Supporting Materials - The materials used to support a speaker's ideas.

The three
major kinds of supporting materials are, examples, statistics, and testimony.

Example – A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas,

conditions, experiences.
-vivid, concrete examples, have strong impact on listener’s beliefs & actions
-without examples, ideas seem vague & impersonal
-With examples, ideas become specific & personal

Brief Example - A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.

Another way to use brief example is to pile them one upon the other until you create
the desired impression

Extended Example - A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to

illustrate a point. Telling a story pulls listeners into the speech. The point is made
more poignantly

Hypothetical Examples - An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious

situation. Speaker creates a realistic scenario, directs his/her listeners gets involved
in the speech. Follow it with Statistics or Testimony to show the example is not far
fetch.

Statistics - Numerical data

Mean - The average value of a group of numbers

Median - The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.

Mode - The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.

Testimony - Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.

Expert Testimony - Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.

Peer Testimony - Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or

insight on a topic.

Direct Quotation - Testimony that is presented word for word.

Paraphrase - To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.

Quoting out of context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the
statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

What role do examples play in your speech?

Gets the audience involved. Research shown vivid, concrete examples have a strong
impact on listen's beliefs and actions. Without examples, ideas often seem vague,
impersonal, and lifeless. With Examples, more specific, personal, and lively

Why do we use supporting material in speeches?

Supporting material often makes the difference between a poor speech and a good
one.

What three examples used for support?

1. Brief examples
2. Extended Examples
3. Hypothetical examples

What are 5 tips for using examples in your speeches?

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas
Clarify unfamiliar or complex ideas. Put abstract ideas into concrete terms that
listeners can easily understand
2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas
Make sure example is representative that does not deal with rare or exceptional
cases. Listeners feel betrayed if they suspect you have chosen an atypical
example to prove a general point
3. Use examples to personalize your ideas
People bare deeply influenced by one clear, vivid, personal example. Include
examples that will add human interest in your speech
4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured
richly textured everyday details that bring example to life.
More vivid examples, more impact they have on your audience
5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
like a story or narrative. Impact depends as much on delivery as on content
Students fall short because they did not make their example vivid enough. Don't
 read from notes. Maintain eye contact

How to use Statistics as an example?

Clarify and support ideas. Clarify or Strengthen speaker's points. Combination to
show the magnitude or seriousness issue. Create an overall impact on listeners,
but best used with visual aids

Why is it easy to lie with stats?

Because one can manipulate numbers in any way they want.

What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of stats?
1. Are the statistics representative?
Make sure stats are representative of what they claim to measure
2. Are statistical measures used correctly?
Mean: Average
Median: Middle figure in a group once figures are ordered highest to lowest
Mode: Number that occurs the most
3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?
Must be aware of possible bias in the use of numbers

What are 6 tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. Use stats to quantify your ideas
Statistics give your ideas numerical precision. Important when you are trying to
document the existence of a problem. Bring your problem alive. Impact
examples is enhanced when they are combined with Statistics

2. Use stats sparingly

Insert statistics when needed, and make sure they are easy to grasp.
Use statistics that are most important

3. Identify the sources of your stats

If you do not state where you get these statistics, your classmates may think it is
wrong. If speaker said where Statistics were from he/she would have been more
successful.

4. Explain your stats

Explain what your Statistics mean is important when you are dealing with large
numbers. Make statistics meaningful to your audience. Be creative in thinking of
 ways to relate your statistics to your audience
5. Round off complicated stats
6. Use visual aids to clarify stats trends
Make sure your statistics are easy to comprehend
Statistics strung together in a few sentences are hard to understand
Visual Aids are helpful in presenting statistics

What is the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony?

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields Citing
views of people who are experts are a good way to lend credibility to your
speeches
Important when topic is controversial or when the audience is skeptical about
the speaker's point of view.
Ordinary people that have firsthand experience or insight on a topic
Valuable because it gives a personal viewpoint on issues that could be gained
from expert testimony
What are 4 tips when using testimony in the speeches.
1. Quote or paraphrase accurately
i. Make sure you do not misquote someone
ii.Make sure you do not violate the meaning of the statements you paraphrase
iii.Make sure you do not quote out of context

2. Use testimony from qualified sources

a. Listeners will find your speeches more credible if you use testimony from
sources qualified on the subject at hand
b. May include experts or ordinary citizens with special experience on the topic

3. Use testimony from unbiased sources

A, Careful listeners are suspicious of testimony from biased or self- interested
sources
b. Use testimony from credible, objective authorities

4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase

a. Identify your source is to name the person and sketch his or her qualifications
before presenting the testimony
b. Identifying source of testimony most ethical responsibility
c. If you use another person's words or words give them credit
What four items do you normally need to provide when making oral source
citations in a speech?
1. The book, mag, newspaper, or web document your citing.
2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document.
3. The author's qualifications with regard to topic.
4. The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated.

Chapter 14: Using Visual Aids

graph - a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

Line graph - a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time

or space

pie graph - a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution
patterns

bar graph - a graph that uses vertical bars to show comparisons among two or more

items

chart - a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

font - a complete set of type of the same design

What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?

Interesting, grasp a concept, enhance, combat stage freight, shift attention away from

speaker

What kinds of visual aids might you use in your speech? - objects and models

pictures and drawings

graphs, video, speaker

What factors should you consider when planning to use presentation technology

in a speech?

dont let it dominate the presentation, planning it out and practicing

What guidelines are given in the chapter for preparing visual aids?

parepare well in advanced, keep it simple, large enough, limit text, use fonts and color
effectively, use images strategically
What guidelines are given in the chapter for presenting visual aids?

make sure they are seen, avoid passing it around, show only when discussing them,

explain well, talk to audience not visual aid, practice with it

How does the audience respond when a speech is presented visually and

verbally?

They find the message more interesting, Grasp it more easily, Retain it longer

How does an average public speaker come across when using visual aids?

Better prepared, More credible, More professional

What do visual aids do? (regarding stage-fright)

Heighten audience interest, shift attention away from speaker, give the speaker greater
confidence as a whole

What are the types of visual aids?

Objects and Models, Photographs and Drawings, Graphs, Charts, Video, Yourself (The

speaker)

What is the most effective way to show drawings or photographs?

With a presentation program such as PowerPoint and Keynote

What is the most common type of graph?

Line graph

Which graph is best suited for illustrating simple distribution patterns?

Pie Graph

What graph should you use when showing comparisons among two or more

items?

Bar graph

What four things should you consider when using a video as a visual aid?

1. Make sure the clip isn't too long. (No longer than 30 sec)

2. Make sure the video is cued to start exactly where you want it

3. Edit the video to the precise length so it will blend smoothly.

4. Beware of low-resolution videos that may appear blurry when projected.
What are the guidelines for preparing visual aids?

Prepare visual aids well in advance

Keep visual aids simple

Make sure visual aids are large enough

Use a limited amount of text

Use fonts effectively

Use color effectively

Use images effectively

What are the two advantages of preparing visual aids in advance?

1. You have time and resources to devise creative and attractive aids

2. You can use the aids while practicing your speech

What are the 5 guidelines to follow when selecting a font?

1. Choose fonts that are clear and easy to read

2. Avoid using all caps

3. Don't use more than two fonts on a single slide

4. Use the same fonts on all your slides

5. Put titles and major headings in at least 36-44 pt. font. Make subheads and other texts

at least 24-30 pt.

How should one set up the color scheme of their presentation?

Use colors consistently. Set up one color for backgrounds, one for titles, and one for the

other text throughout your slides.

What are the 5 guidelines from the book on how to use images strategically.

1. Make sure images are large enough to be seen clearly

2. Choose high-resolution images

3. Keep graphs and charts clear and simple

4. In most cases, include a title above charts and graphs

5. Edit video so it is integrated seamlessly into your slides

What are the book's 7 guidelines for presenting visual aids?

1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them

2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience

3. Display visual aids only while discussing them

4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely
5. Talk to your audience, not to your aid

6. Practice with your visual aid

7. Check the room and equipment

Chapter 16: Speaking to Persuade

persuasion - the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or
actions

mental dialogue w the audience - mental give-and-take between speaker and

listener during a persuasive speech

target audience - portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to
persuade

question of fact - a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. (usually

organized in topical order). The answers are either right or wrong (can be answered
absolutely, but very unlikely due to lack of information and prediction such as Will
the economy be better or worse next year?)

question of value - a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of
an idea or action (usually organized topically).
Such questions not only involve matters of fact, but they also demand
value judgments--- judgments based on a person’s beliefs about what is right or
wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, fair or unfair.
question of policy - question about whether a specific course of action should or
should not be taken

speech to gain passive agreement - a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal
is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the
audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action - a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is
to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

Analyzing questions of policy (three basic issues when discuss a

question of policy: need, plan, practicality)

Need (in analyzing questions of policy) - the first basic issue in analyzing a
question of policy. is there a serious problem or need that requires a change
from current policy?
 burden of proof - the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a
change from current policy is necessary.

plan - second basic issue in analyzing question of policy: if there is a problem

with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

practicality - the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: will the
speaker's plan solve the problem? will it create new and more serious
problems?

example of assurance in practicality - to show that a plan similar to yours has

been successfully implemented elsewhere.

problem-solution order - organization of persuasive speech in which the first main

point deal with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a
solution to solve problem.

problem-cause-solution order - persuasive speech organized by three main points:

identify problem, analyze the causes of the problem, presents solution to problem

comparative advantage order - persuasive speech organized by each main point that
explains why a speaker's solution is preferable to other proposed solutions

Monroe's Motivated Sequence - method for organizing persuasive speeches that

seek immediate action. (More detailed than problem-solution order)
5 steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

Attention- relating to the audience, showing the importance of the topic,

making a startling statement, arousing curiosity or suspense, posing a
question, dramatic story or visual aid.

Need- make audience feel a need for change. Show serious problem with
the existing situation. State the problem clearly and illustrate it with strong
supporting materials. After this step, audience should be concerned about
the problem and prime to hear your solution.

Satisfaction- Satisfy the audience by providing a solution to the problem.

Give enough details for audience to understand it.
 Visualization- Visualizing the benefit of your plan. This step is to use vivid
imagery to show your listeners how they will profit from your policy. How
much better conditions will be once the plan is adopted.

Action- Once the audience is convinced that your policy is beneficial, you
are ready to call an action. Say exactly what you want your audience to
do- and how to do it. Conclude with a final stirring appeal that reinforces
their commitment to act.

Chapter 17: Methods of Persuasion