NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC . MAGAZINE, PURLIBEED BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY, WASHINGTON, D.C. devant Prive, 60, comta.CONTENTS. Pee “The Riviera of arthiern Netw Soremy; velthi tates oi) tia clematfen- tom ot tivers fa gediceal: Willinin Morris Dwi. 4. Ui WGth pen tltreteatione.t A Caitioal Reviow of Betidiy’s First Mapelitind, 1240-30, tugether with dtramdstion of bie origina) Rejeiet upon gz Dr Wo MUN Seccetcs Piao eh aiye a undee etiny Hllustented by ead map.) Fraley eae eet enka Hickipes by Bering in IT!h> Marcus Boker 5 2. ior Publinhed May, 150. Pine pe nerdy mantras a S4n1S8 ety maven, come,HE NATIONAL GEOGRAPTHG | MAGAZINE, ¥ol. TL. TaMO, No, 2. THE RIVERS OF NORTE NOTES ON THE CLASSIF GENERAT. VY JERSEY, WITH I@ATION OF RIVERS IN By Witilaat Monts Pavia, Goris Rivers of difteriiit kinds: commaquent, antecedent, sup ined), subsequent, ar justed.—Topographiy of Northern Xue slersey. Revived nnd superita paca pivens in New Jerscy.—Drainage of the Watchung eresoent.—Rearmngement of superimpesed rivers by the growth of subsequcnt steams. —Application of this jai the Green river in the (inte mountaind: Powell's and theories, The Green river probably superimposed and its branches rearranged by the growth af stlsequent streams,—Anaclinal and. 1 in New Jetuey. reversetl ri N sex New Juney i4 drained by several treats which rise in the Archon Highlands, flow southeastward aeross the weteal Trinsse plain and resel the sea near the inland margin of the Ceetavenus formation, What kinds of rivers are these? Suelo qaestion ean hardly be wnswered until we have examined rivers in many parts of the worl, gaining inaterial fora general history of rivers by indue- tion from as large as possible a varioty of examples; and until we hyve deduow) from our generalizations a series of critical features wuificlent to serve for the detection of rivers of different k wherever found. ven. a82 Natiowal Geographic Magazine. ‘The generalizations hore referred to may he presented in the form of a clissification, following the ideas of Powell, Gilbert, Heim, Liw! and others, as follows = Covtangplent rivers.—Those that have in their birth, at the time of their original extablishment on the country which they drain, selected courw in accordance with the coumtruetional slopes of the surfaces ¢ eximple, the Red River of the North and such of Its branches as flow on the even surface of the lnchstrine plain of Lake Ayassia; the soveral streams that drain the broken Inva blocks of Southern Oregan ; certain streams and rivers of the Jura that drain the synelinal troughs of those monutains. Con sequent streams may be divided. into: dofinite and indefinite groups, Definite consequent streams are those that follow: well defined constrnerional channels, seh asthe axial line of a syn- clinal trough, or the lowest polit of an antioliual arvh between two synelinal busine ; they are defined in loeation as well as in direction, Tndefinite consequent streanis une those that flow dewn constructional slopes, such as the flanks of an anticliny, but whose precise location depends an those minor inequalities of surface that we term accidental ; they are defined in direotion bit not in loeation ; and they are asa rule branches of definite oom mt streams. Antecedent rivers.—Thove that during and for w time after: disturbance of their drainage area maintain the conrses that they: had taken before the disturbance. In Powell's original definizion of this class of rivers, he said that the valleye of the Uinta mountains are oocupied by “driinage that was established antes eedent to the eorrngation ar displacement af the beds by faulting or folding."* No limit is set to the amount of eurruganion: or displacemeit 6r to the strength of the faulting or folling, It therefore seems ndyinitble to cor ‘What variations there may he from the strongly marked antecedent types ono extreme being in those cases where the displacement was a minimum and the perseyernnoe of the streams a maximum, the other where the dis placement was a maximum and the sucessful persoverance of the streams a miniinuin, or aero, ‘The simplest examples of antoce: dent rivers are therefore found in regions that have been broadly clovated with the geritlest changes of slope, so as to enter a now, ‘eyele of topographic development, all the streams rataining their previous courses, but gaining ability to depen their former chan * Colorado river of the Woat, 163.Rivers of Northern New Foray. sa nels down to the new basclevel; such «treams may Is called “revived.” Examples of revived streams are very common 5 nearly all the streams of the Highlands of New Jersey are of this Kitid j all the streamiof central and western Pennsylvania acem to belong in the same class, From these simple and common ex- amples; we shall some day, when our knowledge of rivers is better developed, be able to form a complete series leading to what is genorally understood as the typical antecedent river, Which has outlived deformation as well as clevation witbent suffering either deflection or ponding, Large rivers of stroug slope, well enclosed iy wteep-sided valley’, or in other words vig- porous aduleacent rivers have the best opportunity to persist across aheltof rising of writhing country, beeause a gfeat deformation would be required to throw them from their courses Stall streams or large ones of faint slope in an open low country are more easily deflected, From the typical antecedent river, the series may be continued by examples-in which even the larger streams are less or more ponded ar deitected by the deformation, until. at the endl of the series there is a complete-extinetion of the anteredent drainage and the establishment af an entirely original consequent drainage. "The perfectly typical antecedent river, in dle of this merieg, is certainly of ure ecurrence, am perhaps inknown, Consequent streams, whose course is taken an a relative thin, unconformably overlying mass, for a time preserve th initial courses, even though they may be quite out of aecord with the underlying stroctures on which they have descended. Such streams were first recognized by Marvine, and afterwards named “superimposed,” “inherited” or “epigenetic” Ly various authors. A full collection of examples of this clase should bezin with streams that depart from true qonsequent courses. only locally, Where they have discovered a stall portion of the underlying formation, like the Merrimack at Matichester and other water: power trwns af New Hampshire, wher the stream has sunk upon rocky ledges beneath the «urface drift and sande; or like the yi and other rivers in Minnesota which have in places nigh the drift sheet to the underlying crystalline. ‘The series would conelide with streams that have stripped off the cover on whiel they were eonsequent, and Lave thus become superimposed on the underlying formation. in their whole length, *Stur's exprimsion “ Gebirgshub oder Gebirgechobs" suggested to te the terms hero employed.oe Nationa Geographic Magazine, ‘There is a curious intermediate type of drinage lately recox- hiked by MoGee in the southern states, a superimposed drainage ‘that i not incouseuent upon the buried surface benesth the unconformably overlying surface layer, It odeurs in re where a wellanarked drainage had been established 5 a brief sub- morgenee then allowed the deposition of a rela: of sediments; cn elevation brought the masked’ surface up again, and ns it rose, the streams took possession of Tires essen: tially identical with the courses of their ancestors, becwuse the mask of newer deposits bad not extinguished the antecedent topography. MoGee proposes to call such streams “resurrected,” Rivers of all elasses a4 a rule develop during their adolescence and more matnre growth certain “subsequent” branches that wer not in any way represented in the carly youth of the upstem, ‘Thus the indefinite membors of the sommeqnent drainage of the tains have developed subsequent streams on soft bed of inonoclinal and anticlinal structures, where there could not possibly have een any consequent drainage lines at the birth of this svitom, unless we admit the eupposed fracturing of the anti- jal crests, whieh) seems wurnieceksary to way the lows, Even iar the simplest style of drainage, growing on a level surface, many of the branches must bo “subseyjuent,” or as MeGee has calle them in such cases, “antoyen Itivers of all classes are subject to spontaneous rearrungement or aidjustment of thelr courses to a greater or less extent, in a0: Cordanct with the weaker stractural lines. ‘This results fram the migration of divides and the cousequent abstraction or captur of ane stream by another. ‘The capture is generally made by t headward development of some sabsequent brunch, Bir afte this kind of change has advanced 1 a certain extent, the divides riher change ovasos, ‘The rivers may then bo anid to be matarely adjusted. Under certain conditions, cbietly great initial altitude of surface, and great diversity of structure, thet is, in mountainons regions, the changes arising from adjustments of this xpontaneous kind are very great, an thar the courses of a river's middle age may have little resemblance to those of its youth, as Low! has pointed out and ax [have tried to show fa thy ense of tho Pennsyivanian rivers. It uy be ditteult 1 cases whether the youthful evurses af u river system were conmequont, antecedent or supérimpoped. Adjust- ments of this kind were not discussed by Powell, althaugl he become stable, andRivers of Northern New dersey. 85 ‘makes brief tuention of what Thave ealled su ‘The first appreciation that 1 from ‘the writings of Lowl; but 1 have since found that the general principles governing their opportunity were stated by Gilbert in bis tonegraph on the Henry Mountains of Utab (pp. 141, 140), and by Heim in his Mechanismus dor Gebirgsbildang 6, 278 ete, i, 79, 320), Where do the rivers of northern New Jersey stand in this general scheuw of river classification? We must again postpone the answer to the question, while roviewing the history of the genertl geigraphiead development of the ‘The topogmphy of northern New Jersey may be brieily de- sored as made up of valleys und lowlands that have been eteled in the now elevated surface of what may be called the Sehooley }Aneplain on the Cretaceous baselevel. “The topogtaphical atlas of New Jorey should be constantly referred to, i order to Follow such a statement as this; but in order that the reader may with out undue difficulty apprehend the meaning of my desoriptions d recoguize the virions localities -yot to bo named without the trouble of searching for them om the maps of the atlas, 1 have attempted to drag: a generulizod bird's eye view of northern Now yan it would he seen hy an observer abut seventy miles ally above the center of southern New Jersey. ‘The merid- jane are vertical and want and west fines are horizontal, but oblique avimeths ate foreshortened, “The result is hardly more than a caricature, and I publish it in part 10 experiment ess of su imperfect an effort. An active imagin- ation may porceive the lomg oven ervst line of Kittatinuy Mountain on the northwest, rising beyond the rolling Hoor of the Kittatinny Valley, 5 the great Alleghany limestone lowland ix here called ; then come the Highland plateaus, of accordant altitude one with another, bat without the mesa-like margin that-my pen has not wo how to avoid indicating. ‘the Central plain lies in the fore- ground, diversified by the yarinus trap ridges that rise ahove surface; First and Second mountiins of the double Watchung *The more detailed statement of this history may be found in an vesuy prepared by the author with the collaboration of Mr. J. W. Woud, Jr., of thr class of 1958 in Hurvand College, the study being undertaken asa joint thesli by instructor anil student in a seonnd sourse in Physi- sal Geagrupliy. The essay de published in the Procesdingy of the Boston Society of Natural Hiatory, 1349.86 A ional Geographio Maguzine, crescent, near the Highlands; Sourland Mountain in the south- west ; and Rocky Hill, the sauthwostern reappearance of the Palisades intrusive trap sheet, lying a little nearerto ux The Central plain is als diversitied by the Falltine, a slight but rather distinot break in ite gurfacy from ‘Trenton (Tr) om the Delaware to a little below Now Brungiriok (N.B.) on the Raritan, ‘The Important drainage Fines are: the Delaware, forming the western Doundary of the State, tresching Kittatinay Mountain at the ‘Water Gap, cutting a deep transverse valley through the High- lands where it receives longitudinal branches, and a shallower trench across the Kittatinny lowland and the Central plain; the Raritan, whose north and south branches head in the Highlands, while the Millstone joins it from south of the fail-line, cutting through Rocky Hill near Princeton (Pr) on the way; mud the Poyuanuock-Pasaie, visiug i ie Highlands, gathering trihu- taries in the loo basin behind the Watchung ridges, and eseaping to the front country ae a stream, the Passaic, through deep gaps at Patterson, ‘The terminal moti we te furthest advance of thy second glicial invasion of post-tertiney time, is indicated by an irregular dotted band crossing the State from the Narrows of Now York Bay, which it defines, om the Gast, passing over Second Mountain by the gap at Summit: (S); rising midway in the Highlands aver Schocley Mountain, and seid by the Delaware at Belvidere (5). ‘hy Schooley peneplain is indicated by the crest and. summit altitudes of Rittatinny Mountain, the Highland plateaus and the wwe lay lowe ain eamentially hori tically completed work of the processes of denuda- ing on a previously high land through a long period of now Hfted and tilted, ss that its inland portion rises to it of the Highlands, which are its remnants, while ite seiward portion descends slowly beneath a cover of uncouformable Crotacvous bods, southuast af the full-line, and thax hidden sinks unesth the Atlantic shore. ‘The cover of Cretaecous ments was laid on the southeastern part of the old peneplain mergence of ite seaward portion, before thy elevation and tilting abowe mentioned (fy. 2, p. 8). Much of the caver Hus heetl worn away since the time of elevation (figs. 3-H, p. 09), which gave opportunity for the opening of deep val- leye on the saft lanestones and slates among the hard crystalline rocks of the Highlands; and tor the production of the broadss Nation! Geayraphic Megazine, Kittatinny Valley lowland or peneplain on the wide belt of limestones beyond the Highlands; snd furthermore for the development of 4 broad baseloyelled plain on the weak Triassic shales and sandstones, where the old pemupliin lus hwo almost entirely destroyed. ‘Tho Crotaccous cover remains only near the coast, Where it stood too low to he attucked while the valleys and Jowlands just described wert curved out. An interesting peen- jiurity iw the relation between the newer basclevel plain on the Trinsic aren and the old Cretaceous peneplain is that their sur faves inutually intersect at a small angle alomg the line whieh now marks the visible contact between the Triaskie and Creta- ceout formations: thy newer plain standing beneath the eroded portion of the older one northwest of this lime, while it rises above the busied part af the older one and obliquely truneates ite Cretaceous cover to the southeast of the line. Finally, the land asa whole has been raised.a little since the making of the newer plain, and shallow valleys interrupt its broad surface. Tt is no longer a true plain; it hus yecome prstplain, A few words iaay be allowed me concerning these terms, peneplain and past plain, Given sufficient time for the action of demnding forces en a mass of land standing fixed with reference to a constant base- level, and it must be worn down so low and sv smooth, that it would fully duserve the name of plain, But it is very unusual for a mass of land to maintain a fixed position ax long ax is here assumed. Many instancks might be quoted of regions whieh have stood still so long that their surface is almost reduced to ite ultimate form; bat the truly ultimate stage is sellom reached. Wo can select regions in whiel the valley lowlands haye become brond and flat, the intermedinte “doab” hills have wasted wiway lower and lower until they are reduced tu forms of insignificant relief; and yet the surface still does not deserve the name of plain ax onqualifiedly as do those youriy lands newly born from seas or lakes in whieh their geometrically level surfaces were formed, Ihave thorefare elsewhere suzgestod* that an old region, nearly bgselevelled, should be called aw almost-plain; that is, a peneplain, On the other hand, an old baselevelled region, either a pene plain or a truly ultimate: plain, will, when thrown by clevation into a new cycle of development, depart by greater and greater degrees fro imple featureless form, as young narrow valleys + Amer, Jour. Sci,, xxxvil, 1880, 420,Rivers of Northern New ofevsey. su are sunk boneath its surface by ite revived stream Tt therefore no Jonger fully deserves the name that was properly applicable before itt elevation, It must net again be called a peneplain, for it is now siot approaching: and almost atiaining-«-smaoth surface, lout ish coming rougher ant rougher, Ht hus pasion beyond the stage of minimum relief, and this significant fact deserves impli- cation, at (east, in a name. Twould therefore eall such a region shales was, until ite apastplain, The area of the weak ‘Trinss late elevation, ax good an example of ats ultimate baselevelled plain asany that Fhave found ; bat now itis a pastplain, as any fhe may see while traveling aecoss it on the train: its doabs are Wroad and ¢outinuons, and its valleys are relatively narrow and shallow, The Kittatinny lowland is intersected hy streams whose valleys sink below its generally even, gently rolling surface ; but it wax never so sinooth ax the Triassic plain. It was enly a p plain, and it is now a roughened peneplain. Perhaps the more adventurous terminolagist will call it a past-peneplain; hut 1 dare not venture quite wo fur as that. When the Highlands were lowlands, their surface well desetved the name of peneplain ; but they were lifted so long ago inte so high a position that they are how ont into a complicated mass of rugwod uplands, ‘They no peneplain ; and if in preceding para- graphs T have referred to them aseonstituting an old pereplain, it ik’ boeansn tho sutiefactory name bas vet heen applied to the pare tienlay stage of development of plains and plateans in which they now stand. Having tried in vain to invent a term with whieh to name the Highlands, let me now advertise for one ivthy pages of our Magazine. Wastxo: a name applicable to those broken, ruggod regions that have teen developed bythe normal processes af denndstion fron the ener continuous surface of & plain or peneplain, The name should be if possible homologous with the words, plain, peneplain and past plain: it should be of simple. convenient and euphonious form :. it must he sntisfaectory to many other persons than its inventor; and ite etymological onstruction should net In) eambarrusieed by the atterapt to crowd tod much moaning Into it. The mere stiggestion that it was onoe a plain and that it is now maturely diversified will euffice. The topography of northern New Jersey in therefore, like ite structure, polygenctic. Ibexhibits very clearly a series of forms developed unier thrye different geographic cycles, and closcr search will doubtless discover forms belonging tw yet other eyeingme Mational Geographic Magesine. Jess complete and of brieter duration than these three, “There ix the tilted and deeply croded peneplain of the Highlands, who initial form may be calle the $ in, from the tinet exhibition of ave of ite remnunts on thin was the product of dunussic and Cretaceo| is the younger central haseloyelled plat oped dan Tertiary time, or thereabouts, on the weaker ‘Triassie and Cnet cooiin bibs ; ind the associated valleys of the same age that have ‘een sunk into the weakest rocks of the Highlands. There are the shallow valleys in the Central plain, of the latest post-tertinry eyele, requiring the name of this region to be changed from pln, as it was Intely, to pastplain, as it is now, ‘The first cycle, in which the Schooley peneplain was pros sand the mplishment of a great work; it inelnded in its Inter part, Jos various other eseillstiony the sub-eyele whin the seaward ly sulumorid ated "The second eyele Was shorter; being w time suiliciont to haselsvel the safter Hiods, but riot seriomaly to consime the harder parts of the pre- exiting surface. Woe are still itt the third vyole, of which Iut asmall part has elapsed. ‘The question with which this exxay opened may now bo taken up, ‘The streams and rivers of northern New Jersey may be examined, with the intention of clusifying them according: to their conditions af origin, to their degree of complexity as indi- Catal by the inmber of geographic eyeles through which they have lived, and to the advance mae toward their mature adjust- ment. he Musounetonn streams It flows southwestwand along a ley hevweer arystalline plateaux on wither side, etitering the Delaware a lithe: below Euston, Pa, fig. 1). Tt dvains oountey that has been enormously denuded, and daring the Jura Cretagrous cycle of this deep denudation, there must have been time for it and it fellows to become thoroughly adjusted to the stricture nf the region ; it must be chiefly for thin mason that it faves so) elusely clone by on the ever ith origin, very intial feature that was diveordant with the dee re that it discovered beneath the initial surface ; it i# maturely adjusted to its environment, It endured may be taken as the type of the Highland row Timestone val:Rivers of Northern New dorsey. a to'un old ogo during the basdleveling of the Sehooley: jwneplain, and is now a “revived” stream, in at least its second work. Most of the other streams of the Highlands and the country farther inland are also of this well adjusted, rovived kind, ‘The streams of the Kittatinny valley lowland show not only the first revival of the kind just described, but. also a second revival, in comsequonce of the recent uplift that has introduced the third eyele of development ; this not being so clearly manifested in the Highlands, where the rocks are hurler, and the valleys of the second eyelo are narrower, Look now atthe drainage af the erescentio Watehuay mon tains; the curved edyes of two great warped lava-flows of the ‘Vriaswio ‘The noteworthy feature of this district is that the small streams inthe southery part of the erasecnt rise on the: back lope onder to reach the outer part of the Central Plain, If these streams wore descended directly or by revival from ancestors antecedent to or consequent upon the monoolinal tilting of the ‘Triassic formation, they could not possibly, in the long time and deep deaudation that the region hus endured, have down tu the present thme snaintained little adjusted to the structare of their basing, In do Jong a time as has elapsed. sincw the tilting of the Trinssio formation, the divides would have taken their places on the crest of the tenp ridges and not behind the erst on the hack slope. ‘They cannot be subsequent streams, for syeh could not haye pushed their sourves headwards throagh a bard trap ridge, Subsequent streams are developed in accordance with strnotural details, not in violation of them. eouries lust have been taken nat long ago, claw the have lost their beads back of the second mountain ; seme piratical subsequent branch of a larger trumsverre stream, like Ue Passaie, would have heheaded them, The only method how kuoin by which these several doubly trinsvérse strenns could have been established in thy not too distant past, is by stiperimposition from the Cretaceous cover that was laid upon the old Schooley peneplain. It hax already been stated that when the Highlands and this region together had been nearly baseloveled, the coastal portion of the resulting peneplain was sulmerged and buried by an uneonformabl: cover of waste derived from the non-snbmerged portion: henve when the whele aren was lifted to something like ite present height,92 National tieographic Magazine, new system of consequent streams was born om the revealed sea, bottom, Since then, time enough may hayo passed te allow the. streams tosink their channels through the unconformabl and strip it off, aml thud superimpose themmelyes cn the rocks below: we should thervfure find them, in sy ey have not yer been re-adjusted, following ineonsequent, discordant courses on the under formation, ‘The existing overlap of the Ctetachuus beds on the still buried ‘Triassic portion of the old Sehouley peneplain makes it evident that such au origin for the Watchung streams is posible; but it hue not yet beon indepen dently proved that the Cretaccous caver over reached so far inlani! as to erovs the Watchung ridges. Want of other explanation for the Watehung streams 1s not satisfactory ovidence in favor of the explanation here rugzested. There should ty external evidence that the ‘Triassic area has actually been submerged and buried after it was baselevelled to the Schodley peneplain and before it was uplifted to ite present altitude; other streams as well as the anes thug far indicated, should bear signs of superimposition; and if adjustment of the apetimposed courses hus begun, it should be systematically ear- ried farthest near the largest streams. I shall not here state more than in brief form, tho sufficient evidence that can be quoted in favor of the first ani second requisites, Suffice it to say tint the overlup of the Cretaceous heits (whieh contain practically no Triassic fragments) on the bevelled Triassie strata at Amboy and elsewhere indicates eubmergena after base: levelling; and that the pebbles, sands and marls of the Cretaceous weries point clearly to the Highlanis ae their source. The sub mengence must therefore have reached inland across the Triassic formation at least to the margin of the erystalline rocks, Some shore-line cutting must have been done at the margin of the Highlands during Cretactous time, but. the generally rol face of the old peneplain leads me-to ascribe its origin ¢hi subaérial wasting. Moreover, the North Braneh of the Raritan, botween Mendham and Peapsek (* Fig: 1) und the Lockatong (L), small branch of the Delaware on the West Hunterdon sandstone plateau, give striking indications of xuperimposition in the dis- vordance of their courses with the weaker structural lines of their basins, so unlike the thoronghly ailjusted course of the Mnsconet- cong and its fellows, the Pohatoong, the Lopateong, anid others,Rivera of Northern Now Foveey. a8 The thind requisite of the proof.of the inland extension af the ‘Cretaceous, and the resulting superimposed origin of the Watch- ung streams may be stated in detail, as being more in the line of this essay: has the adjustinent that accompanies superimposition systematically advanced farther near the large streams than near ‘the sinall ones? "The chrnoter of this adjustment should be firat examined deductively, Giveu a series of streams of different volumes, flowing southeastward, in the direction of the present dip of tho remmiut of the Cretaccaus cover, over the former inland extension of this superposed formation; how will these stremmns reset on one another when they sink: their channels inte the underlying Trinssio formation ‘The conditions during, the formation of the caver of Cretaceous ‘beds are illustrated in fig. 2, where the Triweio portion of the peneplain i4 submerged, and the shoreline of the transgressing cea has reached the margin of the erystalline rocks, ‘The waste from the crystallines is sproad out ax a series of yetavels, sands aud mals On the haselevelled Prigssio area, Then follows the dovation and tilting of the peneplain with the cover on its back; and with this regression of the sea, there isan equivatont gnin of new land: a stivoth gently sloping plain ix roventod ae the shore line retrests: streams rn aut acrods it from the erystalliay area, or ‘begin on its open surface, growing mouthward ns the land rises, ‘Three such streams, A, C, D, are shown in fig. #5 thelr opportunity for deop valley-eutting ix indi- cated by the dvpth of the new baselevel, IL, below the generaloF National Geographic Magazine, surface of the country. While these stroums are deopening their channels in the Cretaceous cover, whieh is unshaded with mat ginal contour lines in the figures, their subsequent, antogenctic Wranches are irregularly disposed, because there is no. lateral variation of structure to guide them; but after a time, the base- levelled surface of the buried Triassic beds ix reached, as is shown by linear shading in the valley bottoms of figs 4, 5, 6, 7 ‘The growth of the subsequent branches then developed, will be along the strike of the Triassie aofter beds, that is, about aquare Fra, 4, to the course of the three thmsvenie stroama under cotisideration, Tho most rapid growth will iv found on the branches of largest stream, A, beeause it will most quickly out down its ‘0 the baselevel of the time and thue-providessteep valley-sides, from which the subsequent branches. at Inckwards most energetically. In due time the main streams discover the particularly resistant tranevorse laya sheets in the underlying formation; and then tli subsequent branches of the largest transverse stream on the tp-stream sie of the obwtme- tions, for example, F and G, fig, 4, will have a great advantage over. those of the smuller streams ‘Phe most rapidly growing subsequent Uranch, G, fig. of the lanes: trausverse master stream, A, may grow leadwardy so fast ox to push away the divide, X, whieh soparates it: from the head of the opposing sub- sequent branch, J, of the next adjacent smaller transverse nircam, C,and thus finally to capture and divert the headwaters, Hi, of the smaller transyerse stream to the larger one, as im fig: 0.Rivera of Northern New sFerwey. 5 The divide oreeps while the two opposing subwqnent branches are in contest ¢ it leaps whon the saocessfil subseqaent lranol reaches the chanel of the conquered streath. ‘The fret stream captured in this way mmst necessarily be the nearest to the large stream, The diversion of the considerable volume of headwaters, H, to the channel of the «mall subsequent branch, G, causes ft to: fae deepen itd chinnel rapid + the sume effect is perceptible in H for i distance above its point of capture and diversion : the ine eveased Joad of seiliment thus given to Gowill bein great part dropped in » fan-delta where it enters the flat valley of the master stream, A, (lig. ). Gaining strength by conquest, other captures are made, faster for a time, but with decreasing slowness as the head of the divert- vo. 7a0 National Geographies Magazine, ing subsequent beanch tecedes from the original master > and at last, equilibrium may: be wained when the headwater slope af the diverting branch i+ no greater than that. of the opposing subsse- quent branch of the next uncaptured transverse stream, After the capture of a transverse stream has bocn effoeted in this way, the divide, V, between its diverted upper portions, H, fiz. 6, and Pra: & its beheaded lower portion, ©, will he pushed dawn stream by the growth of an inverted stream, Vo ‘This goes on until equilibrium is attisined and farther shifting is prevented on reaching the hard transvere lava ehevts, Z, fig. 7: here the divide is anaturely Fiat, established, Th the ease af a system of transverse etreams, C, 1D, eto, fig. 7, succemively captured hy the subsequent branch of single master, the divides (Z, Y’}, hetwoen the inverted (V, VW’)Rivers f Novthern New Sorsey. wi and beheaded (©, D) portions of the captured streams will for a time present different stages of approach to establishment, ‘The divide on the fine of that one of tho original streams, C, chat ix nearest to the master stream, A, may reach a final stable position, Z; while on the mext stream further away from the master, the beheaded portion, D, may still rotin » short pies above the ump In the upper Invid sheet, not yet: avoured “hy the inverted stream, V5 and a thind stream, further away still from the mas: ter (not shoven in figuré 7) might remain uncaptured and inde= pendent. Ivis by such tots as these that we may hope to recognize the occurrence of partinl adjustment in the streams of the Watehung crescent as n result of their superimposition on the Triassiq forma tion from its former Oretaccaus cover. ‘The groater the degree af complexity in the tests proposed, the more contidence we shall have in the theory when the tests successfully moet the fnets Henew the reason for deduetively carrying out thy thearetival conditions to their extrement consequences in erder to inencase th complexity of the tests that are to be vonfranted with the facts, ‘This, a8 a mattur of method, seems to me of great practieal impor taniie in 'any attempt to decipher the past progress of zeographieal Hlevelopinent, The admirable contoured topographic maps of New Je issued hy the Geological Survey of that state under the leadership of the late Professor Guorge H, Cook, afforded means of apply- ing the deductive: texts wil without the necessity of plodding over all the eo dl; but however goed the coneern with a better appree represent after an exeurvian on the wroand has given the student some perunnal acquaintance with it, 'Thix I have tried to gain on various ocen- sions, snaps iti hid, Atlas shut number six, area, and the five-mile-to-an-ineh geologieal map of the stute pro sont in the elearost manner the facts of form and. structure in- volved inour problem ; and to any: mind, the correspondence bes tweon thenry anil fact is very striking. The Pequannock:Passaic is the master tratsverse stream of the region ; its jireGuinence was probably: due ip the beginoing to fte gathering, from the wn submerged Highlands, a grater amount of drainage than be longed to any other stream that rin southeastward down te including the Central red-eandstoneas National Geographie Mayazina, to slope df the newly revealed Cretaceous gover, Tt was at that time a compound, comp eompound beonuse it drained area of different ages; composite, hecause these areas were of differvat structur’s, Existing examples of compound, composite rivers are seen in the Catnwba, the Yadkin-Pedee, the Cape Fear andl the Neuse rivers af North Caroling, whieh all rise on the inland erystalline area, and traverse the coastal quaternary plain before reaching the sea, But unlike thee, there mast have been, when the old submerged land mao with the Cretaceous cover on its haek, sumerous xmall stress whose drainage aren lay within the Cretaceous plain, ‘These were simple streams, losing over a structure of one kind and one age. ‘Their modern bomo- logues are son, in the Maurice, tho Great and Litthe Egg Harbor anil the Wasting rivers of southern New Jorsey, and I suppose alee in various relatively short streams of North Carolina, such as the Lamnber, Great Cohera and Moeessin, Tr cannot be supposed that the original Pequannoek-Passaie possessed the Lirge southern branch, which T shall eall the npper Passaic, by which Great Swamp is now drained ;+ far had this Deen the case, the divides between the branches of th e honiis of the small streams that nsw still erase of the trap ridges, mast have long ago been drives to a Jweition on the crest line of the inner ridge, The uppor Passaie member of the Poyuannock-Passaic ent development, guided by some Weds when they were reached beneath the Cretaceuns cover, and Very successful in capturing and diverting other transverse streams that were smaller than its muster, For some distance on vither side from the Pequannock-Passaie gap in the trap ridges at Patterson, the existing streams are perfectly adjusted to the Trintsie structure ; that is, the ridges are perris- tent divides, aud the Intoral subsequent branches of the mastur flow along the strike of the softer shales and sandstones, except where Intely thrown off their courses hy glacial drift: buries ‘This Eintorpret as meaning that the Pequannock-Passain master *Sue terminology ruygested by the author, Nat. Geogr, Mag., i, 1889, 218, tlt should he recognized that the present round-aboat drainage of the Great Swamp is 9 post-glacial feature, determined by thy morainis: bar: rier that orgeses the haxin from Suiumit (8) to Morristown (M) the pire~ glacial drinnge of the southern part of the inner crescent was tne doubtedly of a simpler ind more direct pattern.Rivers ‘orthern Newt Forecy. a stroait hereabouts mado’ se erly a capture of adjacent superim= posed streams that all trices of their initial discordant courses have boen abliterted by the development of structurally accor dant subsequent streams. ‘The Watehung ridges extend only about vight miles northward of the Paterson gaps, bist reach thirty miles southwestwaed. Tt istherefore chiefly in the latter direction that we may expect to. find cxamples of incomplete adjustment following strperimposi- thou and jayanee, At Milburn, there is a deep gap in First mouti- tain, and opposite’ this at Sum fi. 1) a partly drift-tilled gap in Scoond siountain: this Tam disposed to regard aw the formur outlet of the Kockaway-Rah way river, whith on account of ies considerable size was not captured by the Puscaie mil it passage across the trap sheets almost toa sife dopth, verted upper partion—tho Rockaway—now joins the Pas: ite crmoked course from the Highlands via Boonton, (Bn) nga pest-giacial irregularity ; the beheaded lower portion— the Rahway—heads on the Fidge of Secand mountain, retains pair of subwquent streams between the ten ridges, and Hows ir diminished volume to the sea: the divide between the two 9 tions being in its mature stable posi ond taint, South of the Millturn ap, dhere are three streams that main- tain water gaps in First mountain, and eid branches of these three streams rive behind the erst of Sécand mountain, “These must be interpreted as remnants of streams that once rose further inland, and whose upper conrses have been captured hy the vie: torioms upper: Passsie; hut it is noteworthy that bere, av thy greatest distanee from the gapof the master stream at Paterwn, the divides bctween the diverted and beheaded portions of these fonthern sinéarus should lit in uustale ck of th Jing af Sceond mountain, ‘This i# exnetly what the hyypotie sis of a sttperimposed origin for thew streams would requize ; and if the complexity of accordance between deduction and fet hore presented be duly considered, T believe wew confidence may be gained in the hypothesis of superimposition, already rendered Tikely from other evidence, Tho rectangular courses af the strean that eros First and nil mountains southwest of Millen du not militate against their initial obliquely superimposed courses; for as Gilbert has shown, oblique courses acts tilted beds, alternately hand owl 1 will gradually «hify wutil they positions, fallow eevtanggulit courses,100 National Geographic Mayazine. along the strike of the soft beds it the hard beds, Middle Brook; at the southern mountain near Hound [rook (1, 1), prosenty the pecubiarity branching east and west while on the tap sheet of the mountain : this may bo due toa rotention here, where the dip i moderate, of iully superimposed bifurcation ; or ta guidanee by fractures at this point where the course of the mountain changes rather abruptly ; the faets at hand do not aeve tiy uals eheicn bitween theme: alvernatives, ‘The lexi of greatest importance in thie atnity nind, in the gridunl development of accordant subssquent stress ita region where the unchanged suporimposed drainage would show no such accombines. Similar adjustment of subsequent strenns to structural features may characterize drainage systems thar were originally antocedont: and with this principle in mind, T scjuane nerose the strike’ of 1 of Fits of te my have recently read over with ronewod interest. Powell's classic study of the Groen river where it oresses the Uinta mountains.* ‘The Green river and the aumaller streams of ite Luvern) cafions and Lot tis docuniine the argu yn tire all reyarded as antec ments on Which this contusion tests The Grevm river itself rise many miles tierth of the Cinta fange, traverses a nvlatively law basin before reaching tbe lank of the mountaitis, and thei insted! of tustiing away, i boldly on ters the greut uplift and trérichos it from wile to aide in a pros found eaiion, flowing ont to the southwest owits way to nado. ‘There is relatively low ground at the enstern end of the range, several thousand feet lower than the summits of the range on wither side of the Greon river enjion, and many thousand fer Jower than the restored crest of the great uplift ; but the river Hoes not follow this open round-al me, Powell says that the river ent through, instend of running araund, the great 6 struotion, because it had the right of ways. . it wax ruaning wre the monntains were formed.” Had the miuntain fold heen formed xuddonly, it would have turned the river around it to the jergenve of the fold abave the yeueral aurfaen country was lithe or no faster than the progress af the eor- rasion of the channel”... The river preserved its Jevel, hut the monntaias were lifted up... .. The river was the saw * Exploration of the Colorado river uf the west, Washington, 1 492-108, See wl the geological map in the Geology of the Tinta monntains, 1870,Ricore Gf Novtheon New Jepiey, 101 which ent the mountains in two” (log, 193). Hf this interpreta- tion is correct, the Green river would be the type of a perfect antecedsnt stream: bat‘it appears to me that the case is proba bly awerstited in fespect Perhaps it would Uave beet more deliberavely stated in a later volume if Powell's invention of dexoribing more fully the three Kinds of drainage of the re- rion had bein carried. out.® Not having een the region, my eon: ments may have little value; bint the cotitext of Powell's report, the deseription of the immense series of Inenstrine beds, over a mile thick, north of the mountains, and the eastward detection of the river wher it traverses the mountains all seem ty me: to indi= eate that the Greenway by ne means continuously successful im maintaining its antecedent course across the uplift. Iris by nm rpical antecedent river, “Tho great series of lacustrine js upstream frum the cation, with conglomerites where they est-on the northern flank of the monntaing, are fully recegnized n the report, and must mean that the upper portion af the river was fora tine shut back, of ponded. During part of this time, thore may have heen no overflow avross the gevwing mountains, for the lower Inetsttine beds contain foxsile indicative of brwckish seater} ‘The intermittent: growth of the mountaine and tho ne Peited return of laoustrine conditions, with gradually freshening water, is Indicated by the strong unconformities that ocour at various pointe in the lacustrine beds, and by the change in the feseil fama, It mast be conesded from this that the upper pore tion of Green river wax repeatedly panded buck by mountain growth aernss its middle course; we therefore have mot now any ication of itm pre-lacustrine cour above the mountains ; oy pre-Uinta, upper portion of the river was oxtin- the Inout its, and to that xtent the Green Tiver departs from thi perfect anteoudent typ In the cond place, if the original Green river existed upon the upper surface vf the beds that were at 4 subsequent date raised to form the Uinta uplife, it doex net appear to be clearly proved that its course at that early time was clasely eoineident with its present commie in the minuutainous ates, ‘The first de- sof the mountain growth may hive temporarily inter: rupted ite flow, ax is made likely by the lacustrine deposits clowe Ww sedis "Geol, Whit maumtitin, pautevs + Geology of the Uiats mountains. 1878, Ml; Chapter IT, by CAL White,we National Geoigouphio Mtge altady rferrrd to; and when the risein the level of the water of thy lake overtook the uplift, probably at a tinw ef dower mountain growth than that which first farmed the lake, te paint of overlaw maly have heen many miles to ane side af its phevious drowned-ont course, The moderate elevation of tho waxtern end of the range, where it canneots with the Yampa platean, anay possibly have then been a little higher thi a point further west, whore the evertfow: was cousequently locates, ‘Th perhaps hordly as probable as the postulates invalyot in arening a truly antecedbnt course for the rivers ln ite impossibility i= not as strictly proved as would be necessary before-a definite eonelusion as to the continuous persistence of an antecedent river could be finally acewpted, Sach continuity of action must he rare and shoul be rigorously demonstrated if possible, Tt must, moreover, be remembered that Enmnions® ie af the opinion that the Colorado river is not antecedent at all, t superiinpised on the eastern portion of the Uinta range from A course that it hut choses upon a sheet of horivantal seuli- mont —thé Wooing wonglomorate—whiek he suppose onew siretchod uneonfurmably all over the proviously deeply’ eroded surface of the uplifted runge, where the eaten iy now cat. He quotes facts of two kinds in evidence of this 4 fret, the remnants of the Wyoming conglomerate still lie on ridges ae high ms those thar eneloss the river cations; second, the Green and certain of ite Ianthes possess tortualis courses, out af accord with the stricture of the range. Tt amight be addled that the wide open valley of Brown's park, in the middiy of the range if host explained ns the product of a pre yeming eycle of erosion by rivers that were extinguished when the Wyoming beds were laid over tl ob on in to. Ermons’ ec nt it requires ; erdsion muntains. ‘The strange #0 be the reat amount of erosion th nt not only to remave the Wyoming conglamerate from neariy all its former overlap on the [Tinta range, where it bad huried and extinguinked a preeWyoning drainue, but also to carry away a vast extcasion of the formation at the same height narth of the range, It may be best to cahclude that hoti ante- Sedent and superimposed proviaens must be qalled on: for one must hesitate Before admitting that the Wyoming beils stretehed all ucross the country north and east of the Cinta range up te the Height at which the remaants are now foonil on the rane 5 © Fortieth Parallel Survuy, th, 1877. 1M, 205, 206,Venter Rincon ¢ it-seems more fikely tharsome part of the height of these nants is due toa relatively luca) elevation: Ne far os this is ths it gives romon for regarding the Green as an antecedent Fiver; that is, antecedent to the local elovationof thy Wyoming beds, bitt long posterior to the elevation of the Uinta runge: bot as the Fiver now Mows—ncearding ta Emmons’ theory—ow beds Iwi formally below those wu which its court was chosen, it fs for this reason to hy eliasged as superimpose ‘The Grovn river therefore certainly departe from the type of stream; the dejartund is distinot in its repented lini, wine rel Hirse Was biomlly aiid indetormins shifted from its original loration; and is at least possible if not probable in itx defeat at the Tine af uplift and subsequent Pupertmpasition oy a new line of ayerilow. 1 i whenchod the saw that afterwards cut tw Avstidy of the Jura dminage, of which a fuller aecownt may be given oat some future has lel to the provisional conela sion that many of its streariy show a combination of cotseqiuent aun ante ‘They appear to be consequent on the eatly stayes of the deformutiny but antecedent to its Inter growth, imi for this kind if a stream F have we satisfactory nuithe to suigiest. at present Hein has shown that the Rows and Verse streams of northern Switverlaad near Laerne are in part persistent soross @ series of folds and in part slightly shifted from one course to anether and ponded in Lake Lucerne: tu unless the other ranges of the Alps rise hereaftor faster than they have heretofore, the genlexest of the future will reasonably regard the mony matury Reuss as an exentially succesful antecodent aud Jaquet stinallor trate The Suto and other civers that eseape from the inner valleys of the Himalaya by deep aps in the outer ranges, are described ‘Uy Medlicnte as antecedent to the elevation of the ranges throught whieh they flow: their antecodont origin being arguod from the delia-like structure of the upturned beds in the outor yarges, as if the river were now autting down the deformed deltus uf an vation time; bur the lnavy gravel und-sand deposits in their tipper valloys indicates that they were nearly if not, quite ponded fora time during the deformati Rivers sceu te haye the habit of eutting down their upturned deltas, Bo refers to severi} such examples among the rivers104 National Geographic Mage ‘that How: uorthward from the Alps, and transect particularly thick purtionsaf the upturned marginal conglouwrates and sand ftones, which he tegards ay the deltas formed by the sae rivers at an carlior time, when the mountain folding lsd not extended outward ae fir ax it does now from the axis of the Alpe J have suspected that the same kind of evidenow might be used tu indi- cate that the Delawitre above Trenton, hetwoon Pennsylvania and New Jensoy, is im part of even pre-l'riassic origin; for where it now enters the Trisssic belt, there is a particularly: heavy and ‘charse sandatony,somotimys conglimeratic. Hoing large stream, it might persist in an, anaclinal course through the northwest: ward monocline formed by the nrassic uplift of the Triassic beds, although the sualler streams wf the neion were then, pret ably extinguished, wo he replaced fy a now system consequent upon! the new Large rivers, more ar lean persistent in the {hee of eppositiy disturhanoe, therefore appear to be generally reteguiged: Wit It bs notiveable that thosy quatod from the Himalaya and the Alpe prsuinably ocoupied, at the tine of disturbance, well enclosed leys, from whieh it would have been difficult for therm to eseape backwards of laterally; and that, even if suecesstul, in the ond, they for w time-snifered defeut or ponding: of sreater or lees extent and duration, ‘There is no evidence that the Green river was well enclosed immodiately north of the Uinta mountaing at the time of their frat elevation; henew the likelihood of its tem- porary ponding or enclosure is inereaned, Tt is stated by Powell that not only the Green but even the smnallor streams of the Uintas are of origin antecedent to the # tho explanation of tho eafions of Green us in understanding the origin of the Iateral valleys and gations, The streams were there befere the moun- tainx were maile—that, is, the streams carved out the valleys and left the mountains. "The direction of the streams iy indigpatnbl evidence that the elevation af the fold was-so slow as not to divert the streams, although the total amount of elevation was many thonaands of feet, Had the fold been lifted more rapidly than the principal streams could have eut their channels, Green river would have heen turned about it, and all the smaller streams ind waterways would have been eataclinal” (Colarado River, 162),orn of Northern New Jersey. 15, This appears to me an uripraved, conclusion, and. the oyi- dence of it needs carefal attention, Tt appears that there are several streams which deseend from the erest-of the mountains towards the fluke, but instead of running all the wiiy ont to the imargiti of the fold, thoy turn along the strike of a monoctinal in river by a short cut. Si sinenins are eatavlinal for a time, then mongelinal, It ig in refers ence to these that it in said, “thy streams were thers before the itaine wore tmade:” and again that * the drainage was estah- ntevedent te the eormigation or displacement. of the beds y faulting and folding” (189), In approaching vis conclusion, Powell says these gireams eannot be consequent ; for * valleys consequent upon the corrugation, which was atio of the conilitions of the origin of the Uinta meuntains, could not have taken the ditvetion obser in this system; they would have all been cataelinal, ws they ran down from the mountains, and turned inuy I valleys at the foot, forming a very different svatem, from that whieh now obtains” (160). Nor can the streams be superimposed, for the * later sedimentary beds, her vo the north: and south, were found not to have heen continuous over the mountain system, but to have heen deposited in waters whore ne Vmited by the lower renehes of the tang (100). isnordint steams must be antecedent. Tr appears tome that the plowibility of urror ia this argument fies in the omiaeion of all vons the migration of divides and thas reach the m synclin erition nt of xbeou and the resolting ndju uirses to deep internal structure; but at the inte of the exploration of the Colorado Fiver, Uhis important process in the development af rivers was not nderstood, [t now sows only natural that the original, conse. quent, eataotinal streams, flowing down the slopes of the range from erst to flanks, should haye permitted the upening of sabses quent monoclinal branches ou the soft heds that they discovered ; and that the shifting of divides iu thes mongelinal valleys sliatid luve led to the eaptire of several cxtaelinal streams by that par- eular one of they sidmequent brabeles that grew out from the master stream, the Green river itel?, ‘Thus it must happen that the streams “whieh head nest the smmmit of the range, and, running down the flunk, tur into the Green river, are, in their upper cores; cataclinal, aud when they turn to follow the «trike of the cocks inte Green river, are monoelinal” (161): this being & normal result of river work in cutding down the thousands of108 National Gogeaphie Magazine. feet of rocks of various hardnisses, here concernyd. The «maller atevarns of the Uinta range are therefore eertain}y not of necessity anteddent to the Uinta uplift : the probability ix that 'they were originally purely consequent, and that at present they are nleoly adjusted to the structures that they have discovered, T have learned so muck from the dogteine of aselevelling, ax presented in Major Powvll's writings, that 1 shall hope to profit by the leson.of the Uinta drainage as well : that is, the possibil- ity that an apparcutiy seuiid conclusion may he overturned wher new processes that hear upon it are discavercsh Tr is here aid that the drainage of the Watchung cresrent in Now Jersey is an example of pirtial adjnatment following 4 superimpemed origin : Twnoe the necessity of watehings closely for the didoovery of new principles in the history of river work that may call for a revision of this conclusion, ‘There ane two other yxauples of poculine aveidenes tn the bis tory of rivers in New Jersey, to which T wish to val attention ; both of th the latest cycle of the development of the State, that is, in the eyele whiel has changed the central region from its oven haselevelled lowkind surface, to the pastplain as we now see it Like the uplift of the Schooley (Highland) peneplain, the uplift of the Central plait, in passing from the sooond to the third éyele, was net uniform throughout, but was greater in ane place that in another, Ln the neighborhood ef the lower Raritan river; a distinct though quritle lope to the northwest is dppléront in the of the pastplain ; but this strong river runs southeastward against. the slope; it is am anaelinal stream, The tilting of the pastplain is moderate, and ite rocks are weak 5 the river ix large and strong. Ite anaolinal course is therefore best explained by regunding it asa mild example ef an antecedent stream, Dnt Ambrose's brook, a small streain te one side of the Raritan, flows northwest with the gentle slepe that was given to the pastplain, Aimbrome’s lrook therefore most likely is not a surviver from the previons cycle, bur ie a new Stroiiti Oonkeauent on the slight deformation hy whicl the la oyole here cotisidered was ushered in, Manalapan atid Aseanpink are apparently of the same kind, (See fiz 1), ‘The Millstone river appears to be intermodiaw as respect origin between the Raritan and Ambrose’ brook. It appears still to tie for the most part in the channel that it occupied before the elevation aud tilting of the baselevelled Central plain, but thewars of Northern New slersey. wT tilting of the plain seems to have reversed its direction of flow. Tt rises near the center of the State and flows northwestward till it joins the Raritan near Somer From the thrown oF depressed lo, ml on the way it eromses » the heaved of elevated side of the “fall-tine,"* nnd passes throngh w deep gap in the trap ridge of Rocky Hill back of Pringeton, [ believe there is no other Ailantic river which runs against the fallline in this way ; and it is certainly at first sight remarkably that a xtream of moderate size like the Millstone should have held its own agaist a displace ment that sufficed to deflect great civers like the Delaware and the Sinajichanna from their eons, Millstone appears to huve beer a stream of the normal kind in the previous oyele, be z of the Central plain, whou it probably ran seutheastward with its fellows, aud curried of itw share of wate in the huselevolling process of that time. No other sup history of the region uring that cycle that, the deep gap was cut in the Rocky Hill trap ridge, ‘Pheu came the joformution of the baselevelled plain, the relatively recent eleya- Fon and gentle tilting that have permitted the streams Lo earve it into partplain; and with this, the dislocation alowg the fall- line. ‘The inclination of the interstream surfaces of the past= plain luayes no doube that it wad tited to the northivest, and te this tilting we rust asoribe the present direction of the Millstone flow: lint why did not the acvompanyinge dislocati the fall line thtow this moderate sized strean: off of its track and divert it southwestward to the Delaware at Trenton, or northeastward to the Raritan below New Rrunswick, ‘The. effect of the disiocntion appears with com wetness longa ling from Trenton towards Amboy, in the less altitude of the general surfaew of the pastpliin to the sontheust than to the northwest of the line, the i altitude of the two parts being about, a hmndred feet, wot the Millstone agninat such a dislocation seems to require that we should postulate a slower and suualler mave- ment hore than that which deflected the Delaware, The reversed course of the Millstone enmnot bo regarded as am example of inversion following a eapture of its anciont northeen headwaters bya branch of the Raritan ; for in such a case, surely the inversion could not have progressed farther south than the * For an account of the *fall-line” displacement, see Motes, Seventh Atm. Rep., B.S, G, Si, 1888, 616,108 National Geographic Magazine, hard trap ridge of Rocky Hill, where a sable divide would have heen formed : nor can the Millstone be regarded wean original stream, first developed and consequent upon the deformation of the Central plain, for in that ease, it should consist of two kopa- mate parts ; one part running from the actual head of the river to the falliine, where it would curn southwest and cross the faint flat divide that separntes it from the Delaware; the other purt heginning hy Princeton north of the fall-tine, and running: thenee orth to the Raritan, ‘The continuity of these two purts in the actual Millstone seems wo be explicable only by regarding the Fiver as the upper portion of a single later river that had reached an ol age in the previous cycle ; it was then broken i two at the head of the present river where the greatest devation of the Central plain ocourred, and thus had its former bead waters reversed from a southeast to a northwest direction of flow acrpss and against the fall-line break by the tilting-of the plain, Only in this way can the deep gap in Rocky Hill be explained. ‘The river is thus consequent on the filling of the plain, and yet antecedent to the accompanying faulting, It cannot be called an original stream, for it hadan ancestor im ite very ehanuel. Tt ie not a purely conseqtent stream, for it runv against the heaved aide af a fault. It i4 not a strictly antecedent stream, for it flows in a direetion determined. by a disturbance that ocourred late in ite life. Ie is too exceptional a stream to have a generic name. We cannot expect to find many others Tikes it. ‘The result that has been of tho greatest interest to me in these studies is the discovery of wollrenorded and peculiar histories in the commonplace. small-sized riversof our Auantie dope. W: have looked for some years to the west as the region where river history should be illustrated, because it was there that the pioneers in this branch of study tamgbt ny the lessons on whieh our further work must depend, But Home study ax well as distant travel has its rewards, and with the progress of good toporeaphis work on this side of the country we coniidently await: much instruction from a close acquaintanee with the curious histories of many of our rivers Which se know now only by uiume, ‘Harvard College, January, 1800. Supplementary Note—Profesor Albevelt Penek of Vienna has published a valuable essay on * Die Hikiung der Durchbruehs- thaler” (Verein 2ur Verbreitung naturwissonschaftlichor Kenut-Riwern af Northera New Jersey. loo nisse in Wien, 5888) from which the following histories! notes are taken to illustrate the gradual overthrow of the fracture: theory.of cross valleys by the introduction of the idea that rivers can sometimes cat down their beds as fast as the land ix uplifted er upfolded beneath them Ferd. Romer, Div jurassische Weserkette, Zeit, di deutsch, wool, Gosellech,, ix, 1867, 581 The deepeninge of valleys by rivers and streams minet keep pew with the gradual elevation of continental mass The Porta Westphalica has this been out by the Woeet in the Wichen-Weser range, in the northeastorn prt of Westphalia, A-similar suggestion was brietly wade alittle Jater by Bisehotl, te wxplain the gorge of the Rhine below Bingen. Lelrb. d. chem. a. phys. Geol, 2 Auth, i, 874, 982: and again independ- ently for the sane river by Dicker, Zoitsehs, d. (esellsch, f. Erdk. Berlin, y, 1570, 188, Gitmbel explained the vourwe of the Altmoll, a branch of the Danube which crosses the Frankish Jura in northwestern Bavaria, by supposing its course Was defined before and maintained during the deformation of the ran Bavaria; Iandes- und Valk. kunile des Konigreiohs Bayern, 1486, iii, 756, Modlicott tiinyuized that many streams dowing from the inner Himalaya’ are older than the outer ninges, and showed reason for believing that they held their places while the ted up, Mem. Geol, Survey India, ili, 1805, 6,122, 127, 137, A little Later, ke applind the sam Rome ne rivers. ‘The Alps ond the Himalayas, a gentogieal com- parison, QQ. Journ. Reel Soe Landon, xiv, L888, 47, 5%. ‘Weynine explains the Indus and adjacent rivers ds of greateragy than the elevation of the Salt Ra in northwestern Lidia. Mom, Geol Survey lndiay xi, 18 Ratimeyer recognized the pons ranges being éut dow by transverse rivers lit Aguriled the oceurrenée ux a rare one, thinking that lakes woulid generully appear be » growing harrier, He omphusined the iden that erasio ich Law! has later developed farther, Ueber Thal- und Seebildung, Banel, 186; 4 Aufl, 1874. ‘Vietse teganded the persistener of rivers across growing ranges as the role rather than the except Die Bildung von Quer- thilern, Jahrb, dk. k. Geol, Reichwanst, 1875, m1. fer renges Were110 National Geographio Magazine, Hayden wax perhaps the first t paint out in this nountey’ thie antecedent origin of certain headwaters of the Mirsiuri in Mon- fana, where the niountain ranges are frequently eut mefos by deep cations, Amer, Journ. Science; xxxiii, 1863, 98, Hayden's Sixth Report, 1874 (1 . Reference may be made also to White, Hayden's Tenth Reporr, 1876 (IATA), 62; Peale, fa, 167; Bechler, id. 72. Genoral dis- cussion of valley making is given by Groot, Geology for students and general readers, London, 1876 ; Hartung, Zeitschr. Gesellach. i, Endkunde, Kerlin, 1878; 408, In spite of the catly date of some of thes essays, the idea of the antecedent origin of rivers did not gain general recognition and acceptance till it was strongly stated by Powell.BERINGS CHART OF HIS FIRST VOYAGE FROM D'ANVILLES ATLAS, MAE KR OTEK A ie Explorations. : ‘Wreckenigs Sion Wersced: whinendinns inn red“ overs 7 taper Z|Review of Bering's First Fepedition, 725-30, 11 A CRITICAL REVIEW OF BERING'S FIRST EXPEDL TION, 1725-10, TOGETHER WITH A TRANSLATION OF HIS ORIGINAL REPORT UPON IT. With a Map, By Wy, H. Dart, Costes, — Introductory remarks. —Instramonta and Mothi, — ‘Sourows of information.—Translation of Bering's Report,—Boring’s ‘List of Geographical Positions.—Am Itinerary of the Expedition, — Annotated Synupsis uf the Vorage coupled from all accesible da ti, —Comparative Table of Geographical Positions—Resumé of the reaults af tho Fexpedition. In 1648 the tide of exploration and adventure setting eastward through Siberia, impollod the: fitting out of seven small trading boats on the Kolyma river, ‘Tiree of these, i change of Simeon im Ankudinof! and Fyodor Alexie, respeetively, ul Bering Strait, Ankislineffs boat was wrecked on Kast Cape, but hie party was accommindated 6 the other ‘There hostilities with the Chukehi, the two bouts were separ I Déshiiei alone finilly reaelod Kamchatka, Next your he structed the trading pit on the Ati eecqivently keown as Anadyrsk. There isa tr m that in 164 a trader named Taras du- kin followed Deshneif's route, madea portage wera the nook of East Cape, gated, Kamchatka, disqnvored the Kurile Islands, and finally reached the Gulf nf Penjina in safery Th 1711 at emisacy natned Peter Ninien Popol waxsent to Fast Cape by the Russiand to induce the Chukchi to pay teilute, To this he failed, but brought tack an avevunt af islands hesond Kast Cape, aml of a continunt reported by the Chukeh xt beyond these islands, Some statemunts whieh he made in regard ter the people of this eon reminded by goustraphers of the last contaiey as fietitions, bat with our batter knowhtdee, they we ivr river orien his journey The political diso abont this perind, prevented any‘attention fram being directed to the reports of thes explurations, which were preserved in the archives at Vakutsk. Somewhat liter the attention of a ‘You. fh. 4 -112 National Geographic Magazine. raphers was ditveted toward his unknown corner of the world and the subject was hrought w the noties of Peter the Groat, He took reat iuterost in it, drew 1p instractions for au expedition With his own hand tind delivered them to Count Apraxia with orders to see them executed. A fe liter, in January, 726, ho died; but the Empress desiring te enrry out all the plans her deceased fxband ax olosely as possible, ordered their exc cution, Fleet-Captain Vitus Ivanovich Bering wa» nominated to, the command of the expedition and Lientenants Martin Spanberg* and Alesie Chirikoff to be his ussistants, This expeition forms the subject of this paper. Ty has heen hy various weowraphers and biographers, but so far the repottol Bering, printed in 1847 in the Russian laniguaye, has never been faithfully translated into any other laneuaie ; while his map has never, in its entirety, i Reduced sketelus derived from the maps amd more or loss miuti- Tated wud garbled versions of the roport have appeared in sundey collections of vayaes, and upon these the [atest contribut the history of thy expedition have been in great part based, Belioving that the original report is a doqmuent of sufficient Historic amd geographic intenst to he made accessible to those who donot read Russian, iimd that the errors of existing works make a critical review of the subject desirable, T have traumlated the dacutnent in question and prepared a general feview af the present state of ur knowledge in regard to the expedition, Bering's Report being written in archiie and hailly pellet waian, with’ a singular disregard of jmnotuation and Titerary wi the trauslatiod presented wnusnal diffionlties, in solving whieh [have had the kind cooperation of that excellent Russian scholar Mr. J, Curtin, Tam indebted to the Reverend Father Richards, president of Georgetown University, and Father Maas of Woodstack. Callege, Md., for valuable informne tien in regand to the church festivals and si were utilize! in the non other whose names: ow diseoverien. De, S Hertzenstein of the Zoological Museum of the Avademy of Seieneis, St. Petere Baron Notdenskiold of Stockholin, and Baron Robert Drs, Holm and Stejneger of the U Natianal Museum, and Prof. Juline Olson of Madison, Wiseousin, Tan spelled by Bering himeett,Review af Bering's Fir Eapeditiwn, 1225-30, 18 indebted for uuswrous favors and courteous assistance, and to allof these yentlemen | desire to express my thanks In conclusion I desive to state that Tam well aware this paper cannot be regarded ax w thuality, but as a contribution tthe geo~ graphical history of North America it will not be without its value, while the fact that [have myself «pont parts of three summers in yelentitie exploration of the const visited by Bering. and that charted by him, bas greatly helped me in my disetssion of niinor details of his work. Ivstrewents axp Marup the wark dove by the expedition it ik rery necessary to bear in iniuL the eharaeter of tho instramental euttit, if any, Which they might have possessed, and the state of the seience of navigation at the tin When Bering and his twa cartographers loft St, Petersbeng in February, 1725, the astronomical Instramént in use by nav ige tonswas the Davis quadrant or ™ backstaff,” in which the sun's ude was measured hy sighting without a telescope or tube om the shadow east hy the sum from one projection of the instrament tupen another, the observer's back of course, being turned to thie luminary, ‘The only alternative to this was the still older astro: lube with which theolmerver had to look along the twa lines of his angle at the sume tite, aud which also depended upon sights or spur attached tou frame, "The reflecting quadrant of Hadloy was not inventod antil 1741 and telesropes wer not used on the instrmnente of tiavigation until somewhat later. ‘There w chronometers or reliable watches or élocks for use in dividing intervals of time. Kyen nfter the Hadley quadrant came into mse, time was noted by a pondulum vibrating seconds, which Jd not he ned on sipchoard, A futile attempt bad bern made by means of tables of vurin- ion OF the compass to determine the longitude by comparison with observed variation in the field. Results by this method approached the truth qreidentally, if at all, Lunar observations were the only means of getting sm approximation to the longitude foxoupt the ooeultations of Jupiter's aatellites, both methois being rable on board ship, with the instruments then employed. Ty 1781 the astronomer Halley proved* that at that date it was still impossible to find the longitude correatly by the moon, the * Phil, Trans. 1741, Nu, 423,1s National Geagraphie Magazine, lamar tables being’so inavowente that an error of several hundred milés was quite possible and am accurate determination would depend upon the respective errors of instrument, observation and the lunar tables happening to balance one another. Halley: ven- tured to express the hope that the tables may be so amended that an error muy scarce ever exceed three minutes, whieh would eor- respond to a degree and a half of longitude, amounting at the eqiitor to a distance of a little less than one hundred miles Meswerschmidt, who preceded Bering ax an explorer of Enstern Siberia, wax according te Middenderf (Sib. Re a) thirty-two dogress out in his determination of the langitude, and the eastwaré extent of Asia in this region was underrated by that amount of thereabouts, on many miaps, Onp other means of approximating to the meridian remained, ho observation of eclipses, ‘This from the comparative varity of tess ooaurrences in the case of the sun and moon, could with the imperfort instruments of those days be available but dom. Owing to the diffieulty of determining thy exact Lime of the first and lust contacts the longitndes computed by these obser- vations were Uable te quite as great inaceuracy as those computed from the lunar tables, Still an ordinary spyglaxe would enable an observer to.note the time within » minute or two, and, if he was posesed of the lucal time, a simple comparison with the ob- served time of the eclipwe in some Locality where the longitude wax known would give a fairly good deterthination, cotiwidering the instruments and methods of those days, OF the four eclipses of t urring in 1728-~ two night have been observed without difficulty by Itering, one would have been invisible to him, and one might barely have been noted, but in all probability was-not observed hy him. In none of the published reports of the expedition is any mention made by Bering or his officers of the cecurrence or obwervution of an eclipse, whrieli soewn very aint gular if by such an observation he was enabled to eorreet an error of 0° ia the longitude of uortheasern Siberia, However, Mide dendor® states (Sib, Reise, iv. 1, p. 50) that “Bering and his Tiew Obrerved. Kanichatka*® two corrected the longitude, toc tenant in the years 1728 and 173) eolipses of the moon,” by which the: He givox no authority for this statement. * It is possible that an colipse observed at imek in Middle Siberia by Chirikof is thus erroucously referred to,a AND Review of Beving'a First Expedition, Enter, who hail avcews to the archives of the Admiraly Col- lege, white engaged on a Geography of Russia, mentions (Philos. ‘Trans, No. 484, p, 421) that he was informed that Bering observed an eolipsi “ar Ramehatka.” This lotor of Euler's is copied by Campbell in Harri’ Voynyoe (vol. U1, Book TT, p. 1084) and the expression “at Kamchatka” has led to the statement that these observations wore made at the fort or villige of Lower Kamehatha, This is an error sinew Bering wives no Tongitn the fort in his table of geogmphieal positions, Tt must be re membered that the name Kamehatka at that period was applied not merely ta the pen region of northeastern Siherka, located at Okhotsk, So'ty come within the probable meaning of the: plurases nuded by Middendorf and Euler it i anly necessary te suppose that the Obacrvations were made somewhere in that regian, Lauridsen (Danish edition, note 24, p. 180) refers ton pper of Struve (Bull. phys-math, Acad. St 7 11, 1844, p, 0) vontuining a table of geographical pasitions in Russia, ia connection with these alleged observations of Boring. An exam: ination of Struve's paper dues not bear out the implication of Lanridsen's referynce, as Strnve not only makes no mention what+ ever of Bering's observations there but specitically states that the first oliwervations of precision made in this part of Siberia were those of Krassiluikoil who accompanied Bering's second expedi- tion im 1741. It would geet extraordinary: that a determination so important for geography ae that of Hering and his companion should be unknown cas distinguished an astronomer as Struve who rust have had access to all the archives of the early explorn- tions by Russia, But it may he porhaps accounted for by the facts that Bering’: observations were necessarily of a very rough and primitive charaoter—as it is certain he had no instruments of precision ; and that, for that resson, they were not received with eutire confidence ; so that. Strave may have considered them insuf- fivientiy exact 10 he included with these of Krassilnikei and others made with more modern appliances, From the note in regard to tho eelipses whieh is kindly contri- buted by Mr. Mareus Baker snd from the other cireumstatioes, it is evident that if Bering and his party made the observations alluded to, the oelipses noted were the partial eclipse of Feb, 2s (loeal calendar), 1748, of whieh he might have observed the lant contact, or the total welipse of Feb. 14, 1729, of which he might jor mula as at present, but also to the whole he governor of Kamchatka, being16 ‘ution! (oographic Magazine. Rave observed the first contact and the totabty, At’ the time of the oe Tie wae at Lower Kamchatkit post, and as, in the list of positions handed in with his Report in 1730, no longitude is cuored for this locality, it would seem that choieo is reduced to the first of the two mentioned ; whieh ocourred when Bering was cither at Bolberetsk or on his way from thut place to Lower Kamchatka, which he reached about a month later. Campbell's table of positions is. credited hy him to the year 1748, bat my own opinion is that it was really derived (with warions errurs, interpolations, ete.) from Bering’: table of 1230, ‘The ordinary method of wetting the longitude of a place, and that upon which Bering originally depinded, si his itinerary twhle shows, was by a continuous teord of the distances and direetions traveled from a point of known longitude. This rwoord weld afford the data from whieh the distance on a mesn parallel, by means of a trayerse table, could be computed. Laborious, im: pert plow as it, wus, it was the only xure reliance of the traveler in those days, Whether Bering-observad an eclipse or it iy certain that his original dependence was mpon his v that his report was baw upon that and that thie part Of his wrk was done as well ag the miture of the method would permit, His silence abaut the eclipse maybe due to the fact this pended not upon astronomieal hut upon pedoretris olsery tions; to which the vclipse may have afforded some eorreetions, At any fate the pedometric determination of the diatanoe between Tobelsk snd Okhotsk or the peninsita of Kamchatka was in itself » tremendous undertaking, T find by-a rough calculation from Bering’s data thay the lengi- tule resulting from his itinerary from Pobolek wv Okhowk is 77° 86K, The distance im a straight tne is abont 2,40 miles, bur by the route Beris “the distance is a Tittle more than 3,740) miles, longitude in Horing’s List of Positions ix 70° 07), which differs from the peiome nt by 1 gor (oF about 45 miles). On Bering’s map, Okhotsk is located longitude 74° 30' E. of Tobolsk, while the most modern observe tions for Okhotsk put it in 142° 40° E. of Greewwieh or 70" 40" E of Tobolsk. So that Bering’s pedometric measurement was nearly 00 miles in excome; his revised table (as corrected Iny the eclipse 2) 27 miles in excess ; and his map about 900 miles in error in the opposite direction. ‘Those discrepancies-show the inexact ness of the methods then in vogue and also that the pedometricReview of Beving's Firet Expeitition, 17% method was nor very much worse than the others in its results: Although there are several typographic or other errors in his table of itinerary which render exact comparisons impossible, ir may be said that the error of the pedomotric method, including: the passage by sea from Okhotsk to Ramehatka, averages abont twodegrecs of slaty geographical miles, In the eases of Okhotsk and Bolsheretsk the errer is one of excess; in the case of the eape at the mouth of the hatha river and of the turning point of the expedition marth af Boring Strait, rhe result is tow small by abant the sane amount. That his chart and his revised list of positionis should differ ax they do, is quite a likely the result of the earuless-way in which tit of such work were generally regarded at that day, a» ifferynce of date, ar of intentional medifieation onolude our review of the instrumental menns and methods then im ase, it un that the compasses in use at that day Were comparatively mughty made and more or less inaecuntte. "The variation was determined in a given latitude by the wciannth cof the Polestur of the sum at setting observed by means of rights attache te the rin of the compins, which was a moethed asqurate songh far the general purposes of navigation, ‘The distance run was mensurid On shipboard ly! the log whieh wis in shout the danw forin and porfeorion ax ait preset, boing a Very ancient tion, The em inw pripatss Hea iis, Peptalted from successive stations, the: “course being determined by the log and + with eurreetions for gurrent and the varia~ lines thns obtained were choeked by laritu ly with, Davis’ hacksbuf sehen the weather per Apart from any ef the methods m teen overlogkerd that Horlny might have e ofthe NEL Siberian const hy the iblimaty dead reckon! bit board J he started by the longita ex by oonuy le observa cussed, piravid for the Souther part of Kamobatka peninsula whieh wwe in eom= mon use an many of the charts of Mis day. ‘Thoawl in is nue thet the maps cf thar part of Stherin north and northeast from the Okliotsk sea were many degrees in errar in. the Inpeitmde, thix ervation doesnot hold good i end of Kamchatka. ‘Phe, work nf thr desuit fnthers in Chin hard already deterinined fairly well. 1hus National Geogriphic Magazine. while rude outlines of the northors islands. of Japan, Sakhalin, the Kurites anil the south end of Kamchatka, were added to these on maps of Asia, Tho outlines are often very incorreat but it is quite evident what is intended, In uearly all early maps af this region which [ have beon able tu consult, ax for instanes those OF Ny de Witt, Dhave found the south end of Kamchatka in approxi. mately corrvot longitude, For instance, in the Novissimae Ephetme- rides of Manfeodie, published at Boun the sume year that Boring loft, St. Petorsbarg, and whieh might well have been sent te him hefarw he sailed, wo find two charts of the paths of solar eelipees (Plates ii and iii), On these charts the merilian of 1M" from, Ferm pase across what is unmistakably the south end of Kam- chatka, though northeastern Siberia remaius a blank, ‘This would be a sulficieni. starting point and is quite aa correet as Bering’s detertninations ; in fuct is within « few wader Tongitudes for the same part of the pociasula, Dead reckoning alouy the shetes of the peninsula, corrected by latitude observations, would have done all that was necessary 10 sorreet the metifian, without obsorving an; welipae, provided thi surveyor started with such an assumption as Manfredio’s or Te Witt’s charts supply, Sav kes OF Isvommarion. The general Historyeof China [ete,] Dene from the French of |]. Dallalde [hy R. Brookes}, London, John Watts, tia. Ayo. 6° with maps and i ‘This is refurved to in the following text by the letter B, ‘Thin is the fev English translation from the original French eilitian of the “* Deseription geographiqhs et historique de Fenmpire de la Chine by the futher J.B. Thki Halle, pmblished at the Flagne in the sume your an the above trunglation. Tho text of the original French 1 have not been able ty consult, though, wo-far as Boring’s voyage i# concerned, there docs not seein to have hewn nay material abridgment in the tmnalation bore cited, fot an opportunity of conwulting which 1 am indebted to the Librarian of Congress. ‘The maps and chaste of thy original French edition were separately Printed in an atlas hy thenuelves, for these of those Who tuight dusize to-do withaut the text, under the follawing title = Nonyel Atlas ide la Chine, de ta Tartarie Chino contenant Les Chartes géndrales & parti ainsi que la Carte du Royaume:de Cor jo, et de 'T iuren de cus Pays, fete.) : Rédigcen paar mesBovion of Bering's Fired Expedition, 17 M’ D'Anville, Géographe ordinaire de aa Majest Précedé dune dewription de la Bouchurie, Par t que a fait quelque sejour duns ve Pays ATA Haye, chet Hear: Rcheurlecr sincexexvit, Folin, 12 pp. 42 charts, The chart of Bering form sheet 42) and differs frat the others int buing on Mercatur’s projection which indinates that it wax copie Mireetly front an original yo qtated inthe ext, wad not redrawn, Mt be 204 by Pe inches on the nnat-lines and is cntittod : carte dex Paya travers’ par te Capo Beerings depuis la ville de Tobnlsk jusqu'a Ramtschatka, Beneath the title iy a table of four transliterated Russian terms for irt. post, villus and convent, with their Frenc alents. ‘This ind certain peculiarities in the transliteration of riper mune make i pertain that tho original chart was in Ruevian and that the translitera- tion wits done by came ube net purfectly familiar with both litigate, There ure a few erron:of the engraver in rendering singlo letters‘ c* appearmg for 1" any fors'6” inn few places, The longitude bs reckoned in'dugtees east frons ‘Toboluk to whieh 47° degrees when ndded willgive pructicully the meridian east from Greenwich, ‘The transcriber ‘of the aap froin the Rassinn appeats to have been a Dans, G, Kendete That part of thix chart vast from 12° E. Gr. haw boon fairly copro- duced by Lawridin (Chart Ty with the omiadon of some unimportant Hauies and the widition of & nature (uot the ordinary autogmiph) of Bering. This i reproduicnd with a differnt rimnime headline to aecompany Oln's tranlatian, The fourth volume of Brookes translation (pp. 424-I40) can- tains “A succinet narrative of Captain Heerings’s ‘Siberia: ravela into with i reduction of the abawementioned imap, on whlch there is no truce of tho inland af $t. Demotriuw, ever its ouine, which alone appears ow the Du Fialde map, te here onnitted. Otherwine this version of the map foes not differ fer Du Halde's, nero than one copy of a drawing: usunlly differs froin another. When Bering started on bls expedition hie wan accompanied by: two cartographers (Berl, First Voy. of the Russ. pp. 2, thle Laurideen) Luzhin and Potilof, and to one or both of thim under Bering's direction the construction of the map in questiqn: was probably due. ‘When Bering made his report i wax apcompanied by a Hist of posi- tions forimportant places visited by the Expedition, Dr, Campbell, while gathering material for his second oi Harris’ Voyages, procured a copy af this unpublished lit of position aid prints it in his nccotnt of Bering’s travels, with the comment thit f124 Nitional (eagriphie Magazine. it was sent by Bering from Kamchatka, before his return ta Russia, and to the Senate at St. Peterburg, ty which Rering did agit report. Whethor duc to thy transcriber or the printer there are aéveral very obvious erromein the list as printed hy Campbell, and when itis cpm pared with Bering’s own list we sss thet there are ale several Interpxr Intiona. But tli: positions adopted in the chart, sale by Eki Halds te hare been Drought to St. Potersburg by Bering on his roturn tn statement com themed y mention of a chart in the report itself), arw not identical with the positions enumertad in the list. ‘This leads ts tho suspicion thot Bering’s (irst churt was not publisbed, and that the chirt isaued ‘was dae ta @ tocompititation and revision of his data. Thin wuspicioy nade ottonger by the statement of Lisurideen, who gives no authorit however, that Hering's chart war-made in Moscow in 1181,* though this may inerely menn that somo of the copler which were distributed to ‘arious pertonaxes were 8 prepiired. These manuscript copies of the chart and report wore pont to variouy forvign cotirts, asa matier of general interest, by thy Russian authori- The copy used hy Du Halde was communicated (0 him by the if of Poland who had received it as a“ Present worthy of his regard ani curiosity" Du Halde, iv, p. 489, Brookes ed). Other copies were sent to Sweden'and probably to England and other conntries. ‘In the Jaurnal, “! Yiier." of the Swedish Society far Anthropology and Geog- raphy (14M. p. 98) bea short notice by BE. Dublyren of three mannsotipt copies nf Boring’s chart of his first expedition, of rather of charts embodying ite results. Two of these charts are in tht Royal archives of Sweden anid meassines 58 4 18) em. thom ix ermaiented with ‘ten colored drawings of natives of Siberia. ‘The other ts without these bat dort nat soem to be a eopy.of the first as i has a number of sound ings herweon St, Lawrence and the Diomeds lilandy whieh are not om the former, anil dome nanies whieh are peeuliar ty it. Batty lave any more nates than are given on the chart published hy-Du Haldia. Both of the mamscripts haven legend referring ta the coust frou the ‘Kolymin eastward, on the north const uf Siberia, to the effect thuit it is put down from older chert and information, doubtless furnished by the archives at Vakutsk. ‘The thirt cong’ is in the porsession of Baron Robert Klinckofstedm, of Stafound, Sweden Through the kind offioe of Baron Nonlenukidild and the wonerosity of Faron Blinckofstrony, the list mentioned chart his kien farwarted ti the Writer thivuch the Smithsonian Institution for exuminition. 1 pears to wy esrentially the imme us the around of the two charts referred to us comprised ig the Royal Swedix: Archives. ‘The result of may examination of it lows me to the belief that there were twe dif- fereut charts sent out in thantiveript by the Russian authorities, The first, Which Trezand na the earlier, and which ks certainly more accu- island of St. Dometrion in ity proper place in accord cw with Bering's Report and list of positions. It formod the basis of © Daurideen, Am, ad. 07,Rewiew of Beriny'e First Bzputition, 1725-20, 121 Campbell's engraving which will he referred to Jater, mui of the chart which appears in the varions editions of Du Halde, It ia posite thit this representa the original chart prepared hy Bering in Kamehathu during the winter of 17289. The second and probably later form of the chart is reprownted by the Klinekofsirin churt, upon which the name and island of St. Demetrius have vanished ania inaller island in the correspntuting latitude is represented clase to the Siberlin coast anil Westward from the meridian passing through the castorn extreme of Kast Cape, ‘This island ie oamed the island of St. Diomerde. Tf it ip intended ax u roviwel position tor the island of St. Demetrius of the other chart and of Bering’s Report, it is in conflict with the facts und with the pobitien aeskiined to St. Demetrius in the report. Ne one who had aniled betwein St, Dianetrius ai! East Cape could have sanctioned such a poxition for the ishmd with honesty. If a different inland is Jntended the question arises, Why is St, Demetrius amitted? This see ond chart is obviously the basis upon which in D’Anville’s chart of Asin (1738) the configuration af the eastern extreme of Siberin is based, nd I suspéctthat the chart of tho Imperinl Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg and the reproduction of Jotforys, were also derived from Ika far ns this region is cuncermtl In wonld be mah, in the absenoe of wutheutic information whieh only the Rosian archives can supply, to fund an opinion as to the origin of the Important difference between these charte. Tray return to this point fater. Apart froim this. it may be ndded that the nartheen coast of Siberia from East Cape west t¢ Cape Shelagekoi is represented na mountainous thraigliut ite extent. A lewend states that it is laid down from older charts and information. ‘This relieves Beriig trom the responsibility for the fletitions or at least grossly erroneous and wxngierated form and dirvetion given th Cupe Shelagseo on bis chart, 1 const of the Okhotsk sea and part of it nertheastern stores teil by Bering are state to be ald down from “information,” This tna) i not dated and the blank apace in the title Iuft for Bering’s autograph hax necer hewn tilted, No name of draughteman or plnee or authority of iene are indiewted upon it, [¢ menses 411 by Ws inches Twtween the mentlines Tt is in bidek and white, the mountains ‘washed in the only colur beime sminll green trees ay a conventinnal rign for wooded country. A copy of the dariier chart fell inta the hunts at Dr. Campbell and wae published hy him in his wdition of Harris Voyages.* together with n version of the report whieh is mune or Less tnutilated nd to whiet the editor to mike: lis book nore readable hiss * Hannes, Jus. Complete collection of Vosagex and travels [ete. | Landon, 7. Woodward [and others] 1048, ov, folig, nape nad plates, ‘Vol 2, pp, 1018-1041, ie devoted toa discussion of Dering's discoveries, entitled | Book HL, Section VIIE. “A. distintt accotint of part of the notthenst frontier of the Russian Empire, commonly called the euuntry of Kamschatka or Ramechataka inckiding the voyages of Captain Bebring for discovering towar the East ato. |, eallected fraus thay by authorities hoth printed and manttscrigt,”leg National teographio Magazine. aided certain flowers of rhetoric which detract frem its acenracy, Campbell's copy of the map is the tuoit perfect yet piblished and the only one hhowinge the island of St, Demetrine in its proper plice- Th Dut Falde's copy and those derived trom it the waster harder of the chase has cut off the taland, thongh in some of them, as in that af 1738, the name remains, The oaly fault to be noqed dn Campbell's edition of Bering’ tiap ix the omission by the engraver of the stnall tay named Preobrazhenin ty Bering amd which, though it ie not named, appears on the-othor editions of the map, The tithe pu follows ; “An exact chart of all the conntries throngh which Cap. Behring travelled, from ‘Tobolski Capital of Siberia to the country of Ramtsehatka.” The size of the map is 7<124¢ inches, It extondsun the east to the theriilian ef 120° enst trom Tobolsk which enables the “Lale of St. Demetrius” (oar present Dig Diome(le) to appear in its proper place. Tho ditions previously reported have all stopped at the 12th meridian, thus cutting off the isfand, whow name sometimes appeartsl and souc- times did not Tt will be observer that Lr, Casnpliell fn this pauper seus the euewais ot Inireducing the erroneoim and obnoxious Geemanized spelling af Bers ing’s name into Englist literature. Thur ts © prety good indication that Ky had noe nutegmpliie documents from Bering hiniself, and thik his tamuscripty were obtained from Gorman yources, or at Least hind been tranribed into the German langage. Tn his therowch wearch of the literature of the subject and lengthy discussion of tho results, Dr. Camptell undoubtedly: jathored the fullewt account of the tit expelition which had mp to that date heen printed. In eter to woliven his history.of the proceedings, the good Doctor occasionally rises to lights of fancy, antl the theories he held were loog sinew proved erroneous. There are teveral other Englith translations of Du Halde's China, of Which the follawing ix the mest important : © A duseripition of the empire of Chia and € together with the kingdom of Korea, and TW containing the geography and history (atural as well ax civil) of those countri From the Feeneh of Bod. B, Du Halde, Jesuit, Ilustratest with general and particular maps, awl adorned with a great number of cuts. With notes geographical, historical and eritival, and other improvements, particularly in the maps, by the ‘Tramlator.” London, Esbwward Cave, (741, 2 vols. folio, maps and ills sie Turtary, This eiition does not show the mame of the translater, bat he was esitontly a man of no small sttainments a= & geographer amd earn gmpher, and introduced numerous improversents and corrections into the charts of D'Anville. which accompanied the original edition of Da-Revtein of Bority's First Expedition, 172%30. 124 Hilde. A copy of this way prosonted to the lihrary-of Harvard College hy the province of New Hampohire in 185-0; far an apportunity of examining which T am indebted to the eaurtey of Mr. Justin ‘Winsor, the Lilrarian, The text of this iting, campured with that of 1708, tas miuel Hs poskible abridged, yet contains nothing nut in the original, hut the map exhibits certain adiitions to he noted. This map is entitled, A Map of Capt, Boo ge’ teivelk from Tebolakoy to Kam- chatla betw nd 1740, With improvemonts by yt Editor.” nye note by the editor. Capt. Beerings probably observ'd y* Lat." iti y* Principal places thro! wih he pass two Observations only are mentioned Journal, But Mt Kyrilow in his Map of the Russian Empire dogs ant follow. y* Author in this respect for instance ho plarex Hime 1° 80° more north, Vakutskoy 2° more south, and Cape Chiokotakago E° more south than Cap, Beerings places in Proportion, 1 have reckon’d y= Lang! af Tobalekoy from Paris according to an Kolipse of y* Sun observed at Ham- burg and Tobolskes, mentioned by Me Strahlenberg in hin aevount of y* Northern purte of Europe and Asia, ‘This is all that eat be dane till ve return of y* Russian Mathematicians sent is and discoveries throuyhout Sibir ribedd to. Francis Gaskrwy: Esq’ to make observa follows a line “ In: The main body af the churt is that af Du Halde’s original and the eeale la the same, but the leicht of the auat-tines is only SH inches, Bering’s track froin Okhotnic ty Bolsheretsk, across Kamehutka, north wart to 07° 15° alse his track castward from Kamchatka in 1720 and around the peninsela to Bolaberetsk and Okhotsk; are indicated: by dotted limes, The two lutitudes noted in Bering’s journal aro indicated om this ina BY a +, dnd the northern one is placed nour the Asiatic cot in latitude 118" E, from Toboluk. At the top of the map the sup- poved Paris meridians? ary indicated, m difference becweon Paris and Tobolsk being asmmed of 70" degrees, which is alont five deggeoes too much. There ore also sundry infelicitios im the transliteration of the ‘narnien from the Freuth of BAnville, ‘Achart which deserves notice, thotigh almost wholly fetitioms, being chintly devoted to the spurious discoverivs of the alleged Admiral de Fonte, was issued by J. N. de LTale with the concurrence of M. P. Bunche; or at his suggestion. Tt appeared at Paris, in 1752, and wus copied for Jefferys’ (2d) edition of Voyages from Asia. to America in Wt, do tot know if this copy appeared in the flrat edition, lsat pre: sume it did. in the Campholl imp these are tien ws cast from London with an allownnes of 87° between London and Tobolsk.1b National Géayniphia Magazine. For present purposes the interesting festures of this map are as follows: Opposite the eastern extreme of the Chukchi peninsula ther ix represented part of America with the legend, “Terres vues par Mr Spambery in 1724, frequentées A prosent pear lea Busses, ral en apepitrtent die this belles fourrures,”” In the English edition the legend iz Seen hy Sponberg 1724." Four islands are represetited in the strait between Ania and America, corresponting in a general way tu the four now known to exist there Connected with Amerion and north of the Chukehl peningula ls land with an island off it corresponding mit huey to Wrangell and Herald Islands, zal marked "Discovered in 1722." Te file that thin land is a hypothetical compound of the land Uyithe Chuketiis want of the strait with that whieh they knew like in clear weather from Cape Yakun. more or lose confasei accounts nf which had long been current among persons interested in these regions, ‘The next chart af note in this connection was published by D'Anville, the royal geographer of France, who had previowsly prepered the original map of Bering for publication. He issued a general map of Asin, in three paris, each of eo lenves which could be joined tagether, he first part appeare! in 1701 and the thind part in 1774, Troisitme Partie dle la Carte d'AsieJcomtenait, La’ Sibérie «t jpiclquies tiutres jurtivs / Ae hilippe WOrkdans, Doe MOrteans/ Pr nville, Séerétaine de Son de Mouseignenr: Loni mier Prince da Sang. (Par te 8% a Al, Serenies’, MDCOLITI, This map isin two sheets (each 202 Inches}, the engraviig of the geveraphical part by Guill. de th Hye and of the ornamental title, by De Lafonse The longitude is renkowed from Ferro, and the map iy constructed én a deale of 28 French lnagued to 89 geuigraphical ‘The Houndwries are entored aul the sea hore whadedt with, short auntal lines, It is on the palyconio projection. This map includes muy of the alditions to sesyraphy in eastern Siberia which were due tn the members of the great Siberian expei- tiny, ‘The cours's and branches of the rivers expecially wore aug~ mented und corrected az-wall ay named. ‘The branches of the Anadyr River wore represented sind timed, but as 10 new information in regurd to the const had heen feceived wt that Gite, this river wan still mapped ax enturing the sea to the south and west of Cape Thaddeus, as erroneously laid down by Bering, whe confounded with the Anuiyr a small river whieh dogs come im bere, und paseed the estuary of the true Anadyr without secing it ‘Tho const Lines are essentially those of Hering. Beyond the tnsins of the Kolyma and Anudyr is marked ' Terre ineonnue”; a¢mall smpplement in the north-enst corner of the eonp, om half the seals of the map, represents the murth-east extrime of ‘Asin as delineated by Bering. ‘This little supplement is of considerable interest as it gives fuller information than thet whieh appearnen theReview of Berings First Expedition, 726330, 125 original pntiliention Of Du Halle, perhaps frei more modern version of Beting’s chart, an previowly sugzosted Sereral names nppear for the-finst time in cartographic history, upon this map. Preobrashenia Bay; Bolshoia River falling into Holy Crows Bay, and the “Tale de St. Diomide” art among these. The Island of St. Demotelis is omiltted, ax well as its name, The Talind of St, Biomide in placed about dn a line between East Cape und Cape Chukotwld, to the westward af tho meridian of East Cape. There ip a divorepancy averaging About five minutes in latitude and longitude between the positinns on this tap and those on the wecotd version of the Bering manuscript charts: Bot in the-main these differences re, T suspect, inerely: due to curelesieness in copying, and the general har- mony between the two fends to the beliet that the D'Anville outline for this region wis Inwed on the seoond version of the manuscript, ‘The ditfurinees of position for polkta on this part of the ovast are numerous, Ehave noted them in the comparative table of positions herewith. "hey may he chietly owing tovalipe in transferring frei thie Mureator te the Palyconic projection ¢ but some of them ane dno to new information, probably derived from the survepars of the second expedition. Bering istind appears on the inap, in about its proper place, thouzh Copper island is not indicated, nor are any of the Alputians shown, [suspect this ie the first publication of a carto- griphic kind on whieli Mering intand is laid down, ax the map of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, embodying the geographical resulth oF Bering’s Voyage th the coast af America, way not engraved until a Fear Inter, while De Lfale's of 1752 dows not contabir the ‘The istanit between Cape Shelaginski and East Cape off the northerm soust, om Hering’s map, fe omitted by T’Anville, The Kanchatkan peninenla in latitude di” ix represented to have a width af 180 miles, while Bering inde it 270 niles, A most Iniportant: oaptribution to. the suhject appeared in Miller's Historion! Collections known as the Sammlung Russiveher Gesrdtichte™ and published atst, Petersburg (Hayserl, Academie der Wissenschaften, TRS. Nine volumes) Des dritten Bundles (erstes, wey tos usd drittes Stick. pp. 1-84, 1758: contains the original accouns of the Mussisn Voyages toward Ammring from which the work of Jeiferrs has, with some error and onjissions, Deen transite. As fie ws regurile Heriiig’s first voyuke, there bt altly one ettor of culteextience made by dofferys, whieh will be nated in it place. TL book is extremely rare, and the only-eopy in America which T have heen able to find after much enquiry, is in the Hbracy of the Stuithyenian Institution, ‘Tho first volume of this series thas the tithe + Brotfnung cines Worschlages zu Verbessorung der Rassischon Historie Durch den Denok Summetungen von allerly: an dieses Reichs gchorigen N Keyserl. irichtem. calemie der Wissenebaften, 1 Powrshurg, buy. der128 National Geogeaphio Magazine ‘The succeeding wohimes have the running title «Sammlung Russiveh Geschichte” with the number of the parts fubjoined but 6 other titlepnge, ‘The account of the Russian Voyages ix stnted by Moller ta have been 1 at the direction of the Emipries and endorsed by the Academy of Sciences. It contains invaluablo material on the erly explorations, whieh, if it had not been fur Maller's painstalsing researches, would have been totally Tost, as the atchives of Vakutak from whence the data were derived by Miller worn eubarquently destroyed by fire, ‘the errors which oocur in it are ehiedy dine ti Miller's enidoqwor tu utilise the inexact geographical data of the Promyzchleniis and Comacks by combining them with the lem detailed brit more precise observations of Inter observers. In this attempt be added masy valuable details to the charts, but at the game timo introduced several error, The exaygrar- ated distinees reported by the first wxplorms who were unable to correct their estimates by ubsereutions of proeisidn, distort Unde parts af the map dne to their mports, The peninenia of Alinska becomes hugely cxaggerited ns does thy Stelaskol promontury on the Arctic Rea, But no unprojudioed person can read} Molér's account without perceiving hie great catttion in acnepting unreservedly thee imperfect contributions, the tally important udditions which he made ta car tography, the precionsneas of the fucks whieh be rescued from oblivion, anil bis denire tobe fir to eFerybody The insinuations of malice and of a dekite to mjuro Bering by mens of this mecount given by Miller, which Lauridsen attributes ta the latter, ppenr te be entirely the product if a suspicions tenaperument and an excited imagination. Certainly F havy seen nothing: amywhiery citedt whieh lends to mich sitepicions any tint of probability. ‘The facts ieited in support of them cin easily be othurwise explained, if «tue de> sires to vinw the subject judicially, aud for the most part are not quite thareuxhly understood by the Danisl author, ‘One error apion which the lnttey Iny great stress, fe/due tua manips lation of thir recor, originated or at Feast miapted hy Kering kimselt, atid which is ineurpurated in the nutp ani report which ull swithors netve proceeded directly from Hering’s ewe hand. ‘The text may of imparbiner wae iastied by the Laperial Anademy of Seleinvon, St. Petershars in ITH. Tt wan wine under the nepection of Gorhurd Friedrich, Staaterath von Miller, who swvieed ane correetad it subsequently, when an edition dated 1728 was issuel This map com: prised the geographical resilts of the jcreat Skberian expedition sent out by the Russian goverment: of Bering’ yoyages? and of the records of the hunters (Promishlomiks) and tmders in aurtheastern Siberin preserved in the archives of Yuirutsi. The souireorof this map ate fally explained by Miller it the“ Hitssian Biacoveries" (Jeiferys’ tramiation, p. 108 etseq.k T have not been able to examine a nopy of the original map, and have therefore relied on the English rersion of itwhich isto be found. in Jefferys’ translation, second edition, London, 4.P Boving’s Firat Bp Amiing the improvements introduced on this tnap miy be speciticd) the correction nf the ehores of the Okhotk Sea. and Cult of Bynjina, thw eorrwecter loration of the mauth uf the Amailre river and [ks estuary the introduction of fhe results of the voyages of Gseatetf, erin and Clitsikolf to the nartihswest coast of Atmurica, and a multitiite of details relitinis to morthionstetd Siberia ‘The istahd af St. Deotmid (Diomede) denot reprisented: though its mumy appeuns on the 45th parallel im Ber fnge Strait, The island may husre been on the original ani) care lessiy omitted by Jotferve’ engraver om his copy. Among the error, ar miher mistaken hypotheses of athens. which are srigmested in thin may by dotted lines, are the extension westwanl to 174 EL of Grenerich of tho peninicula of Alinska which is aly yiven a wholly amcalind-fur northward extensiin af the eas Is wide of Bering fornior cam: the eartogeapher swiks misled by: the errure ot Chirikets Inst Forage and rumors roperteed seed eae Ie fallonied Bering: tx nd exaggerated form for en coast easterard from Kolirighin: Bay, due te this uaraprectisl aketchies of the Cosmaclen ind Uti ‘The northeen extension of the Auerican coast opposite, was purely, hypothetical amd for thiy Moller mast be held ‘responsibly. Many af the western Aleutians are evagicenated jn siz and errinuows in jiosition hut the chart of Bering's last voyage, and tho exaggerated reports nf the hunters wlio followed bine, must te tela respotesible for thie, it the tuuile, ‘The work in which this chart oppeans t largely derived frour Mites © Suinmlumg russiehey eeschichte,” St. Peterburg, 175%, vol. til, Parpe EAM (cf. antea). The titst edition dy untitled. according to. bili, oxraphies sulopting un rry “OVngiuges ftom Asia to Amoticn far completing the discoveries of the northwest coast of America, A smmmuary of voysiees made by the Russians on the frozen sea, From the high Dutch of Sfuntrath), Muller by T Jofferya, London: T. defferys, A701" Levi, TH pp. 4%, with four maps, The second edition wi job f= that referred te in thin paper iv entitled “Voyages from Asin to America, for completing thie coveries of the northwist eolst of America ‘To whieh fe pre. fixed, a Minimary of the Voyages male by the Russian on the Froren Sea, in search of a northeast passage. Serving as an explanation of a may of the Russian discoveries, published by the Academy of Scienem at Perersburgh, fete. Landon + T, Jefferys, 1704," viii, 120 pp, 4°, four maps, AFrench translation by Huinas, with the wuthor's initials misprinted G. P. instead of G, F., was printed at Amsterdam in 1784. Ht consisted of two volumes, Témo, with a mnp, A Danish translation, by Morten WoL Th o1s National Geagwophio Mapusine, Hallager, wns issued nt Copenhagen in 1784, a4 1 portion of a volume relating to northern explorations. Biblingesphers seem to live been puzzled by. the divcripancy of initiah, not reconizing hat the 8. in Jeifery's volume stood for a title ancl fot a mame. Anether work lin portant in ita collection af facts bearings upon the general question wf the explorations eastward by the Russians, was published. by the arch- Meacon of Wilts, Rov, Willian Coxe in 175), ‘This was followesl ky a sveond edition during the saine your, A thin editiot accompanied by 8 Supplement of 17 pages was jieinted in 1787 and pw fourth in iit, Thore were two apparently distinct trausfations of the book printed at Paris in 1741, and 9 German edition at Erankfurt nd Leipaip in ‘The third edition whieh is the best an titost correct appeared both in ocbivo itd qiiatte form, and is that to which reference is unite in this paper, Hix entitled: “ Aceonnt of the Russinn dicooveries between Asia and Anwrica, Te which are added the Conquest of Siberia, and hi the teansaetions and commerce between Russia aud Chin London: 'T. Cadell, 1787. 410 fp. 8 [or 4] with four charts wind one plates to whiel Iv sided, consecutively paged: + A-eomparative view ‘af, the Tusa made by Captains Conk and Clerke, and a sketel to bo ascertained hy future navigators, Louden: T. Cadell, 17877 JL ump, A178 pp. ¥ ‘The ntier was alse separately issuc, Among the maps contuined in this work of Coxe's ire m reduced copy of the general map of Russia issued by the Imperial Acalomy of Seiences, St, Petersburg, 177, and aehart of Syusl's Voyage toward Chukstakl Noss. ‘The latter i= the only chart of Synd’e voyage (761703) which Le accessible, and! it is vouched for as authentic by Dr. Coxe. Compared with later charts it fs, af course, extromely imperfect yet there isin it enough resemblance to the truth toenable ms to recognize what war intended in many instanres, In the northeastern part Of the eliart, the latitudes are oxugeetited ibd the [nizitudes cotitracted ima very erroneous taanner. Nevertholess we recognize East Cape, here nanied Prom, fwwhukatalal;" the two islands now called the Diomedes (rt hore left nameless: a largo island, moved eastward out of glace, but doubtless intended far Armkam Island, is called “1. Diamedlia:* while aunong a crowil uf islets (roferable to the hills of St. Lawrunew Inland seen throngh a fog and laid down very inace | the nme “8, Diouwdis” appar again, The American eesst way seen and: landod upon} Cupe Prince of Wated und Uie sbore south and eat from it are recognizable. ‘The island of 8t, Mathew war disravered aod named, though placed a ders too far south, The island of St. Paul in theReview of Bering's Firat Expedition, 1225-3, 129 Pritiloi? group was discovered by Sypd, put in ite true latitude, and named Preobraxhenia ar Transfiguration Island. It is about seven degrees out iti telalive longitude and fotirteen in absolute longitu, One canmot doubt however that it was the island now known as St. Prul when wy recall the fact that there are no other tlunde than the Pribiloft group, in that Lititade or within that general area of Berit ‘Sea. The southern Cape af the Chukeohi Péninauli, Chukotaki Cape of Boting and MOllér is trpresented two degrees tow far south. Preabra- zhenin Bay is not recognizable but the pame ie transferred to the hight weat and north of Cape Bering of our present charts. Thin part ‘of the coast was not however approached Wy Sphd, who spent much timo om the coast of Kamehatks. On his chart this peninsula ie repre sented bettor than we should have oxpected ftom the mudencisof the test pot the Acadumy shows the influence of thowe whe discredited the nour approach of Amerion to eastern Sieria ; notwithntanding the oxplorations of Deshnell, Gyosdet and Syn, the American, shorw uf Bering Strait hay disappeared altogether. “The castorn portion af the Chukeh} Peninsula iy indo by a hest of hypothetical inlets, and defended liy on unrocogrizable archipelago of tagneless islands. The furstrutehing hain of istands, among which Bering's second expedi- thot wane 80 Lon ontangléd, excepting thase confirmed by Krenitzen and Levashifl (who-saited far north of the southern are of the chain) is alse nbsont. Faxompting that the tictitiens peninsula north from Clik ehi land is effaced, the tap im its nasi features for this tegion ie Hoss accunite than thit of Bering, and does not compare very favorably with thot of MaNer. And yet but shortly after [tr publication, the ex- florations of Cook and Clorke recorded the frets whick should, when published, exalt the memory of Uw older geographers and scatter the hypatlises whieh fora tine prevailed against them, Their explomtions wre inetuded tn “A voyage to the Partie Ooean, unilertaks of his Majesty, for auking diseos phere, [oth], performed under the dinetion of captains Cook, Clerke and Gute, 4 ships the Resolution amd Die vy i the 1750, London, for T. ot aid Te Sand aris folio,” no by the con rive in the northern hemis- ‘This i the edition undered by the Adniivalty, Of thik celebrated work, «iid tr bawe teen written from the explorers” manuscripts by Bishop Dougles, there have teen nuiny elittons, fa the Bulletin of the Soulité dhe Gingtnphie. Purl 183, pp, $6340, is a bibliography by Ture duck Thy moat iniecesting paints in regant to ering Strait wee comprised ont ‘k's explorations abont Hurt (vol. Hp. 487} wntitted ¢130 National Geoyeuphio Magizine, “Obart of Norton Sound and of Bhetings Strait made by the: East Capo of Asia and the west point of America.” ‘Om this chart the minin features if the Const om either wide of the strait are correctly indicated, though several of the inlets and hays are wanting, The Diometes and Fairway Rock of modern charts are le ented but left without names, King's Taland is named; Arakau was not recognized as.an ialnnd nor wan Point Chaplin (Indian Point) olworveet, St. Larereuce Isand wis sien in fogs wether, Ite isolated halls con nected by very low flat Land lel Cool into the error of sipposing that it comprised! several islands, cian of which he cocreetly refurred te that namel St. Lawrence by Bering and the rest he furporl uncler the sane of Clorke’s Islands, A xingle fictitions island. midway hutwoon St, Lawroney and King's appears on the chart, but ts wt named or mmon- tianed inthe text. St. Lawrence Hay if tained atid discovered. Bors ingand Miller's Chmktsti cape ix correctly identiiod. East Cape in well delineated, and the name Sérdze Kamon }Heart-Rock) originally given fon clit or bluff point ae the entminee of Wily Crow Bay ia transferred toa point an the Arctic shore of the peninsula. There ig a confused and somewhat curious histers conteoted with thi use of the names Sendz-Kamen and Chukoteki Cape: After the travels of Theslt- sueff, Popoi? and others and the receptinn at various timos of informa: thon fren the natives, It Was pretty generally wndurstoud anion the Tnerhhere and traders of thie region that the extrnme af Asia. was a cape fot pointer or fear which te Chukehi dwelt, ar which they described, which wii int detinitely located, and whieh was vaguely Known as the Chukchi Cape or the Cape-of the Chukehia, Chuketkt Nowe tn tlre Kassie tongue. Cape Sentae Kamen will be found on the ebart of ‘Billings’ Voyage. Tt wns the point where the Chukehis successfully dlofentied thetinelves ayitist the invadinge Rselitns: who sexaght tw fore thom to poy tribute: Hoyondd it, for the Ruswinns all wan mystirions Chnkeht country with am unknown comyt, Thin eape being Eheie ie ples vlted iL ie probable that it wis imate or few confounded by these illignte and ignorant hunters with the sippased basiern Cape of Aska, otherwise the Cape nf the Chakehisas used hy Miller. Admit this an itis not diftiewle to frame an hypothesis which shall account for the confusion, witheut recourse to the absurd changes with which Lanrid- sen attotipts tis sail thi reputation of Miller. Steller and athiars. When Bering nied a tape nest which he met a baldarloadl of Chukohi who gave him same geographical information jamony ther things Uiat the const mae a turn after passing i) he called this cape with great propticty tw Cape of the Chukelis, ae obierved liv Cook ti, 47d) and with no teference to thie legendary Cayw af the Chokehis abave raftirred 0, Tut when Moller amd wtherc more familiar with the records of the earlier explorers eae make maps, they naturally applied the legiiielary hame U6 the cape which they supposed w by the custers eri of Ania, and beyund which the coast makes a turn to the west. MillerDevieu if Bevtng's Piist Bxpoitition, 725-30, ABA beliovme in a great rape-or peninsala om the northern coast af the Chukchi country supposed ehis te he the tem Ch pe Chukotyki, andl to the wnstern Cape of Bering he lef the name of Sonkee-Kamen, prob: ably knowing Fittle wthont the original Cape Serden And as Being. by: the ambiguity of his journal, gave color to the idea that he hiv rounded East Cupo and pursued the north const weet of jt fora tev hours before fairing homeward, what yore mactural thutn tlyat Chee Tittle acqumintid with the reziun should speak of his turning back feo near Serize- Kaien This Cook. following ont the sime idea derived from hin study of the mop and journal in lari, transferred the riume tow point ia the latitude nt which Boring. turned, mek, om the const whiol He supposed ite to havi vurvered, There is phouty ef cotfuaion hore Dut tio jist stutind for sepppeminss miliew in i A publication sehih tows meh Bering’s voyage of TH8 wae printel by Vasili Nikolaievich Bergh (ar Berkhy a well known writer in geographical matters in commeceinn with Rusaian bist Tis inthe Russian language and the title may he translated as fallow iret Sea Voyages of the Russians andertaken for the sett ment of this geographical problem—aAre Asia and America. united und performed in 1727, ge amd 4, under y nant of fect captain of the first rank, Vitay Bering, ‘To which is added a short Bidwrnphicw! aeéount of Captain Bérlie andl seme of his officers, St, Petersburg, Acndemival printing office, 1623, 83 pe Liv, 120 pp. dmap. Russi This book swab printed, a muny private Inioks are, at the. printing nficeak the Tinperial Aradetay of Sciences, timt was not pubtinl ind /by the Acudeiny, ‘The only copies 1 know of are library af the Academy and ono in the British Miusouin Hbrary, neither of which | han bewn alile personally to consult. But through the kind affloes of Dr, S. Hertzenstelti, of the Zeologial Mureum of the Aé emmy. Dlearn that Both fotind in the Archivee of the State Admiral logbook of ardahipmon Peter Choglin entitled, Mid Chaplin's journal of the Kamehatin expedition of YP25-1791," From this MSS and from the notes af ‘Miller and Admiral Nugsietf, Nurgh compiled his wark. Chaplin's journal is not reprinted verbatim but baly paraphraied by Borgh who adds hia awn commentary an the subject mutter, and occasionally gives extracts From Chaplin whos! Jughouk seems to have been kept ina model way. Atveffort will bomude taottain a copy of the original lagboak,* but for the present we are obliged to bo entitent with what of authenticity *Simultaneotsty with the proofs of this paper the work of Berish has been communicated to me through the Hberality of the University of Upssla, Sweden The resulty of 4 critical examination of it will form the subject of a Inter paper ns the present publication cannot be delayed.182 tional Crographio Menpazine, femains to the data which have been translated or paraphensed by! Bergh, Louridsen and Olson, neoessnrily xubmitting to more nr bee modification In the proces, ‘The most authentic and important document for the history of this ‘Voyiiee is naturally the alfieial report handed in by Bering himself and printed in the Journal of the Military Topographient Depot of the Russian Army, volume x, pp. 62-70, St Petersburg, 1847, ‘This journal is n quarto anit thas report ks oritited eerbeatiin of Titer tin if one may Fudge by the archaic and inispelted words with whieh it is adoriied. Ub ominprises Hering’s report inclhiling his instructions, table of geographical positions, and n painfully detalled table af routes and dixtanoes by witich his position in Kamchatka wae compated. This report hus ewer been translated tn Full andl wnminddifind, the rie. inal Ie thought to have babn lost. The preset publication i not re- ferred to by Laurideen and was apparently aninown to him, TE have therefore thought it worth while to prejany an English version of the mport and jcagraphieal table which gre incorporated in thin paper, ‘The tesult shows that the pireviotis werslolis uf the repert whieh hare Appeared were more or Tews ihutilated or colored by thy editors printing them, probably with the view Of making the reporter more popular interest to thelr évadors hut with injutioun results (0 ity histoele valle for references ‘We now comie to the latest contributions to the subject. EE it were not for the deficiencies in them, whleh seem to me aetinus; this paper would not hare been prepared, Jrut inseemed te be a pity that theseurees of information iu regard to Bering, seewsrible to those whe donot rei Reusiion stiontld not be both morw impetrtial nnd more necurate. Vitus d. Boring o Af P. Lauridsen. Ud; Russiske opdngelsesrejeer fra 1726-44, med understittelis af den Hichn stivrne-Rewencroneske stiftebse, — Kjdbenhayn., Wlondalske Boghandele forlag (EF. Hegel & Son), Ragaes hogtrykker, Is85, Small 4, aix pel. | 201 pp. 4 shorts of charts, ane plate, ong Woodsnt. This Work (s an attempt at a life of Hering which should combine tin nccaunt of Kis earcar with a rhversal of tho generally received opinion in. regard to hile indecisionof charneter. It embodies 1 general polemic ngninst those who at different times have eriticised the explorer, Trcontaiis a paraphrase of sine portions of Bergh’s work whieh had not proviously been uocessible in any language except the Huson, ret which would have been much more valuable in the shape of exact translation and quotation. The author labored ander the disdvantages of not underitanding the Inngdage in which all the original rewards both printed and in manuseript are written: of having little or noRevive of Bering's First: Expedition, 725-30, 13% familiarity with nautical surveying ar Gartography ; and of being apparoutly unacquainted with the best modern charts of the region. His criti¢iemsaf others ary courted in very heated and not altogether Purlinmentary langoaye, and ie i the victim of A marrow =piit of hatiinalism which ix sometimes mixtiken for jatriotism, Nevertheless he his bright together 0 creat deal of infarmnation: it is evident, in spite of his violent criticiams, that he has nit intended to be unfair, nineé be patson nvcord in several instances evidence damaging to his own siews whieh would nut othurwive have come to lieht: and Me hae cortiltily exhibited Berinz’s valuable qinilities in a muiiener while will tating his repintution,* Reviow v of the American Geegraphic: 1445. New York, the Societys 1885, pp. Ysa-aiis, Society for This review farms part of a “Reply to criticisms upon the voyage of tho, Vega around Asia bud Europa,” by Rayon A, B, ean Nerdenskbol translated from the Swetish by Vere A. Elfwing. It is nitdevme! aity: tomard certniin points in Lauridsen's work, and cintaine valuable er ‘rections of coetnin errory th n rvgerd te the work * uke) opportunity in Tole adn oF replying th contain eriticiams Of Mr, Cameleon on thy chyonolagionl chapter of my work on Masks andl ibs Rengitrees paubislied in ‘Thut chapter wits and walk stated in its introductory piaragraph (to be 4 compilation from the authorities on the subjert, Te contained ne original utter exsept that relating to explorations siuhsesjiient te 136, For Berimg's two voyinges T conyultid thy report on thw Russian Dis coverits printed by onter of the Enaypress and tinder the suspices of the imperial Academy of Soionces at St. Petersiuing, prepared by the dis: tinguished georeapher Malter; himnelt a member of thesecond expedi- tion atl personally acquaint with the actors in thse scenes, Ni tore authocitative printed document exists on the subject, The eup- posed errors animadverted upon by Mr. Laurideen ane either taker directly from Maller, ur gre inferenoes drawn trom lis report, Sa of them the critic has miaunderstood or migronstrund, whiels from thet Hucessirily uxtreme condensation of any table is particularity easy, Ths exproieion of surprise thit Bering passed throtigh Bering Strait without seeing the Piomedes, was warranted by the fact that Hering nowhere mentions their name or speaks of sewing ung islands in their Ineation, nor ure they on his carlipst printed charts. This point, however, vill bo more fully dealt with later Lf E went to re-write that chapter | shoul probably modify. the criticisms of Bering's character whol appear in itz but at the time it-was written 1 was fresh from four yenrw’ expltination in the same region, and wus partionlurly impressed weit his fatlure 1 woure hotter results whion to de so woul have been ad easy, ua well as directly im Uve line of his duty:1 National Geogoaphio Magazine, of Strabtomberg and thy other early cartographers of Eastern Siberia, It isa translation of & paper published in Emer for 195, to whieh for exant accuricy Feferotice should be madi, Russian explorations, 1725-1740, Vitus Bering : the dixeov- erie uf Bering Strait, By Peter Lauridsen (etv,), Revised by the author and translated from the Danish by Julius E. Olon (ute.). Chivagn, S. €. Grigys & C ¥, 1880, Pp, 2 ont, folding shoots of maps, pa x¥i, 998 ‘This willtion is a gyod deal condenud, especialy in the matter of references, und das not have all the Ifustritionsof the original. There are ale a good mans: stipe or typouraphicnl errors. whieh affect ita valao os a work of ruference. Bante of those important in connection with the present paper are as follows: page 31, line 4, “400° 80" No" Tntitudde should by #2" 90°." On-the Ist line of the sume peuge © longi tui” should be latitiide.” Paige #2, after cloudy weather” in the second Hine from the bottom, the whole remaining recec! of Angust neh is mitted altogether, The sentence bugineing From moan" relates fo Atiguat (th, mautieal reckoning. Payge 88 line 5, "20°10" east shinai he-280" 17° eas +" Ting 20 after “half west" should be inserted ‘aputh by wat, by compass” Page 51, Tine 4 from Betton, ‘“latitiade should be Langit.” Iteview : Nation (The) New Vork, vol, wlix, No, 1278, po 464, Dred. 5, 1880, Tomay wld that a ntumtier of tofercnews 1 Russian articles terating of Bering will bo fonud in my Bibliography of charts ani] publications relating: 0 Alaska and adjacent reyion, published eves in 1870.Revicin of Boring's First Expetition, 726-30, 185 Revowr oy Fueer-Carram Beare ox ais Exrunrriox 10 re Eqsrmex Coasr ov Sursura, ‘To the most Serene Soverviign, the high and Emprose of all the Revs Acshort relation of the Siberian Expedition upow which was went ie: OF your Tmperin] Majesty the most humble servant and floot= captain, W. 1. Braase, On Bebruury 5 lato year 1786 T recelved from her Binperhs the Empriss Ekaterina Alesiewna, of hap and wellaleerving meniary, the autographie fustrictiane of hi Tinperial Majesty Peter the Gvat, of happy and well-reserving memory, a wopy of which is hereunte affiss Tusteuetions, (1) Therw shoal be built on the Kamehatka [Ri soit: other place adjacent, one wt two boats with dicks, {2.) With these hoats [yan srw dimeted] to sail along the sonst which estends ourthwards and which,is supposed (ince Ao: ane knows the ond of it) te be continunus with Ameren, (:) And therefore [yan are directed] to seek the paint where it cont ith, America und te ge to, some settlement under if any European vessel iv soon, learn of it what called, which should be taken down in writing, int prepared, phiewd dn the chart and brought on} Gir aL aw authentis back bore ‘The following ware the justructions given me by the former General Admiral Count Aprayin, in. whieh were written: Artic satis, lihorers ald aehatever, in my opinion, is necessary for the expedition, are mane from the chancellor's office af the covets sports sent to the Imperial Admiralty College. Before recviving these insteuetions, January 24, 4 Lieutenant and 46 men of my command hud been ordered to servioe on the expedition by the Adiirnity College with the necessary equip: ment for 26 wagons, “The whole member of my command sent cut amnunted to 43. men who were ordered to Vologdie and from St. Potersimeg fo Tobolsk hy a route which passed through the towns here named: through Vologdie, Totina, Upper Ustiuk,Nittionsil Goojpraphio Mayasine, Solwicherzodsk, aie: Eponchin and ‘Tinme ‘On the (ith day of March we arrived at ‘Tobolsk and were there until the 15th day of May hoeatse of the lateness of the seuvon interfering with travel. During the delay at, Tobolsk requisitions were made for the necessary outiit for the expedition, May 13th we left Tobolsk hy water down the Intih to Sauna. roveka Yama, un four boats of the kind ealled by the Siburians iki,” on which were loaded all the outfit brought from St. Petersburg or ubtained nt’ Tobolsk : together with a chaplain, commnissary, sub-offioers and thirty-fonr soldions. Uhad previously sent a gardc-marine officer, ana small beat furnished hy the Tobolsk authorities in obedience to the orders of the Naval College, to the proper settlements where. the prepara- tion of freight-houts had been ordered an the Yenissi and Uskur rivers, and T ordered him to sail to Yakutsk. B nutroveka Yama the Obi river was axcénded to Surgut sid to Natini aid thetice the Ket river to Makoveka post. From vbolsk to Makovska as we traveled live Ostinks who were formerly idolaters, but, since the var 1715, through the labors of the Metropolitan of ‘Tobolk they have been converted to the true faith, From Makoveka post to Veniseink the route lay overs land. From Yoniseisk to the: Hima-mouth we proceeded alse in four boats by way of the Yonisel and Tunguska rivers, On the ‘Tunguska there are throw rapids and conve settlements ronte by whieh we oFiginally reached Tobolsk trom the eapital, We arrived in St. Petersbunrye Marely t, 1750, harks, the distane ring the spa voyages), the native tribes stesis not reproditces, as it contains no information of inp in the present connection, “The ather ta i Ue ast roriesesieal position estimated for the mere import is herewith trquiseritwdd, T the approximate Groenw abled ti the Tonjitiadés nt Pobelsk. Thove provided atnbular itingrar the events of the expedition, de from other sourves, which jury indicate Brookes! edition of Bt Halde-s IE for Campbell’ version in E ris; Mofar Miiller's accuunt sand [for Lauridien, “Phe astro: ww vents are taken fem Oppelaor's standard catalogue of solar sind Tine ectipse - the regi longitude 67° should be tulle: wh hare reckoned fron which showe thi dates of from Beting’s Report amd yy letters. HE xtansls vel 1dt ational Geographia Magazine. It will be noted in the following tables there are in few discrep> ancies of single days compared with Lauridsen’s account: or other authorities, Theso T take to be duo to the use in the ship's jour- nal of the nautical day in which the nantical sucond day of the month begins on the first.calendar day at noon and ends at noon on the second calendar day, so that events occurting during the first twelve hours of the nautical day would have a date one day later than the true ealendar date, Catalogue of the towns anid notetble Siberian places prt on the chart through which the route posses, with their latitude and longitude, te latter eomnpruted fron Toholsk. ten we awe: rauuuaes, | bat ‘Tabolsk 7 cou BR gn on Suinarofnka Wari — ou it 09 ‘Town of Sarkut to 3 5 Town of Narim Bi | ow Kotak . ms ia = Lcinoborsiel convent 38 17 — Mikoffskes pout z 58 0b 5 Yontsciste x bs 30 % Keashim convent meat | ome Houee of Simukhing, Tima river mouth a BS Trask -- te 40 ® Unt Kalai pont 3 0 * Kirin post a Yawutiee 20s | cia hak 39 13 6 Mouth of Moiiga rivet, Ramcbata ue | ® Upper Kane! : g Liat Mumohntke poet Mu = Mouth of Kamchatka rive : teh vo Capo St. Thasddens West cape, Haly Croat ny: Fast cape, Holy Crosa bay Preobnughenia bay RESTARRRE Chakoteki eape, #ast end. es 25 5 St. Lawrence Bablind 200000 Ho a5 St. Dionsede island... - 00 a Place from which we thmned back... 0.0) 1B " South cape of Kamchaticn To 40 at + These Jongitudes absent from Bering’yown report are supplied by: Campbell (i his Het, probably fron the ehurh, In the Table of positions the addition of 67° will veal longitudes to E. of G that De. Campbell «the wich, If ix probably from this table his fist, in Harris, which is, barring riTiwrmanr von Bemyo's Fiisr Exrenrrioy, rates corrected to ordinary calendar, heginning at midnight, es. Autnorities olin. | olMffia. Advanoe party under Chirikof left St, Petersbarg Jan, 24. Feb. 4d LM. Feb. 5. ‘Feb, 16, a Se ae Beving left Tobolrk «Bring. vit May 9, Hering arrived at Hifi here Leoni een the nt the winter of 17% is 2, Lamas celiped obs at Tineke 7 Chivikett: Gert, vias Bering arrive at Yakutuk. Le Mid, June, End June, Bering felt Yakuteke hoa Aug reached Oklotek . a et. 11. Hided provision tte arcival al Okhote tects cial End Get, Mid. Now. ire, nberg reached Okhotek(Fan.d,Ly MH. dom San, 13, Vessal Fortine lounched at Okbutsk L (une 8. June 10, Apanberg sailed for Bolshoia river. MHL, Jones), Suly i, Chinike arrived at Okhowk TBM LL uly July 1a. Spunberg returned with Fortuna Le Aug TL Aug. 29, Bering apel party enlled for Bolan fiver Lanridsen says August 10), B. MH. Aug 21. Sept 1. Bering arrived nt Bolshoin river. M. Sept. 2° Sept. 1B. Bering arrived nt Bolsntet=i i ‘Sept 4 pre 15, ta, Partial eelipee of moon. visible in Kamehatka, tant contact 7 41" elie oe _..-.- Oppolevr. Fel Feb 25, Beting arrived at Lower Wane” ‘ehatka ~ ke March 11. Margo. Neasel Gabriel put on the stocks BOHM. April" April 45, The Gabriel Launehed (Lanidsen says she sailed to the mouth of the river July BALM. June, dune 21, The expedition If the river bo ftammence explorations 0 BMT. aly 8, July 2 ‘Tho expedition sailed northward — M. soiyt uy 2s, Bering mached bis northernmost polit ani started on hiereturn MWB L. Aug. 1 Aus, 26. ‘Tikey reached thw Kamehatke river on thoir retien aoe EE Te Sopt.% Sept. 18, io Toll eelipae df the moun, visible in ls region, begining wt (he a. Oppoleer, Feb Feb, 1 Datiag salied 3 trom Ronkuets river | Lauridson anys July, whic Is erromennas) M. HL Tune 16, Bering steered to the southwest 1. dune 19. The piirty arrived nt Bolsheretak uly 13, Bering ie L. Moly. 25. Boring arrived at Okhotsk. AM. Ber. Aug. 8. Hering tft Ok hotni im ‘Ang. # Tatal nelipaw of von wane da, but not visible inthis part of Asia Gppoleor Awe. 9. a Bering arrived at St, Potersbung. HM. BL, March 1. Mur, 12.6 National Geographic Magazine. some additions, etter, and tistranslations, much the same. Bering dors not give any longitade for Lower Kameliatka post it is highly ituprobable that he observed it at that place, hy means of a Tunar eclipse or otherwise, Chitikois observation of a lunar eclipse ot Dimsk male that point 30? 19° cast longitude from Tobolsk or, approximately, 07° 14 enst from Greenwieh, His pedomotric observations plaved Tlimsk in jos" 44’ BE. Gr. On recent charts Thimsk is in about 14° E. Gr, 90 that thy eclipse observation was in error about eh degroet. ‘The meriilinn noel on the voyage of 1728 was that of i Kamchatka, based on pelometric ahservatintis from Mimsk ted by means of a traverse tuble, These, acwurdinge to Chirikolf’s Journal, gave for the Lower Kamchatka post a meriilian of 148° OL 49" east fron St. Petersburg or about 156° 02° east from Greenwich, which is it error about six and a quarter degrees. Discanding the eclipse observation and usiaye only the pedometric observations from Tolwlsk to Lower Kamohatha the result for thar plac aa? EL Gr, whieh is very near thy tith, 1 have that this resalt is what wi Gaally used in the churt, (thom therefore, that all the observations of Lauridwn and others in regand to the alleged eclipse in Kamehatka are tased on a misumberstandinue atel without value, S¥sersis or ror Vora ‘The dates are reduced ta the Julian calendar from the nautical Hecount, ‘The longittide ix stated in degrees.ennt from Greenwich, June (91, 1728, ‘The vomel, which was named. th Was luunehed at dhe Lawer Kamchatka fort and loaded with a year's supply of provisions for forty mon (BC. UL ML). Sho resented the packet boat used in rhe Baltie, nbciet, Notes, Thin: vessel was constructed of the Kamohatkan spruce. a species neeording to Kittlite closely resvuubilinge 1) of America, ‘There is also n sanaller speci, cl. mertennistnia, aul by dis Uflation of these tyro trees the deficiency in their supply of Luror giteh wan made up. The rigging, auil-cloth, oakum sul aachors hail been transferred with grest labor from Tobulek. The planking and timbers were doubtless fastened with trensilé and not with spikes, ao Uhe amount of iron used wae much smialler than it would be in mont modern vessels, ‘The provisioning of the expedition is the subject ofa fanciful puragraph garbled fram) Bering's original report, sehithReviow of Beting's Fieit Enpelitions 1725-30. ANT haw been quoted hy every one of the historians of the voyage, from UW Anville te Lanridsen. IT transerite it frou [rooke’s translation of 1288, pp. 487-8, “The provisions consisted nf Carrot for want ot Corn (=grain or whont), the fat of Kish queured served Instead of Bistter and aale thsh eappliva the place at ail other meats.” Counapbsell inn Harris’ Voyages, pi 1080, still Curther enlarges this state ierit and Livtridsen pata it “Fish uil-was hie butter and dried fish his heef nnd pork. Salt hw sens ubligol toy got fron the wea," and hie distilled spirits from "weet sraw.'” This cites a totally false iitea nf the suyiplies provided for the expedi- tom. Bering received from Yaiutsk ovur forty-two tons of flour, and lure numburs, fifty ata time, of the small Siherinn cattle were «riven on the hout to Okhotsk where their flealy was partly drisd and partly silted. On) Dis return he delivered surplus supplies ta the proper otficens in Kamchatla and at Okhotsk over 80,UK) Ibs, of meal, flour and alt ment, There were at that time no carrots to lw had in Kam- chutla as Bormg himself testifies. Salted euluoe then as now, formed a staple article of dict tm Kamehatka and was without doubt inckuded in his stores. Tho delicate fat obtained by boiling the bellles of te halinob, i omntally grepared in Kamohatkn and is regarded to. this dhy anu great delicacy (ef. Voyage of the Marches, Sd edition, p. 19:) AA Wore of it might without any inuedship be furnished to the comman- dor for ase as butter, Salt he obtained as it 1s usnally obtained by vaporating sed-water, and the absence af strong drink af Enropean oriksin wate wippliod by: a distillation of Git stallcs of tho beara foot or “sikent hier" of the Cossaoks (érnelewm.dulee Kittlitz}, long use for that purpose ly tho Russians in Siberia and from which, even ls dern times, sceunding to Seomann, the Kamehatales seeurod addi- ne to thir scanty eupply of ay rup-wr kusat, ‘The supplies thon Of the expedition, were not inferior to' theo fix common ime at wea at that period, and as far ax health ie concerned ween certainly less Hikely te result int am invasion of deurvy than the lune eof salt boot and pork alone wiald have heen, Ik uiast be remember thet the farvon naval vemwls allover the Workl in thos days, was rude nnd euurs toa degroe now long unknown and that it was not until the voyages of Cook, nearly half a rentury later, that the antiscorbutic amd varied regiinen, bow usually enforced by lin fn mnaritine fuitions, wak-even thouglit of The force crowded together on the little Gabriet fw onan Tauridacn presumably: from the aocount af Bergh. Ty consisted Iwride the commander, of Tioutenants Martin Spanborg: and Alexie Chirikof Second Lieutenant Péter Uhaplin, Detar Niethan, quartermaster, eight siilars, a Worker in leather, & rope maker, flve ‘corpenters, a boatewain, two comackn with a drummer and nine marines, six servants, stewands, etc., and two Karine interpreturs, « cabin hoy and a pilot, th all forty-four persons, rated by148, National Geographte Magazina. tis not clear from Laurideen'’s account whether in the above lid are orare not included the two mates, Richard Engel and George Morison, or the cartographer Potiloff, who started sith Bering from Sf. Petorn- burg. Lurthin wae left beliimd, being ill. 1824. ‘The variation of the compass was determined to Lo! easterly (Ll), Tn tho afternoon (being the Ltt nanti- eal reckoning) the voxel left the Kamchatka river. (B,C. HL) They steored to the hortheast along the coast, whieh wwe kept in sight to the north and west, in from nine to twelve fathoms: water, As the point of departunm Cape Kamebatka wae deter- mined te be in north katitude 56° 3° (M, hy Notes —Tho variation of the compass: im 1885 was 2 BO" eaxtorly (Schott), As will te seen by the Table of Positions, the latitude above given for fe cape is not the stiite ax that adopted by Bering em his chart. Thedepth mentioned shows that the Gabriel must have kept ‘within a few miles, probably not exereding tex, from the shure and the vory slow precrese malt, ns iniiented by the fog, nok much “icored: ing two miles an hour gives rise to-tho wuspioion that, in the early pare of the voyage, in arder to keyp their sarvey cetitianons they probably juring the houreof darkness. OM Karcinwki Island the warise Hf the compre was determined to be the samo ax at the rout of the Kamehatka river, From this date to the 2th, the aogisaible authiities ickew ni data, na prrobably pursued its way uureeuttully. ‘Chis day a prominent Cape war passed at a distance of some three miles, [Tr wad named St, ‘Thaddeus, after the saint on whose holy day jt wax qgain seen on the retura voyage] Many grampus, porpoises, stuls and dealions were ween (L.,) Noted, This CapeSt, Mueldeus |s nut the cape of the sume mums om modern chart, but the eape naw known as Cape Navarin. ‘This is caviden! fram Lering’s chart, Bering's position far the eape is in error about fifteen inilos in lititude and three degrees in lonucituile om his chart, whiln in the list of positions, the error is only ahout five miles af Jatitude a Joueree in longitude From near Chpe Thaddeus Uering stood acrish Anudyr Gulf, out of sight of the low land, missing Anadyr Bay, and theceby falling into the error of placingan his chart the morrth of the Anulyr River nouth of the cape, The error wns subsequently corrected iy G. Fs Maffer. Lauridatn observes (American edition, p. 80), that “having nailed past the Anadyr River without quite being able to find their bearings, in regions of which they hud not » single astronomical dstermination,”Keciem of Bering's First Expedition, 1725-10. 140 ete. Thic fd abhurd. Thay hail'a compisk and there is no reasin why ‘they shonld not find their bemrings, anh it ix certain they were there ‘to take observations and nob to verify those already made. No apology i needod for Boring’s determination to prose mare rapidly northward. Tt was in necardance with common. sense, considering the Inteness of the wnaon.and the uncertainty of what they had to aceom- plish before the season closed, Ang. 112, Festival of the Holy Cross. ‘The expos land to the northwind ad soon after entoref a great hay which they named Holy Cross Bay, This thoy explored to the river at its head which they named Bolshoia (Great) River, and on the Western point of entrance the lutitude was, Ang, 218, observed to be 85° 947 north, while the longitude by dead roekaning: wax estimated at 182" 15 east of Greenwich, and the magnetic yariae tion 4 of a paint easterly, ‘Notes —Laurideon enye (ps. 31, Anverican edition| that in Holy Cros Bay the Gabriel spent two days wnder sail in search of fresh water und a place to uneher, This i extremely singular, a* there is an anchorage immedintely at the entrance to tho bay, on the starboard hand, sid rans of fresh water are abundant, The application of am obvious corredtion* to the list of positions given by Campbell makes the position at the western elbow or ajit, at tho mouth of Holy Grime Bay, that which fs siven.above. This position is over a degree too far west nol over six miles too far south. But Lautidaen (quoting Camp bell without obserying the blunder) not stating the source of his informution, ssives.a position (N, Lat, e&* 50> whiel Is eworhuntred wut twelve mites tow far south pnt the English translation improves upon thls iy making it M0 Sif, or three lmunired and thirty two miles south * In Harris’ Voy., 2 oid, i, p. 1021, Beringis table of positions tw printed : Minchueed Rerasehatatiar Onatrog, (S. Lat, 56° 11" Lone. ‘Tobobkcy, 8° 40+ The Mouth of the river of the Apostie Tharlens anid the Cape ..- . cee OOD, BT 10 The Elbow of the a2! 90", 111° 93" ‘Eastern Point... - oF ay, 115 1 This should row, erfors-and misplacements corrected tat bene ‘Nighni Kamschotak Outro Bar iY, 5" not ‘The mouth of the River (Kamchatka) ‘80° 08," 00" 10° ‘The Cape of th Apontle Fuditens br a0, 11 wu Tho western cnpe (oF spit) of Svletal Krest Bay. ay uy, 115° 10° The words in yarentheses arw added by the writer for clearness: 165 somewhat wurprising that in using this table nobody veema to have retognlzod these errors.130 National Geographic Mugeziie. Of the truth, or two hundred and sixty-five miles south nf the entrance to the bay as platted on Bering's awn chart. Horing’s tally in hiis report and Bering’s chart as printed by D'Anville Aitfer trun exch other fifteen mites in latitude aml two dewress and twenbi-five minutes or nearly seventyctive miloe in lomgitiide. ‘The hart isthe more correct, bat it differs more than thirty miles in Inti> fade and nearly a degree in longitude from the modern observations of Latké and Hoelgors for thr same locality. After loavinys Holy Cras Bay, the ruyuige wae eantined to thie moutheast alge the “high wud racky coist™ of which Latridsen (ptébably paraphrasing Bergh) anys that indentation was very carefully qxplored.” Thin ix obviounly a of faney, sinc gorl part of thie cist is low and anndy, while cre leno indiation of two excellent harbors whiek it affors, on any of the charts of Bering or his mccessors in that erntury. Aug. 0.17, 1728 ‘This day, the festival of the Pranstiguratian, found the Gabriel entering a small bay, which on that account was named ‘Transfiguration (Preobrazhenia) Ray. Here thes anchored (Lj, Lieutenant Chaplin was sent ashore for wate and found native hats but. no poople \Noton This ling has never béen saevexed, and on thi best moder arts is merely inclicated, while on many otliers it is omitted altogether fame transfermd to the anchirage tiarth of Cape Hering ot bo or Paver Bay, ering’s position for the «pit xt the entrance of Teunatigcos ration Bay is two dogroes and a quarwer ton far east and sixteen milos Uo far north by the table, Wut his chart gives the position much more closely, with a difference: from Roilgers cltart of not exceeding: fire nithes. uth ‘afe.— Thi totil cetipme of thet moon of this date eauld hardly haere oun obmervedt by Boring, since the moon muxt have been close to the horiven nnd frst contact of the ehadow occurred only nbout five minutes hafore the moon vet. AR Bering does not mention i, it in nor Wiehe that he noted the welipse, Ang. 810, At seven fy the morning a sinchoat (uaak. or hidarna) wacobserved to be launehed from the shore, eight men getting into it amd rowing toward the vessel (IB). ‘They approached within hail, and were understood, through the aid of tho Kariak interpreters on board the Gabricl, 1 enquire whence tho vessel came and what was the object of the expedition in entering these waters. After much persnusion one of the aatives left the skin-boat and swam, sustaining himself on two inflatedReview af Rertig's Fest Expedition, 225-30. 181 seal-skins tied by a poles to the Gabriel and came on board and the others, seeing that no harm befel him, came nearor the vessel shortly afterward (M.B.C.), "The interprevors had some ditficulty in understanding all the natives said, but it wax gathered from their conyersition that these people called themselves Chu (or hy an analagow: name) ; that they were acquainted with the Russians, by report or otherwise, that theey wery mrmervus settle ments of their puople alung this shore ; thatthe Anadyr River lay Yar to the west (1); tht to tho south and east lay an island whieh would soon be visible to the pegple on the Gabriel if Uey euntinued on the coune they were then steering: that in the vicinity of this island the shore of the mainland changes its direction and extends beyomt to the north and then te the westward (Be M,C. 1), ‘Tie juan whe hail bonriled the vessel was given sore presents and sent hack to the native heat, in the hope that he would persuade his comrades to come.on board the Gabriel, but, suspecting some 1 design, the natives pulled away toward the shore and isap- snl. According ty Ewewh, Chaplin's. jouraal expremos regret ipartant information could mab be obtained owing to the difiontty in @ What was said by the Chukchi, At atl to: be @ Tn the afternoon the eape mentioned by the Chuk wan seein, Notes —The account wien in Bériag’s report, and vuridalsly reuters hy Moller, Brocks, D’Anville ond Cambell, differs in several dotuile frat that xiven in Chaplin's journal and deieribed by Bergh and Laue ridsen. Thevarlbun English versions of both fail inelearly ronilerinug the portirrt point gained by thin interview with the natives. which was, Hat wit a phe t alistanes, the main const changes its einction wand Qikins to he HOt ind West. ‘These Chukehia pointed the way to the stmit for the party on thn G@abrie, and their acconnt proved to be ocurat in every particular. The people of this pert of the const, call thenmmctwes Taerncehi, which istheir tribal name, The situiitr umne af anether branch living near iilyt River hin bean cofnipted inte the wort Chntechi, by the from whieh wo derive ome general name, tor these people Lanridmen anys Breden war 41°" whieh in the Annerionn edition stands, "thie Tomssitude (siey was 44157 Bat the original and all the sarhinty of ering’ ow report make the latitude ("iW whic by Wit fad toon M4" they would have been north of their own Position for Tramstiguration Bay, ftom which their cours had been SARL. therefore tle di? ks certainly erramonus, dn Boring'y chart he refers Uo the polit of the ebast where the sbure changes its direction amides the name Chudoitakeye Nose, which aoa» the promontory of the Chukchi, thevgb thie i not the same as the158 National Geographia Magazine. Chukchi Cape of the Anudy7 Cossacks, who se denominated the eastern extreme of Asia, whieh they knew from report and by the voyage of Deshneff. ‘There ¢an be no reastiable floubt that Berinys hataed his cape after tho pooplé wha had deacribedt it to bun, although the imperfections of the record leave this tbe inferred. Bering’s mop gives the Intitude ofthe south extreme of the cape as about 04° 02", and It is erroneously represented as extending south of the latitude of the northwest end ot St Lavrence taland. Tis real Intitute ie about fifteen tiles farther north, Cook made it 61 li Chaplin's journal according to Laurid- sen} makes it (4 18’, whieh would age with the latest wurceys very nearly, though the cvineidence must he regarded a8 4 happy aceulent in viow of their imperfect tables, instruments and methods. Beving's report places its astern extremw in th! 85° und (wrongly) in the ame longitude ua thw west ond of $3, Lawrence Island. with a fourcarod boat Wits Kent to reconneiter the const: more closely, but he suv onty what appeared to be huts without iuhabitanta (C.). ‘The idand (of which only thé northwest hilly portion was seen, owing to the hazy weather) wis named after the patron saint of the day snd thee cours of the vesel wis changed ta the noethwart Aug. 1122. At noon the latitude wax edtimated at 64° 205, and AE Sunset an attempt wis made by the determination of the imaguetic variation ta get the longitude (Li) Twive, an offi Notex.—An ifustration of the want of care with which Lauridsen has Weighed his comments, it may be pointed out that he chimp. 19; Aan, Ed.) that on reaching latitude 4° 20° the Gabriel was im Bering Strait, while two pages later, om her rettirn southward, be declares her to have got out af the strait on zeaching Intitude (4° 27"! As a matter of fact, at the present day, the whalur nod trarlery of this region consider that Cape Chaplin (mote commonly knows ais Indian Print) forma the sauthwest point of cntnitics to the strait; and this point is situnted in lutitude 64° 28" and E. longitide 187° 40", as determined by the Writer iy 1880. ‘This In perhaps the point referred to by Berimg ai the eastern point of his Chukotecoi Cape. ‘The inaysneti method of etormining the longituds would give cor met results only necidentally, i previously explained. The ‘result announced hy Lauridser for the present occasion AN east from Lower Kamohatka Outro or AS? 5i*vast from Greenwich, whieh would he within a few tiles of the latest determinntions, But it is obvious From: Bering’s map that he could nat bave made his position lew than 2845" cant from Lower Kainchatks, and the position above given in perhnpwan interpolation frum modern surces, which has heen misume ersten? or mistrns ins paraphifawel, not quoted,Review of Bering's Fira Expedition, 1725-30. 1a it fs impossible in the abuencn of Bergh's orginal to deiermine who ts sesponsilile for the ineomgruity, An interpolation seems the wore likely since Boring himself gives the lonsitinde im 180° 4° BE. Gre* Ang. 1228, From noon of the 11th to noon of this dag, the Gabriel sailed sixty-nine miles, but the difference of latitude was only 21 anlles, ‘The wind was light to fresh amd the weather overcant (L.). Noten. If the above statement bo taken literally with the mismmption thot they were at noon of the 11th in latitude 44° $0 and E. longitude 18° froan Greenwich, it would give tlveir position fur nowy af the 1th as 04° 4)’ and longitude 190° 45°E. Gr., whieh doos not at all neword with the subsequently narrated course, ete. If we proceed an the hypothesis that it means that the log tecorded GW iniles und that unly 20 miles were made good owhich might easly happen if the polar current were run~ ning strong an the west: side of the strait) aud that thelr commen was Parallel with the Siberian shorein a general way they would have been, ab noon of August 12h, in, latitude 64° 4 and longitude 188° E. Ge. or thereabouts, which agrous very fairly with the knewe) ehroumtances Aug, Tis. A fresh broee and clondy weather. The Gabriel sailed the whole day with vo land insight and the difference in latitusle was only 78 miles at noon, reckoned from noon of th ‘The wind diminished toward night. Nites —On the sume hypothesis as t6 the ineanlig of 4 differenée in latiémte™ fx the words are used by Laurideen, the Gabriel at noon of thi With would huve tern ten ar twelve niles south from Bast Cape sind in about latitude 65° 5% Lf the words are to be taken literally, an a navigator would use them, the Gabriel would have been about fifteen miles to Hi north ward and eastward of Kast Cope, which agrees tcl lest with the aulueyiiently detailed rinvumstances: With the nautical day beginning at noon on the ith accerding to Lauridsen the weather begun to be eal and clowiy which would cheek their progress 14496, This be the festival of Saint Demetri of Afeiea, A currunt was experienced during this duy which was estimated to have helpid the vessel northward eight miles and throe quarters ‘This current mu from south-southeast to north-northwest, From nyon af the 13th ro-noom of thie day the vessel auido ge miles i addition to the qucrent deft. -Atnoop the latitude was estimated * A glancw at Bergh shows thot this statement of Lauridion és sinaply acblinder, Bergh ably’ anys they obtained the magnetio variation (25° BY easterly) by an amplitude observation | Longitude is mot men- tioned, nor Kumebathos154 National Geographic Magazine, to be 66° 41 and high land was visible astern, At three p'elgek inthe afternoon hit mountains were observed to the southward. “were probably an the ccntinent.” Notoe—Unutor any hypotheds+ither the run of the Semel was ander. estimated ar tie latitude wus overestiinited. Adding the estimated Tan to the position httained under our hypothosia for the 1th wed Tih i will put the Gabrie? at noon, August 14th, in about north latitude ‘08* 24" ond Fongitucte Gy apt 80", Chaplin's reckoning as given by Lanridsen would have put the Gabriel tite thin (ity anilies off shore whew the tand spoken of wotild have been out of aight. Our bypothesin fute her about twenty-eight mites NE, true from Bust Cape when the high land of either shore, under Cavorabin circumstances, might have heen seen even If Che sky were overcast, Clouds do npt interfere with Mewar, sine attended by fox or hane. During thin day. the Gabriel had sailed Between East Cope and tho islands now known as the Diow odes: the shore being uear by. Why then should jt be neted in the log that “high Land wns seen astern” at noon? Thi high land of Sileria they had sen and sailed along for days in fall wight of it. Te oem to us thot this exchides the iden that the log refers to theSiberian ‘Wighland and that what wax seen was the loam of lund nt before sou, Asef the Plomedes or even af Amutica. Tt may not hawe bees clear te the commantor und Yet have been marked enough for the subardinate officer to have put at in hie tog. with the dent reckoniniy and daily notes,* Ou phvetil oll chats mention i made of laud secn by Spanberg. which i= mpponed tu hav» been Asnerien, aftar Gwiedelf had edn trun yy existence of the American maintind (n that sirctign und Symd had Tunded upon it, ‘This suyrestion is not noi pertant ih connection with the subsequent conduct of Bering: ond will bo referred to main in its Proper cutineetion. The ifurthine fact that all carly printed versions of Bering’s Hist of positions, refer to the modern Dicmotes waly ae the island of St. Demetrive and that this day wats the fostival of thut obwoure salut, Werle farther eontiemation to the aleve shiseestions, Gokriel apyoure to havo continued to «ail in a northeasterly dinction until theee ofclick in the afternadn, hav Joby the current i the extent of $9 ribet and 85. milon smn e seen and the depth averaged aml 6. fathoms, ew the Lith the water bad itish or discolored. "The wid wus moderate and the Betieevit font and three o'clock the vessel made nist a lind wind, The position of the Gabriel at estimates! tole in nerth lnviguce 43° 18! and so" 17° y avhanlion hetween appeared weather claus seven miles a that time was duian Longitude from the town of Lawer Kamchatka (C. corrected), *Laaridsen pete the dixeropanoy hy putting the word “still” before “seen (Am. Bl, pdt), but there be nothing in the arigian! sources th conden th ‘vimw, oF tes miaof Hert int Exynithitien Note.—Tho nautical day Aug. 1 extending from noon of the 14th to hoon of the 1th is altogether omitted fron the American transhition of Lainridson’s think The position for the turning point estimated by Chaplin te manifestly by lead reckoningy a6 the sky sax cloudy. 1 eas not adopted ia Hie list of positions pabtishesd by Campbell i Harris’ Yovajes hor on Bering's map. Ti the former the longltuile he adopts is 27° 87 cust of Lower Kamchatka fort, and this agrees exactly with the point on the const in Du Halde's ongraving of Bering!s map where the mountains cease to be pat down near the shore, the polmt om the orth cost of Siberia whore Taiurideest. and Chaplin as quoted by him, say Beri did not go.aind the point which fing been generally regarded, as Bering’s frorthest * If we applythe distance and dirvetion frum Chaplin's Journal to the: course of the Gabriel platted from his preceding data, Heerully, it will Put the tuming point of the voymge in X. latitude 7” ag" and By onze Wide 184" 357" oF thereabauts, whieh t about thitty-five miles off the Amorican const southwest-from Capo Seppings, But if we do this the position is far from sgreeimg with Chaplin's. By applying the hypo- thutical corvetion wich wa hare Woretofure used. tho position waukd foe im Intitude G7" G4" and E. longitude 8° 15 from Green wick or 1” east from Lever Ramehatka fort, acreeine more nearly with Chaplin. On the other hand the position off Capo Seppings agrees hetter with Chaplin's figures for the remainder of the day. At this point the commander ef the expedition determined to turn homeward. ‘The Gabriel was put on a course 8, by E. hy apse (S. by W. 4 W. true, the variation allowed being 24 points easterly) hefare a brisk reve knot breeze, making berter time than is rovorded for any part of her outward vayage, Note —Lauridsen saya’ that, in terminating the outwart voyage; Bering “ nunouno! as he tu now accomplished his tisk it wan uty, according te hia enders, to retire!” AMGLer and other authori= + Borgh (p. 4) quotes Chaplin's journal, which skye? “A tires ock Captain Bering announced ¢ Mutt it tras necessary for him, a spite af his dusteuctions, t tern back, and puk the voxel about with ofiders Ii ateet S. by FE. by compan.” ‘The italien are Borgh's, whe ud that, in the journal of Livut. Chirikof, the same statement is made in the same words Teranaliturate the itulietatl phrases according to the schedule for Russian lottere publishod in Nature, Feb. 27, 1800, “Chto nadleshlt emul prrotiy vk to dspolnenie vozvratit'sya.” ‘This plain statement, whieh proven that (at the snoment) Bering recognized Hat he wae not fultifing his orders, is expprossad by Laurideen ind 4f aura’ ly Bering himself whan he enme to peopare his official report, Lauridsen however is not sutisfied with suppreising the truth, which would haye weighed we heavily auainst bis hero amd his argument, but, truth in his possession, hits has Inserted in his book a statertemt Tiametrically opposed to it ay above cited.1 Mitionat Geogsaphic Magazine, tins. quote, more ar less moditied in the translation, thu reasons given in Boring's ropert, But, as there i3 no reitson to mujyame theme were uttered to the xhip’s company officially ht the timc, a consideration of them may he deferred itil the total resultxof the voyage are discuaned, ‘The cote stt, wctording to Chaplin's journal, would, if minde owl, have carried the Gabriel wast of the Diomedes and close to Cape Prince of Wales, ‘The northwesterly current referred tue by Chuplis ui Fe ouruized by most uaviguiors who have since Visited thace saa would have earricil tho vessel more to the westward, na wan actually thw result, and it wa» probably allowwd for. August 1697. ‘Saint Digmede’s diay. ‘The (brio! bad kept ow her caurse with a free wind making more than seven knots (miles) an hour. At nine in the morning they found themselves off a high promontory on the west, where there were Chukeh! habita- tions On the east ani) seaward they saw an island, which it ws proposed to. call after the saint of the day. At monn the vessel had made since the proviows noon 115 miles and had reached lati- tude 66* 02°. Gontinning on their way, with a fresh breeze and clondy weather, they sailed along the Asiatin coast near enough tw observe: miny natives and at twe places they aw dwellings. AL three pom. very high Jand and iMmowatiins were pasned (proba. iy the highlands near St. Lawrence Bay’). Notes —Froin 8 P.M. Aug, 15th to @ A.M. Ang. 1th Is 18 hours, which At pevien knots an hour (allowimg tho alleawd excess to he the equivalent of the drift camsed by the current) would amount to 126 miles. Dietunt fron this the seven milés sniled between soon and 3p, st Aug. With in the opposite direction and we have remaining 119 miles made on the Homeward vost iat a time whet the Gabriel wis between the Diae qwedes and East Capo. or at lout in plain aight of both. Rut three hours later, at noon, uceording to Luuridson, they had nde only 116 ies in all, although th breeee was fresh und fair. Fram Chaplin's potition for the turning point to latitude 8° 02 off East Cape is 96 miles, From cuir hypothetically corrected petition for the turning point, off Cape Seppings, the distance would be to the ane place 12 miles, or thereabouts. Tt (x evident that there isn mixcalendation, oF ap errar in the mcord here, whieh, without further data, It is nor pemaltie to corn Tt is certain that Bering with whom the right of naming any now stand woul have rested, did not then name the island ubove men tioned afer St Diemede On all copies of the earkion version of his chart it appears if st all uniler the name of the Island of St, Demutrins, rots this We winy sttspeut that he Wentitied it with the high land seen Aug. Mth, St. Demetri diy, while others on hoard, suspecting they: were not the same propoial the name of THomede for the presentReview of Béring's First Bxpeditic 167 fstand; regamding the high land as something slistinet, Uf the hardy and solf-willed Spanbere wats the one whe reypurted the lard Aug. Mth, nad if he saw the high land about Cape Prince of Wales, as several ald oharte allege, he would hive been the last to adini¢ that the relatively eonall andl adjacent island wow user, abil be Identifhed with Ibs dis- envery, Ang. 1728, ‘The breeze haying been strong ani fait an obser ¥ation at nooo indicated: that the latitude was 04° 277 and that tlie Gabrid bad sailed 101 miles since noon of the th, In the afterngon the weather was cles and the wind became light. (The Gefeie® must have come out of the strait this afternoon). Nofes;—A distance of 194 miles from the position af the previous hoon wonld hare put the Gabeiat in tatitads 88° 24". The dixtanes on thir general Cour nailed by the Mabriet fron G8° Us" to 8" 27° is ubon WT unites. Te is posible that in copying or printing WE miles hus be come trinsmuted to 14 miles ‘There isan obvious error her of some kind. Av 19,20, (Laurideen does not refer to any record for this day, hut itis prohalte that the wind continued light and the weather fairand that the @atrie? was slowly working. her way westwanl and southward in the vleinity of Cape Chikotaki.) Aug. 10-30, tho afternoon being in the vicinity of thie Place where they had met the Chakebi host om the outward. voyaie, four baidars were seen with their crows pulling for the vessel, which agcordingly lay by for them to come up with ber, There wery wn natives to each haidar; or forty in all. Thor brought reindeer meat, fish, and fresh water in latee bladders for sale fur which they were sttitably rewarded, while the crew of the Girbeie? obtained fron them skins of the red and the polar foxes and four walrus teeth, which the natives bartered for puedes; Hiuteand-stoel for striking fire, and ir. ‘These Chuleehi told theme that they went uver Land to trade at the Kolyms River, carrying their goods with reindeot, and that they never went by sea, They lad tong known the Russians and one af them had even been to the Anadyrsk fort to trade. From this man they had hopes of gaining valnable information but le could tell them nothing more than they had learned from the first Chukeh had been questioned, who Ang.2031 to 206-4), (Bor this period the documents aecesi= bie to me give no information, lint the Gadried was doulitlessIns Vatianiil Geogeiphis Mugattiie, pursing her homeward way anoventfully along the coast of Kamohatka.) A heavy stofm arose with fog and the Gabriel finding Ligrantt ipl olced-(} alan kakire ens die laid ta ride-it out. A note in Harris indicates that they may have heen near Karagiteski [sland AEEG. At ove px. dhe storm had abated, buy dn weighing anchor the cable hiad heen so chafed by the racky bottom that i parted aid they lost the anchor, and were obliged to put to sea without recovering fi Sept 112, 1728. AE Bye olelonk in the afternoon they approached and at seven the next morninye entered the month af the Kumolitka river, thus ending the vayage. Note —The Gabriyt was secorod in a slquagh of the river amd the party wentup the Fiver te the fort of Lower Kamehatku where Hering passed the winter Tr ixcertain that the mevidentsof Katnehatke and nthers mory or lesa farniliar with the reports of Cossock explurations in ChukehJelamd were not altogether sutistied with thesum mary thitiner fy whieh exploration had been given up by Bering, ond bie apparent neumption. that there wan ooudjacent land to the eastWant except dimall flunds More or lees sich discussion amd critieiamn could Tinrdly have failed to reach tis ears, and his reflections may have led hima to think that, afterall, he hod been too histy. ‘Tres not indigenous 10 Kamchatin hist been teen: floating Near thy shores, no heavy breakers ever piceeded ftv th eastwid ond it was even alleged that land or the lava of land might be seett ta the east from the coast mountains in wery clear wonthyr, On account of these and! other reasene® whieh were urged hy residents of the country, Hering determined te make a new trial, Tnstead of procesting directly to Okhotsk aeross Kamoluatha be fitted ont the Gatirlel for another voyage. Beside the fact that Tuuthin, one of his cartographers, lind explored the Kurilo Talands lying next to Kamchatka, tho vessel Furfuna during Boeing's absence had doubled Cape Lapatio und seas anchored in the Kianchatka River when Bering entered [t on hin return. [was therefore evident that the straits were navixable and the retarn Siyaye roiicht be mato that way. Spanberx was onfered to Bolyberotak “on nocuunt uf illness" (Li), audit fs pos sible he took the, Fortuna tuck there since she hal already returned to Bolsheritek win Bering reavlnl (wt jort, um le way tu Dihotek. The natives even claisied that a mit had heen otednited en tbe const of Kamchatka in (71) who stated that bis own country, lay ta the eastward and contulned fanets with high trees and linge rivers (Laurin, op eit Am ed y. StL Boring bimosf stutes tint i made the sewreh nf 1720 at the instance of the Kamchatkon residents.Review of Bering’ Fir’ Bepedition, 725-30, 150 ‘Latitidsen has ascribed to Bering’s own initiative the willingness to make another soarch for land as if these ideas were original with him. Tt is evident that this is unjustified and fiuneiful. Moller's accoune shows that the incitement to @ second attempt proceeded from the resi dents of the country and that Bering complied with their suggestions: and Bering saya ed Kimmel! in his report On June" 516, 1724; the Gabrict left the mouth of the Kamehatien ‘River and stood to the exstwand, direetly of shore. She continued on ‘this me atiout furty-cight bours, sailing a distance variously eati- lites! at froin ninety to ope hundted and thirty milis Tho weather waa fogzy, mo land was pour the wind shifted to dead alo at eat northeast, and on the third day Boring gave up the search and stenzed for the southern east of Kamolntky, the extramisof which i marked by the point known a Narrow (Qvekol) Cape, or more generally as Shovel (Lopatise) (ape. froin its low square termination. Fio deter- mined the latitude of this cape, nnd paxsinue through the etrait wath of it reached Bolchervtsk on the wnat coast of thy yominsuis ou the seeond Of duly, Most of this time was probably spent. in tracing the form of the southerd part of Katuchatka. Half way betwoon the Kam> chatka River and the coast the varintion was observed to bo onw paint casterty, and off Avatchh Bay throeyuurters af a paint easterly. Tn the American translation of Lauridsen It isesid (p. 01) that Bering fixed the difference of latitude (for which one should read langitude| betireeh Bolcheretsk and Lower Kumchath Ostreg at @° 2. Bat an Bering’s ninps the diffurenes is only 8° 50, while in his Hat of positions no longitude ie aasiznedt to Lewor Kamehatlen poat. Lm Carapbella list it stands at 8°30", which the correction of an evident erat of 98° for 95° reduces to 8°30. The true difference of longitude according to the latest charts is pbout 5°29") Where Lanridsen got his fizures he does not stute, Campbell. in Hurris, states that Bering was the first navi- gator to double Capo Lopatln, bt the Fortin hod made this voyaue in 1308, (hough her commander is tet known. At Bolshoretek Boring: left a crew for the #urtwna whieh had returned. thither ; turned ever some of his surplus stores ta the local authorities: and on the 1425 July sailed from the Bolshoia River for OBhetsk. ‘Here he arrived 2) and after sunie days spent in turning over gov- wriment jioperty to the local wificialy and yrocurine hia horses and. ouitiit, he left Okhotsk ("7 au the overlanil journey to St, Pyters- bine. The second wolipse uf the moon for the year veewered bn tis day, but during hours of dastight, nud bene was invisible in this part of Asia. After an unevent{il but siecessfiil journey Bering arrived in St. Petorsborg Mar, 1/12, 1730, bringing-with him, according to Du Halide, ‘the mapand report he hud prepared upon his explorations. ‘*Lauridsen saya July, which is erroneous, vou a "TARLE OF GEOGRAPHICAL POS{TIONS DERIVED FROM BERENG'S FIRST VOYAGE, REDUCED TO GREENWICH, B. LONGITUDE, = j Meriifinas uses iv the orizinal, ‘Fobolai — Tishalsk, Tabak, Fervia Ferry, | Gruenwwich, Amoniit weil for ratuotinn, +6tt, oar, ear" =18, =i, ‘ Sierron of the dita, Doting® MS, Cainpbell.! Du Halde, LfAnwille, Maller zt Pate, 1780 vray nad, mms, | moe | ras, Otthotlt ene is net 3a 0 no so HIM) MB OF Mt 80 5 wi out iS Bolahorotai, Ramohntlia. =. toa) Ba |e my i i a MAB 19-28 GE] aaa ett oe aah a Upret Kamohatlen entttoment).. Te OMB hin ee) eo wt 88 nat | 1B = lh Lower Katncboitkn dithtemen| Ba A ww Ba 08 6 ow Ba 16 i Ce a a Capo, at Kavochutha rivertouth 2 i fh Ot 56 40 om a 0 mB Pra a Ta 5 Capo Mhaddons (Navarin) si a0 @ 05 | a 85 | ong is ii teste Bh OO | | ye bo | am ae West polni, eritranosHoly CrouéBay 02 08 1805 Aa | a) 40 tk ase te Ow tsa] aT Monti of river, Hialy Crom Bay. bio CS ee) wo On 8 Wi 40 ae Who oo | 178 aS a ‘Tranatigirution Bay (east entrance) ....... GF | iB OL a th a: 4 45 the TNT MAS tO ge | eh Cape Chukatski, of Bering... 6153 | Gk an Ce “uo ee }BN. W. point St, Lawrence fd. eg om na Bu oa 0 61 On Ca 68 62 wT Oo 1s 55. wT 20 18l O0 | 188 7 8, Demwtrias Ie, (Tig Dlaruede), a 4a eh 00 | 00 a5 90 iso one (a2. 4a! 183 ou 1H) ah ‘Eant Cape of As a mon oR a 45, Cee 00 tka 40 gas ors as | BLO 100 a Borin’ fauttlied! thot a7 18 = ‘ indionted. Tk is x RE a5. Petrapavioveks Avivcha Bay. 000... ht si ha ib 20 Bp" ae 16o ae 1 157 1S Bi 198 18 168 Bo Cape Urkad, ar unpatlen! oo. eee a ow alow a 20 ot oo" | 60 Be oO 16 a 10 16 00 1sz 00 bh AT Date of Cunpbell's Tunis" {date af table of positions, 1728; fle Campbell, 1081, oul Cimpbell bis 88 ly! E. GtPobolak. an errur(*), far 95° 40" (=u 80" FE. Gr.) Bering omite this position * Cataphill's confiusion ot two enitticn ts here earrevtes from Bering’s Repart. saath Campbells contusion fiery eareect. sl af the wap In asmumied ty he sneant. Fitted by Dus Hide ana Muller, but appears on Canipibell's version of Ror hart. ponitted by Hering from his report, “Campbell, p, 1082; also Bering’s Report. rrr for Oeskol), ait thupt egly chirth | sometimes Osnol (error Tor Uthinel = outtern |, ve lve Buty ex of antes his table, Piomide ou tho chart. Datermined in 141 by Kenssliniett to be 62° 5: ond 150" 4° HL, Gr. nv te oharks on p. 11 Mito fees Wh" EU Nan St, Doomed an chart, but ne blasd represented, fHfes'h Copy OF the chart. an p47 of text N, Lal, 63° 18° appenty Lait no fangltudte #8 given, ne thu shart fen ge 14 of text iia given am 897 Oh Keruesititkot (wee mote 13), evade #eN, Lent, 0° 0 ah 1S 10" E. Lat froin Greenwich, frat eclipses of dupiter'e satellites, “rin tho ehirt; the text, p. Hub makes it i 9 Hh pursing in thy colomn até tiken from Min miogt recent charts of the U.S. Coush Survey ani the T. S.ani Russian Elydrogenphie byrenx. 7D. S. Coat Survey, 1880, Moret Baker, obyetver: hie position’ le reduced (othe 8. W, extetia of the island by it of latitude anid dedtiet Hee Ha”? dn Leveayeitandl Soe Bull, Phil, Soo. of Washlagton, dy, jp. 188, 1882, anil U.S. Chast Suircer Ropart for 1840, App. No. 16. ui, Onatsuvigh in Report Tiss, Hydrographic office, STB. Juin is talon dircotly from Haren Klinokofstrim's minuseript eopy of Bering’s bart. aniftunesl with. prec The soitthern {Eine sham ic “Cannell, pr He niogy fi woianiy a eT # wi stp “oy ype Le; 1 1st162 National teeographte. Magazine, Resumé or tun Resyens, Bering had brought a party, together with supplies and ma- terial, over the rough and diffieult but long-traveled routes to Okhotsk. Wherever he went he found settlements and ronds such us they were. He transported his materiil to Bolsheretsk and from there across the peninsula to Lawer Kamchatka settle iment, Tt would have been muck vasier and shorter to have doubled the peninstila anil taken hik stores by wea; one of hi party had already explored the straits nuar Capo Lopatha, but theew waa the chance of disaster in this plan and, with his stores on tered frome, Bering cannot bo blamed for taking the land route ; especially as the diffioulties would not inconvenivsce him personally, He succeeded in, getting his stores and'shipwrights to the place designuted and thery proparcd himself for the voyage. In all this there was diffievhiy and trouble enough of a certain kind. ‘That it al] was surmounted with 1 to Bering awl his officers, But to call it exeeptinally extrionlinary, is to forget the hundreds of others who preoeded Bering, without the strong arm of the government at their backs, iho made the trails he followed, who founded the suttloments at which bo rested, who raised the dogs, tho horses afd the cattle avhich were used ar consumed by bis party Whatever praise we may feel duo to Bering.and his companions, anil it, ie certainly no stinted allowance, the appreviation of their inchusly with, justi ill more re= iv pioneet labors of the oudaunted way, Mot z four nover eensing march af elyilizarion, ing travod the shores'of Karachatka and enstern Siberia as fitr'an Raat, Cope. ‘Thence he sailed in a north: easterly direction, At 3 roan, Aug th, lind was seen astern ; the vessel contummed inthe same direction until 3p. at, the noxt afternoon, having, at most, sailed about twenty-four hours ant of sight of Inne but in shallow water, Bering then concluded lw had gone far enotigh to show the separation of Asin from Amor= ica, or any land to the eastward. No doubt he was inflicnoed by the testimony: of the residents of Kamehurka who knew the work which had heen performed in this tegion hy Deshneff and others, and alio by the fiet that the antive testimony all pointed the same way. If he was convineed of the truth of this testiineny struggles cannot fail to able and nearly for Site » paved th noy, but for the slow y “After leaving port BeReview of Beving'e First Expedition, 1725-30. 168 he would have been disposed to accept ax conclusive evidence which would not be so mganled by critics All the evidence shows Bering as faithful to the letter of his orders, honest, patient with the H-ioing or insubordination of others, but per- feotly satisfied with the accomplishment of what he had been specifically dirceted to perform, and with a tendency to limit the specifications to the narrowest construction they would biur. Ee advontured nothing heyond. In the arbitrary government imder which he served, with the violent competition between foreign officers in the Russian serview for promotion in rank and pay, who can criticise him for the pradétce and caution whieh kept him well within his instructions? [ certainly do not, But to say that he was a cautions, prudent and sagavious offloer, is a different thing from asserting he was a daring, allventurous and heroic ex> plorer, Thave nut been able to discaver anything in his career Justifying the latter estimate of his characte At all events in the present ease it must in time have ovourred to him, or have boon suggested by his offeers or by the Kam- chatkans after-his teturn that the mere sailing off shore in admit: tedly shullow water for twenty-four hours, was not an absolutely conclusive proof that the continents were separated, Here was a man with a new vessel, a full crew, a years provisions for all hands, who has come half around the globe, taking three and a lialf years te do it, building ships anil at no end of Inbor of one sort aud auvther ; all this to get into the region where thure is a question to be answered ; and when he gets there he barely gives twenty-four houreto svarchimg for that answer with «month of the season still available for work; and then starts for home without settling the question ; with a right conclusion, it is trie, but not of ‘his own discovery, and without securing definite proof todety eritigs: Leaving ont of account the continent within half a day's sail which he fairly ran away from, ignorintly, where is there any: burous, daring of heroic in such conduct ¥ mt that if Bering had sailed along the coast whieh. the Chnkehis said extended to the westward, instead of going off shore, away from it, he would have confirmed that part of th testimony, and:given high probability to thy asstmption af their correctness in the rest, As it was, he left the question in a xtate so unsettled ax to be subject of debate for nearly half a centary ; even authorities so1 National Geographie Magazine friendly as Dr; Campbell assuming with great confidence that Bering's conclusions as to the geparation of the two continents were erroneons. It was not until the voyages of Caprain Cook and Iris asovintes were given to the world in 17#4-that the matter was settlad beyond controversy, Even in regurd to the iletails of his ¥ Bergh’s publication of Chaplin's logbook of the voyage in L+¥3, that the public wore informed as to what Bering did, and it wax ouly iu 1847 that the unmutilated, but still ambiguous Report of 1790 was nevessible even in Rnssian tyrporraphy. Weetind that all. the authorities who publisheil in the last tury copies of Bering’s map and accounts of his expedition arrived at what: Lawridson calls an * interesting misunerstansting.” ‘This micindorstanding was that he had sailed along the Chul chi const, 1s ah ested, and that his farthest point was in Inittude 67° 18¢.on the coast of northeastern Siberia, How wax it pomible that men of auch except a2 Du Halde aod I*Anville and Muller, and Haaiu anil Campbell were all ko ‘The faeta areas follows (1) The verti Report of the voyage, the logbook of the jon, Beting’s chart in its entirety, were inncocesible to. the for many years; the chart has never been fully engraved for jblication, (2) ‘The fragments of the Report which were circulated in print were ambiguous in their language or erroncously modified ; while the published reductions of the elart whieh got inte print wore misleading, 1 erroneaus, (3) Two conflicting versions of the manuscript chart wire circulated and appear to have hoon officially sent out. ‘That which appears to be the later of the twa ix in some details erroneous and at variance with Hering's ropart-as printed and with the facts derived from Chaplin's loghook, these two eomxti- tuting the only authentic original information which has yet reached the public in printed form. But these two, sources of correct data about the expedition were not printed until long after the charts had been widely ciroulated, while the extracts from the Repart whieh appeared in print, even under so friendly an editor ax Dr. Campbell were so movtitied as to support rather ‘than expase the original error, How thik arose” there may be something in the Russiny archives to explain, or, if not, the case it was only throughLawicin of Bériiig's Flest Expedition, 22530. 188 seems insoluble, Whatever conclusion one arrives:nt, it is difi- enlt 1 acquit Bering of all responsibility for the misconception, if, as Lauridsen claims, he was responsible for the ehart of Da Halde in the form it wax engraced. In his report he states that their northerniuest Latitude was 677 18, that “all along the seanjast te this place wind elevated mountains.” On turning to the Du Falde chart we find the range of mountains continued along the Chukehi coast until it reaches the latitade of 07° 18! where itxtops, Lf Boring drow the ehirt so, it would have beet deception, but it is quite as probable that the editor modified the hart in engraving it, to correspond to: his uuivderstanding of Horing’s ambiguity. As this would prewent nothing questionable to the aader,in the absence of the detnils omitted by Bering, it would have been nothing surprising if Campbell's interpol of a false longitude for Lower Kam~ chatka, in his list of positions, might have liven, not a typmeraph- fend error, but an attempt to make the position, agree with this assimption. If it was a pare aceiilent, the coincidence traablinary. Of comme Boring never war on this const but Du Halde’s may is so engraved as to lead dirvetly to the fale inférence that ho hid bee ‘Again Bering xays in his Report that at hit turning jloint the land no: longer extended to the north and that no projecting points could, be obsetved in any direstion, Since he hud deliber- ately sailed awuy from tho shores without attempting to follow: their tread this observation would be abstr unless wo suppose it addressed to a reader who took it for granted that the vessel was still skirting the coast. ‘Thorn ih uo toeation in his Report of the faot that he hind sailed away from the coast, nor af the still more important faet that the soundings stowed that the water was comparatively shallow and diwolored. Of course in the ahsune of direet proof of the separation of Asia and America this last evidence would tend to indicate that Hering wax only ina bay or shallow arm of the sex and that he suppressed it shows, if nota want of candor, at least judicious reticenve. ‘The map for the day when it was made (in the earlier version) was a good ote, and is ap y praisedl by Cook, wher had a copy of Campholl's Harris on his vessel when exploring in the sane rewion fifty: years later. Tn his report of the trip eastward From Kamehatka in 1729, Bering says nothing about the weather being fowy or stormy,166 National. Geographis Magazine. but merely asserts that he sailed nearly 200 verts and saw ne trace of land, He leaves it to be inferred that he could hnve seen land if it had been there to see, whieh Hf the weather was foggy was not trae, ‘The impression which these faets leave upon the mind is that Bering did certainly frame hie language so as 10 convey the idea that his evidenoo of the separation of the two continents and of the absence of land eastward from Kamchatka was more conelu- sive than i was in reality. ‘That thi way done te avoid ¢riticinm some a natural inference. That an examination of his list of positions would haye shown the location of the point whenve he turned hack to be ta the east- ward of thy easternmost of his reported land ix trac, bat hik fist of positions was not published with his report, does not agree with hie maps; and when published by Camphell was garbled, as T have shows, ‘That tho truth, however, did gut out and that critieiam was no, sticcessfully: a |. is a matter of history. ‘There can be little doubr that Bering's anxiety to andertake the second expe- dition, which was stimulated by a desire to set these eriticisins (which would naturally be magnified by his enemies) finally at rest, Tr may be suggested that Hering's report was modified by the authorities, though why they should make thes particular mod- itivations: is not very o¥ic Bering was the only penton who vould profit. by them and tho natural conclusion i that he should be hell responsible, In pointing out that some of Dlering’s acta are vulnerable to ¢titiciom Dam far from desiring to sully bis memory or give the idea that he was not entitled to great praise for what he aceom- plished, much of whieh was admirably done. Twish merely 1 apply » gentle corrective to the exazmernted and injurious #attory and undiscriminating praise whieh has teen injudiciously indulged in by bis latest biographer, If the interest in the subject be stimulated by diséussion from these opposing points of view, so as to result in the publication of some of the material still hidden in the Russian archives I shall be more than repaid for the time 1 have devered to tho question, even if the publication of the original data should show some of my canclisions to he iil founded oF erroneous.Review of Baring's First Bepatition, 1725-30. 16 Note—The reception of the original work of Bench while reading the ‘proofs of these pases hn enabled me to correct several errars of prrw¥ioun writers, bt if was too late ta inoorporate here the additional minterial which Bergh's work affords. ‘Thit will enable me to add, in a future publication, some historical data which have never appeared:in English and witigh are necessary ty complete the recartl, [desire in this place to express my gratitude for and apprecintian of the Wberality of the authorities of that ancient seat of learning. the University of Upmila, as exhibited in thelr willingness to sent auel: a valuable doeument t¢) foreign student half around the world for purposes of historical research, rakyY Nove ny Maious Baker. ON THE ALLEGED OBSERVATION OF A LUNAR ECLIPSE BY BERING IN 1728-9, Supenes. Bering woe in Eastern Siberis, Kumchatks and the adjacent waters in 1728 and 174, Could he have observed a lunar eclipse there at thst time ? According to the ephomotix of Manfred* published at Bonn in 1728 there were two partial éelipses of the moon visible in Europe in 1728, and two total eclipses of the moon in 1730, In regard to thes four eolpsek the ephemeris furnishes the following data : re ete ge |r, ag. tm | Am, fot ta | 1m, Ana 8 Eclipse begins am | ab or Th ate Total immersion : nee a 6 Middle of eeli BO | Fe 9 2a: See || shee m4 H &® | 7 0 nm 9 US TN we ao 8 = Sore 2 € i 7 Fortin, Partial Tow ee a ee ag = oe + oe “Manfredius (Eustachius), Novissimae ephomericles motuum coeles- tium © Cussinisnis tabotis ad meridianum Bononiae supputatar aue~ toribus Eustacbio Manfredie (ets) Tomus 1, ex anno 1736 in annum FT (eto,) 4° Bononiae, MICCXXY,16s National Geographic Mayazine. In this table the oalendaris Gregorian, the time is apparent or trae sun time, the day is eockoned from noon and the hours are counted continuously thnmgh the entire 24, ‘The prewent obsercitory in Bonn ix in Lictitude fr a4" 45° 8. Longitude 0° 25 29 E, from Greenwich, At the date of the iret cobijwe Bering was on his way actoks the southern end ef Kamchatka from Bolsherotsk to Lawer Kamchatke, ‘This would make his position somewhere near lati= tude 35° N, and longitude 160" or WW? 40" B. from Greenwich. He. was therfore 10" 12 east of Bohn for which we have the elements of Uris eclipse as computed by Manfred, With this data together with the latitady aml sun's declination we hive thy following data for the ectipae in the resion where Bering was, Boginning of ectiper: ~ ae Middle of velipae — 618 Eni af eelipee -. 74 Sunsets ao Thik mwane that the san set, bearing about W. by 8. 4S. aa the moon rose in partial eclipse, hearing about Eby N.f N., 5° 07 nfter apparent noon or 24 minutes after the eclipse hat begun. ‘The eelipse lasted! for 2* 94 after sunset, or wmeil’ 7" 41" in the evening, thus rendering observation ef the last contact plainly visible, At the date of the second eclipee af I728, Angast Li, Bering Wliet! in the vicinity of the strait whieh bears his ng his position to have been latitude 65° Nand lomgitaile 18° oF 1! 20 K, from Greenwich, dqual w 13! 04" E, from Bonn, and ax before taking the data from Manfred"s phem- eris we have a follaws : Beginning of eclipse 16s ti Middle of ectipwe — Wo ‘End of eolipas WF Sun rises. id og Ty thus appears that the first contact of thie partial the northern Jimb of the moon may have been just bare to Bering, ‘Phe moon. bei SW, by W. was entering he carth’s shadow about five minutes before the sims rising and. own setting. Tf much tans attaches ta determining the possibility to Bering of obwerving this eclips then a more procise caloulation ix needful.Review of Bering's First Expedition, 1725-30. 69 At the date of the siest funar eclipse of 1729, February 1%, Bering was at Lower Kamchatka, in latitude 58° oa" N. and longitude 192° 15° or to* 49 E, from Greenwich equal to Loe 21" E. from Bonn, For this place we have from Manfred : Eetipwee begins ‘Total immersion — Middle of mension bexine Ecligice emits ‘Sun rises... - me ate ‘This it appears that this total and almost ceriteal eclipse of the monn lasting 340" began at Bering’s station 1 and 15% before sunrise of February 14, the total immorion occurring 14 minutes before sunrise, 1 ix manifest, therefore, that Bering might have observed this eclipse. ‘Phe wean? lunar eclipse of 17% occurred: August 8, when Ber- ing wus in or near Okbotsk and about returning to Europe, We may assume his position to have been latitude 5#* 20" N. and pngitude 142" 40! or 4 SIE, from Greenwich, equal to a! da" E. from Bonn. This eclipse was also total and almost central, hut at Bering’s station was whelly invisible, heginning at 9* a5” eM, andl culinig at 12° 45" 9, a,ce en ee eoudepaiolet. a igh sons