यापक

यापक प रचालन मसौदा

हमारा संदभ : सीईड 7/ट

ट -3
3&4 08-2012
08 2012
16-08
तकनीक!
कनीक! सिमित : संरचनागत इं जीिनय रं ग और संरचनागत खंड (वषय सिमित
सीईड 7

+ा,तकता :
1 िस(वल इं जीिनयर (वभाग प रष- के /िच रखने वाले सद0य
2 सीईड 7, सीईड 7:1 एंव सीईड 7:2 के सभी सद0य
3 /िच रखने वाले अ4य िनकाय

महोदय(य6
महोदय य6),
य6 ,

िन7निल8खत मानक6 के मसौदे संल9न ह: :

+लेख सं;या श=षक

सीईड 7(7850) िशरोप र +ेषण लाईन टावर6 म@ संरचना इ0पात उपयोग क! र ित संBहता
भाग 1 सामCी, भार और अनुमत 8,रतबल
अनुभाग 1 सामCी और भार का भारतीय मानक मसौदा
[आईएस 802 (भाग 1/ अनुभाग 1 का पाँचवा पुनर Hण)]
(आईसीएस 91.080.10)
सीईड 7(7851) िशरोप र +ेषण लाईन टावर6 म@ संरचना इ0पात उपयोग क! र ित संBहता
भाग 1 सामCी, भार और अनुमत 8,रतबल
अनुभाग 2 अनुमत 8,रतबल का भारतीय मानक मसौदा
[आईएस 802(भाग 1/ अनुभाग 2 का चौथा पुनर Hण)]
(आईसीएस 91.080.10)

कृ पया इन मानक6 के मसौदो का अवलोकन कर@ और अपनी स7मितयॉ यह बताते हए

ु भेजे Bक यBद
ये मानक6 के /प म@ +कािशत हो तो इन पर अमल करने म@ आपके यवसाय अथवा कारोबार म@ Lया
कBठनाइया आ सकती ह: ।

स7मितया भेजने क! अंितम ितिथ 31-10

31 10-2012
10 2012.
2012

1
 स7मित यBद कोई हो तो कृ पया अधोह0ताHर को उपरिल8खत पते पर संल9न फोमQट म@ भेज@ या
ईमेल कर द@ ।

यBद कोई स7मित +ा,त नह ं होती है अथवा स7मित म@ केवल भाषा स7ब4धी SुBट हई
ु तो उपरोLत
+लेख को यथावत अंितम /प Bदया जाएगा । यBद स87मत तकनीक! +कृ ित क! हई
ु तो (वषय सिमित के
अTयH के परामश से अथवा उनक! इUछा पर आगे क! कायवाह के िलए (वषय सिमित को भेजे जाने के
बाद +लेख को अंितम /प दे Bदया जाएगा ।

यह +लेख भारतीय मानक Wयूरो क! वैबसाइट पर भी है ।

ध4यवाद ।
भवद य
Sd/-
( ड के अCवाल )
वैYािनक ‘एफ
एफ’
एफ एंव +मुख (िस(वल
िस(वल इं जीिनयर )
email : ced@bis.org.in

संल9न : उप रल8खत
ल8खत

2
 DRAFTS IN WIDE CIRCULATION
DOCUMENT DESPATCH ADVICE

Reference Date
CED 7/T- 3 & T-4 16-08-2012

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE:

Structural Engineering and Structural Sections Sectional Committee, CED 7

ADDRESSED TO :

1. Interested Members of Civil Engineering Division Council, CEDC

2. All Members of CED 7, CED 7:1 & CED 7:2
3. All others interested

Dear Sir (s),

Please find enclosed the following draft standards:

Doc No. Title

i) CED 7(7850) Draft Indian Standard on Use of Structural Steel in Overhead

Transmission Line Towers – Code of Practice
Part 1 Materials, Loads and Design Strengths
Section 1 Materials and Loads [Fifth Revision of IS 802
(Part 1/Sec 1)]; ICS 91.080.10

ii) CED 7(7851) Draft Indian Standard on Use of Structural Steel in Overhead
Transmission Line Towers – Code of Practice
Part 1 Materials, Loads and Design Strengths
Section 2 Design Strengths [Fifth Revision of IS 802
(Part 1/Sec 2)]; ICS 91.080.10

Kindly examine the draft standards and forward your views stating any difficulties which you
are likely to experience in your business or profession, if these are finally adopted as Indian
Standard to National Standard.

Last Date for comments: 31 10 2012.

3
Comments, if any, may please be made in the format as given overleaf and mailed to the
undersigned at the above address.

In case no comments are received or comments received are of editorial nature, you will kindly
permit us to presume your approval for the above draft standards as finalized. However, in case
comments of technical in nature are received then these may be finalized either in consultation
with the Chairman, Sectional Committee or referred to the Sectional Committee for further
necessary action if so desired by the Chairman, Sectional Committee.

The drafts are also hosted on BIS website www.bis.org.in.

Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,

Sd/-

(D.K. Agrawal)
Sc ‘F’ & Head (Civil Engg.)
e-mail : ced@bis.org.in
Encl: As above

4
 FORMAT FOR SENDING COMMENTS ON BIS DOCUMENTS

(Please use A4 size sheet of paper only and type within fields indicated. Comments on each
clause/subclause/table/fig etc. be started on a fresh box. Information in column 3 should include reasons for
the comments and suggestions for modified working of the clauses when the existing text is found not
acceptable. Adherence to this format facilitates Secretariat’s work)

NAME OF THE COMMENTATOR/ORGANIZATION:

Doc. Number and Title: CED 7 (7851)

USE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
TOWERS — CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 1 MATERIALS, LOADS AND DESIGN STRENGTHS
Section 2 Design Strengths
[4 th Revision of IS 802 (Part 1/Sec 2)]

Sl No. Clause/Subclause/ Comments/suggestions

Para No.
(1) (2) (3)

5
For BIS Use only
Doc: CED 7(7851)
August 2012

(Not to be reproduced without the permission of BIS or used as an Indian Standard)

______________________________________________________________________
Structural Engineering and Structural Last date for comments:
Sections Sectional Committee, CED 7 31 October 2012
______________________________________________________________________

Draft Indian Standard

USE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN OVERHEAD

TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS — CODE
OF PRACTICE
PART 1 MATERIAL, LOADS AND DESIGN STRENGTHS
Section 2 Design Strengths

[Fourth Revision of IS 802 (Part 1/Sec 2)]

ICS 91.080.10

FOREWORD

(Formal clauses to be added later)

Transmission towers are tall structures, usually steel lattice towers, used to support overhead
power lines. Transmission line towers are key infrastructural components. The standards under
IS 802 series have been prepared with a view to establish uniform practices for design,
fabrication, inspection and testing of overhead transmission line towers.

This standard is a part of a series of standards thus formulated and covers requirements in
regard to material, loads and design strengths apart from other relevant design provisions. The
other parts in the series are:

Part 2 Fabrication, galvanizing, inspection and packing

Part 3 Testing
Part 4 Requirements for latticed switchyard structures (under preparation)
Part 5 Requirements for tall river crossing towers (under preparation)

This standard (Part 1) was first published in 1967 and subsequently revised in 1973, 1977 and
1995. The standard in its third revision was split in two sections, namely Section 1 Materials and
loads, and Section 2 Permissible stresses.

Some of the major modifications made in this standard (Section 2) in this revision are:

a) Title and scope has been modified to cover design strength and other design parameters
in place of permissible stresses.
b) Permissible stresses in structural members have been defined separately for angle and
hollow sections.
b) Requirements on permissible stresses in bolts have been modified.
6
 c) Requirements on net effective area for angle section in tension has been modified.
d) Requirements on stitch bolts have been incorporated.
e) Provision for welded connections have been included.
f) Annex C on examples of determination of slenderness ratios has been modified.

Design provisions or other items not covered in this standard shall generally be in accordance
with IS 800:2007 ‘General Construction in Steel – Code of Practice’.

While preparing this code, practices prevailing in the country in this field have been kept in view.

7
For BIS Use only
Doc: CED 7(7851)
August 2012

(Not to be reproduced without the permission of BIS or used as an Indian Standard)

______________________________________________________________________
Structural Engineering and Structural Last date for comments:
Sections Sectional Committee, CED 7 31 October 2012
______________________________________________________________________

Draft Indian Standard

USE OF STRUCTURAL STEEL IN OVERHEAD

TRANSMISSION LINE TOWERS — CODE
OF PRACTICE
PART 1 MATERIAL, LOADS AND DESIGN STRENGTHS
Section 2 Design Strengths

[Fourth Revision of IS 802 (Part 1/Sec 2)]

ICS 91.080.10

1 SCOPE

1.1. This standard (Part 1/Sec 2) stipulates the design strengths and other design
parameters to be adopted in the design of self-supporting steel lattice towers (using
angles/circular hollow sections) for overhead transmission lines.

1.1.1. Materials, type of towers, loading and broken wire conditions are covered in
Section 1 of this standard.

1.1.2. Provisions on fabrication and testing of transmission line towers have been
covered in Part 2 and Part 3 respectively of the standard.

1.1.3. Provisions for loads and design strengths for latticed switch yard structures are
covered in IS 802 (Part 4) (under preparation)

1.1.4 Provisions for loads and design strengths for tall river crossing
towers shall be covered in a separate standard (under preparation).

NOTE :
1 While formulating the provisions of this standard it has been assumed that the structural
connections are through bolts.
2 For critical connections, welded joints can be adopted subject to approval of purchaser/end user.

1.2. This standard does not cover guyed towers.

8
2 REFERENCES

The Indian Standard listed below contains provisions, which through reference in this
text, constitute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the edition
indicated was valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements
based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent edition of the standard indicated below.

IS No. Title
800: 2007 Code of practice for general construction in steel (third
revision)
802 (Part 4) Code of practice for use of structural steel in overhead
(under preparation) transmission line towers and substation structures:
Part 4 Requirements for latticed switchyard structures
12427: 2001 Fasteners – Threaded steel fasteners – Hexagon head
transmission tower bolts – Specification (first revision)

3 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Statutory requirement as laid down in the 'Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 or by any
other statutory body applicable to such structures as covered in this standard shall be
satisfied.

3.2 In addition to compliance with local and provincial byelaws, fire and safety laws
and civil aviation requirements applicable to such structures as specified by
purchaser/end user shall be complied with.

4 CONDUCTOR TENSION

4.1 The conductor tension at everyday temperature and without external load should
not exceed the following percentage of the ultimate strength of the conductor:

Initial unloaded tension : 35 percent

Final unloaded tension : 25 percent

provided that the ultimate tension under everyday temperature and full wind or minimum
temperature and two-thirds wind pressure does not exceed 70 percent of the ultimate
tensile strength of the cable.

Note - For 400 kV and higher voltage lines, the final unloaded tension of conductors at everyday
temperature shall not exceed 22 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of conductors and
20 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of groundwire.

9
5 DESIGN STRESSES

5.1 Axial Stresses in Tension for Angle Sections

The estimated tensile stresses on the net effective sectional areas (see 9) in various
members shall not exceed minimum guaranteed yield stress of the material. However in
case the angle section is connected by one leg only, the estimated tensile stress on the
net effective sectional area shall not exceed Fy, where Fy, is the minimum guaranteed
yield stress of the material.

5.2 Axial Stresses in Compression for Angle Sections

5.2.1 The estimated compressive stresses in various members shall not exceed the
values given by the formulae in 5.2.2.

5.2.2 The allowable unit stress Fa, in MPa on the gross cross sectional area of the
axially loaded compression members shall be:

 1  kL / r  2 
a) Fa = 1 −    Fy when, KL/r ≤ Cc
 2  Cc  
and,
π2E
b) Fα = when, KL/r > C c
(kL / r ) 2

where
Cc = π 2 E / Fy
Fy = minimum guaranteed yield stress of the material, MPa
E = Modulus of elasticity of steel, that is 2 x 105 MPa,
KL/r = largest effective slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment of the member,
L = unbraced length of the compression member (see 6.1.1) in cm, and
r = appropriate radius of gyration in cm.

5.2.2.1 The formulae given in 5.2.2 are applicable provided the largest width thickness
ratio b/t is not more than the limiting value given by:

(b/t)lim = 210 / Fy
where
b = distance from edge of fillet to the extreme fibre in mm, and
t = thickness of flange in mm.

5.2.2.2 Where the width thickness ratio exceeds the limits given in 5.2.2.1, the
formulae given in 5.2.2 shall be used substituting for Fy, the value Fcr given by:

 0.677(b / t ) 
a) Fcr = 1.677 −  Fy , when (b / t ) lim ≤ b / t ≤ 378 / Fy
 (b / t ) lim 

10
and
65550 b 378
b) Fcr = 2
, when >
(b / t ) E Fy

NOTE — The maximum permissible value of b/t for any type of steel shall not exceed 25.

5.2.2.3 The redundant members shall be checked for 2.5 percent of axial load carried
by the member it supports.

5.3 Axial stresses for Circular Hollow Sections

Design stresses of circular hollow sections shall be as stipulated in Annex A.

5.4 Stresses for Bolt Design

Ultimate stresses in bolts conforming to IS 12427 shall not exceed the value given in
Table 1.

5.4.1 Where the material of bolt and the structural member are of different grades, the
bearing strength of the joint shall be governed by the lower of the two strengths.

Table 1 Ultimate Stresses for Bolt Design, MPa

(Clause 5.4)

Sl Nature of Stress Stress for Bolts of Remarks

No. Property Class
5.6 5.8 8.8
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Tensile Stress N/mm² 500 500 800

ii) Shear:
Shear stress on gross area 310 322 515 For gross area of bolts
of bolts shall be determined in
accordance with 10.4.
For bolts in double
shear the area to be
assumed shall be twice
the area defined
iii) Bearing:
a) Bearing stress on gross 620 620 960
diameter of bolts
b) Bearing stress for mild steel 500 500 500 The bolt area in
material (Fy = 250 N/mm² & bearing shall be
Fu = 410 N/mm²) determined in
accordance with 10.5.
c) Bearing stress for high 700 700 700
tensile steel material
(Fy = 350 N/mm² &
Fu = 490N/mm²)

11
 Table 1 (concluded)

Sl Nature of Stress Stress for Bolts of Remarks

No. Property Class
5.6 5.8 8.8
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

d) Bearing stress to be considered as minimum of 2

times yield stress (2Fy) and 1.5 times ultimate tensile
stress (1.5Fu) for steel having yield stress (Fy) &
ultimate tensile stress (Fu) other than above.

iv) Tension:
Axial tensile stress 280 380 580 The stress area As is
given by
π
2
0.974 
As =  d − 
4 n 
where
d = Nominal diameter
of bolt and
n = Number of thread
per unit of length.

6 SLENDERNESS RATIOS

6.1 The slenderness ratios of compression and redundant members shall be

determined as follows:

Type of Members Values of KL/r

a) Compression Members
i) Leg sections or joint members bolted in both faces L/r
at connections for 0 < L/r < 120
ii) Members with concentric loading at both ends of L/r
the unsupported panel for 0 < L/r < 120
iii) Member with concentric loading at one end and 30 + 0.75 L/r
normal framing eccentricity at the other end of the
unsupported panel for 0 < L/r < 120
iv) Member with normal framing eccentricities at both 60 + 0.50 L/r
ends of the unsupported panel for 0 < L/r < 120
v) Member unrestrained against rotation at both ends L/r
of the unsupported panel for 120 < L/r < 200
vi) Member partially restrained against rotation at one 28.6 + 0.762 L/r
end of the unsupported panel for 120 < L/r < 225
vii) Member partially restrained against rotation at both 46.2 + 0.615 L/r
ends of the unsupported panel for 120 <
L/r < 250
b) Redundant Members
i) For 0 < L/r < 250 L/r
12
 NOTE — The values of KL/r corresponding to (a) (vi) and (a) (vii), the following evaluation is
suggested:
i) The restrained member must be connected to the restraining member with at least two bolts.
ii) The restraining member must have a stiffness factor I/L in the stress plane (I = Moment of
inertia and L = Length) that equals or exceeds the sum of the stiffness factors in the stress
plane of the restrained members that are connected to it.
iii) Angle members connected by one leg should have the holes located as close to the
outstanding leg as feasible. Normal framing eccentricities at load transfer connection imply that
connection holes are located between the heel of the angle end the centre line of the framing
leg.

6.1.1 In calculating the slenderness ratio of the members, the length L should be the
distance between the intersections of the centre of gravity lines at each end of the
member.

6.2 Examples showing the application of the procedure given in 6.1 and 6.1.1 and
method of determining the slenderness ratio of legs and bracings with or without
secondary members are given in Annex B.

NOTE — Where test and/or analysis demonstrates that any other type of bracing pattern is
technically suitable, the same can be adopted.

6.3 The limiting values KL/r shall be as follows:

i) Leg members, ground wire peak member and 120

lower members of the cross arms in compression
ii) Other members carrying computed stresses 200
iii) Redundant members and those carrying nominal 250
stresses

6.4 Slenderness ratio L/r of a member carrying axial tension only, shall not
exceed 400.

7 MINIMUM THICKNESS

7.1 Minimum thickness of galvanized and painted tower members shall be as

follows:

Minimum Thickness, mm
Galvanized Painted
i) Leg members, ground wire peak member 5 6
and lower members of cross arms in
compression
ii) Other members 4 5

7.2 Gusset plates shall be designed to resist the shear, direct and flexural stresses
acting on the weakest or critical section. Re-entrant cuts shall be avoided as far as
practical. Minimum thickness of gusset shall be 2 mm more than lattice it connects only

13
in case when the lattice is directly connected on the gusset outside the leg member. In
no case the gusset shall be less than 5 mm in thickness.

8 NET SECTIONAL AREA FOR TENSION MEMBER

8.1 The net sectional area shall be the least area which is to be obtained by
deducting from the gross sectional area, the area of all holes cut by any straight,
diagonal or zig-zag line across the member. In determining the total area of the holes to
be deducted from gross sectional area, the full area of the first hole shall be counted,
plus a fraction part X, of each succeeding hole cut by the line of holes under
consideration. The value of X shall be determined from the formula:

P²
X = 1−
4 gd
where,
P = longitudinal spacing (stagger), that is the distance between two successive
holes in the line of holes under consideration;
g = transverse spacing (gauge), that is the distance between the same two
consecutive holes as for P; and
d = diameter of holes.

For holes in opposite legs of angles, the value of g should be the sum of the gauges
from the back of the angle less the thickness of the angle.

9 NET EFFECTIVE AREA FOR ANGLE SECTION IN TENSION

9.1 In the case of single angle connected through one leg, the net effective section of
the angle shall be taken as:

A1 + A2k

where
A1 = effective sectional area of the connected leg.
A2 = the gross cross-sectional area of the unconnected leg, and
3 A1
k=
(3 A1 + A2 )
where lug angles are used, the effective sectional area of the whole of the angle
member shall be considered.

9.2 In the case of pair of angles back to back in tension connected by one leg of
each angle to the same side of gusset, the net effective area shall be taken as:

A1 + A2 k

where
A1 and A2 are as defined in 9.1, and
5 A1
k=
(5 A1 + A2 )

14
 NOTE — The area of the leg of an angle shall be taken as the product of the thickness and the
length from the outer corner minus half the thickness, and the area of the leg of a tee as the
product of the thickness and the depth minus the thickness of the table.

10 BOLTING

10.1 Minimum Diameter of Bolts

The diameter of bolts shall not be less than 12 mm.

10.2 Preferred Sizes of Bolts

Bolts used for design of transmission line towers shall be of diameter 12, 16, 20 and
24 mm.

10.3 The length of bolts shall be such that the threaded portion does not lie in the
plane of contact of members. The projected portion of the bolt beyond the nut shall be
between 3 to 8 mm.

10.4 Gross Area of Bolt

For the purpose of calculating the shear stress, the gross area of bolts shall be taken as
the nominal area of the bolt.

10.5 The bolt area for bearing shall be taken as d x t where d is the nominal diameter
of the bolt, and t the thickness of the thinner of the parts jointed.

10.6 The net area of a bolt in tension shall be taken as the area at the root of the
thread.

10.7 Holes for Bolting

The diameter of the hole drilled/punched shall not be more than the nominal diameter of
the bolt plus 1.5 mm for up to 20 mm diameter bolts and 2.0 mm for 24 mm diameter
bolts.

10.8 Stitch Bolts

Stitch shall be spaced so that the governing slenderness ratio between bolts for any
component of the built-up member does not exceed the requirements in 10.8.1, 10.8.2
and 10.8.3.

10.8.1 The angles connected together back-to-back (in contact) or separated back-to-
back by a distance not exceeding the aggregate thickness of the connected parts shall
be provided with stitch bolt at a pitch not exceeding 1 000 mm. The slenderness ratio of
individual component between adjacent stitch bolts shall not be more than 75 percent
that of the two members together.

10.8.2 Where the angles are back to back but not connected as per 10.8.1, each angle
shall be designed as a single angle connected through one leg only in accordance with
9.1.
15
10.8.3 When two tees are placed back to back but are not connected as per 10.8.1,
each tee shall be designed as a single tee connected to one side of a gusset only in
accordance with 9.2.

11 FRAMING

11.1 The angle between any two members common to a joint of a trussed frame shall
preferably be greater than 20° and never less than 15° due to uncertainty of stress
distribution between two closely spaced members.

12 WELDING

For critical connections welded joints can be adopted subject to approval of purchaser /
end user.

Special care should be taken to assure proper galvanizing and to avoid acid bleeding at
pockets in structural assemblies.

16
 ANNEX A
(Clause 5.3)

DESIGN STRESSES CIRCULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS

A-1 Cross Section Classification

The role of cross section classification is to identify the extent to which the resistance
and rotation capacity of cross sections is limited by its local buckling resistance. The
classification of a cross-section depends on the width to thickness ratio of the parts
subject to compression. The limiting width-to-thickness ratios for compression parts
shall be obtained from Table A.1.

Table A.1 Limiting width-to-thickness ratios for compression members

Sl Circular hollow Ratio Class of Section

No. Sections,
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
including
Plastic Compact Semi-compact
welded tube
subjected to
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Moment D/t 42 ² 52 ² 146 ²
ii) Axial Compression D/t Not applicable 88 ²

NOTES:
1 Elements which exceed semi-compact limits are to be taken as of slender cross-section
(Class 4).
1/2
2 = (250 /fy) .

A-2 Axial Resistance in Tension

A-2.1 The design value of the tension force NEd at each cross section shall satisfy:

N Ed
≤ 1 .0
N t . Rd

A-2.2 For sections with holes the design tension resistance Nt,,Rd should be taken as the
smaller of:

a) The design plastic resistance of the gross cross-section.

Af y
N pl . Rd =
γM0
b) The design ultimate resistance of the net cross-section at holes for fasteners

0.9 Anet f y
N u . Rd =
γM2
17
where,
Anet = Net Area of the section
fu = Ultimate tensile strength of the material.
γM0 = Partial safety factor (see Table B.2)
γM2 = Partial safety factor (see Table B.2)

A-3 Axial Resistance in Compression

A-3.1 The design value of compression force NEd at each cross section shall satisfy

N Ed
≤ 1 .0
N C . Rd

A-3.2 The design resistance of the cross section for uniform compression NC, Rd should
be determined as follows:
Af y
N c. Rd = for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross sections, and
γ MO
Aeff f y
N c. Rd = for Class 4 cross sections
γM0
where,
Aeff = Effective Area
0.5
 88  250 
= A×   
 
 D / t  y 
f
D = Outer Diameter of circular hollow sections

A-4 Member Buckling Resistance in Compression

χ Af y
N b. Rd = for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross sections
γ M1
χ Aeff f y
N b. Rd = for Class 4 sections
γ M1

1
χ= but χ ≤ 1.0
2
φ + φ −λ 2

where,
γM1 = Partial safety factor (see Table B.2)
[ (
φ = 0 .5 1 + α λ − 0 .2 + λ) 2
]
α = is the imperfection factor & non-dimensional slenderness,
α = 0.49 for cold finished, α = 0.34 for hot finished
Af y
λ= for Class 1, 2 and 3 cross sections
N cr

18
 Aeff f y
λ= for Class 4 cross sections
N cr

A-4.1 Elastic Critical force and non-dimensional slenderness for flexural buckling

π 2 EA π 2 EI
N cr = =
(L / r )2 L2
where,
E = Young’s Modulus of Member
A = Gross Area of the member
I = Moment of Inertia of the member
r = Radius of gyration
L = Length of the member

Table B.2. Partial safety factors γM for Towers

Sl Definition Partial Safety Factor

No.
(1) (2) (3)
i) γM0 1.00
ii) γM1 1.00
iii) γM2 1.25

A-5 Connections shall be designed in accordance with IS 800.

19
 ANNEX B
(Clause 6.2)

EXAMPLES OF DETERMINATION OF SLENDERNESS RATIOS

B-0 Example of determining the effective length of compression members of towers

based on the provision given in 6.1 are given below.

B-1 LEG MEMBER USING SYMMETRICAL BRACING

Method of Slenderness Ratio

Loading/ Rigidity
of joints
Concentric L  kL L 
from 0 to 120  = 
Loading rvv  r rvv 
No restraint at L  kL L 
from 120 to 200  = 
Ends rvv  r rvv 

B-2 LEG MEMBER USING STAGGERED BRACING (Nos. of staggered

parts 4 and more)

Method of Slenderness Ratio

Loading/
Rigidity of joints
Concentric L L l
Loading (see Note 1 .2 or 1.2 or from 0
below) rxx ryy rvv
 kL L 
to 120  = 
 r rvv 
No restraint at
Ends (see Note L L l
1 .2 or 1.2 or from
below) rxx ryy rvv
 kL L 
120 to 200  = 
 r rvv 
Note If total number of staggered parts are 4 or more
as shown in figure

20
B-3 LEG MEMBER USING STAGGERED BRACING (Nos. of staggered
parts up to 3)

Method of Slenderness Ratio

Loading/
Rigidity of joints
L L l
or or from 0
rxx ryy rvv
Concentric
Loading  kL L 
to 120  = 
 r r 

No restraint at L L l
Ends or or from
rxx ryy rvv
 kL L 
120 to 200  = 
 r r 

Note If total number of staggered parts up to 3 as
shown in figure

B-4 EFFECT OF END CONNECTIONS ON MEMBER CAPACITY

Method of Slenderness Ratio

Loading/ Rigidity
of Joints
Tension system L
with compression from 0 to 120
strut (eccentricity rVV
in critical  kL L
axis)  = 60 + 0.5 
 r r
Bracing
Requirements
( Single Angle
Members ):
Single bolt L
connection, no from 120 to 200
rVV
restraint at ends
 kL L 
 = 
 r r
Multiple bolt L
connection partial from 120 to 250
rVV
restraint at both
ends  kL L
 = 46.2 + 0.615 
 r r

21
B-5 CONCENTRIC LOADING TWO ANGLE MEMBERS

Method of Slenderness Ratio

Loading/ Rigidity
of Joints
Tension system strut L L
compression or from 0 to 120
rxx ryy
concentric loading
 kL L 
 = 
 r r
Bracing
Requirements
(Two Angle
Members):
Single bolt L L
connection, no or from 120 to 200
restraint at ends rxx ryy
 kL L 
 = 
 r r
Multiple bolt L L
connection partial or from 120 to 250
restraint at ends rxx ryy
 kL L
 = 46.2 + 0.615 
 r r

B-6 HORIZONTAL MEMBER OF K-BRACING-TWO ANGLE MEMBER

Method of Slenderness Ratio

Loading/ Rigidity
of Joints
Tension-
compression
system with
compression
strut:
Multiple bolts L L
0.5 or from 120 to 250
connection partial ryy rxx
restraint at ends and
 kL L
intermediate  = 46.2 + 0.615 
 r r
Bracing
Requirements
(Two Angle
Members):
Concentric load at L L
0.5 or from 0 to 120
ends, eccentric ryy rxx
loading at
 kL L
intermediate in both  = 30 + 0.75 
directions  r r

22
 L L
0.5 or from 0 to 120
Concentric ryy rxx
loading at ends
 kL L 
and intermediate  = 
 r r

B-7 EFFECT OF SUBDIVIDED PANELS FOR THE HORIZONTAL MEMBER AND

END CONNECTIONS ON MEMBER CAPACITY

Method of Slenderness Ratio

Loading/ Rigidity
of Joints
Tension system L L
with 0 .5 or from 0 to 120
rvv rxx
compression
strut:  kL L
 = 60 + 0.50 
 r r

Bracing
Requirements: L L
0 .5 or from 120 to 200
Single bolt rvv rxx
connection, no  kL L 
restraint at ends  = 
for intermediate:  r r

Multiple bolt
connection at
ends. Single bolt L
connection at 0 .5 from 120 to 225
intermediate rvv
point:  kL L
Partial restraint  = 28.6 + 0.762 
at one end, no  r r
restraint at
intermediate
L
from 120 to 250
Partial restraint rxx
at both ends  kL L
 = 46.2 + 0.615 * 
 r r
Multiple bolt L L
0 .5 or from 120 to
connection rvv rxx
Partial restraint
 kL L
at ends and 250  = 46.2 + 0.615 
intermediate  r r

23
B-8 CONCENTRIC LOADING TWO ANGLE MEMBER, SUBDIVIDED PANELS OF A
HORIZONTAL MEMBER

Method of Slenderness Ratio

Loading/
Rigidity of
Panel
Tension system
with
compression
strut: L L
0.5 or from 0 to 120
ryy rxx
Concentric
loading  kL L 
 = 
 r r

Bracing
Requirements:

Single bolt L L
connection, no 0.5 or from 120 to 200
ryy rxx
restraint at
ends and  kL L 
 = 
intermediate  r r

Multiple bolt
connection at
ends. Single
bolt connection
at intermediate
joint
L
0.5 from 120 to 220
Partial restraint ryy
at one end, no
 kL L
restraint at  = 28.6 + 0.762 * 
intermediate  r r
L
from 120 to 250
Partial restraint rxx
at both ends  kL L
 = 46.2 + 0.615 * 
 r r
Multiple bolt L L
0.5 * or from 120 to 250
connection ryy rxx
Partial restraint
 kL L
at ends and  = 46.2 + 0.615 
intermediate  r r

24
B-9 X - BRACINGS WITH AND WITHOUT SECONDARY MEMBERS

Slenderness Ratio Critical of

AB/rvv

AC/rvv or CB/rvv or *AB/rxx or

*AB/ryy or *AD/rvv

AC/rvv or CB/rvv or *AD/rvv

AD/rvv or *AF/rxx or DC/rvv or

*AE/rvv or CB/rvv or *AB/rxx or
*AB/ryy or
EF/rvv

AD/rvv or *AF/rxx or DC/rvv or

*AE/rvv or CB/rvv or AC/rxx or
*AC/rxx or EF/rvv

AD/rvv or *AF/rxx or DC/rvv or

CB/rvv or *AE/rvv or EF/rvv

AE/rvv or *AF/rxx or ED/rvv or

*AE/rvv or DC/rvv or CB/rvv

* Application for tension compression system only i.e. tensile stresses in one bracing must be at least
equal to 75 percent of the compressive stress in the other bracing.
# The corner stay should be designed to provide lateral support adequately.

25
B-10 K-BRACINGS WITH AND WITHOUT SECONDARY MEMBERS

Slenderness Ratio Critical of

AB/rvv

AC/rvv or
CB/rvv or
AB/rxx or
AB/ryy

AC/rvv or
CB/rvv

AD/rvv or
DC/rvv or
CB/rvv or
AB/rxx or
AB/ryy

AD/rvv or
DC/rvv or
CB/rvv or
AC/rxx or
AC/ryy

AD/rvv or
DC/rvv or
CB/rvv

AE/rvv or
ED/rvv or
DC/rvv or
CB/rvv

# The corner stay should be designed to provide lateral support adequately.

26