Chuong 7 PDF

Chapter 7
1
METHODS OF INTEGRATION
Table of contents
7.1. Review of Substitution and Integration by Tables
7.2. Integration by parts
7.3. Trigonometric methods
7.4. Method of Partial Fractions
7.5. Summary of Integration Techniques
7.6. First-Order Differential Equations
7.7. Improper Integrals
7.8. Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
7.1.Substitution and Tables
Review of Substitution
dx
Example 7.1 I   3
x ln x
dx
Example 7.2 I 
sin x
dx
Example 7.3 I  
1  ex
dx
I 
 
Example 7.4 3
x x 8
7.1.Substitution and Tables
Using Tables of Integrals
2
x dx
4x 12
Example 7.6 I   x ln 3xdx

3
Integration by Parts Formula

From d (uv)  udv  vdu
  d (uv)   udv   vdu  uv   udv   vdu
  udv  uv   vdu
Example 7.7 Example 7.8
I   x 2 e x dx I   e 2 x cos xdx
Definite Integration by Parts

b b
 udv  uv   vdu
b
a
a a
Example 7.9
1
I   arcsin xdx
0

m n
Powers of Sine and Cosine sin x cos xdx
Example 7.10 I   sin x cos x

2 3
sin 2 x
Example 7.11 I  4
dx
cos x
Rational Functions of Sine and Cosine

WEIRSTRASS SUBSTITUTION
x
For    x   , let u  tan so that
2
2u 1 u 2
2
sin x  ; cos x  ; dx  du
1 u 2
1 u 2
1 u 2
dx
2 cos x  3sin x
Trigonometric Substitutions
dx
9  x2
x2
Example 7.14 I  dx
x2  1
Example 7.15 I   x  4dx

2
Partial Fraction Decomposition
  6 dx
x 3
x 2  3x  2
xdx
I 
   4
Example 7.17
 x  2 x 2
dx
Example 7.18 I  3
x  x  6
First-Order Linear Differential Equations

dy
The general form  P( x) y  Q( x)
dx
Example 7.19
3  x  1
2
x  2  3  x  1  0 
dy y dy 1
2
 3 y
dx x dx x x
1
 P( x)  3 , Q( x) 
3  x 2
 1
x x
1  
 ( x)  
The general solution y  ( x )Q ( x ) dx  C 
 ( x)  e  P ( x ) dx
: integrating factor of the differential
equation
dy
Example 7.20 ( x  1)  4 xy  3
2
dx
4
dy 2y
Example 7.21  3
dx xy  1
dy
Example 7.22 x  y  y ln x, y (1)  1
2
dx
Applications of First-Order Equations
Modeling Logistic Growth
dQ
 kQ (t )  B  Q (t ) 
dt
Q(t): the population of a colony of living organisms

(humans, bactcria, etc)
B: carrying capacity of the species
k: rate of change of the population
The rate at which an epidemic spreads through a

community is proportional to the product of the number
of residents who have been infected and the number of
susceptible residents. Express the number of residents
who have been infected as a function of time
The differential equation describing the spread of the
epidemic is
dQ
 kQ (t )  B  Q (t ) 
dt
B
 Q (t ) 
1  Ae  Bkt
Example 7.23
Suppose the population p(t) (the units: 10 millions peoples) of a
country after t years from 2013 is given by
dp  1 
 0.0024 p 1  p , p (0)  9
dt  18 
Calculate the population on 2017.
Modeling Dilution
Example 7.23
A tank contains 20 lb of salt dissolved in 50 gal of water.
Suppose 3 gal of brine containing 2 lb of dissolved sail
per gallon runs into the tank every minute and that the
mixture (kept uniform by stirring) runs out of the tank at
the rate of 2 gal/min. Find the amount of salt in the tank
at any time t. How much salt is in the tank at the end of
one hour?
Modeling RL Circuits
According to Kirchhoffs second law
dI
L  RI  E
dt
E  t 
R
E
I (t )  1  e   when t  
L
R  R
E  E  RL t 
  e 
R  R 
the stendy-state current the transient current
Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration (Type I)
 N
 f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx

a
N 
a
The improper integral is said to converge this

limit is a finite number and to diverge
otherwise. b b
Extended 

f ( x)dx  lim
N   f ( x)dx
N
 a 


f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
 a
Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration (Type I)

 
1 1
I  dx I  dx
0
1 x 2
1 x
Improper Integrals with Unbounded Integrands
(Type II)
b b
 f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx

a
t a 
t
Extended
b t
 f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx  f(x) is unbounded at b 

a
t b
a
b c b
 f ( x)dx  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  f(x) is unbounded at c 

a a c
Improper Integrals with Unbounded Integrands
(Type II)
1 
1 1
I  dx I  dx
0 1 x 2
1
x ln x
Comparison Test for Convergence or Divergence
Suppose f and g are continuous functions such that
f ( x)  g ( x)  0 for x ≥ a. Then
 
If  f ( x)dx
a
converges, then  g ( x)dx
a
converges and
 
 g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx
 a a

If  g ( x)dx
a
diverges then  f ( x)dx diverges.
a
Remark
 1

1  if   1  converge
a x dx  a  0,   R     1

  if   1  diverge
  b  a 1
 if   1  converge
b
1
  x  a  dx   R    1  
a   if   1  diverge

Example 7.29
Consider the convergence of these following integrals
 2 
x sin x
1. I   4 dx 2. I   e  x2
dx
1
x 7 1
1
1
3. I   dx
0 x x
Remark
When x → 0 then
sin x x, arcsin x x 
(1  x)  1 x
tan x x, arctan x x
e 1 x
x
2
1  cos x
x ln 1  x  x
2
When x → +∞ then
ln x  x  e , n  0
n x
Example 7.30
Consider the convergence of these following integrals

arctg x  x
2 1
1  cos 2 x
  ln 1 
 
1. dx 2. dx
1
9  3x  x 2
0
3
x4
7.8. Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic
Functions
Hyperbolic Functions
x
e e
x
sinh x  for all x.
2
e x  e x
cosh x  for all x.
2 a  ax  
x
y  e  e a 
sinh x e x  e  x 2 
tanh x   x  x for all x.
cosh x e  e
Functions
Graph of Hyperbolic Functions
Functions
Properties of Hyperbolic Functions
1. cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1 2. sinh   x    sinh x
3. cosh   x   cosh x 4. tanh   x    tanh x
5. sinh  x  y   sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y
6. cosh  x  y   cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y

Functions
1 e x  e x e2 x  1
7. coth x   x x  2x
tanh x e  e e 1
x
1 2 2e
8. sec hx   x x  2x
cosh x e  e e 1
1 2 2e x
9. cschx   x x  2x
sinh x e  e e 1
10. sec h x  1  tanh x; csch x  coth x  1

2 2 2 2
Functions
Derivatives and Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
d du d du
 sinh u   cosh u.  cosh u   sinh u.
dx dx dx dx
d du d du
 tanh u   sech u.
2
 coth u    csch u.
2
dx dx dx dx
d du
 sech u    sech u tanh u.
dx dx
d du
 csch u    csch u coth u.
dx dx
Functions
Derivatives and Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
Example 7.31
 
dy
1. y  coth 2 x  52
Find
dx
dy
2. y  ln  csc   x  3  Find
dx
3. I   x csc h 2 x 2 dx

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Chapter 7

Example 7.6 I   x ln 3xdx

Integration by Parts Formula

Example 7.7 Example 7.8

Definite Integration by Parts

Example 7.10 I   sin x cos x

Rational Functions of Sine and Cosine

Example 7.15 I   x  4dx

Partial Fraction Decomposition

First-Order Linear Differential Equations

Q(t): the population of a colony of living organisms

The rate at which an epidemic spreads through a

 f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx

The improper integral is said to converge this

Example 7.25 Example 7.26

 f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx

 f ( x)dx  lim  f ( x)dx  f(x) is unbounded at b 

 f ( x)dx  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  f(x) is unbounded at c 

Example 7.27 Example 7.28

1. cosh 2 x  sinh 2 x  1 2. sinh   x    sinh x

3. cosh   x   cosh x 4. tanh   x    tanh x

5. sinh  x  y   sinh x cosh y  cosh x sinh y

6. cosh  x  y   cosh x cosh y  sinh x sinh y

10. sec h x  1  tanh x; csch x  coth x  1

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