Advance Design of RC Structure 1

Retaining Wall

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Retaining Walls 2
 What are retaining walls
 Retaining walls are soil-structure systems
intended to support earth backfills.
 Type of retaining walls
 Gravity retaining wall
 gravity walls rely on their own weight to
provide static equilibrium.
 typically made of plain (unreinforced)
concrete or stone blocks.
 Cantilever retaining walls
 cantilever walls derive a portion of their
stabilizing forces and moments from the
backfill soil above the heel.
 require the use of steel reinforcement to
resist the large moments and shear stresses.

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

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Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

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Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Retaining Walls 5
 MSE walls
 Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls derive their stability
from the internal stresses developing at the interface between the
soil and the reinforcement elements.
 MSE walls are constructed by compacting the soil in layers
separated by reinforcement strips or sheets. Reinforcement strips are
attached to facing units, and extend far enough into the backfill to
ensure adequate pullout resistance.
 Soil-Nailed walls

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Retaining Walls 6
 Reinforced Earth Walls
 Geotextile-Reinforced Walls
 Cantilever Sheet Piles

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Reinforced Earth Walls
7

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Cantilever Sheet Piles
8

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Cantilever Retaining Walls 9
 Basic Principles
 Cantilever walls are made of reinforced concrete, & come in different
geometries.
 Rely on their self-weight to resist sliding & overturning, but derive part
of their stability from the weight of the backfill above the heel of the
wall.

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

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Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Cantilever Retaining Walls 11
 Typical Dimensions of retaining walls

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

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Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

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Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Cantilever Retaining Walls 14
 Basic Design Principles
 In addition to the external stability, cantilever walls must also satisfy
internal structural.
 The wall section should be able to withstand the shear stresses and
bending moments resulting from the lateral earth pressure as well as the
difference in pressure between the top and bottom faces of the base.

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Cantilever Retaining Walls 15
 External stability
 In analyzing or designing for external stability, all the forces acting on
the structure are considered. These forces include lateral earth
pressures, the self-weight of the structure, & the reaction from the
foundation soil.
 The stability of the wall is then evaluated by considering the relevant
forces for each potential failure mechanism.
 The wall has to be stable against:
 Sliding

 Overturning

 Bearing capacity q all

FS BC  1
q max
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Cantilever Retaining Walls 16
 Design Example
 Given data
 As shown in the figure
 f c '  25MPa
f y  420MPa
q all  150kN / m 2
 Design the retaining wall

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Design Example 17
Step 1: Check for overturning
Calculate the weight per unit width (Wi)
W 1  23.5  0.5  0.7  8.23kN (per meter)
W 2  23.5  5  0.5  58.75kN
W 3  23.5  0.5 1.4  16.45kN
W 4  (17  2.5  19  0.2)1.4  112.7kN

Moment arm (xi)

x 1  0.35m
x 2  0.95m
x 3  1.9m
x 4  1.9m

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Design Example 18
Calculate the active earth pressure & the water pressure
1  sin 35
Ka   0.27
1  sin 35
 'h 1  17  2.5  0.271  11.52kPa
 'h 2  (17  2.5  (19  9.8)  2.5)  0.271  17.75kPa
u  9.8  2.5  24.5kPa
W 4  (17  2.5  19  0.2)1.4  112.7kN

The active forces P1 to P4 per unit width

P1  0.5 11.52  2.5  14.4kN
P2  17.75  2.5  44.38kN
P3  0.5  (17.75  11.52)  2.5  7.79kN
P4  0.5  24.5  2.5  30.63kN

Moment arm (yi)

y 1  2.5  2.5 / 3  3.33m y 3  2.5 / 3  0.83m
y 2  2.5 / 2  1.25m y 4  0.83m
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Design Example 19
Calculate the active earth pressure & the water pressure
M
FS overturning  R 
W i x i
M O  Pi y i
8.23  0.35  58.75  0.95  16.45 1.9  112.7 1.9

14.4  3.33  44.38 1.25  7.79  0.83  30.63  0.83
304.1
  2.2  1.5 OK
135.3

Step 2: Check for bearing capacity

The eccentricity on the wall base
e  0.5B  (M R  M O ) /W
 0.5(2.6)  (304.1  135.3) /196.1
e  0.42m  B / 6  0.43 OK
The maximum & minimum soil pressures at the toe & heel of the base are
F M 196.1 196.1 0.42  6
q max  qtoe   x y    148.5 kN / m 2

A Ix 2.6 2.62
196.1 196.1 0.42  6
q min  q heel   2
 2.3 kN / m 2
2.6 2.6
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Design Example 20
q all 150
FS BC    1.01  1 OK
q max 148.5

Step 3: Check for shear strength at critical section

The ultimate shear on the base at a distance d from the face of the wall is
d  0.5  .075  0.02  0.405m Effective depth of base
At the TOE
Pressure at distance d from the face of the wall
q max  148.5 kN / m 2
(148.5  2.3)  2.295
qd   2.3  131.3 kN / m 2
2.6
V u  1.6qb (0.7  d )
 148.5  131.3 
 1.6  1  0.7  0.405   66 kN
 2 
 V c  0.17 fc 'b0d
 0.17  0.85 30 1 0.405  293 kN  Vu OK
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Design Example 21
At the HEEL
Pressure at distance d from the face of the wall
(148.5  2.3)  0.995
qd   2.3  58.2 kN / m 2
2.6
q min  2.3 kN / m 2

V u  1.6qb (1.4  d )
 58.2  2.3 
 1.6  1 1.4  0.405  50 kN
 2 
 V c  0.17 fc 'b0d
 0.17  0.85 30 1 0.405  293 kN  Vu OK
Step 3: Flexural reinforcement
At the HEEL
Case I
 1.42 1.42 
M u  1.6M heel  1.6  2.3   81  2.3 
 2 6 
M u  44.8 kN .m

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Design Example 22
0.85f c '  2.61 103 M u 
 1  1  
f y  bd 2f c ' 
0.85  25  2.61103 (44.8) 
 1  1    0.0007   min  0.0018
420  1(0.405)  25 
2

As  0.0018(100)(40.5)  7.3cm 2
Use  12mm @ 15cm
W3 + W4
Case II
M u  1.6M heel  1.6 16.45  112.7  0.7  144.6 kN

0.85  25  2.61103 (144.6) 

 1  1    0.0024
420  1(0.405)  25 
2

As  0.0024(100)(40.5)  9.7cm 2

Use  14mm @ 15cm

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Design Example 23
At the TOE
 0.7 2 0.7 2 
M u  1.6M toe  1.6 109.1  148.5  109.1 
 2 3 
M u  53.1 kN .m

0.85  25  2.61103 (53.1) 

 1  1    0.0009  min  0.0018
420  1(0.405) 2  25 

As  0.0018(100)(40.5)  7.3cm 2

Use  12mm @ 15cm

At the STEM
M stem  14.4  2.83  44.38  0.75  7.79  0.33  30.63  0.33
M stem  86.7kN .m

M u  1.6M stem  1.6 86.7   138.7 kN .m

0.85  25  2.61103 (148.7) 

 1  1    0.0023
420  1(0.405) 2  25 
Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure
Design Example 24
As  0.0023(100)(40.5)  9.3cm 2
Use  14mm @ 15cm

Step 4: Shrinkage reinforcement

As  0.0018(100)(40.5)  7.3cm 2
Use  12mm @ 15cm

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure

Design Example 25

Flexural reinforcement
 12mm @ 15cm Shrinkage reinforcement

 12mm @ 15cm

 14mm @ 15cm
 12mm @ 15cm  14mm @ 15cm
 12mm @ 15cm
 12mm @ 15cm

Lecture 11 Advance Design of RC Structure