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jznf; ykdrkdazmfjyvmMuNyD jzpfonf/ MopaMw;vsuJhokdY oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,f
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]b@ma&;qkdif&m zuf'&,f0g' (fiscal federalism) wGif a&eHwGif;xGuf

ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh vkyfykdifcGifh tmPmukd A[kdu aqmif½Gufoifh
onf[k ,lqMuovkd a&eHu@u EkdifiHa&;pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;ygNyD;
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 Contact Us

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Media Advertising & Printing Service

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Mi Khayae Thin

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH; (Forum of Federations

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wGif tokH;jyK&efom &nf½G,fxkwfa0jcif; jzpfonf/ ,ckpmtkyfwGif
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 zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf aemufcHorkdif;

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usif;ycJhNyD; tESDuGefz&ifhonfyifvQif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf (Forum of
Federations) ukd tifpwDusL;½Sif;w&yftjzpf arG;zGm;apcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
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wEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fpepfonf ,if;EkdifiH\ aemufcHorkdif;aMumif;? yx0D
taetxm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;jzpfay:wkd;wufrIwkdYtay: rlwnfí wkdif;jynfwGif;
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EkdifiHESifh udkufnDaom zuf'&,fpepfudk wnfaqmufEkdifvdrfhrnf[k zkd&rfu
tav;teuf,kHMunfygonf/
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vTwfawmf? u&ifjynfe,fvTwfawmf? ½Srf;jynfe,fvTwfawmf? &ckdifjynfe,f
vTwfawmfESifh rGefjynfe,fvTwfawmfwkdYwGifvnf; zuf'&,fpepfqkdif&m
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ESifh ylaygif;vkyfaqmifvsuf ½Sdygonf/

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zuf'&,fta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ynm½Sifrsm;\ pum;ukd ukd;um;&yfrl It is a

long way (þum;c&D;½SnfBuD;? c&D;½Snfoavmuf yifyef;Mu&onfvnf;
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vQif zuf'&,fEidk if rH sm;zk&d rf jrefrmEkid if ½H ;Hk u tifrwef 0rf;yrf;wom ½Syd grnfh
taMumif;/
 FORUM OF FEDERATIONS BRIEF
Governance of Capital Cities in Federal Countries: Comparative Overview

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfykH -

EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf

EkdifiHNrdKUawmf (capital cities) rsm;rSm tjcm;NrdKUawmfrsm;uJhokdYyif vlrsm;ae

xkdif? tvkyfvkyfukdifMu? a'oqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd &,lokH;pGJMuNyD;
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zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;aom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EdkifiHNrdKUawmfrsm;rSm wjynf
axmif pepfusifhokH;aom EkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifihHNrdKUawmfrsm;ESifhvnf; uGmjcm;rI
½Sdonf/ taMumif;rSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rI (vlrsKd;?
bmom? wkdif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,fpk rwluGJjym;rI) ½Sdwwfonfjzpf&m ekdifiHh
NrdKUawmfrsm;onf ,if;uGJjym;jcm;em;rI ½Sdonfh A[kdvlYtzGJUtpnf;ukd udk,fpm;
jyK&efqkdonfh wm0efw&yfydkvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdokdY rwluGJjym;rI

*This paper is translated by Htet Min Lwin on behalf of the Forum of Federations
(http://www.forumfed.org).
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(symbolism) rSm txl;oD;oefYtaeESifh t"dyÜm,faqmifygonf/ ,if;okdY
jzpfonfESifhtnD zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif EkdifihHNrdKUawmfudk a½G;cs,fjcif;udpöESifh
pyfvsOf;vmvQif? ,if;NrdKUawmf\ wnfae&m? txdrf;trSwftaqmuftOD;
rsm; (monuments)? ,if;NrdKUawmfqkdif&m tkyfcsKyfpDrHrIudpörsm;rSm azmfjyyg
rwluGJjym;rIukd xif[yf&ef vkdtyfovkd wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif jynfe,frsm;?
a'orsm;ukdvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;NyD; wwfEkdiforQ bufvkdufrI uif;½Sif;
&efvnf; vkdtyfayonf/

okdYjzpf&m 0g½Sifwef'DpDNrdKUawmf (Washington D.C.)? atmhw0g (Ottawa)?

uifbm&m (Canberra) ESifh tbl*sm (Abuja) tygt0if zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd
EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;tm;vkH;vkdvkdyif orkdif;aMumif;t&a&m? a'ot&? bmom
pum;t& okdYr[kwf vlrsKd;a&;&mt& Mum;ae&mrsm;? wenf; tm;vkH;ESifh
xdpyfaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif wnf½SdaeMuonfrSm tHMozG,f&m r[kwfyg
acs/ Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf tbl*smqkdvQif rwluGJjym;rI BuD;rm;aom
Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH\ yx0Dtcsuftcsmae&mwGif wnf½Sdovkd? ekdifiHwGif;
t"duukd;uG,fonfh bmomw&m;ESpfckukd udk,fpm;jyKonfh AvDBuD;wvkH;
ESifh wEkdifiHvkH;tqifh c&pf,mefbk&m;½Sdckd;ausmif; (uoD'&,fBuD;) wck
vnf; wnf½Sdaeonfudk awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdenf;wlyif b,fvf*sD,H
EkdifiHNrdKUawmf b&yfqJvf (Brussels) rSmvnf; b,fvf*sD,HEkdifiH½Sd t"du
bmompum; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wnf½Sdaom a'ojzpfNyD; b,fvf*sD,HEdkifiH\
bmompum;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m rwluGJjym;rIrsm;ukd udk,fpm;jyKvsuf
½Sdayonf/ qGpfZmvefEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf bef; (Bern) qkdvQifvnf; yx0D
taetxm;t& EkdifiH\ tv,feD;yg;wGif wnf½SdaeNyD; NrdKU jya'owck
taeESifh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ta&;rygvSjcif;ESifh jyifopfpum;ajyma'oESifh
eD;uyfvsuf½Sdjcif;aMumifhyif qGpftpkd;&\ NrdKUawmftjzpf wnf½Sdaejcif;jzpf
ayonf/ *smreDEkdifiHwGifvnf; bmvifNrdKUawmfrSm ta½SUtaemuf ESpfEkdifiH
aygif;pnf;a&;twGuf wckwnf;aom t"du NrdKU jytcsuftcsma'ojzpfae
jcif;aMumifh *smreDtwGuf NrdKUawmftjzpf bmvifudk a½G;cs,fcJhjcif;rSm ta½SU
ykdif;jynfe,frsm;twGufrl ta&;ygaom qkH;jzwfcsufw&yf jzpfayonf/
okdYjzpf&m tD&wfEkdifiHuJhokdYaom ay:xGef;p zuf'&,fEkdifiH trsm;pktwGufrl
rnfonfhae&mudk NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,frnf? rnfokdYaom tqifhtwef;
owfrSwfay;rnfqkdaom udpörSm ,ckxufwkdif vdyfcJwnf;vnf; udpöjzpf
aeao;onfrSmvnf; tHhMozG,f&m r[kwfacs/

NrdKUawmfa½G;cs,fjcif;

EkdifiHq,fhwpfEkdifiHukd avhvmaom þppfwrf;t& EkdifiHrsm;onf rwlnD

aom taMumif;&if;rsm;? rwlnDaom vkyfaqmifol (actors) rsm;tay:
rlwnfí ,if;wkdY\ NrdKUawmfae&mrsm;ukd a½G;cs,fMuonfukd awGU&onf/
tcsKdUaom NrdKUawmfrsm;ukd ppfbufvkHNcHKa&;uJhokdYaom vufawGUusonfh
taMumif;&if;rsm;aMumifh a½G;cs,fMuonfukd awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/ 0dwkd&d,
bk&ifru atmhw0gukd uae'gEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;rSm xkd
tcsdefu tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufrI ½SdEkdifaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ atmhw0grSm tar&duef? uae'g e,fpyfrS tvSrf;a0;aom ae&m
jzpfaomaMumifhyif atmhw0gukd NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ bef;
ukd qGpftpdk;&NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;rSmvnf; ,if;umuG,fa&;qkdif&m
taMumif;t&mrsm; tenf;ESifh trsm; yg0ifayonf/ wcgw&HwGifrl a½G;cs,f
xm;aom NrdKUae&mwGif NrdKUwnfrnfqkdygu aiGaMu;ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;rnf
jzpfonfhwkdif ,if;a'o\ trSwfo½kyfozG,fjzpfrIaMumifhyif a½G;cs,fvkduf
onfrsKd;vnf; ½Sdwwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tbl*smESifh t'pftbmbm
(Addis Ababa) wkdYukd NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;wGif ,if;NrdKUESpfNrdKUpvkH;
onf EkdifiHrsm;\ A[kdtcsuftcsmwGif ½Sdaejcif;ESifh oDtkd&Doabmt&
wEkdifiHvkH;okdY tmPmpuf ysHUESHYEkdifjcif;wkdYaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ bmvifukd
NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,f&jcif;rSm trSwfo½kyf? oauFwoabmaqmifNyD;
*smreDESpfEkdifiHaygif;pnf;jcif;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKonfh oauFwjzpfaejcif;aMumifh
yif jzpfonf/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif NrdKUawmfESpfck½Sdaejcif; (NrdKUawmf
y&Dwkd&D;,m;ESifh auhyfawmif;) uvnf; oauFwtm;jzifh EkdifiH\ uGJjym;
aeaom oabmobm0ukd azmfòef;aejcif;yif jzpfonf/

NrdKUawmfae&m a½G;cs,f&mwGif ta&;ygonfh tjcm;taMumif;&if;w&yfrSm

EkdifiH\ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;ukd pD;yGm;a&;t& tcsuftcsmusonfh ae&mrS cGJ
xkwfxm;vkdjcif;qkdonfh tcsufyif jzpfonf/ (pD;yGm;a&; tcsuftcsmus
onfh) e,l;a,mufESifh zdv'JvfzD;,m;wkdYESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf wnf½Sdraejcif;
rSm 0g½Sifwef'DpDukd NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,f&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;xJu
wckyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;enf;ESifhyif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk½Sd jynfe,f
NrdKUawmftrsm;pkrSm pD;yGm;a&;tcsuftcsmjzpfonfhNrdKUrsm; r[kwfonfukd awGU
&rnf jzpfonf/ tcsKdU NrdKUawmfrsm;ukd a½G;cs,f&mwGifrl ae&ma'owckukd
NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fvkdufygu ,if;jynfe,fu auseyfNyD; tjcm;jynfe,f
rsm;url ,if;jynfe,fukd rsufESmomay;onfqkdaom tjzpfrsKd; rjzpf&av
atmif jynfe,frsm; e,fedrdwfxdpyfaeaom Mum;ae&mukd a½G;cs,fMuonf
vnf; ½Sdygonf/ ,if;aMumifhyif uifbm&mNrdKUawmfrSm rJvbkef;ESifh qpf'eD
Mum;ae&mudk a½G;cs,fxm;jcif;jzpfNyD;? atmhw0grSmvnf; ,if;tcsufukd
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;NyD; a½G;cs,fxm;jcif;yif jzpfayonf/

NrdKUawmfae&m a½G;cs,fjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ,if;uJhokdY taMumif;&if;rsm;pGm

½Sdonhfwkdif? NrdKUrsm;uvnf; ,if;wkdYonfom zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf jzpfxkduf
aMumif;? jynfe,frsm;uvnf; rdrdwkdY jynfe,fuomvQif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf
wnf½Sdxkdufonfh ae&mjzpfaMumif; NydKifqkdifMuavh ½Sdygonf/ NrdKUrsm;u
zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfjzpfvkdMujcif;rSm *kPf½Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfovkd? tvkyftukdif
tcGifhtvrf; rsm;jym;vmjcif;? c&D;oGm;{nfhonf ydkrkd rsm;jym;vmjcif;ponhf
tvm;vmrsm;aMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfjzpfoGm;NyDqkdvQif
jynfolrsm;twGuf tem;,ltyef;ajzp&m yef;NcH ponfh ae&mrsm;vnf;
rsm;jym;wkd;wufvmrnfh tcGifhtvrf;½SfdNyD; ,if;okdY trsm;jynfol tyef;ajz
em;ae&ef ae&mrsm; wnfaqmufa&;twGuf zuf'&,ftpkd;&uvnf;
&efykHaiGrsm;pGm csxm;ay;rnfh tvm;tvm½Sdjcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfonf/ NrdKU
rsm;u zuf'&,fNrdKUawmftjzpf ta½G;cH&&ef olUxufig ,SOfNydKifMuonfh EkdifiH
rsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u zuf'&,fNrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif; rcH&onfh
NrdKUrsm;twGuf zuf'&,ftaxmuftyHhrsm; rnfokdYay;tyfrnf qkdonfh
uwdu0wfrsm;onf ay:xGufvmwwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh bef;udk
qGpfZmvefEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fvkdufaomtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&
taeESifh Zl;&pfNrdKUtwGuf jynfaxmifpkenf;ynmodyÜHukd ay;tyfwnfaxmif
ygrnf[k ESpfodrfhonfhtaejzifh uwday;ulnD&ygonf/ NrdKUawmfvkyfief;rsm;
ukd NrdKUwNrdKUrS zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfopfokdY ajymif;a½GUaponfhtcgwGifvnf;
,if;okdYyif ESpfodrfhay;avsmfrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh½Sdygonf/ OyrmrSm bmvif
ESifh bGef;NrdKUwkdY NrdKUawmftjzpf NydKifqkdif&mu bmvifukd NrdKUawmftjzpf owf
rSwfvkdufaomtcg bGef;NrdKUukd ay;tyfaom ESpfodrfhay;avsmfrIrsm;ukd Munfh
Ekdifrnf jzpfygonf/
EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpfzkdY - jzpfvm&if bmtcGifhta&;awG &rvJ

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fcH&&ef wcgw&H NrdKU BuD;rsm;tMum; tNydKiftqkdif

½SdMuonf[k qkdcJhonfjzpf&m rnfokdYaom tusKd;tjrwfrsm; &rnfjzpfí þ
okdY NydKifqkdifMujcif;jzpfoenf;[k pOf;pm;zG,f½Sdavonf/ NrdKUawmfjzpf&jcif;
\ aumif;usKd;qkd;jypfukd pDppfo½kyfcGJaom avhvmcsufrsm;rSmvnf; r½Sdo
avmuf enf;yg;onf/ okdY&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&? jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifh NrdKUawmf
tpkd;&toD;oD;rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; bef;NrdKU (Bern) wGif aqG;aEG;csufu
xGufay:vmaom tpD&ifcHcsufwGif NrdKUawmfjzpfí bmtusKd;awG ½Sdrnf
enf;/ bmawG tusKd;,kwfavsmhoGm;rnfenf; qkdonfudk wGufxkwfazmfjy
xm;onf/ olwkdYtm;vkH; oabmwlonfu onfvkd/ NrdKUawmfjzpfvmvQif
NrdKUay:ae pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; wnfNidrfcdkifrmjcif;qkdonfh tusKd;&rnf/
tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm; rsm;jym;onfhtavsmuf ,if;0efxrf;rsm;xHu 0ifaiGcGef
ESifh pm;okH;cGef &rnf/ NrdKUawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh *kPf½Sdonf/ [kdw,fawG?
pm;aomufqkdifawGu tcGef&rnf/ tm;vkH;oabmrwlMuonfh tjcm;
tusKd;tjrwfawGvnf; ½Sdao;onf/ tJ'gawGu NrdKUawmftwGuf zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u csD;jr§ifhcsxm;aiG &rnf/ NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtavsmuf jynfwGif;jynfy
tzGJUtpnf;awG ½kH;pkdufwnf½Sdjcif;u &½Sdvmonfh tusKd;aus;Zl;awG ½Sdrnf/

'gjzifh bmawGaum udk,fhbufu pkduf&oenf;/ bmawGaum udk,fhbuf

u ukefusygoenf;/ tpkd;&tqifhokH;qifhpvkH;u tcsufwckwnf;ukdom
oabmwlMuonf/ ,if;rSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfjzpfojzifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif
ypönf;Opömrsm;rS tcGefaumufcHí r&jcif;ESifh EkdifiHjcm; oH½kH;rsm;udk tcGef
uif;vGwfcGifhay;&jcif;? tpkd;&tqifh okH;qifhpvkH;u oabmwljcif;r½SdbJ
tpkd;&w&yfxJuom azmfjyonfh tjcm;ukefusrIrsm;? qkH;½IH;rIrsm;rSm NrdKUawmf
jzpfojzifh NrdKUawmfESifh wlwlwefwefjzpfatmif aqmif½Guf&mwGif tjcm;tykd
ukefusp&dwfrsm; ½Sdonf/ NrdKU jypD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; tEÅ&m,fusa&mufEkdif
onfh tcGifhtvrf;½Sdonf/ oG,f0kdufí tcGefqkH;½IH;rIrsm; ½Sdonf/ aemufwck
u tpkd;& tokH;p&dwfrsm;jym;ojzifh yk*¾vdu tokH;p&dwf? yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;
jr§yfESHrI enf;yg;oGm;jcif;qkdonfhtcsufawG jzpfonf/

bef;NrdKUawmf? EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpf&jcif;tay: b@ma&;t& tusKd;oufa&muf

rI taxGaxG ppfwrf;[lí ,if;tvkyftzGJUu 2004 ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwf
a0onf/ ,if;ppfwrf;t& bef;NrdKUe,ffonf EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpf&onfhtwGuf
zuf'&,ftpkd;& udk,fpm; vkyfaqmifay;&aom bef;NrdKUawmfonf EkdifiH
NrdKUawmfjzpf&onfhtwGuf zuf'&,ftpkd;&udk,fpm; vkyfaqmifay;&aom
vkyfief;wm0efrsm;twGufrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf ,if;p&dwfpursm; tm;
vkH;ukd jyefvnfESpfodrfhay;avsmfrI jyKvkyfay;onf/ okdY&mwGif tcGefoG,f
0kdufqkH;½IH;jcif;ESifh tajccH0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf xyfrH ukefusp&dwf
rsm;ukdrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ axmufyHhay;avsmfrIrSm rvkHavmuf[k ,if;
ppfwrf;u qkdonf/ NrdKUawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh aps;uGufqkdif&m tcGifhtvrf;
rsm;? tcGefaumufcHrI tcGifhtvrf;rsm;? NrdKUtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;?
jynfe,ftwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? ykdrkd&½Sdaponf[kvnf; ,if;ppfwrf;
u qkdonf/

*smreDEkdifiHrS taxmuftxm;rsm;t&rl bmvifwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;& ½kH;pkduf

jcif;aMumifh tNrJwrf;tvkyftukdifae&maygif; ig;aomif;ESpfaxmif wkd;wuf
vmonf/ 1998 ckESpfrS 2001 ckESpftxd umvwmwGif; NrdKUawmf\ *sD'DyD
ukd rusatmif xdef;xm;Ekdifonf/ NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtwGuf avmfbDorm;
rsm;? wuúokdvfygarmu©rsm;ESifh tjcm;tpkd;&ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf wnf½SdvkdMu
olrsm;? vkyfukdifaqmif½GufMuonfh vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf; qGJaqmifEkdifonf
[k qkdonf/ uae'gEkdifihHNrdKUawmf atmhw0gwGif aexkdifMuolrsm;u rMum
cPqkdovkd NrdKUawmfzGHU NzdK;a&;tay: usa&mufaeonfh EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mESifh
EkdifiHwumqkdif&m twm;tqD;rsm;ukd xkwfazmfnnf;wGm;Muonf/ trsKd;
om;txdrf;trSwfyGJawmfrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;\ BuD;us,fcrf;em;rIESifh aiG
ukefaMu;usrsm;rlukdvnf; xkwfazmfajymqkdMuonf/ okdYaomf ,if;okdY xkwf
azmfajymqkdonfh wNydKifxJrSmyif NrdKUawmfjzpf&onfhtwGuf wkd;yGm;vmonfh
½kyf0w¬Kykdif; tm;omcsufrsm;ESifh tqifhwef;ykdif;tm;omcsufrsm;vnf; ½Sd
onf[k 0efcHMuavonf/

aocsmonfrSm NrdKUawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh &½Sdonfh tusKd;wckrSm tqifhwef;

jrifhrm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;[k ac:qkdMuonfh tpkd;&vkyfief;? &mxl;ae&mrsm;?
NrdKUawmfwGif tpkd;&wnf½Sdaejcif;aMumifh tpkd;&ESifh qufpyfonfh tjcm;
u@rsm;rS vkyfief;rsm;? ae&mrsm;? ay:aygufvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ c&D;oGm;
vkyfief;vJ wkd;wufvmonf/ ,Ofaus;rIydkif;? *kPfodu©mykdif;qkdif&m tajccH
taqmuftOD;rsm;vnf; &½Sdrnf/ NrdKUawmfESifh wlwlwefwefjzpfatmif tvS
tywefqmqif&rnfvJ jzpf&m NrdKUawmfvnf; om,mvSyrnf/ ,if;aumif;
usKd;rsm;ESifh qkd;jypfrsm;rSm b,f'if;u omonf/ b,f'if;u ykdonfukd a0zef
ykdif;jcm;&efrSm tenf;ESifh trsm;cufcJonf jzpfaomfvnf; zuf'&,ftpkd;&
\ b@ma&;tpDtrHrsm;? a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ b@ma&;tpDtrHrsm;tay:
rlwnfaeonfrSm taotcsmyif jzpfonf/ ,if;b@ma&;tpDtrHrsm;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í aemufykdif;wGif qufvufaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/

zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;tm; tkyfcsKyfjcif;

EkdifiHNrdKUawmfrsm;onf EkdifiHtpkd;&rsm;u 4if;wkdY\ zGHU NzdK;rIukd txl;*½kpkdufjcif;

aMumifh xl;jcm;Muonf/ 4if;*½kpkdufjcif;onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ OD;pm;ay;
vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh a'ocHrsm;u a½G;aumufwifajr§mufxm;aom
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;tMum; wif;rmrIukd jzpfap
onf/ ,if;wif;rmrIukd jzpfapaom taMumif;t&if;rsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm
tpkd;&t&yf&yf\ wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; rwlnDjcif;? OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;pOfrsm;
uGmjcm;jcif;? b@ma&;tpDtrHrsm;? (NrdKUawmfonf topfwnfaqmufxm;
aom NrdKUawmfjzpfvQif topfjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm a½S;a[mif;orkdif;0if
NrdKUawmfjzpfvQif orkdif;0ifNrdKUawmfw&yf\ t*Fg&yfESifh nDpGm) ywf0ef;usif
oifhavsmfxkdufwefrIESifh EkdifiHNrdKUawmf\ tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHwkdY yg0ifonf/ tkyfcsKyf
rIykHpHonf ta&;BuD;onf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;ykHpHtay: rlwnfí zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u NrdKUawmftay: vTrf;rkd;EkdifrIyrmPESifh NrdKUawmftaeESifh NrdKUawmf\
vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJykdifrIyrmPwkdY uGJjym;jcm;em;oGm;Mujcif;aMumifhyif jzpf
onf/

a'otkyfcsKyfrI ykHpHtay: rlwnfNyD; zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ EkdifiHNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd

okH;rsKd;okH;pm; cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/

˜ zuf'&,fc½kkdif (federal districts)

MopaMw;vs? tDoD,kd;yD;,m;? tdE´d,? ruúqDukd? Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;?

ygupöwef? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrsm;wGif NrdKUawmfonf
zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpH okdYr[kwf ,if;NrdKUawmf wnf½Sdonfh jynfe,fESifh
uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vkyfykdifcGifh ykHpH½Sdonf/ Oya'aMumif;t& oD;
jcm;tqifh½Sdonfh e,fy,fwcktjzpf wnf½Sdonf/ 1 zuf'&,fc½kdif
ukd tajccHOya't& wnfaxmifxm;NyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;& Oya'
jyKtmPmtwGif; usa&mufonf/ 4if;c½kdifrsm;onf jynfe,frsm;
&½SdcHpm;aom tajccHOya'u tyfESif;onfh tcsKyftjcmtmPm
rsKd; r½SdMuay/ zuf'&,fc½kdifwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf NrdKUawmf
\ b@ma&;ESifh tjcm;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif twkdif;twmw&yf
txd yg0ifxdef;csKyfekdifonf/ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm; a½G;cs,fwif
ajr§mufonfhwkdif tcsKdUzuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;wGif ,if;a'oqkdif&m
bwf*sufudk A[kdtpkd;&u twnfjyKay;&ef vkdonf/ zuf'&,f
c½kdif\ tpkd;&rsm;onf (,if;c½kdif\) NrdKU jyESifh jynfe,fqkdif&m
wm0efrsm; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh wm0ef,l&avh½Sd
onf/ okdY&mwGif udpö&yftrsm;pkü tjcm;jynfe,frsm;okdY tyfESif;
xm;aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;tm;vkH;ukd wm0ef,ljcif; r½Sdacs/

1
(state, provine, canton, lander, regions, cultural communities [lonfh
pum;&yfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;[kyif NcHKikHac:a0: okH;pGJoGm;ygrnf/)
˜ NrdKU jyjynfe,f (city-state)

b,fvf*sD,HESifh *smreDwkdYwGif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfonf NrdKU jyjynfe,f

w&yftjzpf wnf½Sdonf/ NrdKUawmf\ EkdifiHa&;t& owfrSwfay;
xm;aom e,fy,frsm;onf NrdKUawmfudk NrdKUawmftaeESifhaomf
vnf;aumif;? jynfe,ftaeESifh aomfvnf;aumif; wnf½SdapNyD;?
þNrdKU jyEkdifiHykHpHu NrdKUawmfvkyfykdifcGifhrsm;? wm0efrsm;ESifh jynfe,f
\ vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;? wm0efrsm; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;tyfESif;xm;onfhtwGuf
tjcm;NrdKUrsm;xuf vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmykdrkd½SdNyD; tcGefaiG ykdrkdwkd;
aumuf&ef vkyfydkifcGifh &½Sdxm;onf/ okdYaomf EkdifiHNrdKUawmfjzpf
aom city-states rsm;onf tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ESifh tajccHOya'
t& wlnDaom ay;tyfjy|mef;rIrsm;ukd cHpm;Mu&jcif; r½Sdacs/

˜ jynfe,frsm;½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm; (cities in provinces)

uae'g? awmiftmz&duEkdifiHESifh qGpfZmvefEkdifiHrsm;wGif EkdifiHh

NrdKUawmfonf wkdif; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif; wnf½Sdaom
jrLeDpy,fw&yfom jzpfonf/ 4if;EkdifiHNrdKUawmfrsm;onf a'o
okdYr[kwf jynfe,f\ vkyfykdifcGifh? pDrHcefYcGJrIatmufwGif ½SdNyD; EkdifiH
twGif; tjcm;NrdKU BuD;rsm;ESifh Oya'aMumif;t& wlnDaom tqifh
twef;½Sdonfom jzpfygonf/ okdYaomf zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ txl;
aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIukd &½Sdonf/
tkyfcsKyfonfh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;

2009 ckESpfwGif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf 11 NrdKUawmfukd avhvmcJhaom ppfwrf;

t& NrdKUawmfajcmufckrSm zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;jzpfNyD; 2 ? NrdKUawmfESpfckrSm NrdKU jyEkdifiH
ykHpHrsm; jzpfum 3 okH;NrdKUawmfrSm jynfe,frsm;½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ trsKd;tpm;
(3)rsKd;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS tkyfcsKyfa&;? b@ma&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;
paom u@&yfrsm;ü a'otpkd;&\ qkH;jzwfcsufwGif yg0ifywfoufrI
yrmPrSm uGJjym;rI ½Sdonf/

zuf'&,fc½kdif

zuf'&,fc½kdifonf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&\ zefwD;rI (okdYr[kwf) tajccHOya'

t& zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdifonf jynfe,fwkdY\ e,fy,f
tjyifwGif ½Sdaomfvnf; (okdYjzpf&m jynfe,f tkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif rus
a&mufay)/ zuf'&,fc½kdif\ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf EkdifiH\ tjcm;NrdKU BuD;rsm;
aqmif½Guf&onfh vkyfief;trsm;tjym;ESifh jynfe,frsm; aqmif½Guf&onfh
vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmif&onf/ okdYaomf jynfe,frsm;ESifh
rwlonfrSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf\ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&wGif zGJUpnf;ykHt& ay;tyf
xm;aom vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;rsm; r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,fc½kdif

2
urÇmay:½Sd tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½IvQif t"duawG Y&onfh
ykHpHrSm zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHyif jzpfonf/ þpmwrf;wGif yg0ifonfh NrdKUawmfrsm;jzpfonfh
tbl*sm t'pftbmbm? uifbm&m? a'vD? ruúqDukdpD;wD;ESifh 0g½Sifwef'DpDwkdYtjyif
b&mZD;EkdifiH½Sd b&m;ZD;vsm;NrdKUawmf? tm*sifwD;em;½Sd jALedat&d;pfNrdKUawmf? AifeDZGJvm;½Sd
Caracas NrdKUawmf? ygupöwef½Sd tpövmrfrmbwfNrdKUawmfESifh rav;½Sm;½Sd ylMwm*sm,wkdYrSm
zuf'&,fc½kdife,frsm;yif jzpfMuonf/ t'pftbmbmuJhokdYyif &yf½Sm;EkdifiH armfpukd
NrdKUawmfudkvnf; zuf'&,fNrdKUawmftjzpf azmfjyMuonf/
3
MopBwD;,m;½Sd AD,efemESifh pydef½Sd ruf'&pfwkdYrSmvnf; NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm; jzpfMuonf/
þpmwrf;wGif bmvifESifh b&yfqJvfwkdYukd avhvmxm;ygonf/
ukd ,if;uJhokdY xm;½Sd&jcif;\ taMumif;&if;rsm;teuf t"duusonfh
tcsufwcsufrSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfonf A[kdtpkd;& ½kH;pkduf&m NrdKUawmfjzpf
onfhtavsmuf NrdKUawmfukd jynfe,frsm;\ tkyfcsKyfpDrHykdifcGifhatmufwGif
rxm;½Sdvkdjcif;qkdonfh taMumif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh
zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHonf EkdifiHwGif;½Sd jynfe,ftoD;oD;tMum; (rnfonfh
jynfe,fukd rsufESmomay;onf/ rnfonfhjynfe,fukd bufvkdufonf
qkdaom) vufoifh&m pm;awmfac:onfh tajctaerS a½Smif½Sm;EkdifNyD;
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmESifh pyfvsOf;í zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;
tMum; ay:aygufvmEkdifzG,f½Sdonfh yGwfwkdufrIrsm;ukd a½Smif½Sm;ay;av
onf/ A[kdtpkd;& vkdvm;csufrsm;ESifh a'ovkdvm;csufrsm;tMum; ay:ayguf
vmEkdifaom y#dyu©ESifh pyfvsOf;íqkd&vQif zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHonf A[kd
vTrf;rkd;rIukd jzpfay:aponfukd awG Y&rnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm a'ocHrsm;
twGuf udk,fykdiftpkd;&[lí r½SdawmhbJ a'otusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ukd vpfvsL½I
xm;jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

a'oqkdif&m udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifh txl;ojzifh a'oqkdif&m b@m

a&;t& vGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifhESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;tMum;
rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;½SdaMumif; þppfwrf;wGif awGU&rnf jzpfonf/
zuf'&,fc½kdiftm;vkH;vkdvdkwGifyif zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ yg0ifpGufzufrIrsm;
tenf;ESifh trsm; ½SdMuonfukdvnf; awGU&onf/ tpGef;wzufwGif tbl*sm
NrdKUawmfukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&vufatmufwGif csKyfudkifxm;½SdNyD; tjcm;tpGef;
wzufwGifrl uifbm&monf udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifh trsm;
tjym;½SdNyD; city-state [k ac:qkdonfh NrdKU jyEkdifiHuJhokdY rsm;pGmtvm; o@mef
qifwlonf/ tjcm;zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;onf þEkdifiHNrdKUawmfESpfck tMum;wGif
½Sdonf/ tbl*sm (Abuja) ½Sd zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf e,fajr (Federal Capital
Territory) wGif jynfe,frsm;uJhokdY udk,fydkifOya'jyKEkdifcGifh r½Sday/
Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;tpkd;&onf zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfe,fajr\ b@ma&;qkdif&m
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif 0efBuD;tzGJUtpnf;wGif bwf*sufESifh
tokH;p&dwfokH;oyfrIjyKí vnf;aumif;? National Assembly \ b@mcGJa0
vsmxm;rI vkyfief;pOfwGifvnf;aumif;? ,if;e,fajr\ 0efBuD;cefYxm;rI
wGifvnf; ADwkdtmPmokH;í twnfjyKcGifh? y,fzsufcGifh ½Sdonf/ ,if;e,fajr
twGuf a½G;aumufcHNrdKUawmf0efvnf; r½Sday/ ,if;tpm; zuf'a&;½Sif;\
or®wonf zuf'&,fuufbdeufrS tzGJU0ifwOD;udkom cefYtyfNyD; NrdKUawmf
e,fajrukd tkyfcsKyfonf/ tDoD,kd;yD;,m;NrdKUawmfjzpfaom t'pftbmbm
NrdKUonf zuf'&,ftpkd;&okdY wm0efcH&NyD; tDoD,kd;yD;,m;EkdifiH½Sd jynfe,f
rsm;uJhokdY tajccHOya't& ay;tyfjy|mef;xm;onfh pDrHtkyfcsKyfykdifcGifh
(autonomy) r½Sdacs/ taMumif;rSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ pDrHrIatmufwGif ½Sd
aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh r&½Sday/ NrdKUawmftpkd;&onf
NrdKUawmfaumifpD (Oya'jyKa&;tzGJ Y) ukd wnfaxmifykdifcGifh½SdNyD; aumifpDrS a½G;
aumufxm;aom NrdKUawmf0efu Ouú|tjzpf ,if;tzGJ YwGif OD;aqmifNyD;
udk,fykdiftcGef aumufcHEkdifaomfvnf; zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf qkH;jzwfcsuf
rsm;ukd y,fzsufekdif½kHomru NrdKUawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ Yudkyg zsufodrf;Ekdifav
onf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGif zGJ Ypnf;ykHtajccHOya'u EkdifiH

NrdKUawmfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmt&yf&yfukd uGef*&ufvTwfawmf
okdY tyfESif;xm;onf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif 'DpDtwGuf jy|mef;Oya'jyKvkyfay;cJh
aom [krf;½l;tuf (the Home Rule Act) t& a½G;aumufyGJrS wufvm
aom tzGJU0if 13 OD;yg0ifonfh NrdKUawmfaumifpDudk wnfaxmifekdifNyD; 'DpD
taeESifh a'oqkdif&m b@ma&;t& vGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifhudk tuefY
towfESifh cGifhjyKay;xm;onf/ 1995 wGif b@ma&; tajcrckdifrIaMumifh
NrdKUawmfwGif a<u;NrD;rsm; wifusefaomtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf 'DpD\
b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrItm;vkH;ukd vTJajymif;,lvkdufNyD; vGwfvyfaom
b@ma&;t&m½SdcsKyf½kH; Chief Financeal Officer (COF) ukd wnfaxmif
cJhonf/

ruúqDukdEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fc½kdifudk 1824 ckESpf zGJ Ypnf;ykHtajccHOya't&

wnfaxmifcJhonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdifudk 4if;\ yx0Dtaetxm;? vlrIa&;ESifh
,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m 0daoo vu©Pm&yfrsm;tay: rlwnfí EkdifiHa&;-
tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tykdif; (16) ck cGJjcm;xm;cJhonf/ tajccHOya't& or®w
½kH; (okdYr[kwf) ruúqDudk uGef*&ufvTwfawmfukd NrdKUawmf\ udpöt00ESifh
pyfvsOf;í qkH;jzwfcsufcsEkdifonfh tcGifhtmPmay;xm;onf/ zuf'&,f
c½kdifonf udk,fykdifzGJ Ypnf;ykH Oya'r½Sd½kHomru ruúqDudk uGef*&uf
vTwfawmfu owfrSwfjy|mef;ay;xm;onfh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m y#dÚmOfESifh
tnD tkyfcsKyfpDrHcefYcGJ&onf/ ruúqDukd or®wu vkHNcHKa&;qkdif&m twGif;
0ef;½kH;t&m½Sdrsm;ESifh a½SUae½kH; 0efxrf;rsm;ukd wkduf½kdufcefYtyfonfjzpf&m þ
onfuyif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf\ uefYowfay;xm;aom ukd,fykdifvGwfvyf
pGm pDrHykdifcGifhukd xif[yfaponfh om"uw&yfjzpfayonf/

tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u EkdifiHhNrdKUawmftay: vTrf;rkd;csKyfukdifrI ½Sd

onf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf 4if;onf &Jvkyfief;? vkHNcHKa&;ESifh ajrae&mcs
xm;a&;[laom ykHrSefjrLeDpy,fwm0efrsm;ukd aqmif½Guf&jcif;aMumifh jzpf
ayonf/ xkdjyif a'vD½Sd zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHwGif ekdifiHNrdKUawmf 'DpBwdwftpkd;&
tjyif jrLeDpy,fESpf&yfESifh wyftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m bkwftzGJUwkdY yg0ifaejcif;
aMumifh þpmwrf;u avhvmaom tjcm;zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;xuf ydkrkd½kyf
axG;onf/ pDrHudef;ESifh zGGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m wm0efrsm;? vrf;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom 0efaqmifrIrsm;onf ,if;tpkd;&,lepfrsm;tMum;
a&m,Suf½IyfaxG;vsuf ½Sdonf/ vkyfief;rsm; xkdokdY xyfaejcif;onf ESpfxyf
ausmhaqmif½Gufrdjcif;/ vpf[mjcif;rsm; jzpfay:apNyD; rnfonfh vkyfief;rsm;
ukd rnfolu wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifaeonfukd jynfolvlxktaeESifh od½Sd
em;vnf&ef cufcJaponf/

MopaMw;vsNrdKUawmfe,fajr Austaralian Capital Territory (ACT)

onf yrmPtm;jzifh usk,fus,fjyefYjyefY udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHtkyfcsKyfcGifh
½Sdonfh zuf'&,fe,fy,fwck jzpfonf/ 4if;\ vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;? wm0efrsm;rSm
1988 ckESpf MopaMw;vsNrdKUawmfe,fajr (ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh) tufOya'
Australian Capital Territory (Self-government) Act t& ay:ayguf&
jcif; jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf ACT twGuf Oya'jyKykdifcGifhukd &,l
xm;NyD; NrdKUawmfpDrHudef;rsm; aqmif½Guf&mwGif Oya'jyKcGifhtmPmukd okH;pGJ
cJhonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeeJY ACT u jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;ukd
y,fzsufEkdifcGifh½Sdaomfvnf; ,if;okdY jyKrlaqmif½GufcJhygonf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&onf NrdKUawmfe,fajrukd ykdifqkdifNyD; Oya't& "eo[m,u tokH;jyK
aom? odkYr[kwf "eo[m, udk,fpm; okH;pGJaom ajrukd "eo[m,tzGJ Yu
pDrH&rnf[k jy|mef;azmfjyygonf/

zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpH\ csKdU,Gif;csufwckrSm 'Drkdua&pDtajccHrlrsm;ukd paw;

aumif; paw;&EkdifzG,f½Sdonfh qkd;usKd;jzpfonf/ EkdifiHhNrdKUawmftrsm;pkwGif
EkdifiHom;rsm;u NrdKUawmf0efESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;ukd a½G;cs,faomfvnf; ,if;
okdY tNrJjzpfonf? a½G;cs,fEkdifonf r[kwfyg/ e,l;a'vDwGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&
taeESifh jynfolvlxk a½G;aumufwifajr§mufEkdifonfh NrdKUawmftkyfcsKyfa&;
tqifhESpf&yfudk pDrHay;xm;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tqifhESpf
&yfrSm jynfaxmifpke,fajrtqifh Oya'jyKtzGJ YESifh jrLeDpy,ftqifh a½G;
aumufwifajr§mufjcif;wkdYyif jzpfayonf/ ruúqDukdEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,f
c½kdiftpkd;&\ tBuD;tuJukd a½G;aumufyJGjzifh a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaomf
vnf; txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; or®wu tcsKdUaom jynfolYa&;&m
trIxrf;? t&mxrf;rsm;ukd cefYtyfjcif;jzpfonf/ a'oa½G;aumufyGJu wuf
vmonfh NrdKUawmf0efrsm;? aumifpDrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í cRif;csufrsm;vnf;
½Sdygonf/ zuf'&,fc½dkifrsm;½Sd NrdKUawmfrsm;rSm pepfwus pDrHxm;aom NrdKU
opfrsm;tjzpfu pcJhMujcif;jzpf&m tapmykdif;umvwGif aexkdifol tenf;
i,fom ½SdNyD; ,if;aMumifhyif ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf owfrSwfjy|mef;
csufrsm; r½Sdwwfay/

NrdKUawmftrsm;pkwGif NrdKUawmfaejynfolrsm;ukd wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twm Oya'

jyKa&;vTwfawmfwGif ukd,fpm;jyKjcif; cH&ygonf/ odomxif½Sm;aom >cif;
csufwckrSm 0g½Sifwef'DpDwGif aexkdifolrsm;onf jynfe,frsm;wGif aexkdifol
rsm;uhJokdY rJay;cGifhESifh Oya'jyKa&;u@wGif ukd,fpm;jyKcHykdifcGifh r&½Sday/
t"dutm;jzifh 'DpDwGif aexkdifolrsm;onf qD;edwfwGif (,if;wkdYtwGuf)
udk,fpm;jyKay;ol udk,fpm;vS,fr½SdbJ atmufvTwfawmfwGifvnf; rJay;
ydkifcGifh r½Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;om &½Sdonf/ 4 'DpDaejynfolrsm;onf
1961 ckESpfrS pí or®wa½G;aumufyGJwGifom rJay;ykdifcGifh ½SdMuonf/

tcskKyftm;jzifh zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;rSm A[kdtpkd;&\ zefwD;rIrsm; jzpfonf/

4if;wkdYonf jynfe,frsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmjyifywGif ½SdNyD; 4if;wkdYonf
a'oESifh jynfe,frsm; aqmif½Gufvkyfaqmifonfh wm0efrsm;ukd vkyfaqmif
wm0ef,l&onf/ jynfe,frsm;ESifh zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm; vkyfykdifcGifhtm;jzifh
wlnDonfh yrmPrSmvnf; zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;tvkduf uGJvGJcsufrsm;
½Sdonf/

NrdKU jyjynfe,f (City-State)

NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;onf zuf'&,fEkdifiH\ NrdKU BuD;rsm;vnf; jzpfí wNydKifeuf

wnf;rSmyif jynfe,f (Oyrm jynfe,f okdYr[kwf province okdYr[kwf
canton) vnf; jzpfaom tajctaeudk qkdvkdjcif;jzpfonf/ 2009 ckESpf
avhvmcsuft& NrdKU jyjynfe,fjzpfaom bmvifESifh b&yfqJvf 5 NrdKUawmf
ESpfckukd zkd&rfu *½kjyKavhvmcJhonf/ NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;onf zuf'&,f

4
okdY&mwGif 'DpDtaeESifh ,if;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh jynfe,ftjzpftwGuf ukd,fpm;jyK
ta&;qkday;Ekdif&ef qD;edwfvTwfawmftwGuf ESpfOD;ESifh atmufvTwfawmftwGuf
udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;ukd shadow taeESifh a½G;aumufwifajr§mufonf/ þ&mxl;ae&mrsm;
ukd tar&duefjynfaxmifpk uGef*&ufvTwfawmfu w&m;0iftwnfrjyKacs/ xkdYjyif
vuf½Sdtajctaeü uGef*&ufvTwfawmfokdY wifoGif;xm;aom Oya'Murf;w&yf½SdNyD;
,if;Oya'Murf;twnfjzpfvQif 'DpDa'otwGuf rJay;ydkifcGifh½Sdaom atmufvTwfawmf
trwfwOD; &½Sdrnf jzpfonf/
5
b&yfqJvfrSm b,fvf*sD,efzuf'a&;½Sif;\ NrdKUawmfjzpfovkd? b&yfqJvfNrdKUawmfa'o?
jyifopfuGefjrLewD? zvJrpf½SfuGefjrLewDESifh Oa&myor*¾wkdY\ NrdKUawmfvnf; jzpfonf/
c½kdifrsm;ESifh rwlnDbJ a'oESifh jynfe,fwm0efrsm;ukd aygif;pnf;xm;NyD;
4if;wkdY\ jynfe,ftaeESifh aqmif½Gufonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif uefYowfcsKyf
jc,frIrsm;ukd rBuHKawGU&ay/ 6 þykHpHwGif EkdifiHNrdKUawmfaeolrsm;onf EkdifiH
twGif; tjcm;NrdKU jyrsm;½Sd EkdifiHom;rsm;ESifh wef;wl 'Drkdua&pD tcGifhta&;
rsm;ESifh txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd &½SdMuonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf NrdKU jy
jynfe,fwcktay: zuf'&,fc½kdifavmuf vTrf;rkd;rI? csKyfukdifrI r½Sd&ef
tajctaejzpfNyD; tjcm;NrdKUrsm;xuf NrdKU jyjynfe,ftay: ykdrkd vTrf;rkd;&efvnf;
rjzpfEkdifvSacs/

okdYaomf b&yfqJvfNrdKUonf 4if;\ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfrItwGuf uefYowfcsuf

okH;ckukd &ifqkdif&onf/ yxrtcsufrSm zuf'&,f\ tjcm;a'orsm;uJhokdY
tajccHOya't& ay;tyfxm;aom udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfrIukd wef;wl rcHpm;&
ay/ (qkdvkdonfrSm tjcm;jynfe,frsm;u ,if;wkdY\ tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;
ukd a'ovkdtyfcsufESifh udkufnDatmif jyifqifEkdifaomfvnf; b&yfqJvfrSm
rjyifqifEkdifay/) 7 'kwd,csufrSm Oya'jyK&mwGif zuf'&,ftmPmykdifrsm;
u BudKwifokH;oyfxdef;csKyfjcif;cH&NyD; ,if;Oya'rsm; twnfjzpfoGm;onfh
tcgwGifvnf; zuf'&,ftpkd;&u Oya'okH;oyfrIrsm; jyefvnfjyKvkyfEkdif
onfh xkH;"avh½Sdaejcif;yif jzpfonf/ wwd,tcsufrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&
onf b&yfqJvftaeESifh ,if;\ EkdifiHwumNrdKU BuD;tjzpfESifh NrdKUawmftjzpf
aumuf,lazmfjyonfh trdefY? Oya' rnfonfukdrqkd y,fzsufEkdifjcif;yif

6
NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;rSm NrdKUawmfrsm;twGufom oD;jcm;r[kwfyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh *smreD
EkdifiHwGif [rf;bmh*fESifh b&Dref;wkdYrSm NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH
tcsKdUwGif NrdKUawmfr[kwfonfh zuf'&,fNrdKU BuD;rsm; ½Sdwwfygonf/ Oyrm &yf½Sm;EkdifiHwGif
pdefYyDwmpbwfESifh tDoD,kd;yD;,m;wGif [m&mNrdKUawmfwkdY jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;NrdKU BuDrsm;rSm
orkdif;aMumif;t& okdYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;t& wEkdifiHvkH;twGuf ta&;ygonf[k A[kd
tpkd;&rsm;u todtrSwfjyKjcif; cHMu&ygonf/
7
Brussels Capital Region ½Sd tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm;ukd ygvDrefwGif rJcGJqkH;jzwfNyD;
zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m oD;jcm;tufOya't&om jyifqifajymif;vJEkdifygonf/
jzpfonf/ odkYaomf þxdef;csKyfrIrsm;ukd tajctaetrsKd;rsKd;jzifh taotcsm
uefYowfxm;NyD; trSefwu,ftokH;rjyKvSay/ wenf;qkdaomf b&yfqJvf
tay: zuf'&,fxdef;csKyfrIonf trSwftom; o½kyfoabmaqmif½kHrQom
jzpfonf/

NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;onf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;xuf vkyfykdifcGifhwm0efrsm;ESifh tcGefaiG

aumufcHEkdifpGrf; ydkrkdaomfvnf; tjcm;NrdKUrsm; &ifqkdif&aom tcGefjyóem
rsm;rS uif;vGwfonf[k wxpfcs rqkdEkdifacs/ NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;onf EkdifiH
twGif;½Sd tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf ykdrkdao;i,faomaMumifh NrdKUaevlOD;a&
wkd;yGm;vmrIonf 4if;\ e,fy,frsm;ukd ausmfvGefNyD; tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ukd
0ifa&mufwwfonfjzpf&m NrdKUawmfe,ferdwf tus,ft0ef;qkdif&m udpö&yf
rsm;wGif tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jzpfwwfavonf/ (zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;wGifvnf;
þenf;ESifESifyif jzpfwwfonf/) atmufwGif þudpöukd tus,fxyfrH aqG;
aEG;ygOD;rnf/ þudpö&yfrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;& 0efxrf; (yk*¾vdu 0efxrf;rsm;?
wuúokdvfrsm;? avmfbDtkyfpkrsm;ESifh tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;) trsm;tjym; aexkdif
aom NrdKUawmfrsm;wGif ,if;0efxrf;rsm;onf NrdKUawmfokdY vma&muftvkyf
vkyfMuaomfvnf; NrdKUawmfwGif; aexkdifjcif; r½SdbJ NrdKUawmf tpGeftzsm;
a'orsm;wGif aexkdifMuNyD; olwkdY tcGefay;aqmifjcif;r½Sdonfh NrdKUawmf\
0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd okH;pGJMuonfhtcg txl;ta&;BuD;onfh udpöjzpfygonf/

jynfe,f½Sd NrdKU BuD;tjzpfESifh NrdKUawmf

þavhvmrIt& NrdKUawmfonf jynfe,f okdYr[kwf canton wGif;½Sd NrdKU BuD;

wckjzpfNyD; tjcm;txl;tqifhtwef; wpkHw&m &½SdcHpm;&jcif;r½Sdonfh
NrdKUawmf½Sdonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiH tenf;qkH; okH;EkdifiH½Sdonfukd awGU&onf/
(uae'gEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf atmhw0g? qGpfZmvefEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf bef; 8 ESifh

8
bef;rSm EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmfjzpfovkd jynfe,fNrdKUawmfvnf; jzpfygonf/
awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif y&ufwkd;&D;,m; Pretoria/Tshwane ESifh auhyf
awmif; Capetown NrdKUawmf)/ þykHpHwGif NrdKUawmfonf tjcm;jynfe,f½Sd
NrdKU BuD;rsm;\ tqifhtwef;ESifh wlnDNyD; wlnDaom vkyfief;rsm;ukd jynfe,fNrdKU
BuD;rsm; enf;wl vkyfaqmif&onf/ tjcm;ykHpHESpfrsKd;ESifh rwlnDrlrSm þykHpH
wGif jynfe,ftpkd;&onf NrdKUawmf\ jrLeDpy,fudpö&yfrsm;ukd zuf'&,f
tpkd;&xuf ykdrkdxdef;csKyfEkdifjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm bef;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&
onf NrdKUawmfrS csrSwfaom EkdifiHa&; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if
jcif;r½SdbJ zuf'&,fESifh a'oqufoG,faqmif½GufrItm;vkH;ukd jynfe,f
(uefwef) u wqifh jyKvkyf&jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ atmhw0gwGifvnf; xkdenf;
twkdif;yif jzpfonf/

atmhw0gwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;onfh trsKd;om;

NrdKUawmfe,fajr National Capital Region NCR wGif atmhw0g (w&m;
0if NrdKUawmf)ESifh *gwifEl; (Gatineau) wkdY yg0ifonf/ atmhw0gonf
tGefw&D,kdjynfe,fwGif wnf½SdNyD; *gwifEl;onf uGDbufjynfe,ftwGif;
wnf½Sdonf/ NCR wnf½SdrIonf xkdjynfe,fESpfck½Sd jrLeDpy,frsm;ukd b@m
a&;qkdif&m uGyfuJpDrHykdifcGifhtay: wpkHw&m oufa&mufrI r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&onf EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfpDrHudef;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í vTrf;rkd;yg0ifEkdif&ef
trsKd;om; NrdKUawmfaumfr½Sifukd zGJUpnf;xm;½Sdonf/ NCC onf zuf'&,f
ykdif ajrae&mrsm;? ykdifqkdifrIrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifh½Sdonfh zuf'&,f
at*sifpDw&yf jzpfygonf/ okdYaomf jynfe,frsm;ESifh a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfpDrHykdif
cGifhatmuf½Sd ajr,mrsm;ukd pDrHykdifcGifhrSm jynfe,frsm;ESifh a'oEÅ&rsm;\ vuf
atmufwGifyif ½Sdayonf/ tpdrf;a&mifcg;ywfuJhokdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ ajr
ykdifqkdifrIu ,if;NrdKUrsm;½Sd ajrae&mrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrIvuf
atmufwGif qufvufwnf½Sdap&ef tmrcHcsufay;avonf/

jynfe,ftwGif; wnf½Sdonfh EkdifiHNrdKUawmfrsm;wGifyifvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&?

jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,ftpkd;&rsm;tMum; tvGwfoabmqufqH
a&; ,EÅ&m;rsm; wnf½Sdonf/ Oyrm - bef;NrdKUawmfwGif zuf'&,f? uefwef
(jynfe,f) tpkd;&ESifh NrdKUawmftpkd;&rsm;tMum; udpö&yfrsm;ukd n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;
&ef ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; jyKvkyfonfh tpnf;ta0;w&yf½Sdonf/ okdYaomf ,if;
tpnf;ta0;wGif tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;u vkdufemap&rnfh rl0g'qkH;jzwf
csufrsm; csrSwfavh r½Sday/ zuf'&,f? uefwef (jynfe,ftqifh) ESifh NrdKU
tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m trIxrf;? t&mxrf;rsm;tMum; rdrdwkdY oufqkdif&mu@
&yfrsm;tvkduf vkHNcHKa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIydkif;qkdif&m pDrHaqmif½Gufjcif;wkdYukd
tqifhokH;qifhtMum; yl;aygif;n§dEIdif;aqmif½GufEkdif&ef tvkyfoabmtqifh
aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;a&; tpDtrHrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/

aygif;pyfn§dEIdif;aqmif½Gufa&;twGuf tvGwfoabmvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;
tjyif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf (atmhw0guJhokdY) NrdKUawmfqkdif&m aumfr½Sifrsm;
zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh (NrdKUawmfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í) zuf'&,ftpdk;&
tokH;p&dwfaiGrsm;ESifh zuf'&,fajr,mydkifqkdifrIwkdwGif 0ifa&mufvTrf;rkd;Ekdif
ayonf/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm
rsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGifyif azmfjytyfESif;xm;aomfvnf; A[kd
tpkd;&u a'oEÅ&vkyfydkifcGifh tmPmrsm;ukd usifhokH;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpf
onf/ xkdYjyif atmhw0gESifh bef;rSmuJhokdY r[kwfbJ ,if;A[kdtpkd;&onf
EkdifiHwGif;½Sd tjcm;NrdKU BuD;rsm;enf;wl auhyfawmif;ESifh ½S0kdif;wkdYokdY tpkd;&Mum;
vTJajymif;ay;tyfrI trsm;tjym;ukd axmufyHhay;tyfvsuf ½Sdonfukd awGU&
rnf jzpfygonf/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif jynfe,frsm;taeESifh a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&rsm;ukd ay;tyfvTJajymif;Ekdifonfh &efykHaiG r½Sdoavmufyif jzpfNyD;
(aiGaMu;taxmuftyHhudk A[kdu ay;tyfonf jzpf&m) ,if;wkdY e,ferdwf
twGif;½Sd NrdKUawmfrsm;\ rl0g'rsm;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrIqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif MoZm
vTrf;rkd;rI r½Sdoavmufyif jzpfacsonf/

A[kdESifh a'ovkdvm;csufrsm;tMum; ay:aygufwwfonfh y#dyu©ESifh pyf

vsOf;í Munfh½IrnfqkdvQif þykHpHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ,if;\ NrdKUawmf
tay: wkduf½kdufxdef;csKyfuGyfuJEkdifrIudk tjyif;txefuefYowfxm;onfukd
awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh wEkdifiHvkH;tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd
a½SU½IUí NrdKUawmfa&;&mrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh pDrHcefYcGJcGifhukd (þykHpHwGif)
zGJUpnf;ykHtm;jzifh cGifhrjyKacs/ ,if;okdY cGifhrjyKjcif;aMumifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&
taeESifh jynfe,f okdYr[kwf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ tcsKdUaom rl0g'e,fy,f
rsm; (Oyrm - o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;? vkHNcHKa&;? pDrHudef;ESifh ZkefowfrSwfjcif;
udpörsm;) wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif;rjyKEkdif jzpf&acsonf/ tcsKdUudpörsm;wGifrl
zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf pDrHudef;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif; rjyKvkyfEkdif
ovkd? ,if;\ taqmuftOD;rsm;\ wnfae&mESifh pyfvsOf;íyif 0ifa&muf
pDrHcefYcGJjcif; rjyKEkdifacs/ jrLeDpy,ftpkd;&xHrS cGifhjyKcsufukd awmif;cH&ef
vkdtyfayonf/ xkdYjyif NrdKUawmfukd rnfokdYrnfykH pDrHcefYcGJrnfqkdonfh udpö
&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; zuf'&,ftpkd;&wGif vkyfykdifcGifh tcef;u@
wpkHw&m r½Sdacs/ Oyrmtm;jzifh atmhw0gwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh
jynfe,frsm;taeESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ESifh atmufajctqifhrsm;ukd wqifh
xJtjzpf aygif;pnf;&ef 2001 wGif jynfe,frsm;u qkH;jzwfcsufudk yg0if
ywfoufcGifh r½SdcJhacs/ 2002 wGif *wif;El;ukd ,if;okdY aygif;pnf;&ef
qkH;jzwfcsufudkvnf; yg0ifywfoufEkdifjcif; r½Sdacs/ awmiftmz&duwGif
jrLeDpy,fe,fedrdwfrsm;ukd jrLeDpy,fe,fedrdwf ykdif;jcm;a&; bkwftzGJUu
qkH;jzwfonf/ 9

jynfe,f½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm;ukd NrdKUawmftjzpf xm;½Sdonfh ykHpHonf zuf'&,fc½kdif

ykHpHESifh pmvQif zuf'&,fMum;0ifrI avsmhenf;aomfvnf; olwkdYonf EkdifiHh
NrdKUawmftjzpf wnfaqmufEkdif&ef vkdtyfaom vkyfief;rsm;twGuf avmufiS
aom aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIESifh todtrSwfjyKrIukd r&½Sd[k ,if;NrdKUawmfrsm;u

9
þbkwftzGJUrSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;w&yfjzpfNyD; jrLeDpy,f
e,ferdwfrsm; ykdifjcm;owfrSwfjcif;tjyif c½kdifpDrHcefYcGJa&;e,fy,frsm; owfrSwfjcif;?
a'oa½G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf tuGufrsm; owfrSwfjcif;ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;\ pGrf;aqmif
&nfukd tuJjzwfwkdif;wmjcif;ukdyg aqmif½Gufonf/ bkwftzGJU0ifrsm;ukd or®wu cefYtyf
NyD; ig;ESpfoufwrf;jzpfonf/
tNrJwap apm'uwufMuayonf/ 4if;wkdY\ aiGaMu;axmufyhHrIonf
zuf'&,ftpkd;&xuf jynfe,ftpkd;&ay:wGif ydkrkdrlwnfonf/

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&rl0g'

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&rl0g'onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh

a'oEÅ&a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH tmPmykdifrsm;tMum; qufqHa&;tay:
ta&;ygaom tusKd;oufa&mufrI ½Sdonf/ xkdrl0g'rsm;onf a'oEÅ&tmPm
ydkifrsm;tay: bwf*sufxdef;csKyfrI yrmP? EkkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh 0ef;usif½Sd ajr
tokH;jyKrI pDrHudef;rsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ tcef;u@? NrdKUawmftwGif;½Sd
zuf'&,ftifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm; ponfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif txl;xif½Sm;pGm awG Y
Ekdifygonf/

bwf*suftm;jzifh zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS cGifhjyKaom

bwf*sufukd &½Sdonf/ (Oyrm - tbl*sm? a'vD? ruúqDukdpD;wD;)/ ,if;okdY
a'oEÅ&bwf*sufukd zuf'&,ftpkd;& cGifhjyKcsufjzifh &½Sdjcif;rSm pifppf ,if;
NrdKUawmfrsm;\ a'oEÅ& b@ma&;qkdif&m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pDrHykdifcGifhukd
avsmhusapygonf/ 0g½Sifwef'DpDwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf vGwfvyfaom
aiGaMu;qkdif&m t&m½SdwpfOD;ukd cefYtyfxm;onf/ qkdvkdonfrSm NrdKUawmf
bwf*sufudpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif tkyfcsKyfa&; u@ESifh oD;jcm; jzpf
ap&ef &nf½G,fjcif; jzpfygonf/

pDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufí 0g½Sifwef'DpD½Sd A[kdtpkd;&NrdKUawmf pDrHudef; aumfr½Sif

National Capital Planning Commision (NCPC) onf EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf
a'o National Capital Region (0g½Sifwef 'DpD? ar&Dvef;ESifh Am*sD;eD;,m;
teD;w0kduf qifajczkH;a'orsm;) wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdifajrESifh taqmuf
tOD;rsm;ukd t"du pDrHcefYcGJonfh at*sifpD jzpfonf/ NCPC onf ajr,m
pDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufvmvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd udk,fpm;jyK
onf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf trdajrvkHNcHKa&; vkdtyfcsuft& 0g½Sifwef
NrdKUawmf pDrHudef; {&d,mrsm;ukd wkd;csJUcJhonf/ 10 atmhw0gwGif A[kdtpkd;&
NrdKUawmfaumfr½Sif National Capital Commision u tGefw&D,kdESifh
uGDbufe,fpyf½Sd trsKd;om;NrdKUawmfe,fajrwGif;rS zuf'&,fykdif ajrrsm;ESifh
tjcm;taqmuftOD;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh jynfolYa&;&m tpDtrHcsxm;jcif;
ESifh ajr,mtokH;jyKrI pDrHudef;rsm; csxm;jcif;udk aqmif½Gufonf/ ajr,m
tokH;jyKpDrHudef;rsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&yg0ifrIonf a'oEÅ&ESifh jynfe,f
\ OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh wcgw&H y#dyu©jzpfaponf/

EkdifiHtcsKdU½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf Oya'jyKa&;tzGJ Yudk EkdifiHNrdKUawmfwGif xm;

½SdMuaomfvnf; tjcm;zuf'&,ftifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;ukd A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmh
csonfhtaeESifh EkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif wnf½Sdaponf/ Oyrm - Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;?
qGpfZmvef? uae'gwkdYwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf A[kdtqifh tifpwD
usL;½Sif;rsm;ukd A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcs&ef tom;ay;onfh rl0g' xm;½Sdonf/
Edkif*sD;&D;,m;wGif ,if;okdY A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;jcif;jzifh zuf'&,f
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10
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Further Reading

Bird, Richard M., and Enid Slack. 2004. International Handbook

on Land and Property Taxation.
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.
Campbell, Scott. 2003. “The Enduring Importance of National
Capital Cities in the Global Era.” Urban
and Regional Research Collaborative, University of Michigan
Working Paper Series, URRC 03-08.
Paquet, Gilles. 1993. “Commentary: Capital Cities as Symbolic
Resources.” In Taylor, J., J.G. Lengellé,
and C. Andrew. Eds. 1993. Capital Cities: International
Perspectives. Ottawa: Carleton University
Press.
Rowat, Donald,C. 1993. “Ways of Governing Federal Capitals.”
In Taylor, J., J.G. Lengellé, and C.
Andrew. Eds. 1993. Capital Cities: International Perspectives.
Ottawa: Carleton University Press.
Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Finance and
Governance of Capital Cities in Federal
Systems (Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 2009)
 FORUM OF FEDERATIONS BRIEF
Local government in Federal Systems
Rupak Chattopadhyay

zuf'&,fpepftwGif;rS a'oEÅ&tpkd;&

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okH;rsKd; yg½Sdonf/ okdYaomf zuf'&,fpepfwpfckpDwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ ae&m
ESifh vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;rSm uGJjym;jcm;em;rI trsm;tjym;½Sdonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf tajccHOya'jzifh todtrSwfjyKcH&NyD; tcsKdUwGifrl
jynfe,ftpkd;&\ vufatmufcHoabmom zGJ Ypnf;xm;onf/ rnfodkYyif
jzpfap? a,bk,stm;jzifh qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;cs&mwGif ykdrkdyg0ifapjcif;qkdonfh
wGef;tm;ay;rIESifh NrdKUrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m wkd;wufrIrsm;onf a'oEÅ&
tpkd;& (txl;ojzifh NrdKU BuD;jyBuD;rsm; (metropolitan regions) \ a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&) onf zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif t"duusaom ae&mrS
yg0ifvmvsuf ½Sdonf/ q,fpkESpfwckausmf avhvmawGU½SdcJh&onfrsm;ukd
rlwnfí Forum of Federations onf zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ü a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&\ ae&mESifh vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;ukd þpmwrf;wGif EIdif;,SOfavhvmwifjy
xm;ygonf/ &nf½G,fcsufrSm a'oEÅ&tpkd;&wkdY BuHKawGUae&aom taxGaxG
vkyfief; aqmif½GufrIudpörsm; (common competencies) ESifh a'gifvkduf
b@ma&; rnDrQrI (vertical fiscal imbalance) wkdYukd oufqkdif&m EkdifiH
toD;oD;\ tajccHOya'? w&m;Oya'? aiGaMu;? vlrIa&;aemufcHum;wGif
wifMunfh? aqG;aEG;Ekdif&ef &nf½G,fonf/ þpmwrf;onf EkdifiHtrsm;tjym;
\ tawGUtBuHKrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfjyxm;onfh aemufcHum;csyfwckvnf; jzpf
onf/

*This paper is translated by Htet Min Lwin on behalf of the Forum of Federations
(http://www.forumfed.org).
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tenf;i,fukdom wm0ef,lpDrHaqmif½Gufjcif; jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh pydef
ESifh awmiftmz&du ESpfEkdifiHvkH;onf vlOD;a& 44 oef; wlnDpGm ½Sdaomfvnf;
pydefEkdifiHwGif jrLeDpy,f (8108) zGJU½Sdí awmiftmz&duwGifrl 284 zGJUom
½Sdonf/ ao;i,fonfh jrLeDpy,faygif;rsm;pGm wnf½Sdonfjzpf&m tcsKdUrSm
rl aiGaMu;t& jynfhpkHrI r½SdMuay/ okdYjzpf&m aygif;pyfzGJUpnf;rIudpö
(amalgamation) rSm A[kdtpkd;&t*sif'gxJwGif yg0ifaeonfrSmvnf;
tHhMop&m r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHr[kwfaom tif'kdeD;½Sm;uJhokdYaom EkdifiH
rsm;wGifrl a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm; wkd;yGm;vmrIonf a'o\ zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufrIukd
t[efYtwm; jzpfaponf[k xifjrifvsuf ½Sdonf/ okdYaomf jrLeDpy,ftzGJU
ukd tajccHOya't& umuG,fay;xm;aom MopBwD;,m;EkdifiHwGifrl ao;
i,faom jrLeDpy,frsm;ukd EkdifiHa&;t& ykdrdkvdkvm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ jrLeDpy,f
rsm;pGm½Sdjcif;uvnf; jrLeDpy,fwckESifh wck\ rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIukd zkH;uG,f
xm;ovkd jzpfwwfonf/ Oyrm tcsKdUrufx½kdydkvDwef jrLeDpy,ftzGJUrsm;
rSm vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm ½SdNyD; tcsKdUaus;vufa'o a'oEÅ& jrLeDpy,frsm;
rSm vlOD;a&waxmifatmuf avsmhenf;onfyif ½Sdwwfayonf/

jrLeDpy,ft½G,ftpm;onfvnf; wcgw&H ta&;ygwwfayonf/ BuD;rm;

aom NrdKU jyjrLeDpy,frsm;onf aiGaMu;t& udk,fhtm; ukd,fudk;Ekdifonf/
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKrI r½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;
(Oyrm - uae'g) wGifyifvQif BuD;rm;aom NrdKU jyjrLeDpy,frsm;\ toHukd
tpkd;&u todtrSwfjyK&onf/ qGpfZmvef? MopaMw;vs; ponfhEkdifiHrsm;
wGif ao;i,faom jrKeDpy,frsm;rSm aiGa&;aMu;a&;t& tqifajypGm
&yfwnfEkdif&ef tcsif;csif; ylaygif;aqmif½GufaeMu&ayonf/ 1990 ckESpf
rsm;wGif uae'gEkdifiHwGif NrdKU jyESifh qifajczkH; jrLeDpy,frsm;twGuf aygif;
pnf;jcif; (amalgamation) onf vkyf½kd;vkyfxkH;w&yf jzpfvmonf/

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd zkd&rf\ avhvmcsuf ppfwrf;wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;

a,bk,saqmif½Guf&aom vkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm taxGaxGoabmaqmif
aom jrLeDpy,fvkyfief;rsm; aqmif½Gufjcif;ESifh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;tcsKdU
aqmif½Gufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ ,if;okdYaom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd trsm;pk
awGU&ovkd ausmif;pDrHcefYcGJonfh c½kdife,frsm; (school districts)? a&pDrHrI
qkdif&m udpörsm;ukd wm0ef,laqmif½Gufonfh water authorities ESifh
o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif&onfh transport
authorities ponfh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHuGJrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&onf/ ,if;okdY
aom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHuGJrsm;ukd txl;ojzifh tar&duef jynfaxmifpk
wGif trsm;tjym;awG Y&onf/

EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif wlnDrIrSm jrLeDpy,ftqifhqifh ½Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/ yxr

tqifh jrLeDpy,frsm; (primary municipalities) u c½kdife,f okdYr[kwf
aumifpDqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukd vkyfaqmifcGifh tmPm½SdNyD; ,if;wkdYu vkyfief;
udpörsm;ukd n§dEIdif;ay;jcif;ESifh bulk services rsm; aqmif½Gufay;onf/ okdY
aomf awmiftmz&du Oyrmt& vkyfaqmifcGifh tmPmrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif
½GufpDrHjcif;onf jyóem½SdEkdifonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif txl;o
jzifh awG Y&NyD; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tawG Yrsm;vmaom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&
ykHpHw&yfrSm gated communities [k ac:qkdonfh vlaetdrfrsm;? NcHrsm;ukd
pkpnf;wHwkdif;um&Hxm;NyD; ,if;tdrf&mtwGif;½Sd vrf;rrsm;? oefY½Sif;a&;?
vkHNcHKa&;? trIdufypfa&;ESifh yef;NcHrsm; pDrHa&;ponfh jrLeDpy,fvkyfief;rsm;ukd
ukd,fykdifvkyfukdifonfh ykHpHrsKd; jzpfonf/ þykHpHu a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\
wnfNidrfrIESifh xda&mufrIukd pdefac:vmNyD jzpfonf/ a'oEÅ& tpkd;&rsm;\
Oya'aMumif;t& wnf½SdrIrSmvnf; jynfe,frsm;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\
wnf½SdrIukd jy|mef;Oya'jyKEkdifonfh EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif jynfe,fwckcsif;pD
tay: rlwnfí uGJjym;jcm;em;Muonf/ oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;
wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;onf jynfe,fOya'rsm;wGif jy|mef;azmf
jyxm;jcif;jzpf&m a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ udk,fykdifvGwfvyfcGifhonfvnf; ,if;
Oya'rsm;tvkdt&yif wnf½Sd&ayonf/ odkYaomf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;twGuf
tajccHvkdtyfonfh ,if;wkdY\ Oya'aMumif;tqifhESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;
ukd zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;wGif wjznf;jznf; ykdrkdazmfjyvmMuNyD jzpfonf/
MopaMw;vsuJhokdY oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onfvnf; a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;todtrSwfjyK&ef rMumao;rDuyif
pOf;pm;vmMuNyD jzpfonf/

tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKjcif;

MopBwD;,m;ESifh (aemufydkif;wGif) ruúqDukdrSwyg; tapmykdif; zuf'&,fEkdifiH

rsm;jzpfaom (tar&duef? qGpfZmvef? uae'g? MopaMw;vs) wkdYwGif a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&tm; tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; r½Sdacs/ ½SdcJhvQifvnf;
jynfe,ftpdk;&ESifh vkyfykdifcGifh e,fy,fwcktaeESifhom jzpfonf/ 'kwd,
urÇmppftNyD;rSom zuf'&,ftkyfcsKyfykHwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf 'Drkdua&pD
pHEIef;wGif ta&;BuD;aom t&mwpfcktjzpf udpö&yfrsm;tm;vkH;tm; Oya'
jzifh uefYowfxm;aom wm0ef,lpDrHtkyfcsKyfEkdifcGifh ay;xm;onf/ 1978
pydeftajccHOya'wGif udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ Yrsm; zGJUpnf;Ekdif&ef t"duxm;
cJhNyD; a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;udkrl razmfjycJhay/

zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGufESifh 'Drkdua&pDenf;us jynfolvlxkyg0ifa&;

(broad-based democratic participation) udk us,fjyefYpGm vkyfaqmifvkd
jcif;wkdYu a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKEkdif&ef wGef;tm;
ay;vsuf ½Sdonf/ t&yfom;tpkd;&tjzpfokdY b&mZD;EkdifiHajymif;vJvmNyD;
ay:aygufonfh 1988 b&mZD;tajccHOya'wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;udk txl;um
uG,fay;xm;onf/ 1992 tdE´d,tajccHOya' 73 BudrfajrmufESifh 74
Budrfajrmuf jyifqifcsufOya'rsm;t& a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tm; zGJUpnf;ykHt&
tumtuG,fay;xm;jcif;rSm zGH YNzdK;a&;twGuf t"duylyefpkd;&drfrIaMumifh
jzpfonf/ 1996 awmiftmz&du tajccHOya'wGif 'Drkdua&pDESifh zGH YNzdK;
wkd;wufa&; &nf½G,fcsufrsm;twGuf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd ykdrkdumuG,fay;
xm;onf/ 1999 ekdif*sD;&D;,m;tajccHOya'wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tpkd;&
tqifhwqifhtaejzifh todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;rSmvnf; þoabmt&yif
jzpfonf/ ,if;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh rwlnDonfh jzpfpOfrSm qGpfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'u vufawGUvkyfaqmifaeaom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd 1999 ckESpfwGif
rS xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;yif jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftajccHOya't& a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&rsm;ukd todtrSwfjyKrxm;vQif ,if;ukd jyefvnfukpm;onfhtaeESifh
jynfe,ftajccHOya'rsm;wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tm; umuG,fay;xm;onf/
tar&duefEkdifiHwGif [krf;½l; (home rule) udk txl;umuG,fay;xm;jcif;rS
MopaMw;vswGif todtrSwfjyKjcif; oabmoufouftxd jzpfonf/
okdYaomf MopaMw;vsonf tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyK&ef aumfr½Sif
wckukd 2011 wGif zGJUpnf;cJhNyD; 2013 wGif jynfolYqE´cH,lyGJ jyKvkyf&ef
tpDtpOfESifh aqmif½GufcJhonf/

okdYaomf tdE´d,tajccHOya'uJhokdY tajccHOya't& taotcsm tod

trSwfjyKcH&onfhwkdif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tay: jynfe,ftpkd;&\ vTrf;rkd;rIukd
rz,f½Sm;Ekdifqkdonfhtcsufukd aumif;pGm rSwfom;&ef vkdtyfayonf/ ,if;
okdY jzpf&jcif;rSm jrLeDpy,ftqifhrsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nftay:wGif rlwnf
ovdk jynfe,frsm;u b@ma&;qkdif&mwGif csKyfukdifxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf;
jzpfayonf/ b&mZD;ESifh awmiftmz&duEkdifiHrsm;omvQif jynfe,fu
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd pDrHaqmif½GufrIESifh xdef;n§day;jcif;wkdYukd tqifajy
qDavsmfatmif aqmif½Gufay;xm;onf/
tqifhESifh wm0ef,lrIrsm;

EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif jrLeDpy,ft½G,ftpm; uGJjym;onfhwkdif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd

wlnDaom vkyfydkifcGifhESifh vkyfief;rsm;tm; cJGa0ay;xm;onf/ vufawGUtm;
jzifh tajccHjrLeDpy,fvkyfief;rsm;wGif a&ESifh rdv’m? vrf;? tem;,ltyef;ajz&m
ae&mrsm;? trsm;jynfol vkHNcHKa&;ESifh tcsKdUa'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;wGif ausmif;
udpörsm; yg0ifonf/ okdYaomf NrdKU BuD;jyBuD;rsm;\ a'oEÅ&vGwfvyfpGm
tkyfcsKyfykdifcGifhtwGufrl txl;tcGifhta&;rsm; ay;tyfxm;Muonf/ 4if;wdkY
\ udkf,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;tjyif zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,f
tpkd;&wkdYu xyfwkd;csrSwfaom vkyfief;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfay;&onf/

*smreDjrLeDpy,frsm;wGif xif½Sm;aom zufpyf (hybrid) vu©Pmw&yf

½Sdonf/ 4if;rSm ,if;wkdYonf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm; jzpf½kHomru
jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;\ tedrfhqkH;tpkd;&tqifhvnf; jzpfonf/ ppfwrf;
aumuf,lcJhaom EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif jrLeDpy,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwkdYonf 4if;
wkdYukd aiGaMu;tm;jzifh vkHavmufpGm csxm;ay;jcif;r½SdbJ 0efaqmifrIrsm; ydkrkd
csxm;aqmif½GufapvmonfhtwGuf apm'uwufrIrsm;½Sdaeonfukd awGU
½Sd&ayonf/ pydefEkdifiHwGif udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'orsm;onf aiGaMu;tm;
jzifh vkHavmufpGm csxm;ay;jcif;r½SdbJ a'oEÅ&tqifh tpkd;&rsm;ukd aiG
ukefaMu;usrsm;onfh 0efaqmifrIrsm; aqmif½Guf&ef wm0efay;tyfvmjcif;
u y#dyu©rsm;ukd jzpfyGm;vmaponf/ ,if;jyóemonf *smreDekdifiHwGif
zGJUpnf;ykHukd jyifqifonftxd jzpfapcJhNyD; jynfe,ftpkd;&taeESifh a'oEÅ&
tzGJUtm; wm0efrsm;ay;aomtcg ,if;wm0efrsm; aqmif½Guf&onfhtwGuf
okH;pGJ&onfh aiGaMu;ukd jyefvnfay;tyf&efrSom wm0efay;tyf&ef Oya'
jyifqifcJh&onf/ òefMum;csufrsm;onf aiGaMu;qkdif&m axmufyhHrIr½SdbJ
rNyD;ajrmufEkdifay/ NrdKUawmfe,fajrrsm;wGif jrLeDpy,frsm; rxdef;csKyfEkdifaom
aiGaMu;qkdif&m axmufyHhrI r½Sdonfh jyifyrS trdefYrsm;½Sdwwfonf/ taumif;
qkH;OyrmrSm jrLeDpy,frsm;onf ajymif;a½TUvmolrsm;ukd rxdef;csKyfEkdifbJ
ae&may;&efESifh pkpnf;&ef wm0ef½Sdonfqkdvmaomtcg ,if;jrLeDpy,frsm;
twGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;jzpfvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;ESifh
uae'guJhokdY a½TUajymif;cGifh½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif jzpfyGm;vsuf ½Sdonf/

jrLeDpy,fqkdif&m aiGaMu;udpörsm;

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ b@ma&;tajctaerSm tcsKdUwGif ukd,fhajcaxmufay:

udk,f&yfEkdifonfh taetxm;rS tcsKdUwGif jynfe,f okdYr[kwf zuf'&,f
tpkd;&xHrS csxm;ay;aiGrsm;tay: vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; rSDckd&onfh taetxm;
txd ½Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh MopaMw;vs? uae'g? awmiftmz&duwkdYwGif
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdY okH;pGJonfh 0ifaiG\ 80 &mckdifEIef;ausmf
udk udk,fykdif&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonf/ tdE´d,½Sd aus;vufa'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;rSmrl
jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,fay:wGif vkH;vkH;rSDckdae&onf/ ,if;okdY jynfaxmifpk
ESifh jynfe,frsm;u axmufyHhay;tyfaiG trsm;pkrSmvnf; tpkd;&tpDtrH
rsm;ESifh òef;Mum;csufrsm; yg0ifonfh axmufyHhaiGrsm; jzpfaeygonf/ tdE´d,
½Sd jynfe,ftcsKdUrSm jynfe,fb@ma&;aumfr½Sifukd xlaxmifNyD; a'oEÅ&
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUukd pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh axmufyHh&ef aqmif½GufMuonfhwkdif
,if;rS a&muf½Sdonfh axmufyHhaiGrsm;rSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ½Sdygonf/
b&mZD;wGif vTJajymif;ay;tyfjcif;onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS wkduf½kdufvmNyD;
NrdKU jywkd;wufrIukd tpjyK&ef jzpfonf/ MopaMw;vswGif NrdKU jyae&mrsm;onf
ta½SUajrmuf uGif;pfvef;rSty jyefYusJí rnDnmaom wkd;wufrIrsm; jzpfay:
onfhtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf a'ozGH YNzdK;a&;twGuf 0ifa&mufn§dEIdif;ay;
&onfh tcef;u@wGif t"dutaeESifh yg0ifonf/

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&twGuf 0ifaiGtrsm;pkrSm zuf'&,f tpkd;&

xHrS vTJajymif;jcif;jzpfNyD; udk,fykdif0ifaiGr½Sdjcif;onf okH;ckaygif;tkyfcsKyfa&;
ykHpH½Sd udk,fykdifvGwfvGwfvyfvyfpDrHykdifcGifh\ t"dyÜm,fav;eufrIukd avsmhus
aponf/ a'oEÅ&taeESifh udk,fykdifaiGvkHavmufrI½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifyif
vQif udkf,fykdif&if;jrpfrsm; cGJa0rIü rnDrQrIrsm; ½Sdaeonf/ aus;vuf jrLeDpy,f
rsm;onf vTJajymif;aiG&rIay:wGif rlwnfae&NyD; NrdKU jyjrLeDpy,frsm;rSmrl
udk,fykdif0ifaiGay:wGif &yfwnfEkdifonf/ t"du udkf,fykdif0ifaiGrsm;rSm
ydkifqkdifcGefrsm;? (*smreDuJhokdY) aMumfjimtcGefrsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI tokH;jyKc
tcGefrsm; jzpfonf/ t"dutjiif;yGm;aom tcsufrSm jrLeDpy,frsm;onf
0efaqmifrIrsm;ESifh? tajccHtaqmufttkHrsm; wkd;wufap&ef rvkyfaqmif
Ekdifonfh ydkifqkdifcGefrsm;ay:wGifom vkH;vkH;rSDckdaejcif; jzpfonf/ tar&duef
EkdifiHwGif ykdifqkdifcGefay: tm;xm;jcif;ukd avQmhcsNyD; vufvDa&mif;cscGefESifh
0ifaiGcGefay:wGif ykdrkdtm;xm;vmonf/ xkdEkdifiHwGif okH;pGJcGefonf vsifjrefpGm
BuD;xm;vmNyD; udk,fykdif0ifaiG\ ta&;BuD;qkH; ykHpHjzpfvmonf/

BuD;Muyfjcif;

txuftqifhqifhtpkd;&rsm;\ BuD;MuyfrIqkdif&m vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmtwkdif;

twmu a'oEÅ&tpkd;& rnfrQ udk,fykdifvGwfvGwfvyfvyf vkyfykdifcGifh½Sd r½Sd
udk azmfjyonf/ ppfwrf;aumuf,lcJhaom EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif jynfe,frsm;
onf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd apmifhMunfhjcif;ESifh Mum;0ifjcif;tmPmrsm; ½Sd
Muonf/ Mum;0ifjcif;qkd&mwGif enf;vrf;rsm;pGm ½Sdonfhteuf Oya' vkyf
xkH;vkyfenf;ESifh nD? rnD pdppf½kHoufoufrSonf 'Drkdua&pDenf;t& a½G;
cs,fxm;aom a'oEÅ&aumifpDrsm;ukd zsufodrf;Ekdifonfhtxd yg0ifonf/
awmiftmz&duEkdifiH b@ma&;qkdif&m xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhjcif; pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;ukd txl;wif;Muyfvkdufjcif;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ udk,fykdif
vGwfvyfpGm pDrHydkifcGifhukd ysufpD;apvsuf½Sdonf/ EIdif;,SOfMunfhvQif pydef
tpdk;&pepfonf A[kdESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&\ xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhjcif;ukd uefY
owfxm;NyD; tpkd;&t&yf&yftMum; tcsif;csif;xda&mufpGm qufoG,f
qufqHa&;ukd ydkrkdtav;xm;vsuf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd vkyfydkifcGifh tyfESif;
xm;onf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ Ycsif; qufoG,frI

oDtkd&DESifh vufawG Yt& a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUonf tay:wkduf½kduf

wqifhjzpfonfh jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUESifh t"duq,foG,frI½Sdonf[k
qkd&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh wkduf½kdufqufoG,f
rIrsm; wkd;wufvmonf/ þokdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh wkduf½kduf qufoG,fjcif;
wGif jynfe,fukd ckefausmfí a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;okdY b@maiGrsm; cGJa0ay;jcif;
rsm;ygovkd zuf'&,ftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrIwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm; yg0ifvmjcif;
rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ MopaMw;vs z,f&,fpepfü a'oEÅ& tpkd;&bufwGif
tajccHOya'tm;jzifh todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif; rcH&aomfvnf; tpDtpOfw
us zGJUpnf;xm;aom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf EkdifiH\ xdyfwef;tpkd;&rsm;tMum;
zkd&rf (top intergovernmental forum) jzpfonfh MopaMw;vstpkd;&rsm;
aumifpDwGif wif;jynfhtzGJ Y0if jzpfonf/ wenf;qkdaomf uae'gwGif
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf tpkd;&tzGJUwGif ae&mwae&m &½Sd&ef awmif;qkdrIrsm; ½Sd
onfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf jynfe,frsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmukd 0if
a&mufpGufzufvkdpdwf r½SdvSacs/ ,if;okdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&u wkHYqkdif;rIonf
EkdifiHa&;t& vkyf½kd;vkyfpOf"avhaMumifhomrubJ uae'gEkdifiH\ jynfe,f
rsm;\ (MopaMw;vs jynfe,frsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif) b@ma&;t& udk,fykdif
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pDrHykdifcGifh½Sdjcif;udkvnf; xif[yfaeayonf/ *smreD
EkdifiHwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf zuf'&,f Oya'jyKa&;ESifh ,if;zuf'&,f
Oya'rsm;\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk wkdif;wmonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif
w&m;0ifae&m wae&m &½Sd&ef BudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdonf/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiH
wGifrl w&m;0ifttwnfwusjzpfonfh tpkd;&t&yf&yftMum; qufqHa&;
ykHpHrsm;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twm tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif
aomhcsufusonfh vkyfazmfudkifzuftjzpf ae&m&½SdapNyD; ygvDrefvTwfawmf
wGif jynfe,frsm;qkdif&m aumifpD (qD;edwf txufvTwfawmfESifh qifwl
onf) wGif ,if;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf ajymqkdykdifcGifhudkyg &½Sdxm;ap
onf/
tpkd;&t&yf&yftMum; qufqHa&;rSm ab;wkdufqufqHa&;wGifvnf; BuD;
rm;us,fjyefYonf/ aygif;pyfjcif;qkdif&m zdtm;rsm;udk BuHhBuHhcHNyD; jrLeDpy,f
rsm;onf tcsif;csif; qE´tavQmufa&; oabmwlnDcsuf csrSwfNyD; yl;aygif;
aqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdonfukdvnf; awGU&ayrnf/ ,if;tjzpfonf tar&duef
ESifh qGpfZmvefEkdifiHrsm;½Sd a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;wGif txl;xif½Sm;ygonf/

EkdifiHa&;"avh

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;rSm oabmobm0tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? zGJUpnf;ykHt&

vnf;aumif;? NrdKU jyBuD;rsm;ukd pDrH&onfhtqifhrS awmaus;vufrsm;ukd
pDrH&onfh jrLeDpy,ftqifhtxd trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;Muonfjzpf&m a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh EkdifiHa&;"avhrSmvnf; EkdifiHwGif;wGifvnf;
rsm;pGm uGJjym;ovkd? wEkdifiHESifh wEkdifiHvnf; rwluGJjym;Muayonf/
jrLeDpy,fEkdifiHa&;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh ygwDrsm;tay: tajccHaom EkdifiHa&;
rsKd; r[kwfacs/ qkdvkdonfrSm uae'gEkdifiHOyrmukd MunfhvQif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&
tqifhrS txuftqifh tpkd;&rsm;okdY qufqHa&;wGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS
vrf;aMumif;rsm;ukd rokH;pGJEkdifMuay/ *smreDuJhokdY ygwDEkdifiHa&; ½SdvQif
vnf; jynfe,fESifh zuf'&,ftqifhwkdYxuf ykdí enf;ygygonf/ tjcm;
aom tpGef;wzufü MopBwD;,m;ESifh awmiftmz&duwkdYwGif jrLeDpy,f
rsm;onfvnf; ygwDvrf;aMumif;rsm;twkdif; zGJUpnf;xm;Muonfukd awG Y&ay
rnf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh z,fusOfcH&onfh vltkyfpkrsm;ukd udk,fpm;jyK&ef
aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;? NrdKUawmf0efrsm;\ okH;ykHwpfykHonf trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpf
&rnfqkdaom tdE´d,\ a0ykHtokH;jyKjcif;rSmvnf; xl;jcm;ygonf/ aumuf
,lcJhaom EkdifiHrsm; ppfwrf;t& a'oa½G;aumufyGJrsm;onf tdE´d,wGif
jynfe,fa½G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh zuf'&,fa½G;aumufyGJrsm;xuf rJay;ol ykdrkd
rsm;onfh tajctae½Sdovkd tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fESifh zuf'&,f
a½G;aumufyGJrsm;atmuf rJay;ol OD;a&avsmhenf;onfukdvnf; awG Y&
ayrnf/ þfonfrSm ykdrkdtawG Yrsm;aom tajctaejzpfNyD; ppfwrf; aumuf
,lcJhonfh EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif 'kwd,tajctaeukd awG Y&ygonf/
rufx½kdydkvDwef e,fajrrsm;

rufx½kdykdvDwef NrdKU jya'orsm; BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvmrIonf 21 &mpk\

wkd;wufvmaom jzpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ cefYrSef;wGufcsufrIrsm;t& 2025
ckESpfwGif urÇmhvlOD;a& oef; 8000 teufrS trsm;pkonf NrdKUrsm;wGif
aexkdifvmrnfjzpfNyD; ,if;teufrS 85 &mckdifEIef;onf zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif
aexkdifvmMurnf/ 4if;onf ,cifpufrIawmfvSefa&;twGif;üom awGU½SdcJh&
aom ajymif;a½TUvmrIyrmPrsKd;jzpfay:vmapvdrfhrnf/ ,cifajymif;a½TUrIrSm
yrmPtenf;i,ftay:om tajccHcJhonf/ NrdKU jya'orsm;onf vmrnfh
q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vlrsm; ykdrkdaexkdifvmvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;aMumifh
omru ay:vpDtjrift&yg ta&;BuD;onf/ NrdKU jyrsm;onf EkdifiH\ pD;yGm;
a&;tif*sifrsm;jzpf½kHomr urÇmYpD;yGm;a&;tif*sifrsm;vnf; jzpfaomaMumifh
txl;ta&;BuD;ayonf/ Oyrm - uae'gEkdifiH\ vlOD;a& 7 &mckdifEIef;
aexkdifaom wkd&efwkdNrdKUonf EkdifiHvkH;pD;yGm;a&;\ &mckdifEIef;? tdE´d,EkdifiH\
vlOD;a& 1.1 &mckdifEIef;aexkdifaom rGefbkdif;NrdKUonf EkdifiHhpD;yGm;a&;\
5 &mckdifEIef;xkwfvkyfay;vsuf ½Sdonf/ *vkdb,furÇmBuD;wGif todynm
tajccHpD;yGm;a&; (knowledge-based economy) jzpfay:vmaom
tajctaewGif qef;opfwD;xGifjcif; (innovation) onf csrf;omjcif;\
t"dutcsuf jzpfonf/ ,if;qef;opfwDxGifjcif;trsm;pkonf NrdK U BuD;
jyBuD;rsm;? rufx½kdykdvDwefae&mrsm;wGif awG Y&NyD; pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;rIonf NrdKU
BuD;rsm;\ tawG;tac:opfrsm; xGufay:vmjcif;rS jzpfay:vm&ayonf/

txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;onf EkdifiHwGif;

pD;yGm;a&;t& ajymif;a½TUaexkdifolrsm; (jynfwGif; ajymif;a½TUaexkdifrIESifh
e,fpyfjzwfausmfajymif;a½TUaexkdifrIrsm;) udk oHvdkufozG,f qGJaqmifvsuf
½Sdonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&;pepfrsm;ukd aemufcHum;tjzpf xm;Munfhygu
rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;onf tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf ydkrkdBuD;rm;aom?
tr,fpkHvifaom pD;yGm;a&;jzpfxGef;&m ae&mrsm; jzpfonfudk awGU&ayrnf/
NrdKU jya'owkdYrS jzpfay:vmEkdifaom tEkwfvu©Pmaqmifonfh jzpf&yf
rsm;aMumifhvnf; 4if;wkdYonf ay:vpDtjrift& ta&;ygonf/ zGH YNzdK;qJ
EkdifiHrsm;ESifh zGH YNzdK;NyD; EkdifiHrsm;½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm;onf urÇmBuD; ylaEG;vmjcif;?
ywf0ef;usif npfnrf;apjcif;paom ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;rIrsm;ukd t"du jzpf
yGm;aponf/ NrdKU jya'orsm;onf NrdKU jyqif;&JrGJawjcif;? wkd;yGm;vmrI? vlrIa&;
qkdif&m cGJjcm;qufqHrIrsm;ESifh vlrIa&;qkdif&m rnDrQrIrsm;ukd azmfjyaeonf/
zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;rS qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm;? zGH YNzdK;NyD; EkdifiHrsm;rS qifajcrJhvl
rsm;? aexkdif&m &yfuGufrsm;onf rnDrQrI\ jy,k*fjzpfonf/ NrdKU jya'o
rsm;teuf NrdKUawmfonf eD;pyf&m ae&mrsm;rS vlrsm;? vma&muftvkyfvkyf
aom a'oqkdif&m A[kdcsufjzpfNyD;? ,if;ajymif;a½TUaexkdifaeolrsm;onf ol
wkdY\ udk,fykdifae&mrsm;wGif r&½Sdaom 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifaom
ae&mjzpfaomfvnf; NrdKU BuD;wGif aexkdifjcif;\ ½kdufcwfrI jzpfaom a&npf
nrf;jcif;? oGm;vmrI cufcJjcif;? &mZ0wfrI xlajymjcif;? aq;½kH? ausmif;wkdY\
jynfhMuyfjcif;? ponfwkdYukd cHvsufaeMu&onf/

tem*wfwGif rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;\ aecsifpzG,f½SdrI (libability)

ESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; (productivity) wkdYukd xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif&ef qkdonfh
pdefac:rIESpf&yfukd ajz½Sif;Ekdif&ef oifhawmfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;wnfaqmufykH
rsm;ESifh b@ma&;pepfwkdY vkdtyfrnf jzpfayonf/ yxrpdefac:rIrSm aumif;
rGefaom b0t&nftaoG; (good quality of life) ukd xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif
jcif;ESifh ywfoufonf/ ,if;udpörSm vlom;&if;jrpfESifh ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m tajccH
taqmuftOD;twGuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;ESifh txl;ywfoufqufEG,fay
onf/ 'kwd,pdefac:rIrSm NrdKUawmfrsm;onf tqifrajyrI? y#dyu©rsm;\ A[kd
csufrjzpfbJ qef;opfwDxGifrI\ A[kdcsufrsm;tjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif&ef
vkdtyfonfh vlrIpD;yGm;tajctaeukd zefwD;xdef;odrf;ay;xm;Ekdifonfh
tm;vkH;yg0ifrI½Sdaom NrdKU jyrsm; ]inclusive cities} jzpfvmatmif xdef;odrf;
&rnfh pdefac:rIyif jzpfayonf/ okH;oyfrIt& xif½Sm;aom tkyfcsKyfrI ykHpH
ig;rsKd;udk awGU&onf/
yxrtaejzifh MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif NrdKU BuD;rsm;udk rsm;jym;ao;i,faom
jrLeDpy,frsm;tjzpf cGJjcm;xm;NyD; rufx½kdykdvDwef NrdKU jya'orsm;ukd jynfe,f
tpdk;&u t"du pDrHcefYcGJonf/ 'kwd,ykHpHrSm rufx½kdydkvDwefa'o½Sd
a'oEÅ& tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd ,if;wkdY\ wnf½SdrI rysufapbJ yl;
aygif;apNyD; vTrf;NcHKn§dEIdif;aygif;pyfay;onfh tqifhwqifh xm;½Sdjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ Oyrm - (1994) tdE´d,tajccHOya'jyifqifcsufonf xkduJh
okdYaom tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHukd azmfjyxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ wwd,ykHpHwGif
rsm;jym;aom jrLeDpy,frsm;onf txl;udpörsm;wGif yl;aygif;tvkyfvkyfjcif;
rsKd; jzpfonf/ wwd,ykHpHwGif rsm;jym;aom jrLeDpy,frsm;onf txl;udpö
rsm;wGif yl;aygif;tvkyfvkyfjcif; jzpfonf/ þykHpHrSm 'kwd,ykHpHudk informal
ykHpHrsKd;jzifh okH;pGJjcif; jzpfonf/ þykHpHudk b&mZD;wGif usifhokH;aeaomfvnf;
rsm;pGmatmifjrifrIr&½Sday/ qGpfZmvefekdifiH\ yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufonfh ykHpH
onf ykdrkdatmifjrifonf/ 4if;rSm tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKxm;aom
NrdKU jyjrLeDpy,frsm;ESifh ywf0ef;usifjrLeDpy,frsm;udk zGJ Ypnf;ykHt& todtrSwf
jyKonfh pkpnf;jcif; ]agglomerations} ykHpHrsKd; jzpfygonf/ pwkw¬ykHpHrSm
vkyfaqmif&ef udpöwckwnf;udk OD;wnfaom a'otpkd;&ykHpHrsm; (single-
purpose local government structures) jzpfonf/ tar&dueftESHY
tjym;wGif txl;c½kdife,frsm;onf NrdKU jyb0jzpfaom jynfolYydkYaqmifa&;?
ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rI umuG,fa&;? a&ESifh rdv’mpepfrsm;? rD;ab;umuG,f
a&; ponfh udpörsm;ukd udkifwG,fEkdifonfh ad hoc tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;
jzpfonf/ vlBudKuftenf;qkH;ykHpHrSm rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;ukd pkaygif;
apí vkyfaqmif&efrsm;pGm aqmif½Gufaponfh EkdifiHa&;ykHpH wpkwpnf;wnf;
tjzpf wnf½Sdapjcif;rsKd;? jzpfonf/ rufx½kdykdvDwefa'oBuD;wckvkH;ukd
jrLeDpy,fw&yfxJtjzpf yl;aygif;jcif;rsKd;rSm vufawG Yaqmif½GufEkdifaom
udpör[kwfonfhtavQmuf ,if;okdY qmif½GufEkdifjcif;rsKd; r½Sdygao;acs/

rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm; BuD;xGm;vmonftavsmuf xkda'orsm;ukd

xda&mufpGm tkyfcsKyfEkdifrIonf a'otpkd;&\ t"duwm0efrsm;xJrS wckyif
jzpfonf/ *smreDwGif vuf½Sdjiif;ckHaeMuonfrSm rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;
ukd rnfokdY pDrHcefYcGJoifhonfqkdonfh taMumif;t&myifjzpfonf/ qufpyfae
onfh NrdKUrsm; yl;aygif;NyD; tkyfcsKyfpDrHoifhonfavm? wkdfuf½kdufwifajr§muf
onfh aumifpDrSwqifh oD;jcm;tqifhw&yftaeESifh pDrHtkyfcsKyfoifhonf
avmqkdonfh taMumif;t&myif jzpfonf/ ,if;enf;wl ruúqDukdwGifvnf;
rufx½kdydkvDwef yl;aygif;n§dEIdif;a&;tzGJUopfrsm; azmfxkwfwnfaxmif&efESifh
½Sd&if;pGJ tzGJUrsm;ukd tm;jznfhulnD&ef udpöwGif txl;pdwf0ifpm;vmMuonf/
rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;\ topfxGufay:vmaom tcef;u@? wm0ef
rsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHESifh Oya'aMumif;rsm;t& ,if;a'orsm; aqmif½Gufoifhonfh
ykHpHrsKd;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGm uGJvGJrI ½Sdvmayonf/

ed*kH;

a'oEÅ&tpk;d &ukd tpk;d &tkycf sKyaf &;wGif vufwGJazmfw&yftjzpf todtrSwf

jyKvmjcif;onf zuf'&,ft,ltqrlabmifwGif us,fjyefYpGm a½TUvsm;vmrI
ukd xif[yfonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd tkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhESpfrsKd;Mum;
ykdif;jcm;tkyfcsKyfonfh bufESpfbufom½Sdaom zuf'&,ftjrifrS tkyfcsKyfa&;
tqifh okH;rsKd;Mum; ykdif;jcm;tkyfcsKyfvmonfh ykHpHukd odompGm a½GUvsm;vmjcif;
jzpfonf/ okdYaomf tkyfcsKyfrItqifh okH;&yftMum; qufEG,frIonf oabm
obm0tm;jzifhyif ydkrkd½IyfaxG;aom zuf'&,ftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrIpepfukd quf
cHjzpfay:apNyD; zuf'&,foDtkd&DESifh vufawGUzuf'&,f usifhokH;rIrsm;wGif
awmif;qkdcsufrsm; ay:aygufvmapvsuf ½Sdayonf/
Further Reading

Kincaid, John and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Local Government

in Federal Systems,
Vol. 4 of Unity in Diversity: Learning from Each Other (New
Delhi: Viva Books and Forum
of Federations, 2008).
Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Governance and
Finance of Metropolitan
Areas in Federal Systems (Toronto: Oxford University Press,
2013)
Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Finance and
Governance of Capital Cities in
Federal Systems (Montreal: McGill Queens University Press,
2009)
Steytler, Nico. Ed. A Global Dialogue on Federalism, Volume 6:
Local Government and
Metropolitan Regions in Federal Systems (Montreal: McGill-
Queen’s University Press,
2008).
Steytler, Nico. An international perspective on the constitutional
recognition of local
government - Comments on the Public Discussion Paper of the
Expert Panel on
Constitutional Recognition of Local Government (Ottawa: Forum
of Federations, 2011)
 obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;

ed'gef;

obm0 o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; (natural resources) rSm EkdifiHrsm;\

EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;twGuf rsm;pGm ta&;ygonf/ xkdobm0
o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;teuf a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Y (petroleum and
natural gas) rSm wurÇmvkH;twkdif;twmtm;jzifh ta&;ygvsuf ½SdNyD;
EkdifiHrsm;pGmESifhvnf; ywfoufqufEG,fvsuf ½Sdayonf/ a&eHrSm EkdifiHrsm;\
EkdifiHa&;A[kdcsufwGif wnf½Sdaeovkd EkdifiH\ EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;rl0g'ESifh
vnf; qufpyfvsuf ½Sdonf/ ,if;a&eH<u,f0csrf;omrIudk atmifjrifpGm
pDrHcefYcGJEkdifa&;rSm pdefac:rIw&yfyifjzpfNyD; aumif;pGm pDrHcefYcGJjcif; rjyKEkdifvQif
qkvmbfonfyif wcgw&HusdefpmjzpfoGm;wwfonfukd awG Y&ayvdrfhrnf/
a&eH csrf;om<u,f0rIukd aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJekdif&efrSm EkdifiH½Sd EkdifiHa&;
tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm; (institutions) \ oabmobm0tay:vnf; rsm;pGm
rlwnfaeonfukd awG Y&ayrnf/ zuf'&,fpepfonfvnf; ,if;obm0
&if;jrpfrsm;ukd aumif;pGm pDrHcefYcGJekdifa&;wGif ta&;BuD;tpdwftykdif;u yg0if
vsuf ½Sdayonf/

urÇmay:½Sd zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;rSm a&eHESifh o,HZmw<u,f0aom EkdifiHrsm;

vnf; jzpfayonf/ urÇma&eHxuf0ufyrmPESifh obm0"mwfaiGU xuf
0ufausmfyrmPrSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u ydkifqkdifjcif;? xkwfvkyfjcif; jzpf
onf/ ,ckpmwrf;u a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;udkom txl;jyKavhvmxm;aomfvnf;
a&eHukd avhvmjcif;üyifvQif aqG;aEG;onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm tjcm;
jyefvnfjynfhwif;NrJ r[kwfonfh wGif;xGuf o,HZmwrsm; (non-
renewable natural resources) ESifh ywfoufESD;EG,fonfh taMumif;t&m?

*This paper is translated by Htet Min Lwin on behalf of the Forum of Federations
(http://www.forumfed.org).
udpö&yfrsm;vnf; wygwnf; yg0ifNyD; jzpfonf/

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS &aom tcGeftwkyfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrIudpöwGif EkdifiH½Sd

zuf'&,f tifpwDusL;½Sif;qkdif&m tpDtrHrsm; (federal institutional
arangements) u txl;ta&;ygaom ae&mu yg0ifvsuf ½Sdonf/
zuf'&,fEkdifiHpepfwGif A[kd okdYr[kwf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;omru a'o
qkdif&m tpkd;&rsm;ukdyg tkyfcsKyfpDrHcGifhtmPmrsm; tyfESif;ay;xm;onfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfayonf/ a&eHwGif;xGuf &if;jrpfrsm;rSm obm0tavQmufyif
zuf'&,fEkdifiH½Sd a'orsm;wGif ysHUESHYwnf½Sdaeonfjzpf&m ,if;okdY rnDrQpGm
ysHUESHYwnf½Sdaeonfh obm0wGif;xGufrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;udk rnfokdY
cGJa0okH;pGJrnfqkdonfh udpörSm csrf;omonfh jynfe,frsm;twGuf omru
wGif;xGuf&if;jrpfrsm; r<u,f0aom jynfe,frsm;ESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;wGif
aexkdifonfh EkdifiHom;rsm;twGufyg ta&;BuD;onfh udpö&yfjzpfayonf/
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif zGJUpnf;ykHtm;jzifh tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum; tmPmcGJa0rI
jy|mef;ay;xm;onfqkdonfhwkdif A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsrI twkdif;twmESifh
pyfvsOf;vmvQifrl uGJjym;jcm;em;rI ½SdEkdifonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ pifppf
tm;jzifh zuf'&,fr[kwfaom EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;ESifh
,SOfvQif tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m udpörsm;wGif rsm;pGm A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;
onfom jzpfayonf/

zuf'&,fpepfESifh a&eHobm0&if;jrpfrsm;rSm xdvG,f½SvG,fonfh ta&m

tpyfvnf; jzpfjyefygonf/ zuf'a&;½Sif;rsm;rSm tm;vkH;odMuNyD; jzpfonfh
twkdif; tpkd;&tqifh toD;oD;tMum; tmPmESifh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; ykdifjcm;xm;
jcif;tay: tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfNyD;? ,if;tay: tajccHaom obm0
o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;? odkYr[kwf obm0 o,HZmw
&if;jrpfrsm;tay: tcGefpnf;MuyfcGifhukdvnf; tpkd;&tqifhqifhMum; cGJjcm;
xm;rIvnf; yg0ifayonf/ a&eH<u,f0onfh zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;rSm ,if;cGJa0
rItay: tajccHí tenf;ESifh trsm;qkdovkd wif;rmrsm; ½SdMupNrJ jzpfyg
onf/ wif;rmrIqkd&m0,f tpkd;&tqifhqifh (txufatmuf? A[kdESifh
jynfe,f) tMum; wif;rmrIrsKd; (vetical tensions) vnf; ½Sdovkd? obm0
o,HZmw<u,f0aom jynfe,fESifh r<u,f0aom jynfe,frsm;tMum; ab;
wkdufwif;rmrIrsKd; (horizontal tensions) vnf; ½SdEkdifayonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'rsm;u ,if;tmPmrsm;ESifh vkyfykdifcGifhwm0efrsm;ukd azmfjyay;
onfh rlabmifrsm; csrSwfay;xm;onfqkdonfhwkdifatmif ,if;wif;rmrI
rsm;ukd vufawGUwGif EkdifiHa&;u tqkH;tjzwfay;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfay
onf/

þpmwrf;wGifrl ,if;a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;

vmvQif zuf'&,fpepfwGif rnfolu 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonf/
rnfolu ,if;wkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJonfESifh ,if;tcGefb@mrsm;ukd rnfokdY
aumufcHNyD; rnfokdYrnfykH cGJa0onfqkdonfh t"duta&;BuD;onfh udpö&yf
3 &yfESifh pyfvsOf;í avhvmoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdY ppfykdif; avhvm
&mwGif obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; xkwf,ltokH;jyK&mwGif xda&mufpGm
pDrHcefYcGJEkdifatmif zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u rnfokdYrnfykH tcGifhtmPmrsm; ay;tyf
jy|mef;xm;onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;ESifh b@ma&;ydkif;qkdif&mwGif tqifajy
atmif rnfokdYrnfykH pDrHxm;onf qkdonfh udpö&yfrsm;ukd txl;tav;xm;
azmfxw k o f Gm;rnf jzpfayonf/ þpmwrf;\ aemufq;Hk u@wGirf l zuf'&,f
EkdifiH 12 EkdifiHwGif a&eHESifh wGif;xGufb@mukd zGJUpnf;ykHtm;jzifh rnfokdYazmfjy
xm;onf? vufawGUpDrHcefYcGJonfh tykdif;ESifh b@ma&;qkdif&m cGJa0rItykdif;
(ukefwGif;? urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;) ukd tao;pdwfazmfjyNyD; om"uxkwf
aqmifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/

zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m jy|mef;csuf rlabmif -

rnfolu &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifovJ/

zuf'&,fpepfwkdif;wGif wkduf½kdufa½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom tpkd;&tae

ESifh tpkd;&ESpf&yf okdYr[kwf ESpf&yfxufykdaom tpkd;&rsm; ½Sdavh½SdNyD; ,if;
tpkd;&t&yf&yf\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;udkvnf; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHt& cGJa0
jy|mef;ay;avh½Sdygonf/ zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u a&eHESifh obm0 "mwfaiGU
&if;jrpfrsm;ukd rnfolrnf0gu ydkifqkdifonfukdvnf; azmfjyavh½SdNyD; a&eH
u@wGif pDrHcefYcGJrItykdif;ESifh b@ma&;tykdif;rsm;ukdvnf; cGJa0csxm;ay;
avh ½Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdonfrSm aemufcHEkdifiHa&;?
pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; tajccHrsm; (contexts) tay: rlwnfí touf0ifjcif;?
tmPmwnfjcif;jzpfNyD; zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;rsm;ukdvnf; ,if;tajccHrsm;
tay: wifí teuft"dyÜg,f aumuf,lzGifhqkdjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;? jyifqif
jcif;rsm;ukd vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; wnf½Sdonfh t,ltqrsm;? wGef;tm;rsm;
ESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif aqmif½GufMu&pNrJyif jzpfayonf/ tcsKdU
zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;rSm a&eHu@ray:xGef;rDuyif a&;qGJxm;jcif;jzpfNyD;? ajratmuf
wGif;xGuf o,HZmwrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,frsm; bufukd tav;
ykdMuonf/ tcsKdUzGJUpnf;ykHOya'rsm;rSmrl þudpöESifh ywfoufvmvQif jywf
om;½Sif;pGm azmfjyxm;MuNyD; A[kdu xdef;csKyfrIukd OD;pm;ay;avh ½SdMuay
onf/ zGJUpnf;ykHu rnfokdYyif qkdapumrl? t"duusonfh udpörSm vkyfykdifcGifh
tmPmcGJa0jy|mef;rIonf ekdifiHtwGif;½Sd EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm; tm;vkH;u
oabmwlnDonfh ykHpHrsKd; jzpfrjzpf? ,if;cGJa0jy|mef;rItay: ekdifiHa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; wif;rmrI ½Sdr½Sd qkdonfh udpöyif jzpfayonf/ tu,fí
EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; &if;jrpfrsm; cGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í wif;rmrIrsm;
½Sdygu vufawGUEkdifiHa&;u zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd taumiftxnfazmf
jcif;ukd cufcJapEkdifavonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u þ
u@ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ukd cufcJapEkdifavonf/ qkdvkd
onfrSm zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u þu@ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&ukd ydkrkdcGifhjyKxm;onfjzpfap? a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ukd a&eH
u@ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;? b@ma&;qkdif&m tcGefrsm;ukd txl;
yrmPESifh &½Sdrnf[k zGJUpnf;ykHu cGifhjyKxm;onfjzpfap? rnfodkYyif qkdapum
rl vufawGUEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;\ oabmwlnDrI? ,if;vufawGUEkdifiHa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; þtcsif;t&mESifh pyfvsOf;í wif;rmrI wnf½Sdjcif;
rwnf½Sdjcif; ponfwkdYuvJ ta&;ygonf[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/ oabm
rSm zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;u ta&;ygonfqkdonfh tcsufrSm rSefaomf
vnf; ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHjy|mef;csufrsm;rSm Zmwfvrf;BuD;wckvkH;xJu ZmwfuGuf
wpdwfwykdif;om jzpfonfqkdonfh tcsufukd xif½Sm;apvkdjcif; jzpfygonf/

zGJUpnf;ykHu rnfokdYyif jy|mef;xm;apumrl a&eHxGufaom e,fwGif aexkdif

Muolrsm;tzkdYrSm þa&eHonf rdrdwkdY a'ou xGufjcif; jzpfonfhtavQmuf
rdrdwkdY ykdifqkdifonfqkdaom pdwfcHpm;rIrsKd; tenf;ESifh trsm; ½SdMurnfjzpfNyD;?
wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif wEkdifiHvkH;twkdif;twmESifh ywfoufonfh trsKd;om;
tqifh ekdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;rsm;? tjcm;e,frsm;wGif aexkdifMu
olrsm;url þ&if;jrpfrsm;rSm wrsKd;om;vkH;ESifh pyfqkdifonfh &wemokdufrsm;
jzpfaomaMumifh tm;vkH;cGJa0okH;pGJoifhonfom jzpfonf[k (tay:u azmf
òef;cJhonfh jynfe,fom;rsm; cHpm;Muovdkr[kwfbJ) cHpm;,lqMurnf
jzpfayonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;wGifrl (þudpöESifh pyfvsOf;í) tm;vkH;
oabmwlvufcHxm;onfh bkHvufcHcsufw&yf (consensus) ½SdwwfMu
NyD; tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl tjyif;txef tjiif;tckHjyKaeMuayonf/
b@ma&;qkdif&m zuf'&,f0g' (fiscal federalism) wGif a&eHwGif;xGuf
ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh vkyfykdifcGifh tmPmukd A[kdu aqmif½Gufoifh
onf[k ,lqMuovkd a&eHu@u EkdifiHa&;pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;ygNyD;
tpkd;&tcGeft&yf&yfwGif ta&;BuD;onfh u@u yg0ifaevQif þpOf;pm;
csufrSm ykdrkdtm;aumif;rnf jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf ekdifiHwEkdifiH
csif;pD\ taetxm;tay: rlwnfí tajctaetrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;oGm;onf
[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/

18 &mpkESifh 19 &mpkrsm;wGif ay:aygufvmcJhMuonfh oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,f

zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;rSm a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU tBuD;tus,f
acwfrpm;ao;cifu a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;Mujcif; jzpfay&m ,if;zGJUpnf;ykH
rsm;wGif ajratmuf&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif rnfokdYrQ azmfjyxm;jcif;
r½SdMuay/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf; jynfe,frsm;twGufom qkdonfhbufu
tav;omMuayonf/ þoufwrf;&ifhzGJUpnf;ykHurl qkdcJhyg t&if;jrpfrsm;
ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,frsm;u vkyfydkifcGifh ½Sdonf[k jy|mef;xm;Mu
onfukd awG Yjrifrnf jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;EkdifiHrsm;? zuf'&,fekdifiH
tjzpf ay:aygufjcif;jzifh ay:aygufvmjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ qkdvkd
onfrSm rdrdwkdY ydkifqkdifonfh &if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;? ukdvkdeDrsm;u
toD;oD; jynfaxmifpktwGif;okdY o,faqmifvmMujcif;jzpfay&m ,if;
zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif
jynfe,fbufokdY ydkrkdtav;omonf[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/ ESpfq,f
&mpkwGif udkvkdeDvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufvmaom EkdifiHrsm;ESifh trsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;tay: tajccH&onfh EkdifiHrsm;½Sd zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'opfrsm;rSmrl tm;aumif;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&qkdonfh buf
ukd ,drf;,dkifNyD; þwGif;xGufu@ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; A[kdokdYom tyfESif;
Muonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfayonf/

tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m rlabmif -
rnfolu þ&if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJrnfenf;/

ydkifqkdifrIESifh pyfvsOf;í zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'udk ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;azmfjy jy

|mef;xm;onf qkdonfhtwkdif; jzpf&yftawmfrsm;rsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½IvQif
&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJonfh udpörSm yl;aygif;wm0ef,laqmif½Guf&onfh udpö
(shared responsibility) jzpfwwfonf/ okdYr[kwfyguvnf; ydkifqkdifrI
½Sdonfqkdaomfvnf; trSefwu,frykdifqkdifonfh taetxm;rsKd;vnf;
jzpfekdifayonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'u tpkd;&w&yf&yfukd &if;jrpfrsm;udk
ykdifqkdifap&ef tyfESif;xm;aomfvnf; ,if;wkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ,if;wkdYu
&½Sdonfh tcGefb@mtusKd;tjrwfrsm;udkvnf; pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifh ½Sdaprnf/
okdYr[kwfyguvnf; txl;ywfouf,SufEG,frI½Sdonf[k ,wdjywfqkdEkdifay
rnf[k tvG,fwulpOf;pm;aumif; pOf;pm;EkdifMuaomfvnf; vufawGUrSm
þokdY r[kwfvSacs/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;
ydkifqkdifrIESifh pyfvsOf;í rnfonftpkd;&u ykdifonfqkdonfrsm; tm;vkH;
wlnDrI r½Sdovkd? Oya'aMumif;? b@ma&;qkdif&mESifh EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m ta&;yg
rIrsm;rSmvJ wEkdifiHESifh wEkdifiH rwlnDbJ rsm;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;Muonfukd awG Y
&rnf jzpfayonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiHwGif zGJUpnf;ykHyg jy|mef;csuft& obm0 o,HZmw

&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tpkd;&w&yfu t"du wm0ef½Sdonf[k jy|mef;
ay;xm;onfhwkdif tjcm;tpkd;&t&yf&yfwkdYukdvnf; ½Sdekdifayonf (Oyrmtm;
jzifh obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh rsm;pGm pyfqkdifaom ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m
xdef;odrf;rIudpö&yfrsm;? ajrtokH;jyKrIqkdif&m? tcGefaumufcHrIqkdif&m vkyfykdif
cGifhrsm;)/ ,if;tjyif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;rSmvnf; tcsdefESifhtrQ ajymif;
vJwwfaom oabmobm0½Sdovkd? EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifawGU
rdonfhtcgrsKd;wGif ,if;EdkdifiHa&;tiftm;pktvkdt& jyifqifay;&aom
oabmvnf; ½Sdayonf/

þ&if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif t"duta&;ygonfh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;rSm

&if;jrpfrsm; wl;azmfcGifhESifh xkwfvkyfcGifhpnf;urf;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom vkyfief;
vkdifpifrsm; csxm;ykdifcGifhyg0ifovkd wzufwGifvnf; tjcm;vkyfykdifcGifh
tmPmrsm; (other jurisdictional handles) uvnf; &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ
&mwGif ta&;ygEkdifayonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm ajrokH;pGJrI cGifhjyKrdefY (land
use permits) uJhokdYaom jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmtwGif;
usa&mufonfh udpörsm;wGif ,if;vkyfykdifcGifhudk rlwnfí &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ
&mwGif jynfe,ftpkd;&\ u@vnf; ay:aygufvmEkdifayonf/ ywf0ef;
usifxdef;odrf;a&;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh a'oEÅ& tusKd;pD;yGm;
ponfh udpö&yfrsm;uvnf; jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ukd &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif
yg0ifywfoufapEkdifayonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh tpkd;&w&yfu &if;jrpfrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh t"du vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ukd csKyfukdifxm;
onfhwkdif tjcm;tpkd;&tqifhrsm;uvnf; a&eH pDrHcefYcGJrI udpö&yfrsm;ESifh
ywfoufí tcef;u@tcsKdUyg½Sdaernfom jzpfonfukd awG Y&ayrnf/
þwkduf½kdufr[kwfonfh wqifhcHvkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ukd Oya'aMumif;
t& azmfjyyg½Sdonfhtwkdif; okH;pGJjcif;rsKd;jzpfonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfNyD; &if;jrpf
rsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif aemufaz;wHcg;ayguf? rvG,fayguf
taersKd;okH;pGJjcif;r[kwfonfukdvnf; rSwfom;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ qkdvkd
onfrSm ,if;okdY tpkd;&t&yf&yfyg0ifywfoufaejcif;aMumifh tpkd;&w&yf\
OD;pD;OD;½GufjyKaqmif½GufrIukd taESmuft,SufjyK&m ra&mufbJ (zuf'&,f
tpkd;&jzpfap? a'oEÅ&tpkd;&jzpfap) &if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJ tcGifh&olu
vnf; ,if;\ rl0g'rsm;twkdif; aqmif½Guf&ef jzpfNyD; ,if;okdY aqmif½Guf
aeonfh wNydKifeufxJrSmyif ajrtokH;jyKrI? ywf0ef;usifa&;&mESifh a'oEÅ&
tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udkvnf; vkdtyfovkd aqmifMuOf;ay;Ekdifaom ykHpHrsKd;ESifh
aqmif½Guf&onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfayonf/

ukef;wGif; oH,HZmw (onshore)

zuf'&,fEkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif ajratmufo,HZmwrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh ykdif

qkdifrIukd zGUJpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;avh½Sdonf/ okdY&m
wGif &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrItcGifhtmPmrsm; (powers of resource
management) ESifh tcGefpnf;MuyfcGifhESifh tcGefaumufcHcGifh (resource
revenue determination and collection) qkdonfh vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm
rsm;rSmrl rwluGJjym;jcm;em;Muonf/ atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onfh Z,m;wGif
trsm;pk zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif onshore resources ESifh ywfoufonfh
ykdifqkdifrIudk jynfe,frsm;udkom tyfESif;xm;onfukd awG Y&onf/ okdY&mwGif
b&mZD;? ruúqDukd? Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;ESifh AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl onshore
resources ykdifqkdifrIudk A[kdtpkd;& (zuf'&,ftpkd;&) u ydkifqkdifonfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifrl þ onshore
resources ydkifqkdifrIESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif olrsm;ESifhrwl wrluGJjym;jcm;em;
onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tar&duefEkdifiHwGif awG Y½Sd&m ajrtay:
rlwnfí jynfe,fykdifajratmufwGif awG YvQif jynfe,fykdifjzpfNyD; A[kdtpkd;&
ykdif ajratmufwGif awGG YvQif A[kdtpkd;&ykdif jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif yk*¾vdu
ykdif ajratmufwGif awG YvQifrl ,if;ukef;wGif; ajratmuf o,HZmw &if;jrpf
rsm;rSm yk*¾vduykdif jzpfayonf/ &yf½Sm;ESifh ygupöwefEkdifiHwkdYrSmvnf; trsm;
ESifhrwl uGJjym;onfh EkdkifiHrsm;jzpfNyD; onshore o,HZmwrsm; ykdifqkdifrIrSm
zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,frsm;u yl;wGJydkifqkdifMuonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

Z,m; 1 - zuf'&,fEkdifiH 12 EkdifiHwGif ukef;wGif; o,HZmwykdifqkdifrI?

pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh a&eHo,HZmwtcGefaumufcHrI

EkdifiH ykdifqkdifrI &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif; &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGef

(Resource Management) (Resource Revenue)

tm*sifwD;em; jynfe,f jynfe,f jynfe,f^zuf'&,f

MopaMw;vs jynfe,f jynfe,f jynfe,f

b&m;ZD; zuf'&,f (A[kd) jynfe,f jynfe,f^zuf'&,f^jrLeDpy,f

uae'g jynfe,f jynfe,f jynfe,f

tdEd´, jynfe,f jynfe,f zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

rav;½Sm; jynfe,f zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

ruúqDukd zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; zuf'&,f zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

ygupöwef yl;wGJ (Joint) zuf'&,f (A[kd) jynfe,f

&yf½Sm; yl;wGJ (Joint) zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd)

tar&duef jynfe,f^ jynfe,f^zuf'&,f jynfe,f^yk*¾vdu

jynfaxmifpk zuf'&,f^
yk*¾vdu
AifeDZGJvm; zuf'&,f zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd)

tpkd;&w&yf&yfu &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfqkdjcif;jzifh &if;jrpfrsm;tay:

tvkH;pkHpDrHcefYcGJcGifh ½Sdonfqkdaom oabm? ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh
ckdifaMu;rsm;? tcGefrsm;ukd ,if;tpkd;&w&yfxJuyif &½SdcHpm;Ekdifrnf qkdaom
oabmrsKd; roufa&mufay/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH q,fhESpfEkdifiHteuf ½SpfEkdifiH
wGif &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhywfoufonfh t"duvkyfykdifcGifhwm0efukd
(&if;jrpfrsm;udk) ykdifqkdifrIESifhtwl wGJay;xm;NyD; (qkdvkdonfrSm &if;jrpf
rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifoluyif 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJonfukd qkdvkdNyD;) usef
av;EkdifiHwGifrl ,if;okdY r[kwfonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tdE´d,
ESifh rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwkdYwGif jynfe,frsm; ydkifqkdifaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? ygupöwefESifh &yf½Sm;wkdYwGif (A[kdESifh jynfe,f)
yl;wGJydkifqkdifaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJolrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&jzpfonfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ okdYjzpf&m ykdifqkdifrIrSm t<uif;rJhoabmraqmifbJ
rwlonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif rwluGJjym;jcm;rem;onfh vkyfukdifaqmif
½GufrIykHpHrsm; ½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfayonf/

(A[kdtpkd;&? jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ponfh) tpdk;&t&yf&yfMum;

obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefukd cGJa0&,lMuonfwGif
twdtus rnfodkY rnfykH a0zefcGJa0rI jyKonfqkdonfh udpö? wGufcsuf
onfh udpörSm tvGef½IyfaxG;onfh udpö&yfw&yfjzpfonfhwkdif? EkdifiHwEkdifiH
csi;f pDtwGuf a,bk,sobm0ykpH rH mS rl em;vnfvG,o f nf/ ½Si;f vif;onf[k
qkd&rnfjzpfygonf/ (twdtus cGJa0rIqkdonfhudpörSm ,if;tcsdef? ,if;
taetxm;wGif ½Sdaom aps;EIef;rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tay:wGifvnf; rlwnf
NyD; tajymif;tvJ½SdEkdifayao;onf/) atmufwGif zuf'&,fEkdifiH 12 EkdifiH
teufwGif ajcmufEkdifiHwGifom &if;jrpfrsm;udk ykdifqkdifonfh tpkd;&tqifhu
&if;jrpfrsm;rSm &½Sdonfh tcGefaiGtrsm;pkukd &½Sdonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfay
onf/ (þwGifvnf; tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u þu@rsm;u ay;
aqmifMuonfh ykHrSeftcGef ryg/) tdEd´,? rav;½Sm;ESifh &yf½Sm;wkdYwGifrl
onshore o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;? okdYr[kwf (&yf½Sm;wGif)
zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,f yl;wGJ ykdifqkdifonfqkdonfhwkdif ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;u
&½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukdrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&u trsm;pk (okdYr[kwf tm;vkH;
vkdkvkd) &½Sdonfudk awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ b&mZD;EkdifiHESifh Ekdif*sD&D;,m;EkdifiH
wkdYwGifrl ,if;okdY r[kwfbJ ajymif;jyefjzpfygonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ydkifqkdif
onfqkdonfhwkdif ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefwGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&u
&½SdonfhtcGefxuf jynfe,frsm; (b&mZD;wGif jrLeDpy,frsm;yg yg0ifonf)
u &½Sdonfh tcGefu ydkrkdrsm;jym;aeonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;
teuf &if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sd? xGuf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;ukd txl;OD;pm;ay;xm;
onfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif tar&duef zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u jynfe,frsm;wGif ajrtrsm;tjym; ydkifqkdifxm;onfjzpf&m zuf'&,f
tpkd;&taeESifh ,if;ajrrsm;u xGuf½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd &½SdykdifcGifh½Sdonfhwkdif
jynfe,frsm;okdYom ay;tyfxm;onfukdvnf; awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/

urf;vGef (offshore)

Z,m; 2 wGif urf;vGefa&eHESifh wGif;xGuf obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh

pyfvsOf;í ykdifqkdifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tcGefxGufrsm;ukd rnfokdY cGJjcm;NyD; &,l
okH;pGJMuonfukd azmfjyxm;ygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHwkdif;wGif zuf'&,f tpkd;&
u us,fjyefYonfh pD;yGm;a&;Zkeftygt0if urf;vGefydkifeufrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifMu
ayonf/ (ukvor*¾\ yifv,fjyifOya'uGefAif;½Sif;yg jy|mef;csuft&
qkdvQif ]xdxda&mufa&muf} ykdifqkdifMuonf[k qkd&ayrnf/) taMumif;
rSm urf;vGefydkifeufqkdonfrSm jynfe,frsm;\ e,fedrdwfjyifywGif usa&muf
wnf½SdaeaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ okdYjzpf&m urf;vGefae&mrsm;udk xdef;csKyf
pDrHrIESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u zuf'&,f tpkd;&rsm;okdY
om tyfESif;xm;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfayonf/ rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGif
urf;vGefudk abmfeD½kduRef;pkjynfe,frsm;u ydkifqkdifonfhwkdif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u pDrHcefYcGJonfukd om"utaeESifh awGUEkdifygonf/ ygupöwefekdifiH
wGifrl zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif yl;wGJykdifqkdifEkdif&ef rMumao;rDurS Oya'
jyK jy|mef;cJhonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

,if;urf;vGefa'orsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh tcGifhtmPmrsm;?

vkyfykdifcGifhyef;rsm;ukd Oya'jyKa&;t&vnf; ajzavQmhjy|mef;í &ygonf/
uae'gEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh urf;vGefvkyfykdifcGifh? pDrHcefYcGJydkif
cGifhrsm;ESifh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd uae'gekdifiH\ jynfe,fESpfckokdY vTJajymif;ay;
tyfcJhonfukd awG YjrifEkdifygonf/ MopaMw;vswGifvnf; urf;vGef&if;jrpf
rsm; ykdifqkdifrIukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&u xdef;odrf;xm;onfhwkdif pDrHcefYcGJrIukdrl
A[kdESifh jynfe,frsm;tMum; yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifonfh ykHpHwck&JU zefwD;
azmfxkwfNyD; aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonfukd awG YjrifEkdifygonf/ tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk jynfe,frsm;rSm urf;vGef a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í xdef;
csKyfvkyfykdifcGifhr½Sdonfhwkdif jynfe,ftcsKdUurl urf;vGef "mwfaiGU xkwfa0
onfh ukrÜPDrsm;twGuf ajr,mtokH;jyKcGifhudk wif;MuyfpGm xdef;csKyf? jiif;qkd
onfh enf;vrf;jzifh jynfe,frsm;bufuvnf; ta&;qkdykdifcGifh½Sdatmif
aqmif½Gufxm;onfukd awG Yjrif&rnf jzpfygonf/ b&mZD;EkdifiHwGif
zuf'&,ftpkd;&yif urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ydkifqkdifNyD; xdef;csKyfpDrHonf/
okdYaomf (txl;ojzifh urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh eD;uyfonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh
jrLeDpy,frsm;u ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGeftrsm;pkukd &½Sdonfudk
awG Yjrif&rnf jzpfygonf/)

Z,m; 2/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH q,fhESpfEkdifiHwGif urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrI?

pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tcGefrsm;ukd ay;a0pDrHrI

&if;jrpfrsm; &if;jrpfrsm;rS
EkdifiH ykdifqkdifrI
pDrHcefYcGJjcif; &½Sdonfh tcGef
tm*sifwD;em; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

MopaMw;vs zuf'&,f (A[kd) yl;wGJ zuf'&,f

b&m;ZD; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f jynfe,f^zuf'&,f^jrLeDpy,f

uae'g zuf'&,f (A[kd) jynfe,frsm;^yl;wGJ jynfe,frsm;

tdEd´, zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

rav;½Sm; zuf'&,f^jynfe,frsm; zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

ruúqDukd zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

 Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f^jynfe,frsm;
ygupöwef yl;wGJ zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

&yf½Sm; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

tar&duef zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

AifeDZGJvm; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

tcGefb@mqkdif&m rlabmif - tcGefrsm;ukd rnfokdY aumufcHNyD; rnfokdY

cGJa0oenf;/

&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom tcGefukd enf;vrf;rsKd;pkHjzifh aumufcHEkdifonf/

Oyrm - aumfykda&;½Sif;rsm;\ 0ifaiGcGef (corporation income taxes)?
ckdifaMu; (royalities)? vkyfief;vkdifpiftc (licence fees)? ajrcGef (land
use fees)? ydkYukeftcGef (export taxes) ESifh þu@tay: pnf;Muyfonfh
tjcm;tcGeftcrsm; ckdifaMu;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ckdifaMu;qkdonfrSm &if;jrpf
rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifol (okdYwnf;r[kwf tpkd;&) xH ay;tyf&onfh tcGeftjzpf
,lqMuaomfvnf; tcsKdUaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm &if;jrpf
rsm;ukd ydkifqkdifolr[kwfonfh tpkd;&rsm;rS wqifh a&muf½SdpD;qif;jcif;rsKd;
jzpfNyD; &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfh tpkd;&yif ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd rowfrSwfEkdif
acs/ EkdifiHykdif a&eHukrÜPDrsm; ta&;ygonfh (okdYr[kwf vuf0g;BuD; tkyfxm;
onfh) EkdifiHrsm;wGif ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm ,if;ukrÜPDrsm;u pDrHowfrSwfEkdifonfh
b@ma&;pepftwkdif; aqmif½Guf&onfvnf; ½SdNyD; tpkd;&udk ,if;&½Sdonfh
tusK;d tjrwfrsm;xJu ay;tyfwifoiG ;f onfuv dk nf; awG &Y rnf jzpfygonf/

a&eHESifh pyfvsOf;onfh tcGeftcrsm;ukd tpkd;&tqifhwqifhqifh (tpkd;&w

&yf&yf) (one order of goverment) u pnf;MuyfowfrSwfí tcGefaumufcH
EkdifonfrSefaomfvnf; ,if;pnf;Muyfonfh aumufcHonfh tpkd;&tqifh
(tpkd;&w&yf) onf ,if;okdY pnf;Muyfekdifjcif;? aumufcHEkdifjcif;aMumifh ,if;
tcGeftctm;vkH;ukd &½Sdodrf;ykdufEkdifonf[kvnf; rqkdomacs/ taMumif;
rSm &if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;udk cGJa0&mwGif oD;jcm;pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;? okdYr[kwf b@maiG cGJa0jcif;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;
BuD;rm;us,fjyefYpGm ½Sdaejcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ þpnf;urf;enf;vrf;
rsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yg ay;tyfjy|mef;csufrsm;? b@maiGcGJa0jcif;
ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;"avhrsm;ESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHtwGif; tnD
trQjzpfatmif jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onfh xkH;pH"avhrsm;tygt0if a'owck
ESifh wcktMum;rSm t[ (qkdvkdonfrSm orkdif;aMumif;? EkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
qkdif&m wif;rmrIrsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;? xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh
,if;wkdYae&mwGif xGuf½Sdonfh &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdvmonfh tcGeftwkyf
trsm;ukd trsm;jynfe,frsm; okdYr[kwf A[kdESifh rQa0vkdonfh taetxm;
r½SdonfhtcgrsKd;rsm;) ponfh taetxm;rsm;tay: rsm;pGm rlwnfonf
ukdvnf; awG YEkdifygonf/ tcsKyfqkd&aomf zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd tpkd;&ESpf&yf
tMum; &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh b@maiGaumufcH&mwGif enf;vrf;
rsKd;pkH? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsKd;pkH ½Sdaeonfukd xif½Sm;apvkd
&if; jzpfygonf/

1/ Derivation

Derivation qkdonfrSm a&eH&if;jrpfrsm; xGuf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;u ,if;a&eHrS

&½Sdonfh tcGefteuf (,if;jynfe,fwGif xGuf½Sdjcif;aMumifh &½Sdonfh)
tcGef&mckdifEIef;udk qkdvkdonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;rSm tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum;
tcGefb@mvkyfykdifcGifhtmPmESifh pyfvsOf;í wEkdifiHESifh wekdifiH rwluGJjym;
Muovkd (Oyrm ckdifaMu; owfrSwfcGifhukd rnfonfh tpkd;&udkom tyfESHxm;
onf? tjrwfcGefudk rnfonfhtpkd;&uom aumuf,lcGifh ½Sdonfponf)
A[kdu aumufcHpnf;MuyfykdifcGifh½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd jyefvnfcGJa0ay;&m
wGifvnf; wEkdifiHESifh wEkdifiH rwlnD? uGJjym;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;?
vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;? ½SdMuayonf/ ,if;okdY wnf½Sdaomfvnf; principle of
derivation onf &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;ukd oufqkdif&m jynfe,f
rsm;okdY jyefvnfcGJa0ay;tyf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom tcef;u@u yg0ifay
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh b&mZD;EkdifiHwGif xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,frsm;u ,if;
derivation tay: tajccHí &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;\ twkdif;twm
w&yfukd &½Sdonf/ tdE´d,EkdifiHESifh rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwkdYwGifrl ckdifaMu;udkom
jynfe,frsm;u &½SdMuNyD; &yf½Sm;ekdifiHwGifrl &if;jrpfwnf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;u
,if;jynfe,frsm;twGif; aumufcH&½Sdonfh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;rS wpkHw&m
cGJa0&½Sdjcif; r½SdbJ derivation tay: tajccHí 0ifaiGcGefrS twkdif;twm
yrmPwckukd cGJa0&½SdEkdifonf/ okdYjzpf&m principle of derivation onf
vnf; vufawG YtokH;csonfh ae&mwGifomru ykHpHwGifvnf; uGmjcm;Mu
onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

2/ tcGefaumufcHcGifhukd tokH;jyKjcif;ESifh vGJtyfay;tyfrI

tcGefrsm; (taxes or levies) rsm;ukd rnfolu pnf;MuyfcGifh½Sdonfqkdonfh

tcsufuvnf; tcGefb@mcGJa0jcif; u@wGif tusKd;oufa&mufrI ½SdNyD;
tpkd;&t&yf&yftaeESifh rnfokdYaom tcGefrsKd; owfrSwfxm;½Sdrnfqkdonfh
rufvkH;rsm;tay:vnf; oufa&mufrI½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
qkdvkdonfrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&u tcGeft&yf&yfukd jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;okdY
cGJa0ay;tyf&ef wm0ef½SdNyD; tjcm;tcGefw&yfukdrl xkdokdYcGJa0ay;tyf&ef rvkd
onfhtcgrsKd;wGifrl? cGJa0ay;&ef rvkdonfhtcGefrsKd;ukd pnf;MuyfaumufcH&ef
A[kdtpkd;&taeESifh ydkrkdpdwf0ifpm;rnfjzpfNyD; taMumif;rSm ,if;tcGefu &½Sd
onfh b@mrsm;ukd rnfolESifhrQ cGJa0ay;&ef vkdtyfrnf r[kwfaMumifhyif
jzpfonf/

A[kdtpkd;&rsm;taeESifh trsKd;om;ykdif a&eHu@udk tm;aumif;oefrmap&ef

us,fjyefYonfh b@ma&;qkdif&m enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; okH;pGJEkdifonfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;ESifh a&eHoGif;ukefrsm;\ t&nf
taoG;qkdif&m xdef;csKyfrIrsm;ukd ,ckacwftcgwGif tokH;jyKvmMuonfh
wkdif? ,cifurl ,if;oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;ESifh t&nftaoG;xdef;csKyfrIrsm;u
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh uae'gEkdifiHwkdY\ a&eHu@rsm;wGif ta&;yg
cJhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ppfat;umvaESmif;ykdif; q,fpkESpfrsm;
wGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh uae'gekdifiHwkdYwGif 0,f,lolrsm; tqifajy
Ekdifrnfh EIef;xm;vnf; jzpf&atmif? a&eHukrÜPDBuD;rsm;? tusKd;tjrwfvnf;
&½Sdatmif? xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,frsm;? c½kdifrsm; tusKd;vnf; ½Sdatmif
b@ma&;qkdif&m us,fjyefYonfh tcGefcGJa0rIqkdif&m enf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;
jyKcJhMuonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tdE´d,ESifh ygupöwefuJhokdYaom zGH YNzdK;
qJEkdifiHrsm;uvnf; b@ma&;qkdif&m tcGefrsm; &½SdEkdifonfh &if;jrpfwck
tjzpf vnf;aumif;? a'ocHpD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd umuG,fay;onfh
enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf vnf;aumif;? ,if;wkdYukd tokH;jyKcJhMuonfukd awG Y&
rnf jzpfygonf/ 0,f,lokH;pGJolrsm;tzkdY 0efxkyf0efykd; ydkrkdjzpfaponfhwkdif?
a'o qkdif&m xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;? zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufrIukd t½Sdefjr§ifhwifay;
Ekdifonfhtjyif qufvufwkd;wufonfh u@rS tpkd;&taeESifh tcGefb@m
rsm; wkd;jr§ifh&½SdEkdifonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

tcsKdUaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl tcGefb@mrsm;? tcGeftcrsm;onf

tpkd;&\ aiGpm&if;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; rcH&onfukdvnf; awG Y&
rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdY jzpf&jcif;rSm ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd bwf*sufjyify
aiGpm&if;rsm;okdY xnfhoGif;vkdufjcif;aMumifhvJ jzpfEkdifovkd EkdifiHykdif a&eH
ukrÜPDrsm;u ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd csKyfukdifxm;jcif;rsKd;aMumifhvnf; jzpfekdif
ayonf/ ,if;tjzpftysufrsKd;rSm wcgw&HwGif tpkd;&rsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;rS
&½Sdonfh tcGeftcrsm;ukd aumufcHjcif; rjyKbJ jynfwGif;tokH;jyKonfh
a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YvufvDta&mif;aps;rsm;ukd 0,f,lolrsm;twGuf sabsiby
taeESifh aps;avQmhay;jcif;rsKd;aMumifhvnf; jzpfEkdifayonf/ ,if;okdY a&eH
ESifh "mwfaiG Yaps;rsm;ukd avQmhay;jcif;rsKd;rSm A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,f tpkd;&wkdY
tMum; tcGefrsm;ukd rQa0&ef vkdtyfonfh tajctaersKd;½Sdonf/ zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;ayonf/ ,if;okdY vkyfvkdufjcif;aMumifh zuf'&,f
ESifh jynfe,ftMum; cGJa0&rnfh tcGefrsm;ukd avsmhenf;oGm;apovkd jynfe,f
rsm;taeESifhvnf; &if;jrpfrsm;rS tcGef&½SdEdkifonfhtcgrsKd;wGif aps;avQmh
vkdufjcif;aMumifh ,if;okdY &½Sdoifhonfh tcGeftcatmuf avsmhenf;í &½Sd
ayonf/ a&eHaps;EIef;BuD; jrifhjcif;rS qif;&Jonfh omrefvlxkukd umuG,f
ay;&ef zuf'&,fEkdifiHtcsKdUwGif tpkd;&rsm;u a&eHaps;ukd xdef;csKyfowfrSwf
xm;wwfMuonf/ odkYaomf þenf;rSm a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd EkdifiH
taeESifh pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGifrl jyóemrsm; ay:aygufvmEkdifayonf/

3/ &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@maiGrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ,SOfNydKifjcif;

zuf'&,ftpkd;&uaum jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;uyg a&eHu@wGif tcGefrsm;

pnf;MuyfEkdifonfh ekdifiHrsm;wGif BuHKawG Y&onfh tjcm;tcuftcJwckrSm
,if;tcGef pnf;MuyfEkdifonfh tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;u NydKifqkdifovm;
odkYr[kwf yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufovm;qkdonfh udpöyifjzpfonf/ jynfe,frsm;
u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifNyD;? ckdifaMu;rsm; pnf;Muyfjcif;? vkyfief;vkdifpif
xkwfay;jcif;rsm;? aqmif½GufonfhtcgrsKd;wGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh
(w&m;0if cGifhjyKxm;onfhtcgrsKd;wGif) (ykdYukeftcGefuJhokdYaom) tcGefrsKd;ukd
pnf;MuyfEkdifayonf/ xkduJhokdY ykdYukeftcGefrsKd;u a&eHpdrf;aps;udk usqif;
apEkdifaomfvnf; (a&eHaps;usonfhtavQmuf) jynfe,frsm;u a&eHrS
tcGefenf;í &½Sdaomtcg jynfe,fESifh A[kdtMum; EkdifiHa&;t& wif;rm
rIrsm; jzpfay:vmekdifayonf/ txl;ojzifh zGJ Ypnf;ykHjy|mef;csuft& A[kd
tpkd;&u tcsKdUaom tcGefrsm;ukd a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh cGJa0ap&m
rvkdtyfonfh tajctaersKd;wGif jzpfayonf/ okdYr[kwf taxGaxGb@m
a&;qkdif&m cGJa0ay;tyfrI (general fiscal transfer) wGif xnfhoGif;cGJa0ay;
p&m rvkdaom tajctaersKd;wGif jzpfayonf/ ,if;okdYaom tcGefrsKd;rS
&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í zuf'&,ftpkd;&twGuf 0ifaiG&½SdEkdifayonf/
,if;okdY r[kwfyguvnf; tpkd;&tqifhqifhonf &ifjrpfrsm;rS tcGefwkd;jr§ifh
&½Sda&;ESifh zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufapa&;twGuf tcsif;csif;tMum; yl;aygif;aqmif
½Gufap&ef rufvkH;rsm; zefwD;ay;xm;vQif þtjzpfrsKd;ukd a½Smif½Sm;Ekdifay
rnf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh tcsKdUaom pufrIu@rsm;twGuf tcGefoD;oefYuif;
vGwfcGifhay;onfh enf;vrf;rsKd;jzpfonf/
tcGefb@mrsm; cGJa0jcif; - &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;onf
oD;oefYoabmaqmifaom txl;tcGefb@mrsm;avm/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tcGefcGJa0rI (revenue sharing

in general)? txl;tm;jzifh qkd&vQif &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefcGJa0rIESifh
pyfvsOf;í rwluGJjym;aom tawG;tac: t,ltqrsm; ½SdMuayonf/ okdY&m
wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&tm;vkH;yif &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,f
rsm;okdY rQa0ay;jcif;? okdYr[kwf transfer [kac:onfh vTJajymif;ay;jcif;rsm;?
aqm½GufMuonfcsnf;om jzpfygonf/ xkdokdY cGJa0? rQa0ay;&mwGifrl ykHpHrSm
conditional [k ac:qkdonfh rnfokdY rnfykHt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh ukdufnD&
rnfqkdonfh ykHpHrsKd;jzpfEkdifovdk unconditional [k ac:qkdonfh >cif;csufr½Sd
vTJajymif;ay;rIr½Sdvnf; jzpfEkdifygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif
,if;zuf'&,ftpkd;&u vTJajymif;ay;tyfonfh tcGefrsm;tay: jynfe,f
rsm;u txl;trSDo[JjyK&onfh ykHpHrsKd; ½Sdovkd? tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,f
rsm;taeESifh udk,ftcGefaiG udk,f½Smí ukd,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfEkdifonfh
zuf'&,fEkdfifiHrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;
tm;vkH;taeESifh wEkdifiHvkH; vTrf;NcHKnDrQonfh trsKd;om;pHw&yf ½Sd&av
atmif tcGefukd nDrQpGm cGJa0ay;jcif; (strongly equalizing) ykHpHrsKd;½Sdovkd
tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSmrl jynfe,fwjynfe,fESifh wjynfe,f b@ma&; tiftm;
awmifhwif;rIjzifh rwlnDaomfvnf; ½Sdayonf (major fiscal dispartities)/
&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mcGJa0rI ykHpHwGifyif txl;tpDtrHrsm;vnf;
½Sdygonf/ (some federations have special arrangements for
sharing - or not sharing - resource revenues.)

,if;ykHpHESpfrsKd;teuf rnfonfhykHpHukd usifhokH;onfjzpfap t"duusonfh

ar;cGef;usonfh ar;cGef;rSm obm0o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGef
rsm;ukd cGJa0jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í rnfokdY oabmxm;rnfenf;qkdaom ar;cGef;
ESifh ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGefrsm;uJhokdY r[kwfbJ oD;oD;oefYoefY oabm
xm;oifhoavmqkdonfh ar;cGef;rsm;yif jzpfayonf/ txl;tm;jzifh obm0
o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;
taeESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;wGif o,HZmwxkwfvkyfokH;pGJonf jzpf&m tjcm;
rxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;xuf ydkrkdí tcGefb@mrsm; &½Sdaponfh tusKd;cHpm;
cGifh jyKoifh rjyKoifhqkdonfh ar;cGef;yif jzpfayonf/

jynfe,frsm; udkf,fwkdifu &if;jrpfrsm;udk ydkifqkdifcGifh½Sdonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiH

rsm;wGifvnf; ,if;enf;twkdif;yif jzpfNyD; &if;jrpfrsm; ydkifqkdifonfh jynfe,f
rsm;u olwkdYonf &if;jrpfrsm; ydkifqkdifolrsm; jzpfonfESifhtnD olrsm;xuf
wyef;omonfh tcGifhta&;&Sdoifhonf[k jynfe,frsm;u tckdiftrmqkd
Muonfvnf; ½Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm; e,fedrdwftwGif; okdYr[kwf
eD;uyfonfh urf;vGefa'orsm;wGif ½Sdonfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&ydkif &if;jrpfrsm;
xkwfvkyfokH;pGJjcif;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;udk ,if;jynfe,frsm;u txl;
tcGifhta&;taeESifh &oifh&xkdufonf[k awmif;qkdrIrsm;rSm atmifjrifcJh
onfh tjzpfrsKd;½Sdjcif;udk taMumif;jyí jynfe,frsm;taeESifhvnf; jynfe,f
u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifonfqkd½kHjzifh ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;\ pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tcGef
b@mukd pDrHcefYcGJEkdifonfh tcGifhtmPmtm;vkH;ukd jynfe,fu ydkifqkdif
onf[k qkd&ef rjzpfEkdif&ef rjzpfEkdifacs/ &if;jrpfxGuf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;
taeESifhvnf; olwkdY jynfe,frsm;twGif; obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;rI?
,if;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyfonfh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkdtyf
onfh tajccHtaqmuftOD;ukd wnfaqmufay;&rIESifh &if;jrpfrsm; ukefcef;
onfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;,kdifvJroGm;ap&ef vkdtyfonfh &if;ESD;jr§yfESHrIrsm;twGuf
tcsdefay;&jcif; qkdonfhtaMumif;rsm;ukd rlwnfí jynfe,frsm;ukd tcGef
tcGifhta&; ykday;xkdufonf[k awmif;qkdvkdMuayrnf/

,if;t,ltqukd qefYusifolrsm;uvnf; þokdY jyefvnfacsywkHYjyefMu

ayvdrfhrnf/ jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpfrsm; ukefqkH;oGm;jcif;udk pdwfylyef
onfqkdvQif ajrBuD;xJ½Sd 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ydkufqH (t&if;) tjzpf ajymif;vJNyD;
,if;bPfu twkd;tyGm;awmufavQmuf xkwfay;aeygvdrfhrnf[k qkdzG,f
&m ½Sdonf/ &if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sdaeonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh tvkyftukdif
tcGifhtvrf;vnf; tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xufykdrkd&½SdNyD; &if;ESD;jr§yfESHrIrSvnf;
tusKd;tjrwfrsm; &½SdaeNyDjzpf&m olwkdYtwGuf xyfrHí txl;b@ma&;
qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm; vkdtyfawmhrnf r[kwf[kvnf; qkdaumif;qkdzG,f
&m ½Sdayonf/ &if;jrpf<u,f0onfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh tom;wiftusKd;
tjrwfrsm;pGm &½SdNyD; tpkd;&tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh tcGefrsm;ukdvnf; avQmhcsay;
xm;jcif;uJhokdYaom taetxm;rsKd;u vkyfief;udkifief;rsm;ukd rsm;pGm qGJ
aqmifEkdifonfjzpfaomaMumifh csrf;omonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh qif;&Jonfh
jynfe,frsm;tMum; a'gifvkduf rnDrQrI (horizontal imbalance) jzpf
ay:vmvQif wEkdifiHvkH; pD;yGm;a&; rnDrQykHysufrIrsKd; jzpfvmEkdifonf[kvnf;
apm'u wufzG,f&m ½Sdygonf/

vufawG YtawG YtBuHKrsm;u òefjyonfrSm ,if;okdY t,ltqrsm;? tjiif;

tckHrsm; rnfokdYyif uGJvGJapygap? EkdifiHa&;"avhESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiH½Sd xkH;wrf;
pOfvmrsm;u vufawG Yydkrkdta&;ygonfqkdonfhtcsufyif jzpfygonf/
zGJUpnf;ykHu jynfe,frsm;twGuf txl;tav;ay;xm;vQif? a'oEÅ& "avh
p½kduf vu©Pmrsm; (strong regional identities) jyif;xefvQif? A[kdcsKyf
ukdifrI rjzpfEkdifonfh tajctaersm; ½SdaevQif jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &ykdifcGifh
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd ydkrkdawmif;qkd&ef tvm;tvm½Sdayonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl &if;jrpf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;twGuf b@maiGrsm; ydkrkdcGJa0
Ekdif&ef derivation [k ac:qkdonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh A[kdu aumufcH&½Sdonfh
tcGefrsm;ukd cGJa0ay;onfvnf; ½Sdayonf/

a&eHo,HZmwu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;rS tpkd;&\ t&yf&yftcGefyrmP\

tenf;i,fom ½Sdaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl ,if;a&eHo,HZmwu &½Sd
onfh tcGefcGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í txl;tjiif;yGm;rIrsKd; r½SdvSacs/ yrmP
wpkHw&m ½Sdaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl &if;jrpfwnf½Sdonfh jynfe,f
rsm;u ,if;jynfe,frsm;\ a'oEÅ& tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd wkd;jr§ifhvkdrI okdYr[kwf
umuG,fvkdrIaMumifh ,if;tcGefcGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í aqG;aEG;ajymqkd&avh
½Sdygonf/ ,if;enf;tm;jzifhyif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&ykdif ajrae&mrsm;rS &½Sdonfh a&eH&if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u
awmif;qkd&½SdoGm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;enf;wlpGmyif uae'gEkdifiH½Sd
twåvefwpfjynfe,fi,fESpfckukdvnf; (,if;jynfe,frsm; qif;&Jjcif;ESifh
EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;aMumifh) urf;vGefa&eH &if;jrpfu &½Sdonfh
tcGefrsm;ukd ,if;jynfe,frsm;okdY ay;tyf&jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ trsKd;om;
tqifh (wEkdifiHvkH;tqifh) wGif ta&;ygrI twkdif;twmtay: rlwnfí
ao;i,faom? pkpnf;onfh tusKd;tjrwf (small, concentrated
interests) aMumifhyif tdE´d,? ygupöwefESifh tm*sifwD;em;EkdifiHrsm;wGif
jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u A[kdtpkd;&xHrS tcGefqkdif&m tavQmhay;rIrsm;ukd
&½Sdjcif; jzpfayonf/ (qkkdvkdonfrSm wEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;twmtaeESifh
&if;jrpfu &½Sdonfh tcGefu yrmP rajymyavmufonfhtcg zuf'&,f
tpkd;&rsm;u jynfe,frsm;okdY rsufESmomay;? tavQmhay;aphpyfonfukd
qkdvkdjcif; jzpfygonf/)

a&eHu@tay: rlwnfonfh us,fjyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tusKd;ouf

a&mufrIrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;

a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGeftay: rsm;pGm rSDckd&onfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;rSm tjcm;

EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif rufc½kdpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI udpö&yfrsm;wGif
ykHpHrwlaom pdefac:rIrsm; ½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ taMumif;rSm
a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;onf rwnfNidrfjcif;ESifh tcsdefwkdtwGif; ajymif;vJ
oGm;Ekdifjcif;wkdYaMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ xkdYjyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHtcsKdU½Sd a&eH
&if;jrpfu &½Sdonfh tcGeftay: txl;rSDckd&aom jynfe,frsm;taeESifhvnf;
b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif txl;oD;oefY oabmaqmifonfh pdefac:rI
rsm;ESifh BuHKawG Y&ygonf/

,if;uJhokdY pdefac:rIrsm;wGif tjcm;u@rsm;tay: tav;rxm;ekdifbJ a&eH

tay:om rSDckd&onfh ]a&eHusdefpm} okdYr[kwf 'wfcsfa&m*g ]Dutch disease}
qkdaom pdefac:rIrsKd; jzpfonf/ aumif;rGefaom t&nftaoG;jrifh tkyfcsKyfrI
(good quality governance) ½SdNyD; a&vwfrS a&½Snf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rl0g'okdY
BudK;pm;oGm;a&mufaeaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl a&eH<u,f0csrf;omrIonf trSef
wu,f ta&;Bu;D onfh &wemwyg;ozG,f jzpfEidk yf gonf/ okaYd omf aumif;rGef
aom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdonfrSm a&eH<u,f0onfh zGH YNzdK;qJ ekdifiHrsm;tzkdY tcgcyf
odrf; vG,fulonfh udpör[kwfay&m a&eHonfyifvQif ta[moduHjzpfrI
(waste)? tusifhysufjcpm;rI (corruption)? tedrfhtjrifh oHo&mESifh tvGef
tuJrSDckdvmrIrsKd;ukd vuf,yfac:ovkd jzpfwwfygonf/

b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHudef;a&;qGJrI (fiscal planning) wGif t"du tBuD;qkH;

tcuftcJrSm a&eHaps;EIef; raocsmjcif;ESifh a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;
raocsmjcif;yif jzpfayonf/ &if;jrpftay: rSDckd&onfh pD;yGm;a&; ½Sdaeaom
ae&mrsKd;wGif vlokH;ukefypönf; aps;EIef;jrifhwufvmrIrsKd; ay:aygufonfh
tcsdefwGif tBuD;tus,f zdtm;rsm; ½SdaomaMumifh tpkd;&tokH;p&dwfrSmvnf;
wufvkdufusvkduf jzpfav&m ekdifiHtaeESifhvnf; wnfNidrfrI r½SdvSay/
,if;okdY aps;EIef;rsm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhrm;vQif rcsKdNrdefonfh aygufuGJrIrsm; ay:
xGufvmNyD; b@ma&;qkdif&m tokH;p&dwfjzwfawmufrIrsm;ESifh BuHKawG Y
&ayonf (major fiscal cuts)/ a&eH<u,f0onfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;tzkdY
A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;tMum; b@ma&;rl0g'rsm; tjyeftvSef
n§dEIdif;xm;jcif; r½SdrIuvnf; ,if;jyóemudk ydkrkd qkd;½Gm;apygonf/ txl;
ojzifh tcGefcGJa0ay;tyfonfh pepfrsm; ckdifckdifrmrmr½Sdonfh EkdifiHrsm;wGif
þjyóemrSm ydkrkd qkd;½Gm;ygonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHrsm;u A[kdtpkd;&rsm;xuf

jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ukd ydkrkdckdifrmonfh tcGefb@mrsm; &½Sdapygonf/
zuf'&,fEkdifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;taeESifh a<u;NrD; acs;Xm;EkdifrI
tenf;i,fom ½SdNyD; ,if;twuftusjrefonfh b@ma&; tajctaeudk
pDrHcefYcGJ&ef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u wm0ef,l&avonf/ tpkd;& tokH;p&dwf
qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGifvnf; jynfe,frsm;u ydkrkdwnfNidrfonfh tpkd;&
tokH;p&dwfqkdif&m wm0efrsm; (stable spending responsibilities) ½Sday
onf/ Oyrm - tajccHynma&;ESifh vlrIa&;qkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;? odkYjzpf&m
jynfe,frsm;okdY tcGefb@mrsm; rnfokdY rnfykHcGJa0ay;rnfqkdonfukd
pepfwus ykHpHazmfxkwfxm;jcif;? 'DZkdif;qGJxm;jcif;rSm txl;ta&;BuD;onfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdY vTJajymif;ay;tyfrIrsm;u yrmPwck½Sdonfh
tcg ,if; transfer rsm;\ yrmPonf cefYrSef;wGufcsufEkdifonfh tajc
tae½SdEkdifNyD; tajccH tpDtrHrsm;twGuf ykHpH cGJa0ay;rI ½Sdxkdufayonf/

&if;jrpfrS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&u aumufcHNyD;

a'oqkdif&m jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;twGif; cGJa0ay;onfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;
wGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&bwf*sufonf a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Ytay: cefYrSef;wGuf
csufxm;onfh aps;EIef;tay: tajccHa&;qGJayrnf/ ,if;aps;EIef;ESifhyifvQif
jynfe,frsm;okdY a&eH&if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd ueOD; cGJa0ay;tyfrIrsm; jyKvkyf
ayrnf/ rSef;onfh aps;EIef;enf;oGm;vQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh tcGef
rsm;pGm vuf0,fusef½SdrnfjzpfNyD; tcsKdUw0ufukd EkdifiHwGif wif½Sdaeonfh
a<u;NrD;rsm; ay;qyfEkdifrnfjzpfNyD; EkdifiHh&efykHaiGrsm; xlaxmifEkdifrnf/ txl;
ya&m*sufrsm; aqmif½GufEkdifayrnf/ jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;twGufvnf; xyf
aqmif;ay;tyfrIrsm; aemufykdif;wGif jyKvkyfEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ okdYaomf
rarQmfvifhbJ tcGefrsm;pGm ykd&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ wrifoufoufaps;ESdrfNyD;
jynfe,frsm;ukd tcGefcGJa0ay;jcif;rsKd;jzpfvQif jynfe,frsm;\ bwf*suf
vkyfief;pOfudk ykHysufapekdifNyD; tcGefcGJa0rItay: rlwnfí EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m
wif;rmrIrsm; jzpfay:vmayvdrfhrnf/

bwf*sufjzpfpOfwGif ,if;uJhokdY vlokH;ukefypönf;rsm; aps;EIef;tajymif;tvJ

ukd tqifajyacsmarG Yatmif pDrHEkdifonfh enf;vrf;w&yfrSm wnfNidrfa&;
&efykHaiG (stabilization fund) w&yfukd wnfaxmifxm;onfh enf;vrf;
yif jzpfayonf/ ,if;&efykHaiGukd tpkd;& okdYr[kwf A[kdbPfu xlaxmif
xm;NyD; &if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mtajymif;tvJrsm;\ tEÅ&m,frS
jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;ukd umuG,fEkdif&ef jzpfayonf/ ESpfpOf &okH;rSef;ajcaiG
pm&if;yg cefYrSef;aps;EIef;xuf ykdrkdí tcGefrsm; &½SdvQif ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd
txufazmfjycJhonfh &efykHaiGrS xkwf,lokH;pGJNyD; vlokH;ukefypönf;rsm;qkdif&m
aps;EIef;rsm; twuftus Murf;vQif tpkd;&taeESifh ykHrSeftqifhw&yfukd
xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif&efyif jzpfayonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiHtwGuf aoao
csmcsm a&;qGJxm;ygvQif jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;xH ydkrkdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd BudKBudK
wifwif rSef;qNyD; cGJa0ay;Ekdifonfh ta&;ygaom tcef;u@w&yfukdvnf;
&½Sdayvdrfhrnf/

tusifhysufjcpm;rI? yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI

(Corruption, Transparency and Accountability)

&if;jrpfcsrf;om<u,f0rI (txl;ojzifh a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Y) ESifh tusifhysuf

jcpm;rIwkdYrSm trsm;tm;jzifh ywfoufqufEG,favh ½Sdygonf/ taMumif;
rSm jynfolvlxkxHu aumufcH&½Sdonfh tcGefb@mukd tvGJokH;jcif;?
bkH;jcif;xuf a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mukd tvGJokH;&ef?
tusifhysuf jcpm;&efu tDvpftvTmtzkdY ydkrkdvG,fulonfhtwGufaMumifh
yif jzpfonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh qufpyfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;u
vnf; tvG,fwul tusifhysufjcpm;Ekdifayonf/ taMumif;rSm &if;jrpfrsm;
xkwfvkyf&ef olYxufig tNydKiftqkdif BudK;pm;Mu&ovkd? vkyfukdif&mwGif
vnf; ukrÜPDtwGuf ydkrkdaumif;rGef? wGufajcukdufonfh tajctaersm;
&½Sdatmif BudK;pm;Mu&jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/

tusiyhf sujf cpm;rIrsm;rSm yk*v ¾ ud csr;f om<u,f0rItwGuf omrubJ jynfol

ykdif tcGefb@mrsm;ukd tokH;csNyD; a½G;aumufyGJrormrIrsm;ESifh w&m;r0if
ygwD&efykHaiGrsm;tjzpfokdY ajymif;vJa&muf½SdoGm;Ekdifjcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf/
þvufawG Yjzpf&yfrsm;u zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;taeESifh wjynfaxmifpkpepf
tpdk;&rsm;xuf ydkí tusifhysufjcpm;&ef vG,fulayovm;qkdonfh ar;cGef;
ay:aygufvmaponf/ &if;jrpfrsm; <u,f0onfh EkdifiHrsm;taeESifh wjynf
axmifpepfESifh tkyfcsKyfonfjzpfap? zuf'&,f pepfESifh tkyfcsKyfonfjzpfap?
ykdrkdyGifhvif;jrifomrI½SdNyD; ykdrkdwm0efcHrI½Sdonfh 'Drkdua&pDykHpHrsKd; (tm;aumif;
aom txdef;taxpepfrsKd;) ydkí vkdtyfayovm;qkdonfh ar;cGef;vnf;
ay:aygufvmonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfayonf/

yGifhvif;jrifomrI (transparency) ESifh wm0efcHrI (accountability) wkdYrSm

eD;uyfqufpyfrI ½Sdonfwkdif oD;jcm;pDjzpfonfh t,ltqESpf&yfjzpfayonf/
yGifhvif;jrifomrIu &½SdEkdifonfh owif;rsm;\ vTrf;NcHKEkdifrI (scope) ESifh
t&nftaoG; (quality) ESihf ywfoufqufEG,fNyD; wm0efcHrIqkdonfrSmrl
tpkd;&½kH;t&m½Sdrsm; (tkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfap? Oya'jyKa&;jzpfap) ESifh ,if;tpkd;&
½kH;rsm;ukd xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhonfh rJqE´½Sifrsm;ESifh tpkd;&½kH;rsm;tMum; ywf
oufqufEG,frI jzpfayonf/ auseyfzG,f&m ½Sdonfh wm0efcHrI ay:ayguf
vmap&ef yGifhvif;jrifomrIrSm r½Sdrjzpfonfh tajctaew&yf jzpfayonf/
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif wm0efcHrIqkdonfrSm tpkd;& (tkyfcsKyfa&;r@dKif) u
Oya'jyKa&;r@dKifokdY wm0efcHrI? a½G;aumufcHekdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u ,if;wkdY
\ rJqE´½Sifrsm;xH wm0efcHrIESifh (tajctae tcsdeftcgtay: rlwnfí)
jynfe,frsm;u (conditional grants qkdonfh A[kdu jynfe,fokdY csxm;
ay;onfh &efykHaiGrsm;twGuf) zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;okdY wm0efcHrIrsm;ukd qkd
vkdjcif; jzpfayonf/

zuf'&,fpepfwGif ykdí tusifhysufjcpm;rI½Sdonf[k a,bk,srSwfcsufjyK&ef

rSm cufcJonfhwkdif a&eH<u,f0 csrf;omrIu (txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;t&
wm0efcHrI tuefYtowf½Sdonfh? qif;&Jonfh vlYtzJG Ytpnf;rsm;wGif) tusifh
ysufjcpm;rI ykdrkdjzpfay:aprnfh tvm;tvmrsm; ½SdonfqkdonfhtcsufrSm
xif½Sm;ygonf/ A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsjcif; (decentralization) ESifh EkdifiH
a&;t& ydkrkdwm0efcHrIrSm ywfoufqufEG,faeonfhwkdif? A[kdcsKyfukdifrI
avQmhcsjcif;rSm tusifhysufjcpm;rI tajctae avsmhusoGm;jcif;ESifh txl;
ywfoufqufEG,fonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m
yGifhvif;jrifomrItzGJ Y (transparency International) taeESifh ESpfpOfEkdifiH
rsm;ESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ tusifhysuf jcpm;rI tajctaersm;ukd pm&if;
jyKpkxkwfjyefavh½Sd&m zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ESifh wjynfaxmifpepfEkdifiHrsm;ukd
EIdifpm;vQif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u ydkí tusifhysufjcpm;onf? wjynfaxmif
EkdifiHrsm;u ykdí tusifhysufjcpm;onf[lí rqkdEdkifaMumif; awG Y½Sd&rnf
jzpfygonf/

pifppftcGefcGJa0rIqkdif&m pm&if;r½Sif;vif;rIu zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif aemuf

xyfzdtm;wck xyfrHay:aygufaponf/ qkdvkdonfrSm jynfe,frsm;uvnf;
tcGefcGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í A[kdtpkd;&taeESifh yGifhvif;jrifomrI½Sdap&ef
wkd;jr§ifhay;Ekkdifayrnf/ okdY&mwGif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl (tpkd;&t&yf&yf½Sd
ay&m) ,if;tpkd;&rsm;tMum; tjyeftvSefyGifhvif;jrifomrI½Sdap&ef rnfokdY
pDrHaqmif½Gufrnfqkdaom udpö&yfrsm;vnf; ay:aygufvmwwfayonf/
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u pnf;MuyfNyD; aumufcHaom
tcGefb@mrsm;ukd jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm; toD;oD;tMum; cGJa0ay;&avh½Sd&m
jynfe,f tpkd;&rsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdYtwGuf tusKd;tjrwf½Sd&m jzpfaom
zuf'&,ftcGefaumufcHrIqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ yGifh
vif;jrifomrIukd txl;pdwf0ifpm;Muayonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&rsm;taeESifhvnf; ,if;wkdY cGJa0ay;vkdufaom tcGefb@mrsm;wGif
>cif;csufrJh (unconditional) ay;tyfvkdufaom tcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;ukd
rnfokdY rnfykH cGJa0okH;pGJonfukd okH;oyf&ef tcGifhtmPmr½Sd jzpfMuav
onf/ &if;jrpfrsm;rS tcGefb@mwkd;wuf&½SdvmonfESifhtrQ zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;twGuf yGifhvif;jrifomrI½Sdaom? wm0efcHrI½Sdaom enf;vrf;rsm;ukd
ykdrkdwkd;jr§ifhpOf;pm;vmMu&ayonf/ b&m;ZD;EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;& pnf;
Muyfaom tcGefrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ukd zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u wm0efcHrI ½Sd&ayonf/ þykHpHrSmvnf; rkd',fwckjzpfygonf/
aemufwenf;rSm tjyeftvSeftxdef;tax vkyfonfh enf;vrf;jzpfonf
(mutual checks and balances)? zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ aiGpm&if;rsm;onf
yGifhvif;jrifomrI ½Sdap&ef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ukd tmrcH
xm;&ovkd (,if;okdY tmrcHxm;jcif;jzifh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh yGifhvif;rQw
onfh b@mcGJa0rIrsm;ukd &½SdMuayonf/) jynfe,ftpkd;&aiGpm&if;rsm;ukd
vnf; A[kdtpkd;&\ vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;twkdif; vkdufemNyD; yGifhvif;jrifomrI
½Sdap&ef aqmif½Guf&ay;&ayonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yqkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI - urÇmwvTm;rS

om"ursm;

zuf'&,ftkyfcsKyfrI pepfwGif ykHpHwykHpHwnf;? rkd',fwckwnf; r½SdouJh

okdYyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHwkdif;wGif olYenf; olY[efESifh a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;u &onfh
tcGefrsm;ukd pDrHcGifh? enf;pOfzGH YNzdK;ydkifcGifhESifh cGJa0ykdifcGifhpepfrsm; oD;jcm;pD
½SdMuayonf/ EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif yx0Dtaetxm;? pD;yGm;a&; tajc
taeESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m reD;½kd;pGJ ½SdrIrsm; ½Sdonfjzpfaomfvnf; þEkdifiH
rsm;\ zuf'&,ftawG YtBuHKrsm;rS &½SdxGufay:vmonfh oifcef;pmrsm;ukdrl
uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh em;vnfoabmayguf&efESifh ,if;tawUGtBuHKrsm;ukd
oufqkdif&m tajctaetay: wifMunfh? jrifMunfhEkdif&efvnf; ta&;BuD;
aMumif; txl;xif½Sm;ygonf/ atmufazmfjyyg ekdifiHtoD;oD;\ tajctae
rsm;rSm NyD;jynfhpkHonf r[kwfonfwkdif &if;jrpfrsmukd rnfokdYrnfykH ydkifqkdif
Muonf? pDrHcefYcGJMuonfESifh cGJa0Muonfukdrl tMurf;zsif; ykHazmfjyEkdif&ef
twGuf jzpfygonf/

tm*sifwD;em;

tm*sifwD;em;rSm A[kdESifh awmiftar&duwGif pwkw¬trsm;qkH; a&eHxkwf

vkyfonfhEkdifiHjzpfNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Y 'kwd,trsm;qkH; xkwfvkyfonfh EkdifiH
jzpfonf/ tm*sifwD;em;onf ,if;a'owGif; [kduf'½kdumAGef aps;uGufwGif
ta&;ygonfh ae&mwGif ½Sdonf/ 2011 pm&if;rsm;t& tm*sifwD;em;wGif
reserve taeESifh a&eHpnf oef;ESpfaxmifhig;&m ½SdNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Y
ukArDwm 0.3 x&DvD,H ½Sdonf/ 2011 wGif obm0"mwfaiG Y ukArDwm
oef;axmifaygif; 38.8 rDwm xkwfvkyfNyD; w&ufvQif a&eHMurf; pnfaygif;
607000 pnf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/
xGuf½Sdonfh ae&ma'otay: rlwnfí (a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yqkdif&m ykdifqkdif
cGifhtygt0if) ow¬KwGif;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u jzpfap?
A[kdtpkd;&u jzpfap ykdifqkdifonf/ ,if;rSm yk*¾vdu ykdifqkdifcGifhESifh oD;jcm;pD
jzpfonf/ 1994 ckESpf zuf'&,fzGJ Ypnf;ykH jyifqifcsuft& obm0 o,HZmw
&if;jrpfrsm; ([kduf'½kdumbGef &if;jrpfrsm;tygt0if) ukd wnf½Sd&m jynfe,f
rsm;u ykdifqkdifygonf/ 2007 wGif urf;rS 12 rkdiftuGm {&d,m½Sd a&eH
ESifh "mwfaiG Yokdufrsm; tygt0id jynfe,frsm; ykdifeuftwGif;½Sdaom a&eHESifh
"mwfaiG Yokdufrsm; tm;vkH;\ t&yf&yf vkyfykdifcGifhukd A[kdtpkd;&u ,if;
oufqkdif&m jynfe,ftoD;oD;odkY vTJajymif;ay;tyfcJhygonf/ Argentine
continental shelf wGif wnf½Sdaom a&eHokdufrsm;ESifh urf;rS 12 rkdiftvGef
½Sd a&eHokdufrsm;udkrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ oD;jcm; vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmtjzpf
owfrSwfxm;ygonf/

jynfe,frsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifNyD; ckdifaMu;rsm; pnf;Muyfjcif;? vkyfief;

vkdifpifrsm; &½Sdjcif; ½Sdonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&uvnf; ykdYukeftcGefukd
pnf;MuyfEkdifayonf/ ykdYukeftcGefrSm jynfe,frsm;ukd cGJa0ay;p&mrvkdbJ
&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@m\ wpdwfwykdif;ukd A[kdtpkd;&twGuf
&½Sdaponfjzpf&m jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;tMum; tpkd;&rsm;tMum; wif;rmrI
wjznf;jznf;jrifhwufvmvsuf ½Sdygonf/

MopaMw;vs

MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif ukef;ay:a&m? urf;vGefa'owGifyg a&eHESihf "mwfaiG Y

&if;jrpfrsm; jynfe,frsm;ESifh ajrmufykdif;a'orsm;wGifyg ysHUESHYwnf½dSonf/
a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu@rSm MopaMw;vs pD;yGm;a&;\ t"duusaom tpdwf
tykdif;w&yf jzpfygonf/ MopaMw;vsEkdifiH\ a&eHxkwfvkyfrIrSm 1980 rS
pwifí wjznf;jznf;wkd;wufvmcJhNyD; 2000 jynfhESpfwGif tjrifhrm;qkH;
a&muf½SdcJhavonf/ vuf½SdtajctaewGifrl a&eHxkwfvkyfrI usqif;vQuf
½Sdygonf/ MopaMw;vsEkdifiHrSm "mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;vnf; <u,f0NyD; vuf½Sd
urÇmYobm0"mwfaiG Yvkdtyfcsuf\ 70 &mckdifEIef;cefYrSm MopaMw;vswGif
jzpfay:wnf½Sdvsuf ½Sdygonf/ (yrmPtm;jzifh "mwfaiG Yokduf ukAayaygif;
x&DvD,H 400 aywnf½Sdonf[k cefYrSef;&yfonf/)

jynfe,frsm;ESifh txl;e,fajrrsm; (territory) rsm;rSm ,if;wkdY ykdifeuf

twGif; wnf½Sdaom a&eHokdufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom vkyfykdifcGifhukd ydkifqkdif
Muygonf/ ,if;okdY jzpfonfESifhtnD yk*¾vduykdif½Sifrsm; r½SdbJ oufqdkif&m
tpkd;&rsm;u a&eHxkwfazmfa&;? xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm; xkwfjyefNyD; pDrHcefYcGJMuygonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh
tus,fw0Hh xkwfazmfajymMum;jcif; r½Sdonfhwkdif MopaMw;vstaeESifh
urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf A[kdESifh jynfe,f yl;aygif; tpDtrH
w&yf csrSwfxm;NyD; jzpfonf[k od&ygonf/

MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif b@ma&;qkdif&m nDrQatmif cGJa0ay;onfh pepf

w&yf ckdifrmtm;aumif;pGm wnf½Sdonfjzpf&m a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,f
rsm; &½Sdonfh b@ma&;qkdif&m tm;omcsufrsm;rSm ydkrkdus,fjyefYonfh
oabmaqmifaom b@ma&;qkdif&m cGJa0rIrsm;tm;jzifh y,fzsufxm;NyD;
jzpfonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh jynfe,f
toD;oD;\ b@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf (fiscal capacity) ESifh
tokH;p&dwfvkdtyfcsufrsm;tay: us,fus,fjyefYjyefY tajccHwGufcsufNyD;
jynfe,frsm;okdY b@mcGJa0ay;rI jyKvkyfonf/ tcsrf;omqkH; jynfe,f
rsm;ygvQif tcGefyrmPtrsm;pkukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&cGJa0ay;rIu &½Sdonf/
zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh ,if;okdY cGJa0ay;&jcif;taMumif;rSm wEkdifiHvkH;
twkdif;twm b@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf pHw&yfESifh tokH;p&dwf
qkdif&m pHw&yfESifhtnD jzpfap&ef jynfe,frsm;tm; cGJa0ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
okdYjzpf&m MopaMw;vs½Sd jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh b@m
rsm;rSm jynfe,ftoD;oD;\ b@ma&;qkdif&m ukd,fykdifpGrf;aqmif&nfukd
jrifhrmaponfhwkdif a&½Snfb@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfukdrl xl;xl;
jcm;jcm; wkd;jr§ifhay;Ekdifjcif; r½Sdacs/
b&mZD;

ukef;wGif;? urf;vGef ow¬K&if;jrpfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd (azmfxkwfawG Y½Sdjcif; rjyKrD

uwnf;uyif) zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ykdifqkdifonf/ urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sd
onfh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd uyfvsufwnf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,f
rsm;u trsm;pk &½SdMuonf/

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Ywl;azmfjcif;? xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;vkyfief;rsm;rSm zuf'&,f

tpkd;&uom vkyfykdifcGifh½Sdaom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&taeESifh toD;oD;? n§dEIdif;NyD; EkdifiHykdif a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YukrÜPDrsm;okdY
jzpfap? yk*¾vduukrÜPDrsm;okdY jzpfap vGJajymif;ay;tyfEkdifonf/ yk*¾vduykdif
ajrrsm;rSm a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Y wkl;azmf&½SdvQifrl xkdydkif½Sifrsm;taeeESifh
ESpfpOf a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YxkwfvkyfrI\ 1 &mckdifEIef;ukd cHpm;&,lykdifcGifh ½Sdonf/

xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd derivatoin tay:

tajccHNyD; cGJa0&½Sdonf/ Xm;&rf;crsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;
uGJjym;onfh tcsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh &½SdMuonf/ (ckdifaMu; 70 &mckdifEIef;? txl;
owfrSwfaumufcHonfhtcGef 50 &mckdifEIef;? 0ifaiGcGef\ 48 &mckdifEIef;)/
b&mZD;EkdifiH\ tBuD;qkH; zufpyfa&eHukrÜPDBuD;jzpfonfh ywfx½kdb&ufpf
(petrobras) rS &½Sdonfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&u &½Sdonf/
,if;okdY derivation principle tay: tajccHwGufcsufNyD; cGJa0ay;jcif;u
ab;wkdufb@ma&;rnDrQrI (horizontal fiscal imbalance) ukd wjznf;
jznf; BuD;xGm;vmaponf/ jynfe,frsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;okdY cGJa0ay;aom
tcGefb@mrSm a':vm 7 oef;cefY ½SdNyD jzpfaomfvnf; ,if;yrmP\ 80
&mckdifEIef;rSm &D,kd 'D *seJ½kd; (Rio de Janeiro) ESifh tufpfyD&Dwkd qefwkd;
(Espirito Santo) jynfe,fpku &½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf/ ,if;jynfe,f
ESpf&yfrSm ysrf;rQ b&mZD;jynfe,frsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif ykdrkdcsrf;om<u,f0Mu
onfukd awG Y&rnf/
uae'g

uae'gEkdifiHwGif jynfe,frsm; (provinces) u ukef;ay: &if;jrpfrsm;ukd

ykdifqkdifNyD; pDrHcefYcGJonf/ ,if;u &onfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;ukdvnf; cHpm;
onf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u 0ifaiGcGefudk rlwnfNyD; tcGefrsm;ukd aumufcH
onf/ (2020 wGif 0ifaiGcGefa':vm bDvsH 50 aumufcH&½Sdrnf [k cefYrSef;
xm;onf) jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u ckdifaMu;rsm;? vkyfief;vkdifpifaMu;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;tcGefrsm;ukd aumufcHonf/ (2020 wGif a':vm bDvQH 70 aumufcH
&½Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;xm;onf)/ urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukd zuf'&,f tpkd;&u
ydkifqkdifaomfvnf; (zGJ Ypnf;ykHt& r[kwfbJ) Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif;tm;jzifh
,if;urf;vGefxkwfvkyfrI aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonfh jynfe,f ESpfjynfe,fokdY
xda&mufaom pDrHcefYcGJrI wm0efESifh tcGefb@mcHpm;cGifhukd tyfESif;xm;
onf/

uae'gEkdifiHtaeESifh qif;&Jaom jynfe,frsm;ukd trsKd;om;tqifh b@m

a&;rl0gqkdif&m pHtajctaew&yf ukdufnD&½Sdap&efESifh nDrQap&ef? tpDtrH
w&yf azmfxkwfpDpOfxm;onf/ a&eH<u,f0onfh jynfe,frsm;\ b@m
a&;? tm;omcsuf (txl;ojzihf t,fAmwmjynfe,f) u EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m
t"du jyóemw&yftjzpf ay:aygufvmatmif rBuD;rm;acs/ okdY&mwGif
1979 ckESpf 'kwd,a&eHa½Smhcf (second oil shock) wGif t,fAmwm
jynfe,f\ tcGefrsm;rSm wEkdifiHvkH; ysrf;rQ\ ESpfqcefY jzpfoGm;jcif;aMumifh
zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh tMuyf½kdufp&m jzpfcJh&onf/ xkdYaMumifh zuf'&,f
tpkd;&taeESifh &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@mrsm;ukd jyefvnf&,l&ef
vlBudKufrrsm;vSonfh ykdYukeftcGef aumufcHjcif;jzifh aqmif½GufcJh&onf/
,if;tajctaeu t,fAmwmESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&tMum; jyif;xefonfh
EkdifiHa&;wif;rmrIukd jzpfay:apcJhNyD; 1982 ckESpfwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&
taeESifh a&eHtay: ykdYukeftcGef aumufcHykdifcGifh r½Sdap&qkdonfh zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccH Oya'jyifqifrI w&yfudk jzpfay:apcJhonf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm;
tMum; b@ma&;qkdif&m rnDrQrI jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhNyD; þwBudrf
wGifrl aps;EIef;jrifhrm;vmjcif;? t,fAmwmjynfe,f\ xkwfvkyfrI yrmP
wkd;wufvmjcif;ESifh &if;jrpf<u,f0onfh jynfe,fopfrsm; ay:aygufvm
jcif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfonf/

tdE´d,

tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif ukef;ay: o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u ydkifqkdif

onf/ okdYaomf A[kdtpkd;& (zuf'&,ftpkd;&) u pDrHcefYcGJonfjzpf&m?
4if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@maiGtrsm;pkukd A[kdtpkd;&u &½Sdonf/

a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u ckdifaMu; yrmPw&yfukd &½Sdonf/ okdYaomf

,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;xm;ukd A[kdtpkd;&u qkH;jzwfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&
uvnf; ,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;xm;ukd wwfEkdiforQ avQmhEkdif&ef BudK;pm;onf/
,if;okdY ckdifaMu;avQmhjcif;jzifh jynfe,frsm;ukdvnf; avQmhí cGJa0ay;&
rnfjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ,if;okdY ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd avQmhxm;jcif;jzihf
zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh jynfe,frsm;ESifh cGJa0p&mrvkdonfh tjcm;tcGefrsm;
(Oyrm - a&eH tusKd;cGef petroleum profit tax) ukd pnf;Muyf&ef
tajctae ay;vmonf/

a&eHu@rSm tdE´d, b@ma&;\ t"du u@BuD;w&yfjzpfNyD; jynfaxmifpk

tpkd;&twGufa&m? jynfe,frsm;twGufyg ta&;ygaom u@a&; &if;jrpf
w&yfjzpfonf/ 2000 jynfhESpfwGif urf;vGef? ukef;wGif; a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS
jynfaxmifpktpkd;& &½Sdonfh tcGefrSm non-tax revenue \ 35
&mckdifEIef;xd wkd;jr§ifh&½SdcJhNyD; ,if;rSm pkpkaygif; tcGef\ 7 &mckdifEIef;jzpfonf/
þu@ukd ajzavQmhay;jcif;ESifh rufu½kd pD;yGm;a&;tr,fpkHvmapjcif;wkdYu
,if;yrmPukd jynfaxmifpktpkd;&\ non-tax revenue \ 10 &mckdifEIef;ESifh
t&yf&yf tcGefrs;m\ 2.5 &mckdifEIef;okdY avQmhcsvmEkdifcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf/
tcsKdUjynfe,frsm;twGufrl þu@rSm ta&;ygaom &if;jrpfw&yf jzpfvsuf
½Sdonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif cGJa0&½Sdonfh ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm xkwfvkyfonfh
jynfe,frsm;\ ukd,fykdiftcGef\ 25 &mckdifEIef; ½Sdonfukd awG Y&onf/

rav;½Sm;

tdE´d,EkdifiHrSuJhokdYyif rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGifvnf; ukef;ay: a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;ukd

jynfe,frsm;u ydkifqkdifaomfvnf; A[kdtpkd;&uyif pDrHcefYcGJrIukd zGJ Ypnf;ykH
t& A[kdtpkd;&okdY tyfESif;xm;onf/ þokdY jynfe,f&if;jrpfrsm;u a&eH
&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfqkdonfhwkdif A[kdcsKyfukdifrI jyif;xefjcif;u
rav;½Sm; zuf'a&;½Sif;EkdifiH\ taxGaxG A[kdcsKyfukdifrI oabmobm0ukd
xif[yfaejcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ qkdcJhygtwkdif; ,if;tajctaersKd;wGif
ajr,mtokH;jyKcGifhESifh pyfvsOf;onfh ajrcGefuJhokdYaom tcGefrsKd;u jynfe,f
tpkd;&rsm;udk tcsKdUaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif ta&;ygaom tcef;u@
w&yfu yg0ifEkdif&ef xdef;n§day;aeonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
,if;okdYaom vkyfydkfifcGifhqkdif&m rQajcrsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;? pDrHcefcGJrIwGif ta&;
ygvmonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u tcGeftrsm;pk (tm;vkH;eD;yg;) ukdyif

&½Sdonf[k qkd&rnfjzpfNyD; a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ukd tcsKdUaom
ckdifaMu;tcsKdUukdom cGJa0ay;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&uyif ,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd qkH;jzwfay;onf/ (vuf½SdwGif 10 &mckdifEIef;
jzpfonf/) ,if;ckdifaMu;rsm;ukd a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh zuf'&,f
tpkd;&tMum; tnDtrQ cGJa0onf/ jynfe,frsm;rSm A[kdtpkd;&ESifh EIdif;,SOf
vQif vkyfaqmif&onfh tcef;u@enf;yg;onf jzpf&m þtenf;i,faom
ckdifaMu;tcGefrsm;uyif a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,fokH;ckudk tjcm;jynfe,f
rsm;xuf b@ma&;tm;jzifh ydkrkdckdifrmawmifhwif;aponfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfonf/ BuD;rm;onfh jynfe,f tus,ft0ef;? zGH YNzdK;rI tajctae edrfhusrI
ESifh vlOD;a& enf;yg;rIwkdYtay: rlwnfívnf; A[kdtpkd;&u cGJa0ay;onf
jzpf&m ,if;wkdY\ wOD;csif; &½Sdonfh cGJa0ay;onfh tcGefyrmPrSm a&eH
rxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;½Sd wOD;csif;&½Sdonfh tcGefyrmPxuf okH;qrS
ajcmufqtxd ydkrkdrsm;jym; onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

ruúqDukd

ruúqDukdrSm 2013 udef;*Pef;rsm;t& a&eHpnfaygif; 10 bDvsH xGuf

½SdEkdifonfh a&eHokdufrsm;½SdNyD; vuf½Sdtajctae cefYrSef;csufrsm;t& a&eHpnf
aygif; 125 bDvsHxdyif xGuf½SdEkdifonf[k qkdygonf/ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI avsmhus
vmjcif;u ruúqDukdEkdifiHukd a&eHxkwfvkyfonfh EkdifiHtqifh ajcmufrS
ukd;okdY usqif;apcJhonfjzpf&m vuf½Sd or®w tef&pf yDnm Ekdifwkd tpkd;&u
jynfwGif; jynfy yk*¾vduu@ukd a&eHu@wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifcGifhjyKjcif;
jzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdif&ef BudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdayonf/ ruúqDukdEkdifiH\
zGJUpnf;ykHt& vuf½SdtajctaewGuf a&eHu@wGif yk*¾vdu vkyfukdifcGifhukd
cGifhrjyKacs/

ruúqDukdEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykH yk'fr 27 u ruúqDukdEkdifiHwGif ½Sdonfh [kduf'½kdumAGef

&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ruúqDukd ekdifiHvkH;u ykdifqkdifonf[k azmfjyxm;NyD; yk*¾vdu
u@ukd rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ yg0ifywfoufcGifh rjyKacs/ a&eHESifh pyfvsOf;
onfh udpö&yft00ukd ruúqDuef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u xdef;cskyfxm;NyD;
EkdifiHykdif a&eHukrÜPD (Pemex) ukd xnfaxmifxm;onf/ ½SmazGjcif;ESifh
xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd EkdifiHawmfuom vkyfykdifcGifh½Sdonfh
vkyfief;rsm;tjzpf tcGifhtmPmtyfESif;xm;NyD; ,if;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd
EkdifiHykdif Petex a&eHukrÜPDuom aqmif½Gufonf/ okdY&mwGif Petex
ukrÜPDtaeESifh a&eH½SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif 0efaqmifrI
vkyfief;rsm; &,laqmif½Guf&ef vkdtyfygu yk*¾vduukrÜPDrsm;xHrS ,if;
0efaqmifrIrsm; &,lykdifqkdifcGifh ½Sdavonf/ okdY&mwGif ,if;ukrÜPDtaeESifh
0efaqmifrIay;tyfjcif;u@wGifom yg0ifEkdifrnf jzpfNyD; a&eHESifh obm0
"mwfaiG Yqkdif&m vkyfief;rsm; vkyfykdifcGifh r½Sdovkd a&eHokdufrsm;rS &½Sdrnfh
tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udkvnf; cHpm;ykdifcGifh r½Sday/ ,if;ukrÜPDrsm;ukd Xm;&rf;&m
wGifvnf; aiGaMu;jzifhom tcaMu;aiGay;&rnfjzpfNyD; Petex \ tusKd;
tjrwfrsm;ukd ckdifEIef;jzifh cHpm;cGifh r½Sdovkd a&mif;cs&rItay: rlwnfí
tusKd;cHpm;cGifhvnf; r½Sday/

Pemex ukrÜPDESifh pyfvsOf;onfh (a&eHvkyfief;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh) tcGeftc

rsm;ESifh ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&bwf*suf\ 35 &mckdifEIef;yif
½Sdonf/ a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;rSmrl a&eHxkwfvkyfrIrS tusKd;tjrwf
r&½Sdavmufyif jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh
tcGefb@mrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGefb@mrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfNyD; jynfe,frsm;u
cGJa0ay;onf/ cGJa0ay;&mwGifvnf; a&eHxGufaom jynfe,frsm;twGuf
txl;cGJa0ay;jcif;rsKd; r½Sdacs/ okdY&mwGif a&eHaps;aumif;í cefYrSef;wGufcsuf
xm;onfh aps;xuf ausmfvGef&½SdvQifrl ,if;a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;
taeESifh a&eHu&onfh tcGefyrmP tenf;i,fukd tydkaqmif;&½Sdygonf/
okdY&mwGif ,if;okdY &½Sdonfh yrmPrSm txl;ajymyavmufonf r½Sdyg/

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;

EkdifiH\ ydkYukefwefzkd; 95 &mckdifEIef;rSm a&eHu@u xGuf½Sdonfjzpf&m

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; pD;yGm;a&;rSm a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu@u txl;ta&;ygonf/
a&eHokdufrsm;u a&eHpnf bDvsHaygif 37.2 bDvsH xGuf½Sdrnf[k twnf
jyKEkdifNyD; tmz&duwGif tBuD;qkH;a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yxkwfvkyfonfh EkdifiH
jzpfonf/ urÇmay:wGif eHygwf 11 tBuD;qkH;jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;
EkdifiHonf obm0"mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;rS "mwfaiG YukAay x&DvD,efaygif;
187 x&DvD,Hay xkwfvkyfay;Ekdifrnf jzpfNyD; ,if;aMumifhyif tmz&duwGif
tBuD;qkH;"mwfaiG Yokduf ykdifqkdifonfh EkdifiHjzpfNyD; urÇmay:wGif owår
tBuD;qkH; "mwfaiG Yokduf wnf½Sdonfh EkdifiH jzpfonf/

zGJ Ypnf;ykH tajccHOya'u zuf'&,ftpkd;&tm; a&ay:a&atmuf a&eHESifh

"mwfaiG Y&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifcGifh jyKxm;ovkd pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifh tyfESif;xm;onf
ukdvnf; awG Y&onf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm;u zuf'&,ftpkd;& &½Sd
onfxuf ykdrkdaom cGJa0ay;rIrsm;ukd &½SdMuNyD; "mwfaiG YxGufonfh jynfe,f
rsm;ukdvnf; ykdí OD;pm;ay;xm;onfukd awG Y&ayonf/

a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u ,if;wkdYESifh eD;uyfpGm wnf½Sdonfh urf;vGef

(a&wdrfykdif;) ESifh ydkifeuftwGif; xGuf½Sdonfh tcGefyrmP\ 13 &mckdifEIef;
&½SdMuonf/ usefaom tcGefrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGeft&yf&yfESifh ywfoufí
t&yf&yfESifh aygif;NyD; vlOD;a&? jynfe,frsm;tMum; nDrQapa&;? jynfwGif;
tcGefxGufEIef;? ajr{&d,mtus,ft0ef;ESifh vlOD;a& xlxyfrIwkdYtay:
rSDwnfNyD; cGJa0ay;onf/ tqkH;owf&v'frSm a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u
t&yf&yftcGefrsm;\ 50 &mckdifEIef;ukd cGJa0&½SdMuNyD; a&eHrxGufonfh
jynfe,frsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif wOD;csif; &½Sdonfh EIef;xm;tm;jzifh okH;qcGJ
(350 &mckdifEIef;) omvGefonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/

okdY&mwGif Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH tawG YtBuHKt& derivation tay: tajccH

onfh &if;jrpftcGefcGJa0ay;rIonf &if;jrpfcsrf;om<u,f0rIukd OmPftarsmf
tjrif½Sd½Sd okH;pGJ&m rusaMumif; awG Y½Sd&onf/ a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u
tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf rsm;pGm omvGef&½SdNyD; ,if;okdY &½Sdonfhwkdif tusifh
ysufjcpm;rIESifh ta[moduHjzpfrItwGufom OD;wnfoGm;onfukd awG Y&
rnf jzpfygonf/ &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;taeESifh rnfokdY
rnfykHokH;pGJonfESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; wm0efcHrI r½Sdonfhtcsufu vlom;t&if;jrpf
zGH YNzdK;rI edrfhusaejcif;? ywf0ef;usif ysufqD;jcif;? tajccHtaqmuftODD;
vkdtyfaeao;jcif;ESifh jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; tqifhedrfhusaejcif;
wkdYukd xif[yfaeayonf/
ygupöwef

ygupöwefEdkifiHu aeYpOfa&eHpdrf; pnfaygif; 60000 pnfxkwfvkyfNyD; aeYpOf

okH;pGJrIrSm 40000 pnfom ½Sdonfjzpf&m a&eHtBuD;tus,fwifykdYonfh ekdifiH
wekdifiHjzpfvmonf/ aemufqkH;awG Y½SdrIrsm;t& ygupöwefonf tem*wf
wGif a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUtBuD;tus,f wifykdYEkdifrnf[k arQmfvifhxm;
Muonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pGrf;tifqkdif&m owif;tcsuftvuf
tzGJUu rMumao;rDuyif ygupöweftaeESifh ukAayaygif; 105 x&DvD,H½Sd
onfh "mwfaiG Y (shale gas) ESifh a&eHpnfaygif; 9 bDvD,H wifykdYvmEkdif
rnf[k cefYrSef;xm;onf/ ,cifrawG Y½Sd&ao;onfh a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;vnf;
½Sdaeao;onf/ vuf½SdtajctaewGif ygupöwefonf a&eH wifykdYrItay:
rsm;pGm rSDckdae&NyD;? b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif ygupöwef jynfwGif;a&eH
aps;ukd tpkd;&u t½IH;cH xdef;n§dae&onfjzpf&m (jynfwGif; xkwfvkyfrIrS
&½Sdonfh tcGeftaumufukd wkd;jr§ifhjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;xuf) ,ckuJhokdY rxd
&ao;? rwkdY&ao;onfh a&eH&if;jrpfokdufrsm; awG Y½Sdjcif;u ygupöwefEkdifiH
\ rufc½dkpD;yGm;a&;wnfNidrfrIudk wkd;wufaprnf jzpfonf/

ygupöwefEkdifiH½Sd ukef;ay: &if;jrpfrsm;ukd A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u

yl;wGJykdifqkdifMuonf/ okdYaomf ,if;wkdYukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&uom pDrHonf/
rMumao;rDu zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd ajymif;vJcJhNyD; urf;vGef&if;jrpf
rsm;ukdyg yl;wGJykdifqkdifonfh pepfukd pwifusifhokH;vmcJhNyD jzpfonf/ tjcm;
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;uJhokdYr[kwfbJ? ygupöwefEkdifiHwGif a&eHxGufonfh ae&m
rsm;rSm vlOD;a&t& rsm;jym;onfh (okdYaomf vlrsm;pkr[kwfao;bJ? vlenf;pk
tjzpfom ½Sdaeao;onfh) c½kdifrsm;wGif wnf½Sdvsuf ½Sdaeayonf/

tcsKdUaom tcGefukd zuf'&,ftpkd;u EIef;xm;owfrSwf pnf;MuyfNyD;

oufqkdif&m jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u aumufcHonf/ ,if;tcGefrsm;udkvnf;
A[kdESifh jynfe,fcGJa0usifhokH;onf/ ygupöweftaeESifh axmifvkduf b@m
a&; rnDrQrIukd jznf;jznf;csif; jyif,lvsuf½SdNyD;/ vuf½Sdaqmif½Gufaeonfh
nDrQa&; tpDtpOftjyif derivation enf;pOfukd okH;í &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdvm
onfh tcGefrsm;ukd cGJa0ay;rIvnf; ½Sdygonf/ excise duty ESifh obm0
"mwfaiG Yu &½Sdonfh ckdifaMu;ukd ,if;"mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;okdY
cGJa0ay;ygonf/ ,if;okdY cGJa0ay;&mwGif tjcm;tcGefcGJa0ay;rI enf;vrf;
pOfrsm;ESifh pyfqkdifjcif; r½SdbJ tvGwfcGJa0ay;jcif;yif jzpfay onf/

&yf½Sm;

ygupöwefEkdifiHuJhokdYyif &yf½Sm;EkdifiHrSmvnf; &if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrIukd A[kd

tpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;tm; cGJa0ay;tyfxm;aomfvnf; zuf'&,f
tpkd;&uyif pDrHcefYcGJygonf/ 'Drkdua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;
twGif; A[kdcsKyfukdifrIukd avQmhcsonfh decentralization aqmif½GufcJh
onf/ okdYaomf ,if;aemufwGifrl zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd vGefcJhonfh q,f
ESpftwGif; qufwkduf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; jyKvkyfvmcJhNyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;&
tm; a&eHu@ukd pDrHcefYcGJonfh tcGifhtmPmukd zGJUpnf;ykHt& tyfESif;xm;
onf/

jynfe,frsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u trsm;pk

(tm;vkH;eD;yg;) jzpfonfh ukefay: o,HZmwtcGefrsm;ukd &½Sdonf/
derivation tay: tajccHonfh cGJa0rIvnf; r½Sdacs/ a&eHxGufonfh
jynfe,frsm;rSm a&eHo,HZmwu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd r&aomf
vnf; &yf½Sm;EkdifiH\ b@ma&;pepft& 0ifaiGcGef (wOD;csif;pDrS &½Sdonfh
0ifaiGcGefESifh aumfykda&;½Sif;rsm;rS &½Sdonfh 0ifaiGcGefrsm;) jrifhrm;onfh
a'orsm;twGuf tcGeftcsKdU &½Sdonf[krl qkdEkdifayonf/ t&yf&yf nDrQjcif;
qkdif&m vTJajymif;ay;tyfrIrsm; tm;vkH;&½SdNyD;aemuf wGufcsufMunfhrnf qkd
vQif a&eHxGufonfh ao;i,fonfh a'orsm;onf armfpukdESifh pdefYyDwm
pbwfeD;eD; tcGefb@maiGrsm; &½SdaeNyD; ,if;&½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;rSm a&eH
rxGufonfh a'orsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif ig;qrQ ykdrkd rsm;jym;vmonfukd awG Y&
rnf jzpfayonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf urÇmay:wGif wwd,tBuD;qkH; a&eHxkwfvkyf

a&mif;csonfh ekdifiHjzpfNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Yvnf; twkdif;twmwcktxd
us,fus,fjyefYjyefY xkwfvkyfa&mif;csonf/ EkdifiHrS xkwfvkyfa&mif;csonfh
a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yrsm; tm;vkH;ukd jynfwGif; okH;pGJNyD; ukefMurf;
jzpfonfh a&eHESifh tjcm;a&eHxGuf ypönf;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;okdY tajrmuftjrm;
wifykdYa&mif;csonf/ a&eHrSm trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;t& EIdif;pmvQif &mckdifEIef;
tenf;i,fom ½Sdonf[k qkd&onfhwkdif yrmPrSm BuD;rm;onf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yxkwfvkyfa&mif;csrIukd pDrHcefYcGJ

rIrSmrl Oya'aMumif;t&aum? b@ma&;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;t&
yg wausmif;w*gxmqkdovkd uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yudk
yk*¾vdu ydkifqkdifEkdifovkd aumfykd;a&;½Sif;rsm;? Xmaetif'D,ef; rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;?
a'oEÅ&ESifh jynfe,frsm;u ykdifqkdifonfvnf; ½Sdonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif
tcGifhta&;rsm;vnf; ½Sdonf/ ,if;tqifhqifh tpkd;&rsm;u ukd,fykdiftcGef
EIef;xm;rsm;jzifh udk,fwkdifpnf;MuyfEkdifovkd? twkdif;twmwcktxd Oya'
rsm;ESifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ukdvnf; a&;qGJxkwfjyefEkdifMuonf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u EkdifiHw0Srf;½Sd a&eH? "mwfaiG YESifh ow¬KwGif;ukrÜPDrsm; vkdufem&
rnfh pnf;urf;rsm; vkdufemap&ef xdef;n§dapmifhMuyfonfhwkdif? zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u zuf'&,fykdif ajrae&mrsm;rS xGuf½Sdonfh obm0o,HZmwrS
tcGefukdom &½SdEkdifonf/ (okdY&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u aumfykd&dwf0ifaiG
cGefukdrl &½Sdonf/)

a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yqkdif&m Oya'rsm;rSmvnf; jynfe,frsm;tvkduf

uGJjym;jcm;em;aomfvnf; txufazmfjycJhonfh ykdifqkdifrI obm0rSmrl
jynfe,fwkdif;tm;vkH;twGuf twlwlyif jzpfonf/ ajrykdifqkdifolwOD;tae
ESifh (wpkHw&m oabmwlnDcsuf okdYr[kwf aqmif½GufrIrsKd;jzifh cGJa0xm;
jcif; r½SdvQif) ,if;ajratmuf½Sd ow¬KwGif;xGuf ypönf;rsm;ukdyg ykdifqkdifEkdif
onf/ ajra&mif;cs? 0,f,l? vTJajymif;ouJhokdYyif ajratmuf½Sd a&eHESifh
"mwfaiG Yqkdif&m ykdifqkdifrIukd cGJa0a&mif;csEkdifovkd 0,fvnf; 0,f,lEkdif
onf/ vTJajymif;ay;tyfydkifcGifhvnf; ½Sdonf/

tar&duefpepfrSm ajymif;vJjyifvG,f½Sdonfh pepfvnf; jzpfonf/ tb,f

aMumifhqkdaomf a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdY\ e,fedrdwf
twGif;½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&ydkif ajrae&mrsm;rSm xGuf½Sdonfh a&eHtcGefrsm;
ukdyif &atmif awmif;qkdEkdifaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;
rSmrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukdyg cGJa0ay;apvkd
onfhtavQmuf urf;vGefow¬Kokdufrsm; wl;azmf&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&
taeESifh ajrukd xda&mufpGm rokH;ekdifatmif wm;jrpfonfh enf;vrf;jzifhvnf;
ta&;qkdykdifcGifh ½SdMuayonf/

AifeDZGJvm;

AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiHrSm urÇmay:wGif 'kwd,trsm;qkH; a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;½Sdonfh EkdifiH

jzpfonf/ a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGeftcrsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGmrSDckd&onf/ tpkd;&
0ifaiG\ 45 &mckdifEIef; (cefYrSef;) rSm a&eHrS &onfh tcGefjzpfonf/ ykdYukef\ 95
&mckdifEIef;rSm a&eHo,HZmw wl;azmfonfh vkyfief;ujzpfNyD; 2010 jynfhESpf
EkdifiHvkH; tom;wifxkwfvkyfrI wef;zkd; (*sD'DyD) \ 20 &mckdifEIef; ½Sdonf/

AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiH a&eHxkwfvkyfa&;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mefrsm;ukd a&eHxGuf

onfh jynfe,frsm;u r&½SdMuoavmufyif jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&
rSmvnf; edrfhyg;onfh cefYrSef;wefzkd;rsm;tay: rlwnfí bwf*sufukd a&;
qGJNyD; ,if;bwf*sufwGif jynfe,frsm;twGuf ueOD; cGJa0ay;rIrsm; yg½Sd
onf/ ,if;aemufwGifrS xyfwkd;cGJa0ay;rIrsm; jyKvkyfonf/ okdY&mwGif
zuf'&,ftpkd;&u a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@mtrsm;pkukd ukdifwG,f
okH;pGJNyD;? aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI jrifhrm;onfhtcgwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&uom
tusKd;tjrwf&½Sdonfukd awGU&onf/
AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiH\ txl;cGJa0ay;rIrsm; Oya'u t&yf&yfnDrQa&; cGJa0ay;
rIrsm;ukd jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;okdY ay;tyfxm;onf/ xkdYjyif a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS
&½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd xyfwkd;cGJa0ay;rIvnf; jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;Oya'
t& jynfe,frsm;ESifh A[kdtpkd;&½kH;pkduf&m c½kdifwkdYtwGuf (a&eHrS &½Sdonfh
tcGefrsm;a&m? a&eHr[kwfonfh tjcm;tcGefrsm;ukdyg) &½Sdonfh ykHrSefb@m
a&;0ifaiG\ 20 &mckdifEIef;ukd cGJa0ay;tyfonf/ ,if;odkfY cGJa0ay;tyf&mwGif
xkd 20 &mckdifEIef; yrmP\ 30 &mckdifEIef;udk jynfe,frsm;tm; wef;wl nDrQpGm
cGJa0ay;NyD; 70 &mckdifEIef;ukdrl vlOD;a&ESifh cGJa0ay;tyfonf/ xkdYjyif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&taeESifh a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGef0ifaiG\ tenf;qkH; 25 &mckdifEIef;udk
jynfe,frsm;odkY cGJa0ay;tyf&ef wm0ef½Sdonf/ ,if; 25 &mckdifEIef;teuf
42 &mckdifEIef;udk jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;okdY cGJa0ay;tyfNyD; jrLeDpy,frsm;twGuf
28 &mckdifEIef;ESifh a'oaumifpDrsm; (community councils) twGuf 30
&mckdifEIef; cGJa0ay;tyfonf/

ed*kH;

qkdcJhyg pum;tpOft& zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onf zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;jcif;

aMumifh tkyfcsKyfpDrH&ef cufcJonf r[kwfbJ tkyfcsKyfpDrH&ef cufcJaomaMumifh
zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;&jcif;yifjzpfonf qkdonfh tcsufrSm xif½Sm;NyD; jzpf
ygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ tawG YtBuHKrsm;u òefjyaeonfrSm ,if;
tcuftcJrsm;onf ykHpHpkH? u@pkHrSm ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfygonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pD tm;enf;onfh EkdifiHrsm; jzpfNyD;
tmPmcGJa0jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í qlBuHKedrfhjrifh rsKd;pkHorkdif;aMumif;rsm; ½SdcJhonfh
EkdifiHrsm;vnf; ½Sdovkd tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDpepfESifh tom;usNyD; EkdifiH
rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSm (vlrsKd;? bmompum;tm;jzifh) rsm;pGm
uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif; r½SdvSbJ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSmrl vlrsKd;pkH? bmompum;pkH?
ya'ompkH½SdonfhtavQmuf ajz½Sif;rIenf;vrf;rsm;rSmvnf; ajymif;vG,f jyif
vG,f½Sdonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpf&ef vkdNyD; EkdifiHa&;t& tavQmhay;aphpyfEkdif&ef
vkdrnf jzpfygonf/
EkdifiHwEkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;u@onf ,if;EkdifiH\ a&eHobm0o,HZmw
tay: rSDckd&rI BuD;rm;ygu ,if;EkdifiH½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&taejzifh a&eHu@
ukd A[kdxdef;csKyfrIatmuf xnfhoGif;&ef vkdvm;NyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;&uom
b@ma&;t& pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh½SdonfqkdonftcsufrSmvnf;
xif½Sm;ygonf/ wzufwGifvnf; a&eHu@u EkdifiHpD;yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;
ygrI avsmhenf;onfh EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh jynfe,frsm;tMum;
&if;jrpfrrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefESifh pyfvsOf;onfh wm0efrsm;ESifh cGJa0rIrsm;
jyKvkyfonfh ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnfjzpfNyD; tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl
jynfe,frsm;u twkdif;twmwckxd xdef;csKyfpDrHykdifcGifh ½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfygonf/

Z,m;rsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½IUvQif a&eHo,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrIESifh

pyfvsOf;í tpkd;&tqifhqifhtMum; cGJa0ay;rIykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;½Sdonfukd awG Y&
rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;
½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tcGefrsm;ukd qkH;jzwfykHESifh cGJa0ykHvnf;
trsKd;rsKd; axGjym;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ &if;jrpfrsm;tay: tvGef
trif;rSDckd&rIu tpkd;&rsm;ukd a&eHu@pDrHrIESifh tcGefaumufrIwGif t"du
tcef;u@rS yg0ifaponfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfovkd wekdifiHvkH; vlaerItqifh
twef;jrifhrm;onfh EkdifiHrsm;ESifh a&eHu@rSm EkdifiHvkH; pD;yGm;a&;\ rajymy
avmufaom yrmPom ½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl þudpörSm txufqkdcJhyg ykHpH
avmuf ta&;rBuD;onfudkvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fpepf
wGif ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f½Sdjcif; (flexibility) rSm EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh usufoa&
w&yfyif jzpfNyD; ,if;ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,f½Sdjcif;u EkdifiHrsm;ukd rnfonfh
tpkd;&u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifrnf? pDrHcefYcGJrnf? tcGefrsm;ukd rnfokdY
rnfykH pDrHrnfqkdonfh udpö&yfrsm;udk EkdifiH\ orkdif;aMumif;ESifh tajctae
rsm;ukd xif[yfaponfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh n§dEIdif;Ekdif&ef tcGifhtvrf;tjzpf
ay:aygufaponfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
rwlnDaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u &if;jrpftcGefrsm; cGJa0jcif;ukd rwlnDaom
ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ukdifwG,faqmif½GufMuonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiH\ a'orsm;twGif; b@ma&;qkdif&m rnDrQrIrsm; r½Sd
oifh[lí tqkdjyK jiif;ckHMuonfhwkdif tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif ,if;okdY rnDrQrIrsm;
tay: EkdifiHa&;t& onf;cHrIrsm; ½Sdonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u a&eHrxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;xuf b@m
a&;qkdif&m tusKd;tjrwfrsm; ydkrkd&½Sdonf qkdonfrSmvnf; zuf'&,fEkdifiH
rsm;\ orkdif;aMumif;? rlvtajccHtcsufrsm;? zGJUpnf;ykH tpDtrHrsm;ESifh EkdifiH
wGif;½Sd jynfe,frsm;\ oabmobm0ukd vufcHem;vnfEkdifonfh EkdifiHa&;
,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukd xif[yfjcif;[kvnf; qkdEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/ uGJvGJonfh
ykHpHtm;jzifh tcsKdUzuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHESifh EkdifiHa&;,Ofaus;rIt& ½Sd
onfh (a&eHtygt0if) obm0o,HZmwrsm;ESifh ,if;wkdY\ tcGefrsm;ukd
jynfe,frsm; tm;vkH;twGuf wef;wl&nfwl ½Sdoifhonf qkdonfh t,ltq
½SdMuayonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ oabmobm0t&yif wEkdifiHvkH; tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh

a'otusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh bm0½kyfvu©Pmrsm; rQajc&½Sd&avatmif aqmif½Guf
&jcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;rQajcwGif a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;/ ,if;wkdY\ tusKd;tjrwf
rsm;ukd cGJa0jcif;? pDrHcefYcGJjcif;[lonfh udpörsm;vnf; yg0ifayonf/ þokdY
qkd&mwGif a&eHu@vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tusKd;qufrsm;onf wEkdifiHvkH;tusKd;
pD;yGm;? jynfe,ftusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh a'otusKd;pD;yGm;udk rQajczef;ay; Ekdifonfh
EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;onfh pepfrsm;yg½Sd? zGH YNzdK;&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif;
xif½Sm;apvkdygonf/ ,if;okdY atmifjrifonfh rQajc w&yf &½SdEkdif&efrSmvnf;
EkdifiH\ obm0 (rwluGJjym;rI? zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m tpOftvmrsm;? "etiftm;
ESifh tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm;) tay: rlwnfovkd ,if;EkdifiHykdifqkdifonfh ajr
atmuf½Sd o,HZmwrsm;tay:vnf; rlwnfaeonf jzpfygaMumif; xif½Sm;
apvkdygonf/
 EkdifiHawmf\ twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunf?
tqifhjrifh jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwkdYESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf
pkaygif;trSwfw&"mwfykH/
 EkdifiHawmf\ twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunfESifh
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