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© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad.
New Edition
First Published 2013
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means without the prior permission in writing of the
publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of
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and without a similar condition including this condition
being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the Director
of School Education, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
We have used some photographs which are under
creative common licence. They are acknowledged
at later (page viii).
This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. S.S. Map litho,

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
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nZ!"X$./)o,%&./'i:, 9)¡"$678¢,S7aw+_:,Dza,!345,3ZBC+,cd)0ucd )VN,!Ú,%µ\cd)X,%µ"ah´
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VEXYS`,Szu;,3ZB[F),Szu;,h"()0¡"¸F,!"9L,\(S7Dd,nd0!,ndX$F),nZh")~VE;.))
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\F)(,q678¢(o,>£,:)+_,(0 DdPZ),h"(0:,\F)(Dg,qu;S7F),i./)J^)Dd)VE;.))o
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l+2o, !"#$%&'()*+GH,(cQ0i:)G:, !"x,rS7¢,T¦./)uSY,rS7, 9),l+M¼a@, !"x, 9)S`,h"(0:
\F)(,l+M¼ao
F"/:;</#-:G)H5/#-9;E&=@2"5A>IJG5KL=@5#-"#%MN 245
VEXYSY, 67tM¼,OVZS7, 3ZB[F),IDd./, 3ZB[F:)+_,(Fh", (_:, !"iF678, 9),PZh,¡"$678¢
I('9+,G34)o,OPQ)RSKSY,(Fh",PQ¥L:,34SY¤, !UySK, !"iF,!"Rhypx@, TU&VNW,G3,i./eSY,PQ¥L:
9R¢´, !"iF, !"Rhypx, I3Zo, <=$./Dd3ZBC+Dg, h"¡"¸, !"!"+nd()+DdX$, (Fh", PQ¥L:, I9)(+XY
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.EiS`c)d ,h"(0:Dd'+@,O+34R,S7F)!"1Sg(9+,O:;,()»aS7,h"0 Dd+!, !"#$%&'()*+,3=./!M"
l+2o, !"#$%&'()*+GH,(cQ0i:)G:, !"x,rS7¢,T¦./)uSY, rS7, 9),l+M¼a@, !"x, 9)S`
h"(0:,\F)(,l+M¼ao
/#-01 !23O4_'`5abYZ&R5/'`?@OcR59;1de !23&4"5'fA>g5^, !"#$%&'()*+,O+,¾S(F+,qu;S7GHL
T&G{|u@, T&F678F:), q:);Sg(9PZ)::;, 3=g./¤Y, Dd./nd), S7:!"Ms)Dd)+2o, SK !"#$%&'()*+, O+
!"<=])Dd'\3=VEF)@ndX$F), Ddcd0./), nZcd)9+GH@, PEXYu, O()F), nZcd )9+GH, 67tM¼, !"iF)
_ Dd+,o±,
!"iF,O2=SK./+,-
,nd34./+J^+,FL,qG$,(0./)Dd)+2½
<=$J^%&'())F),SKPEao,I2qG$,%&3=4*()(1Dd)+2½, !"iF+34./0,¡y$./+J^+JK,T&G{|u,Dd(),O(h".EF)@
Ob= T&cd0F),h"w"+JK,!.z¢,VZG$¡y$./+J^, nd./F),iR!y:,Dd./PEDd, ndX$F)@,\3=VEF),./0T+2+_
:!"©Ms),I2,%&3=4*()(1Dd)+2o,h"'Dd+ Dd, T¦./, h"+!U"0F)JK,v./wM, ndX$F)@,\3=VEF),h"()./p+JK,O()F)
OcZ)*G$,nd0Ms9+GH, !"iF),<=$J^%&'())F),SKPEao,O.))DZ, !"iF),,./S7+JK,<=$J^%&'())F),SK(9+
O+Dd,DZaS7JK,%&2=+ndG+ o,OVZS,7 3ZB[FGH,qu;S: , !"<)]= DE'F),67t M¼, !"iF,<=$J^%&'(0*u;, TµDdW¡y$+nd(1@
!JK, 3uu, OMs)Â678+X$.))o, !"iF), 67tM¼, 3ZBC
(*(¡"¸.EFGH,O+Dd,h"SY~,nd0!"678+M¼,l3h}:+JK !" R T&F:GH, <= $ J^ % &'())F), SK(9+
l+MTµDE./)o,l3¡"$./¤678,q+DdJKVg, !"nE./+,nZh:y !"iF678,q+34)678,I"+,l+Ms34)½,h".:
>,OPQ)RSK,O3=4*S7,qu;S7GHL,À,B[DEuSY,!JK O(JK¡"$:,GST7 µ(9+,(FLVE@,h"S,~Y GSV7 E@
!" i F), Dd ( ), 9), ¡" $ 67 8 ¢:) GS7, Dd(),Ob= T&cd0uSY, \F)(,l+Ms34u
l!"cQ0j+nd)SgG34)o <=$\+nd9+,(FLVE½
246 !"#$%&'()*+,-." !"#$%&'()*+,-,./0!"1234)5678+9):;,<=$(:

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v./w./n)d SgX$uSY@,PEXYu,(*S7!~ ." n/ Xd $uSY@,h"+!U0" F)JK,v./wM,Dd(),<=$PEF,O()F)678,Tµ.EMsX$uSY
T¦./)F678, h'ndÃ, l:;!"©MZ, PECL, u./cd0F), h")Sg(9+GH, <=$J^%&'())F), O(1DE./)o, mXYVZ
T¦./¡"$678¢F+X$./)o,O.))DZ,,¡"$678¢F), !"iF678,O+Dd,DZaS7JK,Fb=+ndG34)o,PES¶,%&'Dd+ Dd*+@
h"+!U0" F)JK,v./wMZ@, !"<)]= Dd',(*(¡"¸.EF,J^)R+_,DQF)h")678VZ, !"iF,¡"$678¢F:),ucd)+ x+ndX$uSY
!"<)]= DE'F), !"c)d x;+nE.))o, !"<)]= Dd',u./c 0d FGH,nEG$,(./687 ,./¡$" h"*+JK,l+nE./)o,2:,!" xS7F)@
!"1h"~SKF:), hVEW./), nZhy, !"<=])DE'uSY, (*x¾.S7+JK, l:;, Ob= T&cd 0F:), !"nd)R+ndunZPECL
SK34)¬, !"iF678,Dd(),SKF(Fhy:,h"+h"@p ,SKReS7,h"+!U)" +@,.EiS`c)d ,T&JK,v./wMsX$uSY,O:)()xunZ
PECL,SK34)@,rS7¢,T&u,G3,O2=SKRS7+JK,PQ034+,DQa!y:,T&F:),(0 DdPZ),!"unZcd)unZ
PECLo,%&./'i:, 9),¡"$678¢@, !"x,Sz25,h"+(DdW.EF678,qu;S7F),l:;!"wXYS`,./·&*, !"iF678,!:
!.z¢:;, nEG$, ¡"$678¢F), G(1o, O+34)¾S, ±
!" ! " + nd + GH, OVZ S 7 , !" < = ] ) DE'F), !" i F67 8 h"+(DdW.EFT&9),OS7¢Ms,r¾S,T&,T&F:,l+2o
T¦./ ¡ " $ 67 8 ¢F:), InE.))o, O.))DZ , !" i F VEXYS,Y 67tM¼,Ou;,3ZB[F, !"iF678,,¡"$678¢F)
TUµ:)F:), X$!y+JÅ, nZcd)9+@, PECL, lDd~.EF) Fb=+nd9+, G34)o, T¦./¡"$678¢F:), !"R\)Dd+
nd3(4 9+@,PEC,L SK./*S7G$T&F!, u!U0" ,l+nd9+
nZ c d ) 9+, 3'.E, !" < = ] ) DE'F), O2= S K./ + GH
(+XY,nd./*F),nZ!"MsDE.))o,I2,h".:3ZVE½
Sz:%&J^X$uSY, !"cd)x;h")~+X$.))o
/#-01 !23O4_'`5,-3OD=@2"5'fA>g^5 !"#$%&'(0*uSY,.EiS`cd),h"(0:Dd'+,-, !"x,(*SY~S`,rS7
9),l+M¼Fu,nd0B[+o,O.))DZ,,.EiS`cd),h"(0:Dd'+, !"<=$(+,nd0T&F+,%&(0ºS7@,RpS7
¡Ä3FGH, hDd+, h"(0:Dd'+, l+M¼ao, h"(0i+, 3=4uS7-!34F)JK@, !, 67 8G$F)-34¥Dd)F)JK
\<=]º+!"M, l+, .EiS`cd)h"(0:Dd'+,O./p./¡y$Dd+,O(1Dd)+2o,l:;Dd , ¡Ä3@,h"+!"34, l:;
PEC,L Dd()678O:)67tF+JK, 9),PZc)d ()u
#-m`n'(5o^5p"#%'(5JG,%D5'q_r5:G)*Rst5F:X?@ORst \)ja:, PEC L u , DZ a S7 J K, !" < = $ \Dd +
6,-3OD=@R&501u?@&5F:X?@&"st5A>m15v)*=@"stw nZcd)J^F)J^)DE./)o,nEG$,6789)+<$FGH,
,:G)x"5y#YZ& V#W5z{| '`"]5z{| 6789)+<$uSY, !345, O.)):, !"1./)"«Ms)
34SY¤$ !UySK 64.8 2.9 ()¡y$CFDg,h"¡"¸,6789)+,h"<=])*F+34./0
<ºG 63.0 2.6 q(RSY , 9)PZ c d 0 GH, u./ . ))%&~ M s ) o
OPQ)RSK 50.0 4.0 OPQ)RSK,(+XY,OVZS,7 3ZB[FGH,OVZS,7 !"%&./
I+JKL+Ms) 34.5 9.6 %&3=4VEF),3=4uS7, SK.gw¾.X, h"+h"pF),G3
MQVEe.f¢ 34.5 9.6
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¡"$+J^ 34.5 10.0
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!"#$%&'\)S7+JK@,, !"iF+34R, !"c0Q iVEF R234)5DE./)@, !"<=$\Dd+, nZ%&~./)o, h"+!":);F)@
Sgh"+,!"u,nZh, !"<)]= DE'F),l:;!"wXYS,Y OVZS7 BCS(~Y )+Dd)F678,B[h":,h"<)]= *F)@,()+ Dd)F),O+34)<$9)GH
3ZB[FGH (%&p . ))GH, Oh" ( 0:Dd F ) l+X$./), SKXY, PECL, \3=VEF)@, , SK./* S7(0F:)
q+34)678, Sz:%&J^)Dd)VE;.))½ !"<=$\Dd+,nZcd),J^F)J^)DE./)o
F"/:;</#-:G)H5/#-9;E&=@2"5A>IJG5KL=@5#-"#%MN 247
I+SgPQ!"1:,!34F)@,u./S7.Eh")*F678, !"<=])Dd',(.E|F),,\3=4+JK,O+34)<$9)GH,l+Ms(1o
SKXY,OVZS7,3ZB[F, !"<=])DE'F),3=4u678F678,O:)67tF+JK@,!34F, !"cQ0iVEF678,\./)34§+JK,l+MZ
\3=VEF:),O:)h"Rh")~+X$.))o,SKXY,.EiS`cd),h"(0:Dd'+DgT&9),%&(0ºS7@,RpS7,h"(0:Dd'+
l+,Dd!yw+_,uiPQ):, !"#$%&'(0*u;,%&2=+ndG()u,nQ!"w(nd)o
r¾S,T&, ()¨L@,()¨L, O2=SK./+GHSY, (h")~+, !"iF),T&VZ, Sg./)678+9)VE;./u,O./p(0,GS7
!"DE*(0;cd)PZ),G34)@,G3, !"DE*(0;cd0uSY, !"iF:), 9),PZcd)u('Ms+,G34u,O./p(0½,SY+34
I_:,()0Ms),l3¡"$./¤F,3=./+JK,h"(03=:+,I('+M
Oo,>°£GH,%&'Dd+ Dd*+,(_:,Dd./PEDd,PQ)SYWSg,Dd(),3ZBC,O3=4*67 8Mu,q:);SgX$uSY, !"x,./)
h"+(DdW.EF678,rS7%&R,qu;S7F),u./'¡y$h")+~ 2o,,3ZB+C ,hu S7@,G3,ucd)+Dd,T&F:GH,q:;Ms0
G3)4 o,SK,,h"+(DdW./+,(./687 ,Ç.f!,y IVNh9 y )*":G,R(F)*":,T&,O:;,rS7¢,T&VZ
!",qu;S7GH,\icd)+,%&2=+_+2o, !"x!"S,7 T&F),TµX`,nZh\SK,JF(GS,7 TµcZ)\o,qu;S7GHL
JF(X$uSY,Ç.f!y,OVZS7,O S7(),!"34§Dd)F678,T&FwMZ2o, !"<=])Dd',T&.È/B[FGH,X`nd./)L,Ç.f!ySY
9),PZcd)()u,DdaL34+ Ms)F:),F(+Dd+,nZhPE./)o
o,OFwh"+¹$*S7,B¯'Dd,#$cd))F,T&F:,:)+_,º+<$<',>°AGH,%&'Dd+ Dd*+,T+2+2o,O!"wXY:)+_
3ZBC,%&'Dd+ Dd*,l34*(0uSY,VZDdDd'+,(¡y$+_:,#$:)-!yq!U´,O:;,T&cZ),3ZB[u;,T&a%µ~+2o
,T&,VEcd)678Ms),.E.f, ())JK<,%&'Dd+ Dd*+,T+2:!"wXY:)+_,O3=*4 678 Ms)JK,lVE;Ms)o,())JK<SY
q+Dg, !"#$34.¤/ ,l+2@,SK,qu;S7FGH,qVg;,O S7(),!"3D§4 )d F678,T&FwMsDEMs)o,O3=*4 S7, O2=SK.EF:)
!+nd)Dd0@,ODdMs),q(RS`,iPE)3,SK678+M¼,nZh"0~,3ZBC,.E#$*+JKu;,!"F)(0./)L,(0.E./)o
!"x!"S,7 T&,SK./*S7.F~/ ),PZ2+= !"1F678,J^)./(1DE./)@,PEC,L h"(0PZB[F:),<=+] J^!." )/ %&~.)/ o,O3=*4 678 Mu
$)RÉ+ndX$uSY,!"R$Dd)F),\2=h"0~,rS7,nd9+,,l+2o,a\iVN@,¾.Mc Q0F), !"<=])Dd',=:+GH
lVE;.))o,O2=SK./+GH,l:;,T&,S73Ê4VEFVZ,I\, !"%&./+,nZ%&~.))o
Io,nQVEGH,3ZBC,T&./LPQ)+9),#$cd), !"#$,SK+ Jh"):),q:);SgX$uSY, !"x,O.))34),h"+(DdW.EF678
S7()+,Dd!"w678+M¼,qu;S7F),i./)J^)DE.))o,#$cd), !"#$,SK+ Jh")678,3ZBC,O3=4*678Mu,ucd)\)+nZ
O2=SK./+,l+9)+2o,nQVE,O+DdXY,:)+_,£,h"<=])*F:),uSY,q:);678+X$./)o,Sz+Dd()+2
h"<=])*F:),h:*+,q:);678+9)+2o,qu;S7GHL, TµX`, nZcd)X$uSY, ())+34 ),nQVE,S7()0*uh"), T&
PQ03u;,O<=]*Rp,T+3ao,-£GH,iRj:,qu;S7GHL,nQVE,S7()0*uh"),T&,G3,3uDg
r!"w+34+,67834)./)678:;,qu\)2,_:;,T&F,h"<=])*FVZ, TµX`SY, O:)()x+nE./)o,S7()0*uh")
T&cZ), !"x%&, !"<=])DE'u;,v.Ew9),nZh")~+2o
/#-01 !23O4_'`5 y,2J>}~?@&&=@5 p_r'(R&5'fA>g5^,rS7, 3ZBC, !"iF), !"<=])Dd'+GH,Dd()678,ui+JK
T&xu3=*4 +,(¡y$+nZ,h". : ,(*678F~ :)@,G3,T&F:),q+nd)SgPEF+,qu;S7F),h'ndJÃ K@,q9)(+XY
<=]cd)+Gu,PEDE(./¤+GH,u./'¡y$+ndMs9+,q+Dg,())Æ*+o,O+, qu;S7FGH,v,rS7¢,T&S`
!"DZ*S7, O(SKB[F),l+Ms(1@,v,T&cQ)VE@,v,(*678~GVE,O+34)GH,T&G{|:J^F)J^)DE./)o,./·&*@
()cd)VEe.f@,abcd0,(+XY,OVZS7,3ZB[FGH,rS7XY,G3,.+Ms),T&F:),(0 DdPZ),TµX`,nZcd)X$uSY
O:)()x%&~./)o, PEXYSY, 9), PZcd)9+, \):¡"¸.))+_, !"iF678, ().zS7, O(SKBC+, G34)o, IDd./
3ZB[FGH,67tM¼, !"iF),Dd()678, 9),PZhG$,F(+Dd+,nZcd)X$uSY, !"<=])Dd',cd)+ DE+JKu;
248 !"#$%&'()*+,-." !"#$%&'()*+,-,./0!"1234)5678+9):;,<=$(:
O2=SK./+GH,l:;,T&F),l!"cQ0j+nd)678+X$.))o,rSz¢S7¢%&R, !"x!"S KF,h"<=])*F,VE\)VZ"VNu
x./h"¢R+nd9+@, !"x!"SKF,()345Dd)3./)F,!./)L@, 9./L,#$bDE:)+_,DzFj+nd9+,(+XY,nd./*F678
67tM¼,T&FwMsDE./)o,q3grS7./S7+JK,qu;S7F),iR!yDZ,h"RTµ34)o,.EiS`cd), !"DE*(0;cd0F,()3=4*
ui+JK,q+!yS7, nZh")678VZ, O(SKB[u;,qu;S7F),IPE'ao, !"iF),SKPEF:)678+, ,q+!yS7:)
l!"cQ0j+nd)678u, !"h")~Dd+,O2=SK./+GH,l:;,PERu,x./h"¢R+nd(nd)o, !"#$%&'(0*u;,O+ndVE
PZc0d F+,qu;S7F:),!"RÁa+nd9+,nEG$,())Æ*+o,O.))DZ,qu;S7F678,())+34)@,Dd.P/ EDd,!U)" 9:F:)
67tM¼,!"RÁa+nd9+,67tM¼,())Æ*+o,qu;S7F678,())+34),.EiS`cd),(*x¾.S7DdDg,h"¡"¸,%&3=./¤
.EiS`c)d ,SK./*S7G$T&F678,O(SKBC+,l+M¼ao,O+, !"iF,T¦./¡$" 678¢F:), !"<)]= Dd'+,J./\+nEao
h'nEÃcd))Dd,qu;S7F,!"1VE34)F!, !"#$%&'()*+,uRe+!"M¼ao
/#-01 !23O4_'`5J@m1n_rP56R,-"14i(jR56;/a!?@O_r5dYZ"J@U"5'fA>g^, !"#$%&'()*()+
!" i F), q:);67 8 :;, !" < = ] ) Dd ' +, O:;, <= $ (:, l:;!" w XY S ` , 3u, O./ p + , iVE34 . / ¤
l:;, VEcd)678F), Dd(), ()345Dd)3./)F), Sg./)678:;2, nZcd)9+, SK34)o, !"#$%&'()*, !"<=])DE'F)
ndX$F:),J./\+nEa¬,ndX$FGH,!.z¢:;9),VE*cd),(*(h"p@,SK./*u.E'¡"$S7,(*(h"p,h"'Dd+ Dd+JK
!"u,nZcd)X$u;,O:)()x+nEao, !"iFGH,b=:;PQ):,Ob= T&cd0F),S7aj:,(*678~F678, !"#$%&'()*+
./S7¤JK,l+M¼ao,,Ob= T&cd0FDg
p_r'(R&P5/#-01 !23&4"V#5W 'q_r5/#-)rx R& O2=S7, B[Dd+, !"iF), O+ËS7R+nd
():, 3ZBC+GHu, qu;S7F:), l3¡"$./¤JK, h")678+3+o, rS7 :!"wXYS`@, O9)(+XY, Ob= T&cd0F)
T&+Dd+GH,l+9):;,PECLGH,PQ.))*()+2SY, 9),¡"$678¢,l+34u S7aj,l+MZ, ¡"$678¢@,PEXYu, !"nE./+
O:)678+3+o,%&3=./¤+JK,qu;S7GHL,±,B[Dd+, 9./)L,(0 DdPZ) nZh, ¡"$678¢@, O+34)678, IDd./)F:)
Dd(), 9),¡"$678¢u,l!"cQ0j+nd)678+X$./)o,O+,qu;S7GHL,± r!y w +nZ , ¡" $ 67 8 ¢:), J./ \ +nEao
()+2, 9),PZ%&~.)/ o,qu;S7GHL,!"2()+2,O<=*] ./)Fp ),TµX`,nZh)" V~ E;./u !"#$%&'(0*uSY, Ox, !345, h"PEF)
O:)678+3+o,Ja_:,O<=]*RpSY,², 9)L@,.+Ms(,O<=]*RpSY, !"#$%&'()*,(*x¾.S7, <=$(:F),l:;
9)L@, \)ja:, qu\)2, ()+2SY, S7a!y, >², 9)L, !"M¼Âcd)u !"iFDg,-, !"#$%&'()*+,%&p:+GH
O:)678+3+o, ², 9)L, (_:, (*SY~, Ja_:9)L, !"S7XY%&~./)o ucd ) +Dd DE'u;, VQ F SzG$wFu
, T&+Dd+GH,u(hyh)" :~ ;, !"iF, !"c0Q iVEF678@,34S7w3ÊF678,Ja_: O:)678VZ, PECLDg@, rS7, !"DZ*S7, (./|
O<=]*Rp,v,PZ)./678, T&xu3=4*+,(¡y$%&~./)½,Ja_:,O<=]*RpSY, 9./LGH !"iF¾S, G3, !"DZ*S7, T&+Dd@, #$x
²,B[Dd+,()345Dd),(0 DdPZ),l+2o,I2,VE*cd)PQ):, !"#$%&'\)S7
!"iF¾S,O2=SK./+,l+M¼Fu,<=$\+nZ
v.EwVE½, u./cd0F), h")678VZ, h"+h"pF678, !"iF, !"xu3=4)F:)
q:);SgX$uSY,().g,\3=:+,vPQ)VE,l+3½ PEC L D g, (*(¡" $ R+nd 9 +o, PEC L
Ob= T&cd0F:), !"nE./+, nZh")678VZ
O(SKBC+,S7aw+nEG$@,(35½,,.+Ms),O+B[F), !"#$%&'()*,().g,T&.EÉ'u;,DQacd)nZ%&~.))
.E#$*+J^, nd9+@,T¦./)F,¡"$678¢F,!"R\)Dd)F678,GHM, !"#$%&'\)S7 , !"<=])Dd'+,!"unZcd0ao
/#-01 !23&4"556];'(5,-"45/#-0R5A>:<"5X56":<IQ5'(R&#-S'q_5ABx["
!"#$%&'()*+,O+,Dd.n/ )d ,O2=S,7 h"+¹$*678F,OÌ=+" ,PZ)./687 ,!"RT&a+nd9+,Ou,T.")678+X$+
-, O+, XY+J^), u./'¡y$+_:!"©Ms), q678¢(, ()+2, h"()Rp+_:, Ob= T&cd0 u;, O+34./0
O+ËS7R+nEao,OVZS,7 _:;,_:;,\"c0d FGH,,\3=:+,<$JKVZ,l+9)+2o,rS7,h"()0¡"$+,G3
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