0.2
0.2
0 -15 -80 o) IND 80
5 jB/Y UCT 0.4
5
0.0 E (- IVE
NC RE
TA AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 5 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -7 U NC 14 06
40 ES EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
Shunt Susceptances
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0.0
65
CA
0.5
0.4
8
8
-65 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
O
0.3
TI
20
EC
1
120
VE
-
NC
1
SU
0.0
TA
9
0.6
0.4
9
SC
0.4
0.6 60
E
0.0
1
-60
AC
0.4
PT
RE
AN
TIVE
CE
I
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.1
AC
0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
Γi
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
-x
-b
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4 1.2
0.8
0.8
1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
+b
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
2.0
0.3
2.0
0.1
4.0
3
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
+x
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 9
0.2
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 1
0.2
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG
LE OF REES
0.23
0.22
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
Γr
Smith Chart: Effect of Adding Series Reactances or
Pacificon 2001
VG – 46
Z0
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
(a)
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 0.0 0.49
ARD
A RD LOAD <— GEN
.4 7 H S TOW ± 180 0.48 ERA
0 NGT 70 170 TO
L E -1 R—
AVE 0.47 >
6 W 1
<— -1 6 0 -90 90 6 0
0.0
4
0.4
0.1
0.1
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6
0.0
5 0 0.0
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150 5
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0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
AN AC
EPT TA
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0.3
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AC
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CO
0
IV
120
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AN
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9
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TA
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55
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CAP
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0.8 0.8
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-100
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0.9 0.9
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0.12
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1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1 .8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 0.2
1
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG EES
LE OF GR
0.27 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DE 0.22
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
Pacificon 2001
VG – 47
Z0
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
(b)
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
TOWARD LO GEN
ERA
0.47 THS ± 180 0.48
ENG -170 170 TO
EL R—
AV 0.47 >
6 W 0.0
0.4 <— -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15 0.0
Z
0 5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
TAN AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 EC 0 0.
06 -1 VE OM 44
0. CTI
PO
DU N
IN EN
3
0
R T 70
0.
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
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7
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0
0.0
65
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8
8
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0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
12
0
VE
CE
-12
1
SU
AN
0.0
0.4
9
0.6
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C
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
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EA
0.4
TA
IVER
NC
IT
E (+
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
Forbidden Area
0.1
0.4
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55
CAP
-55
Yo)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
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0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 19
0.
0.
4 .0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 9
0.2
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 1
0.2
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG S
LE OF
RE IN DEGREE
0.27 FLECTION COEFFICIEN T 0.22
0.28 0.23
0.26
0.25 0.2 4
0.23 0.27
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Pacificon 2001
VG – 48
Z0
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
(c)
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 D <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
OWA RD LOA GEN
ERA
0.47 THS T ± 180 0.48
ENG -170 170 TO
EL R—
AV 0.47 >
6 W 0.0
0.4 <— -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 0.0
Z
150 5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
TAN AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 EC 0 0.
06 -1 VE OM 44
0. CTI
PO
DU N
IN EN
3
0
R 70
0.
-70 O T
4
0.
0.4
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(+
7
), jX
0.4
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0.0
3
30
13
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0
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(-j
o)
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2
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0
0.0
65
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0.4
8
8
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0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
120
VE
CE
-12
1
SU
AN
0.0
0.4
9
0.6
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C
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
EP
EA
0.4
TA
IVER
NC
IT
E (+
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
0.1
0.4
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55
CAP
-55
Yo)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
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0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
4.0
3
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
Forbidden Area
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 9
0.2
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 1
0.2
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG S
LE OF
RE IN DEGREE
0.27 FLECTION COEFFICIENT 0.22
0.28 0.23
0.26
0.25 0.2 4
0.23 0.27
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Pacificon 2001
VG – 49
Z0
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
(d)
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
TOWARD LO GEN
ERA
0.47 THS ± 180 0.48
NG -170 17 0 TO
R—
V ELE >
W A 0.47
6 <— -90 90 160 0.0
4
0.4 -160
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15 0.0
Z
0 5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
TAN AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R T 70
0.
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
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0.0
3
30
13
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o)
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EN
2
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0
0.0
65
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0.4
8
8
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PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
E
120
VE
-12
NC
1
SU
0.0
TA
0.4
9
0.6
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0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
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EP
0.4
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E RE
AN
V
CE
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110
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0.7
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0.7
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55
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CAP
-55
)
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0.7
100
-100
0 50
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0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
Forbidden Area
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
1 3 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 0.2
1
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG
LE OF DEGREES
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Pacificon 2001
VG – 50
Z0
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
(e)
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
TOWARD LO GEN
ERA
0.47 THS ± 180 0.48
NG -170 17 0 TO
R—
V ELE >
W A 0.47
6 <— -90 90 160 0.0
4
0.4 -160
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15 0.0
Z
0 5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
TAN AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R T 70
0.
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
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0.0
3
30
13
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0
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(-j
o)
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R
EN
2
N
0
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
8
-65 .5 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
E
120
VE
-12
NC
1
SU
0.0
TA
0.4
9
0.6
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0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
AC
EP
0.4
T
E RE
AN
V
CE
ITI
110
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0.7
0.4
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0.7
(+jB
0.1
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55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
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0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
Forbidden Area
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
1 3 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 0.2
1
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG
LE OF DEGREES
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Pacificon 2001
VG – 51
Z0
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
(f)
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
TOWARD LO GEN
ERA
0.47 THS ± 180 0.48
NG -170 17 0 TO
R—
V ELE >
W A 0.47
6 <— -90 90 160 0.0
4
0.4 -160
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15 0.0
Z
0 5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
TAN AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R T 70
0.
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
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0.0
3
30
13
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0
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(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
8
-65 .5 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
E
120
VE
-12
NC
1
SU
0.0
TA
0.4
9
0.6
SC
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
AC
EP
0.4
T
E RE
AN
V
CE
ITI
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
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0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
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CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
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0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
Forbidden Area
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
1 3 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 0.2
1
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG
LE OF DEGREES
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Pacificon 2001
VG – 52
Z0
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
(g)
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
TOWARD LO GEN
ERA
0.47 THS ± 180 0.48
NG -170 17 0 TO
R—
V ELE >
W A 0.47
6 <— -90 90 160 0.0
4
0.4 -160
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15 0.0
Z
0 5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
TAN AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R T 70
0.
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
/ 0.2 /Z
0
-1
X
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
8
-65 .5 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
E
120
VE
-12
NC
1
SU
0.0
TA
0.4
9
0.6
SC
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
AC
EP
0.4
T
E RE
AN
V
CE
ITI
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
Forbidden Area
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
1 3 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 0.2
1
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG
LE OF DEGREES
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Pacificon 2001
VG – 53
Z0
PSA-00527 — 10/21/2001
(h)
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 AD <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
TOWARD LO GEN
ERA
0.47 THS ± 180 0.48
NG -170 17 0 TO
R—
V ELE >
W A 0.47
6 <— -90 90 160 0.0
4
0.4 -160
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15 0.0
Z
0 5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
TAN AC
EP 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R T 70
0.
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
/ 0.2 /Z
0
-1
X
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
8
-65 .5 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
E
120
VE
-12
NC
1
SU
0.0
TA
0.4
9
0.6
SC
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
AC
EP
0.4
T
E RE
AN
V
CE
ITI
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
Forbidden Area
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
1 3 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 0.2
1
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG
LE OF DEGREES
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24
0.25 0.2 6
Pacificon 2001
VG – 54
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
0.0
ZL
ZL
0.49 > WAVELEN
GTHS
TOW
0.48 D< 0.0 0.49
ARD
RD LOA GEN
TOWA ± 180 0.48 ERA
0.47 THS 170 TO
ENG -170 R
VEL 0.47 >
6 WA 0.0
0.4 < -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15
0
0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 o) IND 80
5 jB/Y UCT 0.4
5
0.0 E (- IVE
NC RE
TA AC
4 CEP 0.1 TA
75 0.
4
0.3
0.3
0. -75 US NC 14 06
40 ES EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
8
-65 .5 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
E
12
0
VE
-12
NC
1
SU
S
0.0
TA
9
0.6
0.4
9
0.4
0.6 60
CE
0.0
1
-60
AC
0.4
PT
RE
AN
TIVE
CE
I
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
50
- 50
0.9 0.8 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
Γi
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4 1.2
0.8
0.8
1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
Finish
1.4 1.4
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
Start
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
4.0
3
3
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 0.2
1
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG
LE OF REES
0.23
0.22
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
Matching: Four L-Networks Using Lumped Elements
Γr
ZL
ZL
Pacificon 2001
VG – 55
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
0.0
ZL
ZL
0.49 > WAVELEN

GTHS
TOW
0.48 D< 0.0 0.49
ARD
RD LOA GEN
TOWA ± 180 0.48 ERA
0.47 THS 170 TO
ENG -170 R
AVEL 0.47 >
6 W 0.0
0.4 < -160 -90 90 160 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15
0
0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 )
-15 -80 IND 80
5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
AN AC
PT TA
44 CE 0.1 75 0.
0.3
0.3
0. 0 -75 SUS NC 14 06
4 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70
4
0.
0.4
7
,O (+
7
) jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
N
0
.42
0.0
65
CA
0
8
8
-65 .5 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
M
CI
0.3
CO
TI
0
E
12
0
VE
-12
NC
1
SU
S
0.0
TA
9
0.6
0.4
9
C
0.4
0.6 60
0.0
1
-60
AC
EP
0.4
RE
TA
VE
NC
CITI
E (+
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.5
0.1
A
0.7
0.1
0.4
jB/
55
CAP
-55
Yo)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
1.0 1.0 1.0

90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
Γi
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4 1.2
0.8
0.8
1.2
80
-80
0
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
1.8
1.4
Finish
1.4 2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
Start
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
4.0
3
3
0.1
0.3
7
Matching: Four L-Networks Using Stubs
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2 20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50 9
0.2
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
50
50
ANG EES
9 -20 LE OF DEGR 20 1
0.2
0.2 TRANSM
0.22 ANG
LE OF REES
0.23
0.22
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
Γr
ZL
ZL
Pacificon 2001
Reactance & Susceptance of Lumped Elements
Inductors
−1
X L = 2πfL BL =
2πfL
Capacitors
−1
XC = BC = 2πfC
2πfC
VG – 56
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Reactance & Susceptance of Stubs
❏ Assuming Zo is real, then

❏ Shorted Stubs
 2πlf  −1
Xshorted = Zo tan Bshorted =
  2πlf 
 vf c  Zo tan 
 f 
v c
❏ Open Stubs
− Zo 1  2πlf 
Xopen = Bopen = tan 
 2πlf  Zo  vf c 
tan 
 f 
v c
VG – 57
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Broadband Matching Network Design Recipe
Using 4-Element π-Resonant and T-Resonant Networks
❏ Putting network insertion point close to load (antenna) gives

greatest SWR bandwidth
❏ Step 1: Using an L-network, move the midband impedance
point to prime point A or B. Bandwidth will be maximized if
the minimum reactance or susceptance L-network is chosen
in this step.
❏ Step 2: Wrap the impedance locus into the SWR circle by
adding a series or parallel resonant circuit as required to
complete the π-resonant or T-resonant network
VG – 58
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
∏-Resonant and T-Resonant Network
For Moderate and Broadband Matching
Γi
0.12 0.13
0.11 0.14
ZL ZL
0.38 0.37 0.15
0.1 0.39 0.36
90
0.4 100 80 0.35 0.1
9
0.0 6
45
50
1 110 40 70 0.3
1.0
0.4 4
0.9
1.2
0.1
55
.08
0.8
0 7
35
1.4
2 0.3
0.7
0.4 0 60 3
12
0.6 60
Yo)
1.6
7 jB/ 0.1
0.0 E (+ 30 8
3 NC 0.3
0.4 TA
1.8
0.2 2
EP 50
65
0 SC
13 SU
fl
2.0
VE
0.5
6
0.
TI
0
25
1
CI
0.
9
44
0.
PA
3
0.
1
CA
70
R
,O 0.4
o)
40
14
4
5
0.
0.2
0.0
/Z
5
20
0.3
jX
0.4
(+
T
3.0
75
EN
0.6
N
PO
4
0.2
0.0
OM
0
6
0.2
0.3
1
30
15
0.4
9
EC
>
0.8 15
ZL
R—
80
4.0
NC
ZL
TO
TA
0.22
1.0
AC
ERA
0.47
0.28
5.0
RE
1.0
GEN
0.2
160
IVE
20
85
SWR = 1.5 10
UCT
ARD
8
0.
0.23
IND
S TOW
0.48
0.27
ANG
90
0.6
ANG
LE OF
NGTH
10
fmid
LE OF
170
0.1
0.4
TRANSM
0.0 —> WAVELE
A B
0.24
0.49
0.26
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG
Γr
20
0.2
ISSION COEFFICIENT IN
50
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
10
20
50
0.25
0.25
± 180
0.0
50
—
D LOAD <
0.2
20
0.24
0.49
0.26
0
0.4
OWAR
-17
0.1
DEGR
10
REES
HS T
EES
0.6
-90
0.23
)
0.48
0.27
/Yo
NGT
(-jB
8
0. -10
E
E
L
-160
-85
-20
NC
E
0.2
AV
1.0
ZL
5.0
TA
0.22
fu ZL
W
0.47
0.28
EP
1.0
<—
SC
SU
-15 -80
4.0
-15
E
0.8
IV
4
0.2
0
-30
CT
0.0
0.3
6
0.2
1
0.4
DU
9
IN
0.6
-75
3.0
O
),
5
Zo
-20
0.2
0.0
X/
.45
0.3
4
0. (-j
40
-4
0
-1
0
T 0.4
EN
-70
N
PO
6
0.
0
1
0.
9
CO -25
4
0.
4
3
0.5
0.
1
2.0
30 NC -5
TA 0
-65
-1
7 AC 0.1
1.8
RE 0.2
0.0 IVE
8
0.3
0.6
3
0.4 AC
IT -30 2
1.6
CAP
-60
0 -60 0.1
8 -12
0.7
0.0 7
1.4
.42 -35 0.3

0.8
3
1.2
-55
0
0.9
0.1
1.0
9 -70
0.0 -110 0
-4
6
0
-5
0.3
-4
1
0.4 0.1 -100 -80 0.15 4
ZL ZL
-90
0.11 0.14 0.35
0.4 0.12 0.13
0.39 0.36
0.38 0.37
VG – 59
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
VG – 60
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 D <— 0.0 0.49
ARD
RD LOA GEN
H S TOWA ± 180 0.48 ERA
0.47 NGT -1 70 170 TO
L E R—
AVE 0.47 >
6 W 1 0.0
<— -1 6 0 -90 90 60 4
0.4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 150 0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80
5 /Yo UCT 0.4
(-jB IVE 5
0.0 CE RE
AN AC
PT TA
44 SCE 0.1 75 0.
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
0.5
8
-65 0.5
PO
0.4
PA
0.0
2
OM
0.3
IT
0
EC
IV
12
0
-12
ES
NC
1
US
0.0
TA
9
0.6
0.4
9
C
0.4
0.6 60
CE
0.0
1
-60
A
P
0.4
T
RE
AN
TIVE
CE
I
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
100
-100
0 50
-5
160
0.8
150
0.9 0.9
140
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
130
1.0
1.0 1.0
90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
120
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
110
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
100
1.8
1.4 1.4
2.0
105
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
3
4.0
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 19
0.
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2
20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
Caron’s Example 10: VHF Folded Blade Antenna
1 50
0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
ANG
50
50
9 EES 20 0.2
0.2 -20 LE OF
TRANSM DEGR 1
ANG
LE OF REES
0.27 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG 0.22
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24 0.26
0.25
Pacificon 2001
VG – 61
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
0.0 —> WAVELE
0.49 NGTH
S TOW
0.48 — 0.0 0.49
ARD
D LOAD < GEN
S TOWAR ± 180 0.48 ERA
0.47 NGTH 70 17 0 TO
ELE -1 R—
V 0.47 >
6 — WA 1 0.0
0.4 < -160 -90 90 60 4
0.1
0.1
4 -85 85 0.4
6
0.0
5 0 15
0
0.0
5
0.2
0.2
0.4 -15 -80 o) IND 80
5 jB/Y UCT 0.4
5
0.0 E (- IVE
NC RE
PTA AC
E 0.1 TA
75 0.
44 SC
0.3
0.3
0. -75 SU
NC 14 06
40 E EC 0 0.
06 -1 IV OM 44
0. CT PO
DU N
IN EN
3
4
R 70
0.
T
0.0
-70 O
4
0.
0.4
7
(+
7
), jX
0.4
Zo
0.0
3
30
13
0.2 /Z
0
-1
X/
(-j
o)
T
,O
R
EN
2
N
0.0
65
CA
0.4
8
0.5
8
-65
P
0.5
PO
.0
0.4
0
2
AC
OM
0.3
IT
0
EC
IV
12
0
-12
NC
1
SU
A
0.0
0.4
9
0.6
SC
0.4
0.6 60
E
0.0
1
-60
AC
0.4
PT
RE
AN
TIVE
CE
I
110
-110
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
AC
0.7
(+jB
0.1
0.4
55
/Yo
CAP
-55
)
Caron’s Matching Solution
0.6
0.8 0.8
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.39
0.7
160
100
-100
105
0 50
-5 0.8
0.9 0.9
0.9
0.38
0.12
0.12
0.38
100
1.0 1.0 1.0

110
150
90
-90
0.2
0.2
5 45
0.2
0.2
-4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.13
0.37
1.2
0.37
0.13
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.
8
0.
1.4
0.8
0.8
1.2 1.2
80
-80
0
140
1.0
40
1.0
-4
1.0
1.0
0.14
0.36
1.6
0.36
0.14
120
1.8
1.4 1.4
130
2.0
0.15
0.35
0.35
0.15
70
-70
35
-35
1.6
1.6
6
0.3
4
0.1
4
0.1
0.3
6
3.0
1.8
1.8
60
-60
30
-30
7
0.3
2.0
2.0
0.1
3
4.0
0.1
0.3
7
5.0
0
25
50
-25
8
-5
0.3
0.1
2
2
0.1
0.3
8
3.0
3.0
0.
20
-20
19 31
0. 0 10
40
31 -4 0.
19
0.
4.0
4.0
0.3
15
0.2
20
-15
5.0
5.0
30 0.2
0.3 -30
1 50
0.2
9
10
10
10
0.2
-10
20
20
ANG
50
50
9 EES 20 0.2
0.2 -20 LE OF
TRANSM DEGR 1
ANG
LE OF REES
0.27 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG 0.22
0.28 0.23
0.26 0.24
0.23 0.25
0.27
0.24
0.25 0.26
Max VSWR=1.67
Pacificon 2001
WinSmith Display
Max VSWR=1.59
VG – 62
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
ARRL Radio Designer
VG – 63
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
ARRL Radio Designer
VG – 64
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Caron’s Example 11: Long Wire Receiving Antenna
VG – 65
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Caron’s Solution
Max VSWR=6.2
VG – 66
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Caron’s Solution
Max VSWR=6.2
VG – 67
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Eagleware’s Solution 1
Max VSWR=5.05
VG – 68
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Max VSWR=4.77
VG – 69
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Max VSWR=6.59
VG – 70
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Eagleware’s Solution 4: Fano Limit
Max VSWR=3.42
VG – 71
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
GM3HAT 4-Band Dipole of Delight
VG – 72
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
GM3HAT Feedpoint Impedance
At Five Harmonic Frequencies
VSWR=11.02
VSWR=1.62
VG – 73
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
K6OIK 80m Suboctave Band Matching Network
150Ω
89°@ 3.5 MHz
5.9 µH
18.8 µH
25Ω Zant
91°@ 3.5 MHz
VG – 74
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
K6OIK’s Multiband Match Performance
VSWR=1.46
VG – 75
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
Software for Smith Charting and Network Design
❏ Smith Chart Analysis & Display

➤ MicroSmith 2.3, ARRL, 1992, $39
A primitive DOS program.
➤ winSMITH 2.0, Noble Publishing, 1995, $79
Written by Eagleware. Easy to use. Restricted to ladder networks.
Doesn’t have series stubs. Lacks an optimizer.
❏ Matching Network Optimization & Synthesis
➤ ARRL Radio Designer 1.5, ARRL, 1995, $150
No longer sold. ARD’s optimizer works with Serenade netlists and
handles more variables than Serenade SV’s optimizer.
➤ Serenade SV (student version), Ansoft, 2000, $0 (free)
Download (about 20 Mbytes) from:
http://www.ansoft.com/about/academics/sersv/index.cfm
➤ Advanced Automated Smith Chart 3.0, Artech House, 1998, $395
➤ =MATCH=, Eagleware, $699 (requires GENESYS Basic, $1997)
➤ Harmonica Linear Design Suite, Ansoft, 2000, $6900
VG – 76
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
References: Articles
❏ Robert L. Thomas, “Broadband Impedance Matching in High-Q

Networks,” EDN, pp. 62–69, December 20, 1973.
❏ Neal C. Silence, “The Smith Chart and Its Usage in RF Design,”
RF Design, pp. 85–88, April 1992.
❏ Thomas R. Cuthbert, Jr., “Broadband Impedance Matching Methods,”
RF Design, pp. 64–91, August 1994.
❏ Thomas R. Cuthbert, Jr., “Broadband Impedance Matching - Fast and
Simple,” RF Design, pp. 38–50, November 1994.
❏ William E. Sabin, “Broadband HF Matching with ARRL Radio
Designer,” QST, pp. 33–36, August 1995.
❏ William E. Sabin, “ARRL Radio Designer and the Circles Utility, Part 1:
Smith Chart Basics,” QEX, pp. 3–9, Sept/Oct 1998.
❏ William E. Sabin, “ARRL Radio Designer and the Circles Utility, Part 2:
Small-Signal Amplifier Design,” QEX, pp. 3–11, Nov/Dec 1998.
VG – 77
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
References: Articles (Cont’d)
❏ Steve Sparks, “A Practical Amateur Application of the Smith Chart,”

Communications Quarterly, pp. 102–106, Summer 1999.
➤ This article contains serious Smith charting errors. See the comments by Garry
Shapiro, NI6T, Communications Quarterly, p. 3, Fall 1999.
❏ K.C. Chan and A. Harter, “Impedance Matching and the Smith Chart –
The Fundamentals,” RF Design, pp. 52–66, July 2000.
VG – 78
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
References: Books
❏ Robert A. Chipman, Transmission Lines, Schaum Outline Series,

McGraw-Hill, 1968.
➤ Basic, mathematical. A classic, but out-of-print.
❏ Robert L. Thomas, A Practical Introduction to Impedance Matching,
Artech House, 1976, ISBN 0890060509.
➤ Intermediate, mathematical. A nice treatment of 4-element networks for wideband
matching.
❏ Pieter L. D. Abrie, The Design of Impedance-Matching Networks for
Radio-Frequency and Microwave Amplifiers, Artech House, 1985,
ISBN 0890061726.
➤ Advanced, mathematical.
❏ Wilfred Caron, Antenna Impedance Matching, ARRL, 1989,
ISBN 0872592200.
➤ Intermediate, non-mathematical. Caron illustrates manual Smith chart methods at
their best, but which nonetheless have been completely replaced by computer-
aided network design.
❏ Brian C. Wadell, Transmission Line Design Handbook, Artech House,
1991, ISBN 0890064369.
➤ Analysis and formulas for many transmission lines. Comparable to M.A.R. Gunston
or K.C. Gupta, et al., below.
VG – 79
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
References: Books (Cont’d)
❏ Phillip H. Smith, Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart in

Waveguide Circuit, and Component Analysis, 2nd edition, Noble
Publishing, 1995, ISBN 1884932398.
➤ Originally published by McGraw-Hill, 1969, and reprinted by Krieger, 1983.
Intermediate, mathematical.
❏ K.C. Gupta, R. Garg, I. Bahl, and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Lines and
Slotlines, 2nd ed., Artech House, 1996, ISBN 089006766X.
➤ Analysis and formulas for many transmission lines.
❏ M.A.R. Gunston, Microwave Transmission-Line Impedance Data,
Noble Publishing, 1997, ISBN 1884932576.
➤ Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1972. Analysis and formulas
for many transmission lines. Comparable to B. Wadell above.
❏ ARRL Antenna Book, 18th edition, chapters 24-28, ARRL, 1997,
ISBN 0872596133.
➤ Elementary, non-mathematical.
❏ M. Walter Maxwell, W2DU, Reflections II: Transmission Lines and
Antennas, 2nd ed., Worldradio Books, 2001, ISBN 0970520603.
➤ A non-mathematical treatment of transmission lines and matching that
examines and corrects common misunderstandings.
VG – 80
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001
References: Application Notes, Videos, and Web Sites
❏ Application Notes
➤ Times Microwave’s Complete Coaxial Cable Catalog & Handbook
Download from:
http://www.timesmicrowave.com/products/military/TL14/TL14.htm
❏ Videos
➤ Glenn Parker, Introduction to the Smith Chart, Noble Publishing,
1996. 50 minutes, $99.
❏ Useful Web Sites
➤ http://www.timesmicrowave.com/calculators/index.htm
➤ http://www.sss-mag.com/smith.html
➤ http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/D.Jefferies/smith.html
➤ http://www.scott-inc.com/html/smith.htm
❏ This Presentation is at
➤ http://www.fars.k6ya.org/docs/smithchart.html
VG – 81
Pacificon 2001
PSA-00527—10/21/2001

Mysteries of The Smith Chart: Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching, and Little Known Facts

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Mysteries of The Smith Chart: Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching, and Little Known Facts

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Mysteries of the Smith Chart

Transmission Lines, Impedance Matching,

Stephen D. Stearns, K6OIK

❏ Transmission Line Theory

1830s Magnetic telegraphs - Gauss, Henry

Uniform transmission line Equivalent circuit of

V(x) G∆x C∆x

R= Series resistance per unit length (Ohms/meter)

Parameter Coax Twinlead

For minimum loss Zo = 77Ω

For maximum breakdown voltage Zo = 30Ω

For minimum temperature rise Zo = 60Ω

Zo = 50Ω has no special significance

❏ For every terminal plane, the complex load impedance and

❏ Phase constant β and velocity factor vf give equivalent

Half wavelength, l = _/2

Quarter wavelength, l = _/4

Zi = Z o if Z L and Zo are real (resistive)

Easy to remember from

1.0 1.0 1.0

❏ Basic types of complex functions

Right Half Interior Unit Circle

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

0.0 —> WAVELE

1.0 1.0 1.0

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

0.0 —> WAVELE

0.4 -15 -80 o) IND 80

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

1.0 1.0 1.0

RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

1.0 1.0 1.0

❏ Single frequency matching

❏ Poor Setup High to

Low SWR Low SWR

1. Measure transmission line parameters Zo, vf

❏ Measure impedance through known line

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.4 -15 -80 ) IND 80

1.0 1.0 1.0

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.49 > WAVELEN

1.0 1.0 1.0

❏ Assuming Zo is real, then

❏ Putting network insertion point close to load (antenna) gives

.42 -35 0.3

1.0 1.0 1.0