Student Solutions Manual

for use with

Complex Variables
and Applications
Seventh Edition

Selected Solutions to Exercises in Chapters 1-7

by

James Ward Brown

Professor of Mathematics
The University of Michigan- Dearborn

Ruel
V. Churchill
Late Professor of Mathematics
The University of Michigan

Mc
Graw Higher Education
Hill

Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl New York San Francisco St. Louis
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 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 1

Chapter 2 22

Chapter 3 35

Chapter 4 53

Chapter 5 75

Chapter 6 94

Chapter 7 118
 ;

COMPLEX VARIABLES AND APPLICATIONS" (7/e) by Brown and Churchill

Chapter 1
SECTION 2

1. (a) (V2-/)-/(l-V2i) = V2-/-/-V2=-2i;

(b) (2 -3)(-2,l) = (-4 + 3,6 + 2) = (-1,8);

(0 (3 > D(3,-l)(^) = (10,0)(i, L) = (2,l).

1

2. (a) Re(iz) = Re[i(x + iy)] = Re(-y + ix) = -y = - Im z

Im(i'z) = Im[i*(;t + iy)] = Im(-y + a) = x = Re z.

3. (l + z) 2 =(l + z)(l + z) = (l + zH + (l + z)z = l-(l + z) + z(l + z)

= l+z+z + z 2 = l + 2z + z 2 .

2 2
4. If z=4±i, then z -2z + 2 = (l±i) -2(l±t) + 2 = ±2i-2T2i' + 2 = 0.

5. To prove that multiplication is commutative, write

Z1Z2 = (*i.yi)(*2.y2 ) = ~ Wa» y^2 + *iy2 )

= (*2*i -yzVp^ H-x^) = (x2 ,y2 )(x ,y ) = z2 z l l l
.

6. (a) To verify the associative law for addition, write

(Zj + z2 ) + z3 = l(x l ,y l ) + (x2 , y2 )] + (x 3 ,y 3 ) = (x, + x2 ,

vt + y2 ) + (* 3 ,y3 )

= ((*i + x2 ) + jcj, (y, + y2 ) + y3 ) = + (x2 + x3 ), y, + (y2 + y3 ))

= (^1 » yi ) + (*2 + ^3 . y% + v3 ) = (*i . yi ) + [( x2 > y* ) + (*3 . ^ )]

= z +(z2 +z3 ).
1
 2

(b) To verify the distributive law, write

z(zl + z2 ) = (*,30K*i.yi) + (x2 ,y2 )] = (jc,30(*i + x2 , + y2 )

= (ja, + xx2 - yy, - yy2 ,
yjc, + yx2 + xy + xy2 ) x

= (xx ~yy + xx2 -yy2

l l ,
yx, +xy +yx2 +xy2 )
l

= ~ yyv yx + xy,) + (xx2 - yy2 yx2 + xy2 )

l ,

= (x, y)(x ,y ) + (x, y)(x2 ,y2 ) = zz +zz2

l l x
.

2
10. The problem here is to solve the equation z +z+1= for z = {x,y) by writing

(x,y)(x,y) + (x,y) + (1,0) = (0,0).

Since
2
(x - y 2 + x + 1, 2xy + y) = (0,0),

it follows that
x
2
-y 2 +;e + l = and 2xy + y = 0.

By writing the second of these equations as (2x + l)y = 0, we see that either 2x + 1 = or
2
y = 0. If y = 0, the first equation becomes x +x + l = 0, which has no real roots

(according to the quadratic formula). Hence 2x + 1 = 0, or x = -1/2. In that case, the first
2
equation reveals that y = 3/4, or y = ±V3/2. Thus

SECTION 3

1 + 2/ 2-/ + 2Q(3 + 4Q
(1 (2 - Q(-5Q _ -5 + lOj -5-10/ 2.
! (a )
|
= | + =
3-4/ 5/ (3-4/)(3 + 4/) (5/)(-5/) 25 25 5'

>
5/ 5/ _ 5/ _1
- 0(2 - 0(3 - ~ ~ 3/)(3 - ~ ^10/ " ~ 5

(1 (1 2

4 2 2
(c) (l-/) =[(l-0d-0] =(-2/) =-4.

2. (a) (-l)z = -z since z + (-l)z = z[l + (-1)] = z • = 0;

(b) 77- =
1/z
1
— £=7=
z
1
-
z

z
z
1
z fe*0).
 3

3. (z^Xzj^) = ^[ZaCz^)] = z^iztzjzj = zJC^K)] = z^z^zj] = (z&XZiZj.

6. '
Z\Z2
1
= z. — £2
(z 3 *0,z4 * 0).
Z3 Z4

7.
ZyZ

Z2 Z
_
\ Z 2j
V Z\
^ |=
Z
K l)
c2
/
1 = (z2 *0,z*0).

SECTION 4

w ^=(-73,1), z2 =(V3,o)
 4

(c) ^=(-3,1), z2 =(l,4)

Z. + Z, y

(d) z, = + i>i , z2 = *i - %

2. Inequalities (3), Sec. 4, are

Rez<IRezl<lzl and Imz< llmzl< Izl.

These are obvious if we write them as

x<\x\<^x 2 + y 2 and y<lyl<V* +y

2 2
.

3. In order to verify the inequality V2 Izl > IRezI + llmzl, we rewrite it in the following ways:

2
V2~V* +y 2 >l*l + lyl,

2
2(* + y 2 )>l;cl 2 + 2|jtllyl + lyl 2 ,

2
lxl -2l;tllyl + lyl 2 >0,

2
(l*l-lyl) >0.

This last form of the inequality to be verified is obviously true since the left-hand side is a
perfect square.
 1 +
1 ;

4. (a) Rewrite \z
- 1 + il= 1 as |z - (1 - 1)| = 1. This is the circle centered at 1 -i with radius 1.

It is shown below.

( IX\
I \-i
J

5. (a) Write z I
- 4il + z+ 4/1 = 10 as I z - 4il \z - (- 4i)l = 10 to see that this is the locus of all

points z such that the sum of the distances from z to 4i and -4i is a constant. Such a
curve is an ellipse with foci ±4i.

(b) Write \z - \\=\z + i\ as \z - ll=lz - (-i)l to see that this is the locus of all points z such
that the distance always the same as the distance to -i. The curve
from z to 1 is is,

then, the perpendicular bisector of the line segment from 1 to -i.

SECTION 5

1. (a) z + 3i' = z + 3i=z-3i;

(b) iz = iz=-iz;

2
(c) (2 + if = (2 + if = (2 - if = 4 - 4i + = 4 - 4/ - 1 = 3 - 4/

M I(2z + 5)(V2-0I=I2z + 5IIV2-jI=I2TT5IV2+T = V3I2z + 5I.

2. (a) Rewrite Re(z-/) = 2 as Re[* + i(-y - 1)] = 2, or x= 2. This is the vertical line
through the point z = 2, shown below.

3>

2 x
 y

(b) Rewrite I2z - i\= 4 as 2 z -- = 4, or = 2. This is the circle centered at — with

2 2
radius 2, shown below.

i/2,
j

3. Write z, = x + iy and
l l
z2 = x2 + ry2 . Then

Zr ~z2 = (*, + (y )-(x2 1 +%) = (*i -^ + 2)

I
'(>'i
-y2 )
= (*i - *2 ) - - ft ) = (*i
- Vi )~(x2 - iy2 ) = z -z2 l

and
ZyZ 2 l
+ iy2 ) = {x x2 - yj2 ) + i(y^2 + xj2 )
= (x + iy l
)(x2 x

= (X& - y2 ) - i{y x2 + x y2 ) = (x - fy,)^ - iy2 ) = z,z2

x x t 1 .

4. (a) zfaZs = (ziZ2 )z3 = zfo z3 = (*i £2)^3 = *i 22 z3 ;

W z
4
=z
2
z
2
= z 2 z 2 = zzzz = (z z)(z z) = zzzz = z 4 .

6. fa)
ZyZ-
2^3 J Z2 Z3 Z2 Z3

(b)
__lz l_
i = Jzi l_
z2 z3 lz2Z3 l lz2 llz3 l

8. In this problem, we shall use the inequalities (see Sec. 4)

IRezl<lzl and \zx +z2 + z3 |^|£i| + |z2 + M- |

Specifically, when lzl< 1,

|Re(2 + z + z 3 < 12 + z + z 3 < 2+lzl

)| l +lz
3
l = 2+lzl+lzl 3 < 2 + 1 + 1 = 4.
 7

4
10. First write z - 4z 2 + 3 = (z 2 - l)(z 2 - 3). Then observe that when Izl =2,

Iz
2
-ll>|lz
2
l-lll| = |lzl 2 -l| = l4-ll=3

and
lz
2
-3l>|lz M3l|
2
= |lzl2 -3| = l4-3l=l.

Thus, when lzl=2,

4 2 2 2
lz -4z +3l=lz -lHz -3l>3-l = 3.

Consequently, when z lies on the circle lzl= 2,

1 1
-<I
4 2 4 2
z -4z +3 lz -4z +3l 3

11. (a) Prove that z is real <=> z = z.

(<=) Suppose that z = z, so that x - iy = x + iy. This means that i'2y = 0, or y = 0.

Thus z = * + iO = x, or z is real.

(=>) Suppose that z is real, so that z = x + iO. Then z = x - iO = jc + i'O = z.

2
Prove that z is either real or pure imaginary <=» z = z2 .

2 2 2 2
(^) Suppose that z =z . Then (jr-i'y) =(x + iy) or i4xy = 0. But this can be
,

only if either x= or y = 0, or possibly jc = y = 0. Thus z is either real or pure

imaginary.

(^) Suppose that z is either real or pure imaginary. If z is real, so that z-x, then
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
z =x =z If z is pure imaginary, so that z = iy, then z = (-iy) = (iy) = z
. .

12. fa) We shall use mathematical induction to show that

Zi+z2 +-"+z„ =z +z2 +---+zn 1

(n = 2,3,...).

This is known when n = 2 (Sec. 5). Assuming now that it is true when n = m, we may
write

Zt +Z2 +*"+Zm +Zm+1 - (Z +Z2 + -,- +£m ) + Zm+l t

= (z +z2 +-+zm ) + zm+1

1

= Z + Z2 H
t
l"Z ) + Z
m m+1

= Zj + Z2 H l"Z m + Zm+1 .
 1

(b) In the same way, we can show that

^z1 ---zn =z l
z1 --zn (n = 2,3,...).

This is true when n = 2 (Sec. 5). Assuming that it is true when n = m, we write

^l Z 2
' '
' £m Zm+l ~ ( Z1 Z 2 ~ (^2 "
"'Zm ) Zm+l '
Zm )

= (^1^2 " 2m )^m+l = ^2

'
'
*
' ^nAr

2
14. The identities (Sec. 5) zz =\z\ and Rez = -^-^ enable us to write lz-z l= R as
2

(z-Z )(z-Z )
= i? 2 ,

zz-(z5, + z!Q+Zo5> =/?2 '

2 2
lzl -2Re(zz ) + lz l = /? 2 .

15. Since x - -^-^ and y = the hyperbola x

2
-y 2 = 1 can be written in the following

ways:

. _n2 / _\2
z+z\ fz-z
= 1,
2 ; 1 2i

2
z + 2zz + z 2 . z
2
-2zz+z
2

= 1,

2 2
2z + 2z _

2 2
z +z =2.

SECTION 7

1. (a) Since

arg = 3X8 ~2
l
_2 -2i '
~ afg( ~ 2/) '

one value of argj

*'
—j is or Consequently, the principal value is
y ~f~~£~J'
 9

(b) Since
6
arg(V3-i) =6arg(V3-0,

one value of arg(V3 -i*)

6
is 6f™\ or -it. So the principal value is -it + 2n, or it.

e
4. The solution d = n of the equation \e' -11= 2 in the interval < < In is geometrically
e
evident if we recall that e' lies on the circle \z\= 1 and that le'* - II is the distance between
ie
the points e and 1. See the figure below.

5. We know from de Moivre's formula that

(cos + isin 0) 3 = cos30 + isin30,

or

cos
3
+ 3cos 2 0(/'sin 0) + 3cos 0(isin 0) 2 + (/sin 0) 3 = cos30 + i sin 30.

That is,

(cos
3
- 3cos 0sin z 0) + i'(3cos 0sin
z
- sin 3 0) = cos30 + isin30.

By equating real parts and then imaginary parts here, we arrive at the desired trigonometric
identities:

3 2 2 3
(a) cos30 = cos 0-3cos0sin 0; (b) sin30 = 3cos 0sin0-sin 0.

9
8. Here z = re' is any nonzero complex number and n a negative integer (n = -l,-2,...).

Also, m = -n = l,2 By writing

and
m K - mB) me
(z-
l

)
6)
=[-Je =\e i(-~
\
=[l^~ J
m m m
we see that (z ) =(z ) . Thus the definition z" = {z ) can also be written as
m l

z"=(z T -
10

9. two nonzero complex numbers zi and z 2 suppose that there are complex
First of all, given ,

numbers c and c 2 such that Zj = qc2 and z^ = c c2 Since

x
t
.

IzJHqllcJ and IzjIHcJIqIMcJIql,

it follows that IzJ^ZjI.

Suppose, on the other hand, that we know only that 1^1=^1. We may write
Zi =r {
exp(i 6l ) and z2 = r, exp(/02 ).

If we introduce the numbers

2
q =r x
expl i and c2 = expl i
*
J 2 J'

we find that

c,c2 = r exp^i-^- Jexpl

t
= r exp(i^) = z,
t
J

and

qc2 = rt exp| i
i+il v i ,.0i-0
Jexp^-i = n exp = z2 .
| 2
-^y*
That is,

Zi = qc2 and z2 = c,c2 .

= l + z+z 2 +"-+z",
,

10. If 5 then

5 - zS = (1 + z + z 2 +• •
.+z" ) - ( Z + z 2 + z 3 +. . . ) = i _ £"+1

+1

Hence S = —
l-z"
.provided z*l. That is,
1-z

— 7" +1
H-z + z 2 +-+z"= —
1

(z*l).
1-z

Putting z = e' e (0 < < 2tt) in this identity, we have

1 ~ eJ(n+l)6
+ e m +e i20 +-+e ine =
l
l
\-e ie
 — ——

11

Now the real part of the left-hand side here is evidendy

l + cos0 + cos20+-+cosn0;

and, to find the real part of the right-hand side, we write that side in the form

exp exp^-i -exp

\(2n + l)0"
i- —
l-exp|7(n + l)0] f) 2

H) -exp ®
l-exp(/0)
exp exp
(-!)

which becomes

cos — —
9
2
.

i sin
.

2
cos
(2n + l)0
2
.

ism
. (2n + l)0
2
•

-2i'sin—
2

or

r (2n + l)0l J — - cos -(2n + l)0l

sm — + sin -
. ,

I +1 1 cos
^ j ^ j

2 sin—

The real part of this is clearly

. (2/i + l)0
sin
i+ -ir-
2
2sin^
2

and we arrive at Lagrange's trigonometric identity:

(2n + l)0
1
sm
1 + cos + cos20+- -+cosn0 = — + •
^ (0< 0<2;r).
2
2sin—
12

SECTION 9

1. (a) Since 2/ = 2exp i\^ + 2kn (k = 0,±1,±2,...), the desired roots are

1/2
(2/) =V2exp (* = <U).
That is,

= i+i
and

c being the principal root These are sketched below.

(b) Observe that 1-V3i = 2exp i\

— j + 2Jbr (£ = 0,±1,±2,...). Hence

1/2
(l-V3/) =V2exp i'I
-^ + kn (A: = 0,1).

The principal root is

c = V2V''*' 6 = V2[ cos| - /sin | ] = V2 V3-i

'

,2 2J V2
and the other root is

V2
These roots are shown below.
 13

2. (a) Since -16 = 16exp[i(;r + 2*7r)] (k = 0,±1,±2,...), the needed roots are

(-16)
1/4
= 2exp i
,

—+—
itkit
(* = 0,1,2,3).
4 2

The principal root is

c =2,- = 2(cosf + /S i„l] =

2(-^ + -^j = V2(l +i ).

The other three roots are

cx = {ij^y*11 = cQ i = V2 (i + /)/ = - V2 (i - o,

c2 =(2O*'* = -c =-V2(l + i),

and

c3 = (2e'*/4 )e»*12 = c (-i) = V2 (1 + OH) = V2(l - /).

The four roots are shown below.

(b) First write -8 -8V3/ = 16exp ^-~ + 2kn^ (* = 0,+l,±2,...). Then

l/4 it kit
=2exp
,

(-8-8V3i) (* = 0,1,2,3).

The principal root is

,Vr/6
c =2e- =2 cos^-/sin- =2 = V3-i.
I 2 2
 The others are

c2 =(2,-/6 )e = -c =-(V3-0,
i'r

c3 = (2e-' wy 3 *' 2
=c (-/) = -(1 + V3/).

These roots are all shown below.

(a) By writing -1 = lexp[i(?r + 2kn)] (k = 0,±1,±2,. . .), we see that

(-1)
1/3
= exp i
.,
—% + 2kit
3 3

The principal root is

Jt jc 1 + V3i
.

c =e = cos— + jsin— =
.

The other two roots are

c, = e'* = -l
and

_
= ejsxii _ K 1-V3i
=e nx-ixn
„ 7t
c 2 e = cos„ isin— =
. .

All three roots are shown below.

 15

(b) Since 8 = 8exp[i(0 + 2for)] (k = 0,±1,±2,...), the desired roots of 8 are

1/6
8 =V2exp(/^ (* = 0,1,2,3,4,5),

the principal one being

c =V2.
The others are

= V2V- = V2(cos| + /sin|] = Vlfi +

v2
^/V^.
V2
2 ,

N
3
(V^"*' )** = V^cosy - isin-0-1) = - V2
1 V3 1-V3/
2"T
:

V2

c3 =j2e'*=-j2,

+ V3/
=(j2e M3 )e b, = -c
1
c4 =- '
i

V2
and

c5 =(V2V 2 *V* = -c2 =i^.

V2
All six roots are shown below.

The three cube roots of the number z = -A^2 + A-Jli = 8exp^/-^j are evidently

(zo r=2exp[ I + 2|E)] (* = 0,U).

In particular,

= 2exp^-|j = V2(l + i).

16

1 H" "^3/
With the aid of the number o = 3 , we obtain the other two roots:

v 2 J V2

•(V3 + 1) + (V3-1)/ -1 + VIA _(V3-1)- (V3 + l)i

c2 =c ©3 =(c Q)3 )fi) 3 =
V2 2 J V2

5. (a) Let a denote any fixed real number. In order to find the two square roots of a + i in
exponential form, we write

A = \a + i\ =Var+T and a = Arg(a + i).

Since
a+i = Aexp[i(a + 2kn)] (* = 0,±1,±2,...),

we see that
V2
(a + i) =VAexp = 0,1).
if
y + Jbr (*

That is, the desired square roots are

VaV " 2 and VaV^V* = -4Ae ia, \

(b) Since a + i lies above the real axis, we know that < a< n. Thus < —<—
cc it
, and this
2 2

tells us that cosf ^ ] > and sinf )

> 0. Since cos a =— , it follows that
\2 \2 A

a /1 + cosor 1 [. ~a ^fA + a

and

. a 1 - cos a 1 |^__a _ VA-a

sin
2 V 2 -7211 A 42-fA'

Consequently,

VA +a VA-fl ^|
±VAVa/2 =±VA^cos| + isin|j = ±VA^
.

+i
^Va V2VA J

= ±-^(VA + a+iVA-a).
 c

17

4
6. The four roots of the equation z +4= are the four fourth roots of the number -4. To
find those roots, we write -4 = 4expD'(;r + 2ibr)] (& = 0,±1,±2,...). Then

1/4
(-4) =V2exp + Y)l = V2^/4 e^ 2 (* = 0.1,2,3).
(f
To be specific,

c = V2V™ = V2f cos^ + /sin^l = V2 f-L + i * = l + i,

V 4 4j VV2 V2j

c/2
q =c e" =(l + i)i = -l + i,

r
c2 =c e" = (l + 0(-l) = -l-i,

c3 = Co e i3 */2 = (1 + /)(-/) = 1-/.

This enables us to write

4
z +4 = (z- )(z - q)(z - c2 )(z - c3 )
= [(z - q)(z - c2 )] •
[(z -c )(z - c3 )]
= Kz + 1) - i][(z + 1) + 1] •
[(z - 1) - i][(z - 1) + 1]
= [(z + l) 2 + l][(z-l) 2 + l]

= (z 2 + 2z + 2)(z 2 -2z + 2).

7. Let c be any nth root of unity other than unity itself. With the aid of the identity (see
Exercise 10, Sec. 7),

l-Z"
l+z + z.2z +-+z"-, , I
=-^- (z*l),
l-z
we find that

l + c + c 2 + ... +c «-i = l_£l =: J__L =

1-c 1-c

9. Observe first that

i(-0 -2tor)
(z-r^^exp^^) 1
eXP_ = -7=exp i(-0)-exp-
i(-2kn)
1

W m "ilr
-
m m
18

and
,.-wm_Ji
(z) -T-exp
i(-e + 2kn) 1 i(-8) i(2kn)
= - =rexp- -exp- -, 7
—
where Jfe = 0, 1, 2, . . . , m-L Since the set

i{-2kn)
exp-i L = 0,l,2,...,ro-l)
(*
m

is the same as the set

i{2kn)
exp ^ L
(* = 0,l,2,...,m-l),
m

but in reverse order, we find that (z

1/m
)
1
= (z_1 ) 1/m .

SECTION 10

1. (a) Write z - 2 I + £1 il as I z - (2 - i)l £ 1 to see that this is the set of points inside and on the
circle centered at the point 2-i with radius 1. It is not a domain.

(b) Write I2z + 3I>4 as >2 to see that the set in question consists of all points

exterior to the circle with center at -3/2 and radius 2. It is a domain.

 19

(c) Write Imz > 1 as y >1 to see that this is the half plane consisting of all points lying

above the horizontal line y = 1. It is a domain.

y =i

(d) The set Imz = 1 is simply the horizontal line y = 1. It is not a domain.

y= \

(e) The set < argz < — (z * 0) is indicated below. It is not a domain.
4

The set Iz - 4l£l zl can be written in the form (x - 4) 2 + y 2 1 x 2 + y\ which reduces to

(f)

*^2. This set, indicated below, is not a domain. The set is also
which is

geometrically evident since it consists of all points z such that the distance between z
and 4 is greater than or equal to the distance between z and the origin.
 —
20

4. (a) The closure of the set -it < argz < n (z # 0) is the entire plane.

2
(b) We first write the set IRezklzl as \x\<^Jx +y
2
, or x
2
<x 2 + y 2 . But this last
2
inequality is the same as y > 0, or \y\> 0. Hence the closure of the set IRezklzl is the
entire plane.

(c) Since -= — = 7-7 = -5x

2 2
-rr,
2
the set Re - < - can be written as —.2 = < -, or
2
z zz \z\ +y VzJ 2 x +y 2
2 2
(x -2x) + y >0. Finally, by completing the square, we arrive at the inequality
2 2 2
(x - 1) + y > l which describes the circle, together with its exterior, that is centered
,

at z=1 with radius 1. The closure of this set is itself.

 21

2 2 2 2 2
(d) Since z
2
= (x + iyf =x -y + ilxy, the set Re(z can be written as y < x or
) > ,

\y\<\x\. The closure of this set consists of the lines y = ±x together with the shaded
region shown below.

5. The set S consists of all points z such that lzl< 1 or lz - 2I< 1, as shown below.

Since every polygonal line joining zt and z2 must contain at least one point that is not in S, it

is clear that S is not connected.

8. We are given that a set S contains each of its accumulation points. The problem here is to
show that S must be closed. We do this by contradiction. We let Zq be a boundary point of
S and suppose that it is not a point in S. The fact that z is a boundary point means that

every neighborhood of zQ contains at least one point in S; and, since z is not in S, we see

that every deleted neighborhood of S must contain at least one point in S. Thus Zq is an
accumulation point of S, and it follows that z is a point in S. But this contradicts the fact
that Zq is not in S. We may conclude, then, that each boundary point Zq must be in S. That
is, S is closed.
22

Chapter 2
SECTION 11

*
1. (a) The function f(z) = 2
is defined everywhere in the finite plane except at the
z +1
2
points z = ±i, where z + 1 = 0.

(fc) The function /(z) = Arg( - ]

is defined throughout the entire finite plane except for the

point z = 0.

z
(c) The function /(z) = is defined everywhere in the finite plane except for the
z+z
imaginary axis. This is because the equation z + z = is the same as x = 0.

(d) The function /(z) = -— is defined everywhere in the finite plane except on the
1 — Izl
2
circle Izl = 1, where 1 -Izl = 0.

3. Using x = and y = ^—-, write

f(z) = x*-y 2 -2y+ i(2x - 2xy)

. fa±tf + ftdg, + _ + + _ fet Sfe - o

_2 -2 2 -2
= ir + 4r + 2iz-^- + ^- = z 2 +2/z.
2 2 2 2

SECTION 17

5. Consider the function

'
x + iy Y
- (z*0),
/w-if l

where z = x + iy. Observe that if z = (jc,0), then

x + iO N2

and if z = (0,y),
 —

23

But if z = (*,*),

/fe) = l,I^ =137.1

This shows that /(z) has value 1 at all nonzero points on the real and imaginary axes but
value -1 at all nonzero points on the line y = x. Thus the limit of /(z) as z tends to
cannot exist.

2
4z
10. (a) To show that lim -r = 4, we use statement (2), Sec. 16, and write
(z - 1)

-P
2

4
lim ,
kZ
\-, = lim —— -? = 4.

(b) To establish the limit lim —— j

J
= <», we refer to statement (1), Sec. 16, and write
V-»i (z-l)

lira -7—^
*-»il/(z-l)
— r
3
= lim
«-»
(z - 1) 3 = 0.

2
z +l
(c) To verify that lim = °°, we apply statement (3), Sec. 16, and write
z-1

i-i
lim —^-j = lim =- = 0.
«^fly j
^» l+z 2

11. In this problem, we consider the function

7-( z ) = f£±A (ad- be *0).

CZ + fi?

fa) Suppose that c = 0. Statement (3), Sec. 16, tells us that lim 7(z) = °° since

lim = hm = — = 0.
«-»° T(l/z) »-»o a + bz a
24

(b) Suppose that c * 0. Statement (2), Sec. 16, reveals that lim T(z) =— since
*-»- c

a + fe a
limT|'il = lim
\zJ c + dz c

Also, we know from statement (1), Sec. 16, that lim T(z) = 00 since
l-*-d/c

Um -i-= lim £+4,0.

7(2) z -»-rf/c az + &

SECTION 19

1. (a^ If /(z) = 3z 2 -2z + 4,then

/'(z) = ^(3z 2 -2z + 4) = 3^-z 2 -2-^-2 + 4-4 = 3(2z) - 2(1) + = 6z - 2.

fife az az az

If /(z) = (l-4z 2 ) 3 ,then

/'(z) = 3(1 - 4zT T-d - 4 * > = 3 (! " 4z 2 f(-8z) = -24z(l - 4z 2 )

dz

(2z + l)f (z-D-(z-l)f (2z + l) (2, + 1)(1) . (z _ 1)2 _ 3

rL)
JK) 2 2
(2z + l) (2z + l) (2z + l) 2

(1+ )4
(d) If /(z) = f (z^0),then
z

^An^^_
~ a + Zz 2yd
nz) = ^
+ '
dz
<1 Z )

(z
2
)
(l

2
)
g 2

=
2
z 4(lH-z
2 3
) (2z)-(lH-z
(z
2
)
2
2 4
) 2z

2 3 2
_ 2z(l + z ) [4z -(l + z 2 )] _ 2(l + z 2 ) 3 (3z 2 - 1)
 25

3. If /(z) = l/z (z*0), then

1 1 -Az
Aw = f(z + Az)-f(z) =
z + Az z (z + Az)z
Hence

/'(z) = lim
A*->o
— = lim
*z-*0( z
—=—
+ Az)z z
\r.

We are given that f(z ) = g(z ) = and that f\z ) and g'(z ) exist, where g'(z )*0.
According to the definition of derivative,

rfe) = «-*«o
lira /Mzfe) = lim /w.
Z - Zq Z-Zq
Similarly,

g-(z ) = lim
^ -^
) )
= lim-^-.

Thus

fWb-**) \^ Z)I{Z -^
lim = Urn -_ _ f(Zo)
*-*zog(z) s(z)/(z-z ) lim^(z)/(z-z ) ^'(z,,)'

SECTION 22

1. (a) = z= x — iy. So u = x, v = -y.

/(z)
Inasmuch as = Vj, => 1 = -1, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied
anywhere.

(b) f(z) = z-z=(x + iy)-(x-iy) = + i2y. So u = 0, v = 2y.

Since mx = vy => = 2, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied anywhere.

2
( c) f( z ) = 2x + ixy Here u = 2x, v
. = xy 2 .

ux = vy => 2 = 2xy => xy = 1-

w = -vT => = -y 2 => y = 0.

Substituting y = into Ay = 1, we have = 1. Thus the Cauchy-Riemann equations do
not hold anywhere.

(d) /(z) = e x e~'y - e*(cosy - isiny) = e x cosy - ie x siny. So u = e x cosy, v = -e x siny.

«x = vy => cosy = -e x cosy => 2e* cosy = => cosy = 0. Thus

y= ^ + nn (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

uy = -v* =* -e'siny = e'siny => 2e*siny = => siny = 0. Hence

y-nit (« = 0,±1,±2,...).
Since these are two different sets of values of y, the Cauchy-Riemann equations cannot
be satisfied anywhere.
 26

3. (aj /(z ) = - = -.- =

z z z
—
Izl
= —
x +y
_+
2
x
2
+y
2
So

x -y
u = —2 :
t
2
a
and v = ,
2 ,
2
.

x +y x +y
Since

/'(z) exists when z 0. Moreover, when z * 0,

» , . y
y
2
-* 2 2xy ,
.
2
x -i'2jcy-y
2

2 2+
(*
2
+v ) V+/) 2 " (x
2
+y
2 2
)

_ (*-») = (gr _ ay \_
2 2 2 2 2 2 2-
(x +y ) (zz) (z) (z) z

(fc) /(z) = jc 2 + /y 2 Hence u = x 2 and

. v = y 2 Now .

ux = vy => 2x = 2y => y = jc and M

y
= -v, => = 0.

So /'(z) exists only when y = x, and we find that

f\x + ix) = ux (x,x) + ivx (x,x) = 2x + 1O = 2x.

W f(z) = z Im z = (x + iy)y = xy + iy 2 Here . u = xy and v = y 2 . We observe that

wx = vy => y = 2y => y = and «y = -vx * = 0.

Hence /'(z) exists only when z = 0. In fact,

/'(0) = Mje (0, 0) + iv, (0, 0) = + iO = 0.

4. (flj /(z) = -^ = ^cos4^ + ^~sin40j (z*0). Since

rur = — 4
cos 40 = vg and ue = — 4
-sin 40 = -rvr
 /is analytic in its domain of definition. Furthermore,

f'(z) = e- w (ur + ivr ) = e- w ^~cos40 + i^-sin4aj

= ~e- ie (cos46-isin4d) = --^"'V' 48

r r
-4 4 4
3 ,5B ,e
r e (re f

'2
(b) f(z) = -Jre' = Vr cos — + n/r sin— (r > 0, a < < a + In). Since
2* 2*

rur
^ cos- = v
=— e
and
,

ue =-—sm- = -rv .

r ,

/is analytic in its domain of definition. Moreover,

f\z) = e-
w
(ur + ivr ) = M rT--cos| + irVsiiif

- —
2^
«" w
fcos- + /sin-)
I 2 2J
= A=e- W e wn
2V^
1 1
ien
=
2^e ~ 2f(z)'

(c) f(z) = e~ e cos(lnr) + ie- e sin(lnr) (r>0,0< 0<2tt). Since

V ' V 1
„ y
U V

rur =-e~ e sin(ln r) = ve and ug =-e~ e cos(ln r) = -rvr

/is analytic in its domain of definition. Also,

a
ie w e~ sin(lnr) g cos(lnr)
f'(z) = e- (ur +ivr ) = e- |
^.

r r

= -^f e~ e cos(ln r) + ie~ e sin(lnr)l =

L J
re z

When /(z) = * 3 + i(l - yf, we have k = x 3 and v = (1 - y)\ Observe that

ux
2
= vy => 3x = -3(1- yf=*x 2 + (1- yf=0 and wy =- =>0
Vje
Evidently, then, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied only when x = and y = 1.

That is, they hold only when z = i. Hence the expression

f'(z)= ux + ivx = 3x 2 + iO = 3x 2
is valid only when z = i, in which case we see that /'(/) = 0.

Here u and v denote the real and imaginary components of the function / defined by means
of the equations

t
— when z*0,
Az) = z
when z = 0.

Now

x
l
+y 2 2
x +y
2

when z * 0, and the following calculations show that

",(0,0) = v, (0,0) and «y (0,0) = -v,(0,0):

w(0 + Ajc,0)--«(0,0)
Ax-»0 Ax
AjC A*->0 AjC

w(0,0 + Ay)- «(0,0)

Ay-»0 Ay Ay-»0 Ay

v(0 + Ajc,0)- v(0,0) _

Ax A"->0 Ax

v(0,0 + Ay)- v(0,0)

Ay-»0 Ay Ay->0
£y

Equations (2), Sec. 22, are

ux cos + uy sin = "r>

-w,rsin0 + iycos0
 v

Solving these simultaneous linear equations for ux and u

y
, we find that

a sin 6 cos0
=ur smdn + u e
, .

ux = ur cosO-u g and uy
r

Likewise,

sin0 cos0
= vr cos a - e and v
y
= vr sm0 + vg .

Assume now that the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar form,

rur =vg ,
ue =-rv r ,

are satisfied at z„. It follows that

6 cos 6
+ vsin0 = vr smd + vg cos0 = vv
a sin _ .- .

wx = i/
r
cos0-w e
= ve ,

,
y
r r r

a+u cos0 sin0 _ . sin0\

= -lf vr cos0-ve
.

My = «r sin d e
,

= ve vr cos0 \
= ~ vx-

(a) Write f(z) = u(r, 0) + iv(r, 0) Then recall the polar form
.

r«r =ve ,
M„=-rvr

of the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which enables us to rewrite the expression (Sec. 22)

f'(z ) = e- ie (ur +ivr )

for the derivative of /at a point z = (r , O) in the following way:

f'(Zo ) = e~ i0 (-vg --u (A = — lg (u e + ivg ) = —(u e + ivg ).

\r r J re zn
30
(b) Consider now the function

f {^\ _
j\Z)--
1
_
= —ig=-e
1
_ 1 -is _ 1
Q -ism Q \ =
/„ „ 6
= -(cos 6)
. • cos
1
sin 6
.

z re r r r r

With
,.(*. Q\
u{r, d) = C0S &
and At v(r, 0)
as = S"VS\B
,

r r

the final expression for /'(z ) in part (a) tells us that

~ (
£K(z)\ =
/ — l sin # .cos0
1
1
f
cos - /sin 6
z \ r r z\ r

2
\ r J zKre'l z

when z*0.

10. (a) We consider a function F(x,y), where

z +z z-z
X= and y =
'
2 2i

Formal application of the chain rule for multivariable functions yields

+l
dz dxdz dy dz dx \2 J dy \ 2i)~ 2{dx dy

(b) Now define the operator

dz 2\dx dy j
suggested by part (a), and formally apply it to a function f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y):

dz 2{dx dy) 2dx 2dy

=
fa + *J + fa + iv
y )=
\[{ux - v
y)
+ i(vx + uy )].

If the Cauchy-Riemann equations uz = vv u = -v*r , are satisfied, this tells us that

y y

df/dz = 0.
 31
SECTION 24

1. (a) f(z) = 3x + y + i(3y - x) is entire since

U V

ux =3 = vy and uy =l = -vx .

(b) f(z) = sin x cosh y + icos x sinh y is entire since

>
„ ' v ,
v
U V

ux = cosx cosh y = vy and uy = sinxsinhy = -vx .

(c) f(z) = e~ y sinx - ie~ y cos x = e~ y s'mx + i(-e~ y cosx) is entire since
'
v ' >
,
,

ux = e~ y cosx - vy and uy = -e~ y sinx = -vx .

(d) f(z) = (z 2 - 2)e' x e"y is entire since it is the product of the entire functions

g(z) = z 2 -2 and h(z) = e~ x e~ = e~ x (cosy - isiny) = e~ x cosy + i(-e~ x siny).

ty

' ' > '

v v
U V
The function g is entire since it is a polynomial, and h is entire since
x
ux = -e~ cos y = vy and uy = -e~ x
sin y = - vx .

2. (a) /(z) = xy + iy is nowhere analytic since

U V

ux = vy =>y = l and uy =-vx =>x = 0,

which means that the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold only at the point z = (0,1) = i.

lx
(c) f(z) = e y e = e y (cosx + /sin x) = g y cosj: + Vsinjc i is nowhere analytic since
U V

Mx = vy =* -e y sinx = e y sinx 2e y sinx = => sinx =

and
= -v, => e y cosx = -e y cosx => 2^ cosx = => cosx = 0.

More precisely, the roots of the equation sinx = are nit (n = 0,±l,±2,...), and
cos /iff = (-1)" * 0. Consequently, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied
anywhere.

7. (a) Suppose that a function f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y)

is analytic and real- valued in a domain

D. Since f(z) is real- valued, it has the form f(z) = u(x,y) + i0. The Cauchy-Riemann
equations ux =vy ,uy = -vx thus become ux =0,u = 0; and this means that u{x,y) = a,
y
where a is a (real) constant. (See the proof of the theorem in Sec. 23.) Evidently, then,
f(z) = a. That is, / is constant in D.
32

(b) Suppose that a function / is analytic in a domain D and that its modulus is

constant there. Write |/(z)| = c, where c is a (real) constant. If c = 0, we see that

2
f(z) - throughout D. If, on the other hand, c * 0, write f(z)7(z) =c , or
"
C

Since f(z) is analytic and never zero in

/(*) = •

m
D, the conjugate f(z) must be analytic in D.
Example 3 in Sec. 24 then tells us that f(z) must be constant in D.

SECTION 25 (Yl
1. (a) It is straightforward to show that u xx +uyy =0 when u(x,y) = 2x(l-y). To find a

harmonic conjugate v(x,y), we start with ux (x,y) = 2-2y. Now

ux =vy =>vy =2-2y=> v(x,y) = 2y-y 2 + </>(x).

Then
uy = -vx => -2x- -<p'(x) => 0'(jc) = 2* = * 2 + c.

Consequently,

v(;c,y) = 2y-y 2 + (jc 2 + c) = x 2 - y 2 + 2y + c.

(b) It is straightforward to show that uxx + uyy =0 when u(x,y) = 2x - x 3 + 3xy 2 To find a .

harmonic conjugate v(x,y), we start with w^Oc.y) = 2-3* 2 + 3y 2 Now .

ux = Vy ^>vy =2-3x 2 + 3y 2 =» v(*,y) = 2y- 3x 2 y + y 3 + <j)(x).

Then
uy = -vx => 6xy = 6xy - <p'(x) => <p'(x) = 0=> 0O) = c.

Consequendy,
v(jc,y) = 2y - 3x 2 y + y 3 + c.

fcj It is straightforward to show that u xx +uyy =0 when «(jc,y) = sinhjcsiny. To find a

harmonic conjugate v(x,y), we start with ux (x,y) = cosh x sin y. Now

= vy vy = coshxsiny => v(x,y) = -coshxcosy + <p(x).

Then
«j,
= -vx => sinhxcosy = sinhxcosy - <j)'(x) => 0'(jc) = => 0(*) = c.

Consequently,
v(*,y) = - cosh x cosy + c.
 (d) It is straightforward to show that m„+w=0 when u{x,y) = ,
- , . To find a

harmonic conjugate v(x,y), we start with ux (x,y) = r~^~TT-

2
Now
(x + y2 ) 2

2
= v, => vy =~ => v(*,y) = -^£-5.+ ^(jc).

Then
(jc2 + ^ 2)2

2 2 2 2
= "Vx = = 0= = °-
"y
^ (x 2
+y
2
)
2
(x
2
+ y2 ) 2 ~ ^ *' (jc)
*

Consequendy,

v(x,y) = — T + c.
x +y

Suppose that v and V are harmonic conjugates of u in a domain D. This means that

ux = vy ,
uy = -vx and ux = Vy ,
uy = -Vx .

If w = v - V, then,

wx =vx -Vx =-uy +Uy=0 and wy =vy -Vy =ux -ux = 0.

Hence w(jc,y) = c, where c is a (real) constant (compare the proof of the theorem in Sec.
23). That is, v(x,y)-V(x,y) = c.

Suppose that u and v are harmonic conjugates of each other in a domain D. Then

ux = vy ,
Uy = -vx and vx = uy ,
v = -ux .
y

It follows readily from these equations that

ux — 0, uy = and vx = 0, vy = 0.

Consequently, w(*,;y) and v(x,y) must be constant throughout/) (compare the proof of the
theorem in Sec. 23).

The Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates are

rur =ve and ue - -rvT .

Now

ru r = ve => run + ur = ver

 K

and

Thus
ru n + ru + u gg =rv6r - rvr6
r ;

and, since v^. = vr6 we have

,

2
r un + rur + Ugg = 0,

which is the polar form of Laplace's equation. To show that v satisfies the same equation,
we observe that

"e = -rvr => vr = —1

r
u g => v„ = —u g
r
1
— 1

r
fr

and
rur =vg =*v gg = rur0 .

Since u Br = urg , then,

2
r vn + rvr + vee = u e - ru^ -ue + rur8 = 0.

If w(r,0) = lnr, then

rV + m r + u gg = r 2 [
~ J
+ rfi + 1
= 0.

This tells us that the function w = In r is harmonic in the domain r>O,O<0<27T. Now it
follows from the Cauchy-Riemann equation rur = vg and the derivative u r~~ mat ve ~ ^

thus v(r,6) = + <j>(r), where 0(r) is at present an arbitrary differentiable function of r.

The other Cauchy-Riemann equation u g =-rvr then becomes O = -r0'(r). That is,
<j>\r) = 0; and we see that <j>(r) = c, where c is an arbitrary (real) constant. Hence
v(r, 6) = 8+c is a harmonic conjugate of u(r, 6) = In r.
 35

Chapter 3

SECTION 28

2 2
1. (a) exj>(2±3m) = e ex$(±3m) = -e , since exp(±3;ri) = -l.

2+ ( m IV
r ( cos- + isin- m\ n n\
exp—^— = exp- exp— = V«l
. .

(b) 1 II 1 I

(c,) exp(z + 7ri) = (expz)(exp7ri) = -expz, since exp7ri = -l.

3. First write

exp(z ) = exp(* - iy) = e x e~ = e x cos y - ie x sin y,

!y

where z = x + iy. This tells us that exp(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y), where

u{x,y) - e x cosy and v(x,y) = -e x smy.

Suppose that the Cauchy-Riemann equations ux = vy and uy = -vx are satisfied atsome
point z = x + iy. It is easy « and v here, these equations
to see that, for the functions become
cos y = and sin y no value of y satisfying this pair of equations. We may
= 0. But there is

conclude that, since the Cauchy-Riemann equations fail to be satisfied anywhere, the
function exp(z) is not analytic anywhere.

2 2
4. The function exp(z ) is entire since it is a composition of the entire functions z and expz;
and the chain rule for derivatives tells us that

2 2 2 2
-|exp(z =exp(z )-|z = 2zexp(z ).
)

2
Alternatively, one can show that exp(z ) is entire by writing

2 2
exp(z ) = exp[(* + iy) j = exp(* 2 - y 2 )exp(i2*y)

= exp(x 2 -y 2 )cos(2ry) + iexp(jc 2 - y 2 )sin(2;ty)

> < » /
w „
U V

and using the Cauchy-Riemann equations. To be specific,

ux =2xexp[x 2 -y 2 )cos(2;ty)-2yexp(;t 2 -y 2 )sin(2xy) = vy

and
uy = - 2y exp(x 2 - y 2 ) cos(2 xy ) - 2x exp(x 2 - y 2 )sin(2.xy ) = -vx .
 y , y

36

Furthermore,

-y-exp(z
2
)
= ux + ivx = 2(x + iy)[exp(* 2 - 2
)cos(2xy) + i exp(x
2
- 2
)sin(2xy)]

= 2zexp(z 2 ).

5. We first write
|exp(2z + i)\ = \exp[2x + i(2y + 1)]| = e 2x

and
2
|exp(iz )|
= |exp[-2xy + i(x 2 - y 2 )]| = e 2xy
.

Then, since

|exp(2z + 1) + exp(iz 2 < |exp(2z + 1)| + |exp(iz 2

)| )|

it follows that

|exp(2z + 1) + exp(/z 2 < e 2x + e~2xy

)| .

6. First write

2
|exp(z )|
= |exp[(x + ry) 2 = |exp(j: 2 -/) + i2xy| = expU 2 -y 2 )
]|

and
exp(lzl
2
) = exp(jc 2 + y 2 ).

2 2 2 2
Since x -y <x +y , it is clear that exp(*
2
- y 2 ) < exp(* 2 +y 2 ). Hence it follows from
the above that

2 2
|exp(z )|<exp(lzl ).

7. To prove that |exp(-2z)| < 1 <=> Re z > 0, write

|exp(-2z)| = |exp(-2;c - /2y)| = exp(-2*).

It is then clear that the statement to be proved is the same as exp(-2*) < 1 <=> x> 0, which is

obvious from the graph of the exponential function in calculus.

 37

(a) Write e
l
= -2 as eV = 2*'*. This tells us that

e*=2 and y= n + 2nn (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

That is,

* = ln2 and y = (2n + l);r (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

Hence

z = ln2 + (2n + l)«f ' (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

* /3)
(b) Write *
l
= 1 + V3 1 as <?V = 2e ,(
, from which we see that

e*=2 and y= j + 2nn (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

That is,

* = ln2 and y = ^2» + |j« (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

Consequently,

z = \xi2 + {ln + ^jti (« = 0,±1,±2,...).

2x ~ l i2y
(cj Write exp(2z - 1) = 1 as e e = le i0 and note how it follows that

2x_l
<? =l and 2y = + 2nx (n = 0,±l,+2,...).

Evidendy, then,

x=\ and y = n^ (n = 0,±1,±2,...);

2

and this means that

z = -^ + nm (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

This problem is actually to find all roots of the equation

exp(iz) = exp(/z).
38

To do this, set z = jc + iy and rewrite the equation as

a
e
y
e' =e y e".

Now, according to the statement in italics at the beginning of Sec.8 in the text,

y
e~ = ey and -x = x + Inn,

where n may have any one of the values n = 0,±l,±2,.„. Thus

y= and x = nn (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

The roots of the original equation are, therefore,

z=nn (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

10. (a) Suppose that e

z
is real. Since e
l
= e x cosy + ie x sin y, this means that e x siny = 0.
x
Moreover, since e is never zero, siny = 0. Consequently, y = nn(n = 0,±1,±2,...);
that is, Imz = n^(« = 0,±l,±2,...).

(b) On the other hand, suppose that e

z
is pure imaginary. It follows that cosy = 0, or that

y = ^- + nn(n = Q,±\,±2,...). Thatis, Inu = — + /i7r(n = 0,±l,±2,...).

21 2

12. We start by writing

1 _ z _ z x-iy x . -y
2 2 2 2 2
+ i- 2
'

2
z zz Izl x +y x +y x +y

Because Re(e z ) = e* cosy, it follows that

Re(<?
1/Z
) = exp cos = exp COS
\x +y
2 . 2
^ 2
+ y2 .2
jc +y..2
,

J
2
\x +y..2
,

Since is analytic in every domain that does not contain the origin, Theorem 1 in Sec. 25
1/z
ensures that Re(e ) is harmonic in such a domain.

13. If f(z) = u(x,y) + i'v(jc,y) is analytic in some domain D, then

e
fit) = e u(x,y) CQS ^ y) + ie u(*,y) sinv (xy)

Since e fU) is a composition of functions that are analytic in D, it follows from Theorem 1 in
Sec. 25 that its component functions

U(x,y) = e u(x y) cosvU.y),

-

V(x,y) = e
u(x ' y)
sinv(jc,y)
 39

are harmonic in D. Moreover, by Theorem 2 in Sec. 25, V(x,y) is a harmonic conjugate of

U(x,y).

14. The problem here is to establish the identity

(expz)" = exp(nz) (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

(a) To show that it is when n = 0,1,2,..., we

true use mathematical induction. It is

obviously true =
when n 0. Suppose that it is true when n - m, where m is any
nonnegative integer. Then

m+l
(expz) = (expz)" 1

(expz) = exp(mz)expz = exp(mz + z) = exp[(m + l)z],

(b) Suppose now that n is a negative integer (n = -1, -2, . .

. ), and write m = -n = 1, 2, . . .
.
Li

view of part (a),

1 1 1
(expz)" = m
= exp(nz).
^expz; (expz) exp(znz) exp(-nz)

SECTION 30

1. (a) Log(-ei) = \n\-ei\+iArg(-ei) = lne-^i = l-^i.

(b) Log(l- = lnll - i1+i'Arg(l - = In V2 — = |ln2 - -ji.

2. fa; loge = lne + i(0 + 2n7f) = l + 2/i7Fi (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

(b) logi = lnl + i^ + 2nnj = ^2n + ^m (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

(c) log(-l + V3i) = ln2 + i^ + 2n^ = ln2 + 2^n + |jm (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

3. (a) Observe that

2
Log(l + 1) = Log(2i) = In 2 + ~/
and

2Log(l + 1) = 2^1n V2 + ijj = In 2 +

Thus
2
Log(l + i) =2Log(l + i).
 (b) On the other hand,

2
Log(-l + 1) = Log(-2/) = In 2 - -/
and

2Log(-l + i) =
3n
2( lnV2
+i^J = ln2 + y/.
Hence
2
Log(-l + /) *2Log(-l + /).

(a) Consider the branch

logz = lnr + /0 r>0, — <6<

4
—
4
Since

2
log(i ) = log(-l) = lnl + i;r=7B and 21og/ = 2flnl + = m,
/-|J

2
we find that log(/ ) = 2 log/ when this branch of logz is taken.

(b) Now consider the branch

logz = lnr + /0 r > 0, —4
< 9<
4
Here

+ /,5^ = 5m.
2
log(i ) = log(-l) = In 1 + in = m and 2 log/ =2 In 1
2 ,

2
Hence, for this particular branch, log(/ ) * 2 log/.

(a) The two values of i

m are W4
e' and e
i5tt/
\ Observe that

K l\
+ 2«7r| = ( 2n + - \jti
/4 (
log(€'* ) = lnl + /|-^ (« = 0,±1,±2,...)

and
,9W4 5n
log(* ) = lnl + i|^ + 2/«rh (2n + l) + - 7n (n = 0,±l,±2,...).
4

Combining these two sets of values, we find that

log(/
1/2
= |n + nm (n = 0,±l,±2,...).
)
^
 41

On the other hand,

1, . 1
-logi=- lnl + i| ^ + 2nn = \n + —\m (n = 0,±l,±2,...).
2 2

1
Thus the set of values of log(i ) is the same as the set of values of — logi, and we
2
may write
1/2
log(/ ) = |log/.

(b) Note that

2
log(i ) = log(-l) = In 1 + {it + 2mt)i = {2n + \)iti (n = 0,±l,±2,...)

but that

21ogi' =2 lnl + i'l

^ + 2mt = {An + Y)Td (/i = 0,±l,±2,...).

2
Evidently, then, the set of values of log(/ ) is not the same as the set of values of
2 log i. That is,

2
log(i )*21ogi.

7. To solve the equation logz = iitll, write exp(logz) = exp(/7r / 2), or z = e'*n = i.

2 2
10. Since ln(jc ) is the real component of any (analytic) branch of 2 logz, it is harmonic in
+y
every domain that does not contain the origin. This can be verified directly by writing
u{x,y) = ln(* 2 + y 2 ) and showing that ^(jc.y) + u (x,y) = 0.

SECTION 31

1. Suppose that Rez > t

and Rez2 > 0. Then

zt = r exp i'0j
t
and z1 -r1 exp i'0 2 ,

where

—it

2
~
< 0, < —
1
it

2
and
, it

2
^ —
<©,<
2
it

2
,
42

The fact that -% < t

+ 2 <n enables us to write

Log(ztz2 ) = Log[(r x
r2 )exp /(0 t + 2 )]
= lnfe) + i{Q + x 2)

= (In r + i'0i ) + (In r2 + 1'0 2 ) = Logfo exp i©, ) + Log(r2 exp i0 2 )

{

= LogZ! + Logz2 .

3. We are asked to show in two different ways that

log =logz -logZ2t

(z, * 0, z2 ?t 0).

(a) One way is to refer to the relation arg — = argZ[ - argz2 in Sec. 7 and write

log = ln + iarg = (lnl^l+zargz!) - (lnlz2 l+i'argz2 ) = log^ - logz2 .

(bj Another way is to first show that log[ - = -logz (z * 0). To do this, we write
]
z = re

and then

log^ = log^e"'8 j = ln^ + i(-0 + 2imt) = -[lnr + i(0- 2imt)] = -logz,

where n = 0,±1,±2,. . . . This enables us to use the relation

log(z z2 )
1
= logz +logz2
1

and write

f
log log = logz, + log \2 = logz,- log z2
\ Z2J
 j

43

5. The problem here is to verify that

1/n
z =exp -UogzJ (n = -l,-2,...),

given that it is valid when n = 1,2,... . To do we put m = -n, where n is a negative

this,

integer. Then, since m is a positive integer, we may use the relations z' = 11 z and
1

z z
1/ e = e~ to write

iog
p(^ 4
= 1, exp(llogz)] = exp(-llogz) = expQlogz).

SECTION 32

1. In each part below, n= 0,±l,±2,....

(a) (1 + 1
)' = exp[i log(l + 1)] = exp< i lnV2+i(^ + 2n^

n
— ln2-[ —
= exp| 1 + 2nn = exp^--^ - 2n^jexp^ln2j.
{i

Since n takes on all integral values, the term -2nn here can be replaced by +2nit.
Thus

(1 + /)''
=exp^-| + 2n^exp^ln2j.

(b) (-1) '*

1
= exp^log(-l)J = exp|^[ln 1 + i(n + 2nn]^ = exp[(2n + 1)/].

2. (a) P. V. /' = exp(/Logi) = exp^ln 1 + / exp -n

-|

" In
(b) P.V. [j(-l - V3/)] = exp |3^Log[|(-l - V3/)| = exp 3ni\ )ne-i

= exp(2/r2 )exp(/3^) = -exp(2;r 2 )

44

(c) P.V. (1 - i) 4 =
'
exp[4/Log(l - 1)] = exp 4iflnV2-/j

= e*[cos(41n V2) + isin(41n V2)] = «*[cos(21n2) + isin(21n2)].

3. Since - 1 + V3i = 2e 2w</3 we may write ,

3 '2
(-1 + V3/) =exp |log(-l + V30] = exp|| ln2 + /| + lnn
^Y
= exp[ln(2 3/2 ) + (3n + l)*ri] = 2-^2 exp[(3/i +

where n = 0,±1,±2,.... Observe that if n is even, then 3n+l is odd; and so

exp[(3n + = -l. On the other hand, if n is
l);n'] odd, 3n+l is even; and this means that
3/2
exp[(3/i + Y)iti] = 1. So only two distinct values of (-1 + V3/) arise. Specifically,

3/2
(-1 + V3i) =±2V2.

5. We consider here any nonzero complex number z in the exponential form Zq = rQ exp i'0 o ,

Un
where -it < © < it. According to Sec. 8, the principal value of z is ^/r^exp^i— j; and,

according to Sec. 32, that value is

— Logz = exp = = nfc exp^j

exp( |
^ (in r + i'0 o ) exp(ln ^/r~) exp^z' ^
These two expressions are evidently the same.

7. Observe that when c = a + bi is any fixed complex number, where c * 0,±1,±2,..., the
c
power i can be written as

T = exp(clogi) = exp< (a + bi) ]sil + i^— + 2nit

= exp -b — + 2mt \+ia\ — + 2mt

it it
(n = 0,±l,±2,...).
.12 ) Vl

Thus

I/
C
l= exp -b\ — + 2nit (» = 0,±1,±2,...),

c
and it is clear that lz I is multiple-valued unless b = 0, or c is real. Note that the restriction
c
c * 0,±1,±2,... ensures that i is multiple- valued even when b = 0.
 .

SECTION 33

1. The desired derivatives can be found by writing

-'~ k ^
e--e- = j_(d
—sin = ±f'
k
e-
iz
_d-
—-e - iz

dz dz 2i ) 2i\dz dz j

= Yi\
ie +ie )=
—— 2
= cosz

and
d
— cosz = — =- —
d(e* + e-*} lfd
e
k
+ —d e
_ fe

dz dz\ 2 ) 2\dz dz

= -[ie -ie ")- = = -sinz.

V
2 i 2i

2. From the expressions

k iz

= e*-e'* ,
= e + e~
s'mz and cosz
2i 2

we see that

K
-e~ k
k k
e +e-' e
cosz + ismz = +
,

= ek .

2 2

3. Equation (4), Sec. 33 is

2 sin zt cos z2 = sinfo + z2 ) + sin^ - Zj ).

Interchanging Zi and z 2 here and using the fact that sin z is an odd function, we have

2 cos z sin z2
x
= sin(z + z1 ) - sin(zi - z2 ).
t

Addition of corresponding sides of these two equations now yields

2(sin zx cos z^ + cos z v

sin Zj ) = 2 sin(z + Z2 ), t

or

sin(z! + z2 ) = sin z, cos z2 + cos z {

sin 22

4. Differentiating each side of equation (5), Sec. 33, with respect to z v we have

cos(zt +z2 ) = cosZ[ cosz2 -sinz t

sinz2 .
 46

2
7. (a) From the identity sin z + cos 2 z = 1, we have

—— + —— = ——
sin z

cos z
2
cos z
cos z
2

cos z
1
' or
,22
1 + tan z = sec z.

ft) Also,

sin z cos z 1
. , + . , = . , , or 1 + cot z = esc z.
sm z sin z sin z

9. From the expression

sin z = sin x cosh y + 1 cos x sinh y,

we find that

Isinzl
2
= sin 2 xcosh 2 y + cos 2 x sinh 2 y
= sin 2 x(l + sinh 2 y) + (1 - sin 2 jc)sinh 2 y
= sin 2 x + sinh 2 y.

The expression

cos z = cos x cosh y + i sin * sinh y,

on the other hand, tells us that

2
Icoszl = cos 2 jccosh 2 y + sin 2 jtsinh 2 y
= cos 2 *(1 + sinh 2 y) + (1 - cos 2 x) sinh 2 y
= cos 2 x + sinh 2 y.

2
10. Since sinh y is never negative, it follows from Exercise 9 that

2
(a) Isinzl > sin 2 x, or Isinzl > lsin*l

and that

2
(b) Icoszl > cos 2 x, or Icoszl > I cos xl.

11. In this problem we shall use the identities

2
I sin zl = sin 2 x + sinh 2 y, I cos zl
2
= cos 2 x + sinh 2 y.
 y .

47

(a) Observe that

2 2
sinh y =lsinzl - sin 2 x < Isinzl 2
and
Isinzl
2
= sin 2 x + (cosh 2 y - 1) = cosh 2 y - (1 - sin 2 x)
= cosh 2 y - cos 2 x < cosh 2 y.
Thus
2
2
sinh y<lsinzl < cosh 2 y, or lsinhyl<lsinzl< coshy.

(b) On the other hand,

2 2
sinh y = I cos zl - cos 2 x < I cos zl
2

and
2
Icoszl = cos 2 x + (cosh 2 y - 1) = cosh 2 y - (1 - cos 2 x)
= cosh 2 y - sin 2 x <, cosh 2 y.
Hence

2 2 2
sinh y < Icoszl ^ cosh y, or lsinhyl< Icoszl^ coshy.

13. By writing /(z) = sinz =sin(;c- iy) = sin * cosh y -i cos* sinh y, we have

f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y),

where

u( x, ) = sin x cosh y and v(x,y) = -cosx sinh y

If the Cauchy-Riemann equations wx = vy ,

Wj, = -v, are to hold, it is easy to see that

cos;ccoshy = and sin*sinhy = 0.

Since coshy is never zero, it follows from the first of these equations that cosx = 0; that is,

x = — + nn (n = 0± 1,±2,...)- Furthermore, since sin x is nonzero for each of these values

2
of x, the second equation tells us that sinhy = 0, or y = 0. Thus the Cauchy-Riemann
equations hold only at the points

z = - + n7t (n = 0±l,±2,...)-
2

Evidendy, then, there is no neighborhood of any point throughout which / is analytic, and
we may conclude that sinz is not analytic anywhere.
The function /(z) = cosz = cos(jc -/y) = cos x cosh y + isinx sinh y can be written as

/(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y),

where
u(x, y) = cos x cosh y and v(x, y) = sin xsinh y.
48

If the Cauchy-Riemann equations ux = vy uy ~ -vx ,

hold, then

sin x cosh y = and cos x sinh y = 0.

The first of these equations tells us that sin;c = 0, or x = n7t(n = 0,±l,±2,...). Since
cos nn *0, it follows that sinhy = 0, or =
y 0. Consequently, the Cauchy-Riemann
equations hold only when

z = nn (n = 0±l,±2,...).

So there is no neighborhood throughout which / is analytic, and this means that cosz is
nowhere analytic.

16. (a) Use expression (12), Sec. 33, to write

cos(iz) = cos(-y + ix) = cosy cosh x — i sin y sinh x

and

cos(i'z) = cos(y + ur) = cosycoshx-isinysinh*.

This shows that cos(i'z) = cos(iz) for all z.

(b) Use expression (1 1), Sec. 33, to write

sin(i'z) = sin(-y + ix) = -sinycosh x - i cosysinhx

and
sin(i'z) = sin(y + ix) - sin y cosh x + cosy sinh jc.
i

Evidently, then, the equation sin(zz) = sin(i'z) is equivalent to the pair of equations

sinycoshx = 0, cosysinhx = 0.

Since cosh* is never zero, the first of these equations tells us that siny = 0.
Consequently, y = nn = 0,±1,±2,...).
(n Since coshtt = (-1)" ^ 0, the second
equation tells us that sinhx 0, or that x = 0.
= So we may conclude that
sin(/z) = sin(/z) if and only if z = + inn = nni (n = 0,±1,±2,. .). .

17. Rewriting the equation sinz = cosh4 as sin;ccoshy + icos;tsinhy = cosh 4, we see that we

need to solve the pair of equations

sin x cosh y = cosh 4, cos x sinh y =

 49

for x and y. If y = 0, the first equation becomes sin* = cosh 4, which cannot be satisfied by
any* since sin*^l and cosh4>l. So y*0, and the second equation requires that
cos* = 0. Thus

x= ~- + n7t (n = 0±l,±2,...).
Since

sin^Y + »wj = (-l)",

the first equation then becomes (-1)" coshy = cosh 4, which cannot hold when n is odd. If n
is even, it follows that y = ±4. Finally, then, the roots of sinz = cosh 4 are

Z = + 2n7C ±4i (n = 0±l,±2,...).

(f ]

18. The problem here is to find all roots of the equation cosz = 2. We start by writing that
equation as cosxcoshy-/sin;tsinhy = 2. Thus we need to solve the pair of equations

cos*coshy = 2, sinjrsinhy =

forx and y. We note that y * since cos x = 2 if y= 0, and that is impossible. So the
second in the pair of equations to be solved us that sin;c = 0, or that x = nn
tells

(n = 0±l,±2,...). The first equation then tells us that (-l)"coshy = 2; and, since coshy is
always positive, n must be even. That is, x = 2nn {n = 0±1,±2,...). But this means that
-1
coshy = 2, or y = cosh 2 Consequently, the roots of the given equation are
.

z = 2n^ + /cosh _1 2 (n = 0±1,±2,...).

1
To express cosh" 2, which has two values, in a different way, we begin with
= cosh" coshy = y
1 y
y 2, or 2. This tells us that e + e~ - 4; and, rewriting this as

y
(e f-4(e y ) + l = 0,

we may apply the quadratic formula to obtain e y = 2 ± V3, or y = ln(2 ± V3). Finally, with
the observation that

(2-V3)(2 + V3)
ln(2-V3) = ln = ln !
= -ln(2 + V3),
2 + V3 2 + V3

we arrive at this alternative form of the roots:

z = 2n;r±tln(2 + V3) (n = 0±l,±2,...).

 e

50

SECTION 34

1. To find the derivatives of sinhz and coshz, we write

d . , d(e -e' z z
) 1 d , . _ ZN e
z
+ e' z

and

_d coshz= _^__j
d + = __
, d
(e!+
(
z
e
z
\ 1 , ,
,
_,. x
)= __
e
z
-e z
.

=sinlu
,
.

2
3. Identity (7), Sec. 33, is sin z + cos 2 z = 1. Replacing z by & here and using the identities
sin(z'z) = isinhz and cos(iz) = coshz,

2 2
we find that i' sinh z + cosh 2 z = 1, or

2
cosh z - sinh z
2
= 1.

Identity (6), Sec. 33, is cos^ + Zj) = cosz^oszj -sinzjsinzj. Replacing Zj by iZj and
z2 by iz 2 here, we have cosf/^ +z2 )] = cos(/z )cos(/z2 )-sin(iz )sin(iz2 ). The same
1 1

identities that were used just above then lead to

cosh(z1 + z2 ) = coshzj cosh^ + sinl^ sinhz2.

6. We wish to show that

lsinh.*l<lcoshzl< cosh*

in two different ways.

(a) Identity (12), Sec. 34, is lcoshzl

2
= sinh 2 x + cos 2 y. Thus Icoshzl -sinh
2 2
x>0; and
2 2
this tells us that sinh x < Icoshzl , or sinh x\< Icoshzl.
I On the other hand, since
2 2
Icoshzl = (cosh x - 1) + cos y = cosh x - (1 - cos y) = cosh x - sin 2 y, we know
2 2 2 2
that
2 2 2 2
Icoshzl -cosh x<0. Consequently, lcoshzl <cosh ;t, or lcoshzl<coshx.

(b) Exercise U(b), Sec. 33, tells us that lsinhyl<lcoszl< coshy. Replacing z by iz here and
recalling that cosi'z = coshz and iz = ~y + ix, we obtain the desired inequalities.

7. (a) Observe that

sinh(z + m) = = = = = -sinhz.
 —

51

(b) Also,

cosh(z + 7ti) = L
f = — '-z—
1 — = ——— = - - = -coshz.

(c) From parts (a) and (b), we find that

u/-
tanh(z + /n) _
= —— +
sinh(z

cosh(z
+ ?n) = -sinhz =
-
7n) -coshz
— sinhz
coshz
= tanhz.

9. The zeros of the hyperbolic tangent function

. sinhz
t
tanhz =
coshz

are the same as the zeros of sinhz, which are z = nm (n = 0,±1,±2,...). The singularities of

tanhz are the zeros of coshz, or z = ^-j + rucji (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

15. (a) Observe that, since sinhz =/ can be written as sinh x cos y + /cosh xsiny = i, we need
to solve the pair of equations

sinh x cos y = 0, cosh x sin y = 1.

If x = 0, the second of these equations becomes siny = l; and so y = — + 2nn

it

2
(n = 0,±l,±2,...). Hence

(n = 0,±l,±2,...).

If x*0, the first equation requires that cosy = 0, or y= —vmt

7T

(/i = 0,±l,±2,...). The second then becomes (-l)"coshjr = l. But there is no nonzero
value of x satisfying this equation, and we have no additional roots of sinhz = i.

(b) Rewriting cosh z =^ as cosh x cos y 4- i sinh x sin y = — we

, see that x and y must satisfy
2 2
the pair of equations

coshxcosy = — ,
sinhxsiny = 0.
2
52

If x = 0, the second equation is satisfied and the first equation becomes

1 1 %
cosy = — . Thus y = cos
1
— = ±— + 2nn (n = 0,±1,±2,...), and this means that

z = {ln±^7ti (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

If x 0, the second equation tells us that y = nn (n = 0,±1,±2,...). The first then

becomes (-1)" cosh x = But this equation in x has no solution since cosh* >1 for

all x. Thus no additional roots of coshz = — are obtained.

2

16. Let us rewrite coshz = -2 as cosh* cos ;y + isinhjcsin;y = -2. The problem is evidently to
solve the pair of equations

cosh x cos y = -2, sinh x sin y - 0.

If * = 0, the second equation is satisfied and the first reduces to cos y = -2. Since there
is no y satisfying no roots of coshz = -2 arise.
this equation,

If x*Q, we find from the second equation that siny = 0, or y-nn (n = 0,±l,±2,...).
Since cosn^ = (-l)", it follows from the first equation that (-i)"coshx = -2. But this
-1
equation can hold only when n is odd, in which case x = cosh 2. Consequently,

z = cosh" 1
2 + (2n + l)m (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

Recalling from the solution of Exercise 18, Sec 33, that cosh" 2
1
= ±ln(2 + V3), we note that
these roots can also be written as

z = ±ln(2 + V3) + (2n + l)ni (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

 .

Chapter 4
SECTION 37

2. (a)
jQ^J*=j(£-l)<*^

Te dt = —T = —ircos—^.•f
|v 2
- + -1 = —
V3
+ *sin— ,i /
-;
4'
o
1
L 2/ 2/L 3 3 J 4

bx
fcj Since le~**l= e~ , we find that

6
udt = IV" T"* 1 1

f
e""</f = lim fe lira = - lim(l - e - bt ) = - when Re z > 0.
L *• Jj=0 * *

3. The problem here is to verify that

?s? r
mB Mde = when m*n,
\e e-
o
27T when m = n.
To do this, we write
2*

/ = e
Me~ M dO = 2wje'^'de
J

and observe that when m#n,

2ic
i(m-n)B
1 1
= 0.
i(m — n) i(m-n) i(jn-n)

When m = n, /becomes
2*
/= \dd = 2n;

and the verification is complete.

4. First of all,
7* 7t

(I+,)x x
e etc = e cos * dtc + J e * sin x dx.
J J 1"

But also,

,(!+<>
e*e'"-l -e*-l l-i l + e*
+
A—+ —
i
e"
-
l + I l +i l + i l-i
 x x

Equating the real parts and then the imaginary parts of these two expressions, we find that

+e + e*
je'cosx dx = - ^
l
and jVsin;c_* =
o
2

Consider the function w(t) = e" and observe that

lie 2tc

jw(t)dt=je
it
dt = =i-i=o.
i i

K
Since \w(c)(2n - 0)| =\e \2n = 2% for every real number c, it is clear that there is no number
c in the interval < t < 2n such that

lie

jw(t)dt=w(c)(2n-0).

(a) Suppose that w(t) is even. It is straightforward to show that u(t) and v(f) must be even.
Thus
a a a a a

jw(t)dt=ju(t)dt+ijv(t)dt=2ju(t)dt + 2ijv(t)dt

a a a

= 2 j u(t)dt + z v(t)dt =2 w(t)dt.

J J

(b) Suppose, on the other hand, that w(t) is odd. It follows that u(i) and v(f) are odd, and so

a a a

w(t)dt = ju(t)dt + J v(t)dt = + / = 0.

J 1

Consider the functions

1
K _____ "

P„(x) = ~j(x + iVl - x 2 cos ej d6 (n = 0,1,2,...),

where -1 < x < 1. Since

2
x + i^l-x cosd = V* 2 + (1 - 2
)cos
2
d<^x 2
+(l- 2
) = 1,

it follows that
1 T. | X

P„(*)|<-f Lc + iVl-x 2 cos0 ^<-fj0 = l.

 55

SECTION 38

1. (a) Start by writing

—a -a -a
I = w(-t)dt = ui-t)dt +
J J
i
j v(-t)dt.
-b -b -b

The substitution r = -t in each of these two integrals on the right then yields

a a b b b

I = -)u(T)dT-ijv(T)dz = ju(t)dr+ij v(t)dr = jw(r)dt.

b b a a a

That is,
-a b

jw(-t)dt = jw(r)dt.
-b a

(b) Start with

b b b

1 = jw(t)dt = ju(t)dt+ijv(t)dt
a a a

and then make the substitution t = <p(x) in each of the integrals on the right. The result
is

P P P
I = ju[<l>(T)]<t>'(T)di:+ ijv[</>(T)]<t>' (r)dr = {x)dx.
J
a a a

That is,
b P
f
jw(t)dt=jw[(/)(x)]<}> (x)dx.

3. The slope of the line through the points (a, a) and (fi,b) in the ft plane is

b-a
m=— .

p-a
So the equation of that line is

b-a
t-a = - ,
(t-a).
p-a
 +

56

Solving this equation for t, one can rewrite it as

=—
b-a aB-ba
t T+-^ .

B-a B-a
Since t = 0(f), then,

... b-a aB-ba

B-a B-a

4. If Z(t) = z[^(T)] where zit) , = x(t) + iy(t) and t = 0(t), then

Z(T) = 4^(i:)] + /y[0(T)].

Hence

Z'(t) =
ax
+ i-f
at
= x'MtWW + iy'miWW

= vim] wcd = z'[<ktW(t).

5. If w(t) = f[z(t)] and f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y), z(t) = x(t) + iy(t), we have

w(f) = u[x(t),y(t)] + Hx(t),y(t)].

The chain rule tells us that

—
du
= ux
,
x+u y y
.

and
,
—
dv
= Vj
(
,
x'
,
+ vy y',

and so
w'(0 = (ux x' + uy y') + i(yx x' + vy y').

In view of the Cauchy-Riemann equations ux = vy and uy = -v,, then,

w'(t) = (ux x' - vx y') + i(yxx' + uj) = (ux + ivx )(*' + iy').

That is,

w'(0 = {ux [x(t),y(t)] + ivMt)Mt)])[x'(t) + //(f)] = f'[z(t)]z'(t)

when f =f -
SECTION 40

1. (a) Let C be the semicircle z = 2e'° (0 < < n), shown below.

-2 2 x

Then

= 2/ +e = 2j'(j + # + 1) = -4 + 2m.

(b) Now let C be the semicircle z = 2e i0 (n<d< 2ri) just below

This is the same as part (a), except for the limits of integration. Thus

.'9
2k

f£±2<fc = 2/ + = 2i(-i + 2n-i-7t) = 4 + 2m.

(c) Finally, let C denote the entire circle z = 2e i0 (0 < < 2k). In this case,

f ^-^-dz = Am,
JC 7

the value here being the sum of the values of the integrals in parts (a) and (b).

i0
2. (a) The arc is C:z = l + e (n< 6<2n). Then

2jt Ijc .''29

- \)dz = w w ne
Jc
(z J(l + « - l)fe <*0 = ije dO = i
2/

= I(^_^) = I(1_1 )
= .
58

(b) Here C: z = x (0 < x < 2). Then

(z-l)dz = J(jt-l)<£c = -jc = 0.

Jc

3. In this problem, the path C is the sum of the paths Q C C , 2, 3 , and C4 that are shown below.

The function to be integrated around the closed path C is /(z) = ne Kt We observe that .

c = c + C2 + C3
i + Q and find the values of the integrals along the individual legs of the
square C.

(i) Since C, is z =x (0 < x < 1),

^^ = ^^ = ^-1.
i

Jc 1

(ii) Since C 2 is z = 1 + iy (0 < y < 1),

i i

(Hi) Since C
3 is z = (1 - x) + 1 (0 < x < 1),

i i

(ivj Since C4 is z = i(l - y) (0 < y < 1),

i i

J *»*<fe
= 4^^'HMy = ^JV^y = -2.
o

Finally, then, since

we find that

l
ne*~ dz = 4{e* -1).
\c
 The path C is the sum of the paths
3 3
Q:z = x + ix (-1<*<0) and C2 :z = x + ix (0<x£l).
Using

/(z) = lonC, and f(z) = 4y = 4x 3 on C2 ,

we have

f(z)dz =[ f(z)dz /(z)<fe = Jl(l + i3x 2 )<£c + 3

(l + i3* 2 )<it
jc +JVJ
C2 J4*
-1 o

1 1

= Jit + 3/jA; 2 dbc + 4j^ + 5

-1-10 12ijA: dtc

= Wlli + i[* 3 t + [*t + 2i [*

:
6
= 1 + i + 1 + 2/= 2 + 3/.
]J

The contour C has some parametric representation z = z(t) (a<t< b), where z(a) = z and
x

z(fc) = Z2. Then

<fe = \z\t)dt = [ Z (0]* = z(b) - z(a) = z2 -zv

Jc
a

To integrate the branch

around the circle C: z = e ,e (0 < < 2;r), write

Let C be the positively oriented circle 1*1=1, with parametric representation

,e
z =e (0 < B < lit), and let m and n be integers. Then

lc
m
z z"dz =
j
{e
i6

)
m
(e-
ie

)
n e
i£ dd = i je'<"
+1)
VM </0.

But we know from Exercise 3, Sec. 37, that

lK
je
Me- Md0-- [0 when m*n,
[lit when m-n.
60

Consequently,

when m+1 * n -

frt\fc-j°
lc \2m when m + l = n.

2 2
8. Note that C is the right-hand half of the circle x +y = 4. So, on C, * = ^4-y 2 . This
2
suggests the parametric representation C:z = ^4-y +iy (-2 < y < 2), to be used here.
With that representation, we have

dy

2 2 (
= j(-y + y)dy + ij\-
t
I= + ^y
4-
%
2

-2 iW ^
2 ..2
4 = 4i
J -2

= 4/ [sin" 1
(1) - sin" 1
(-1)] = 4i = Am.

10. Let C be the circle z = z + Re ie (-Jt<6< n)

(a) f
= f
-^Rie dd = i]dd = 2m.
ie

-K

(b) When n = ±1,±2,...,

= — m
(e * - e-'" *) = /
1
—
2R°
n
.

sinn/r =

11. In this case, where a is any real number other than zero, the same steps as in Exercise 10(b),
with a instead of n, yield the result

a~ l
f
Jc
(z-Zo) dz = i—-sin(a^)
a
a
 61

12. (a) The function f(z) is continuous on a smooth arc C, which has a parametric
representation z = z(t) (a<t< b). Exercise 1(b), Sec. 38, enables us to write

b p
\f[z(t)]z'(t)dt /[Z(T)k'[0(T)]0'(T)</T,
=f
a a
where

Z(T) = Z[0(T)] («<T<j3).

But expression (14), Sec 38, tells us that

zWt)W'(t) = Z'(t);

and so

* P
jf[z(t)]z\t)dt =jf[Z(r)]Z'(t)dr.

(b) Suppose that C is any contour and that

f(z) is piecewise continuous on C. Since C can
be broken up into a finite chain of smooth arcs on which f(z) is continuous, the
identity obtained in part (a) remains valid.

SECTION 41

1. Let C be the arc of the circle \z\= 2 shown below.

o 2 x

Without evaluating the integral, let us find an upper bound for

jc ~T~J
To do this, we
j

note that if z is a point on C,

|z
2
-l|>|lz
2
l-l| = |lzl 2 -l| = l4-ll = 3.

Thus
 z <

62

Also, the length of C is ^(47r) = n. So, taking M = ^ and L = n , we find that

2. The path C is as shown in the figure below. The midpoint of C is clearly the closest point on
V2
C to the origin. The distance of that midpoint from the origin is clearly -y-, the length of C
being V2.

Hence if z is any point on C, Id > —

V2
. This means that, for such a point
Izl
4

Consequendy, by taking M - 4 and L = V2 , we have

S ML = 4V2.
||c ^|

3. The contour C is the closed triangular path shown below.

To find an upper bound for

\jc
(e
z
- z)dz , we let z be a point on C and observe that

\e
z
- I \e
l
\ + \z\ = e x + jx 2 +y 2 .
 63

x
But e < 1 since x < 0, and the distance ^x 2 + y 2 of the point z from the origin is always
less than or equal to 4. Thus le* - zl < 5 when z is on C. The length of C is evidently 12.
Hence, by writing M = 5 and L = 12, we have

-z)dz < ML = 60.

z
(e

Note that if lzl= R (R > 2), then

2 2 2
l2z -ll<2lzl +l = 2/? +l

and

4 2 2 2 2 2
lz + 5z + 41 = lz + II lz + 41 > |
Izl -1
1
1 Izl -4 = (tf 2 - 1)(/? 2 - 4).
|

Thus

2 2
2z -l I2z -ll 2* 2 + l
4 2 4
z +5z +4 z + 5z 2 +4l 2
(R -l)(R2 -4)

when lzl= R (R > 2). Since the length of CR is ^R, then,

2 2
2z -l ^ teR(2/? + 1) /?l R2
W+5z
I, 2
+4 2
~(/? -l)(/? -4) 2

R 2 J} R2 )

and it is clear that the value of the integral tends to zero as R tends to infinity.

Here CR is the positively oriented circle Izl =R(R> 1). If z is a point on CR , then

Logz lln/? + /0l ln/?+l0l ^r + ln/g

< <
2
? " R2

since -n<Q<7t. The length of Q is, of course, 2nR. Consequently, by taking

M = ——— and L = 2kR,

we see that
Logz n + k\R
dz < ML = 2n
* z R
Since
+ \xiR _ —
1//?
iim
it
= lira — = u,
-

it follows that

J c*
z

Let Cp be the positively oriented circle \z\=p (0 <p < 1), shown in the figure below, and
suppose that /(z) is analytic in the disk Id < 1.

I I' /a 1 \

1 V Jppx

We let z represent any particular branch

-1/2
= exp^-
^ log z j = exp|^- ^ (In r + id) = exp^-i-j |
(r > 0, a < < a + 2ft)

of the power function here; and we note that, since /(z) is continuous on the closed
bounded disk Izl < 1, there is a nonnegative constant M such that l/(z)l^ M for each point z
in that disk. We are asked to find an upper bound for z
m f{z)dz To do this, we
I .

observe that if z is a point on Cp ,

M
\z-
U2
m = \z- m \\az)\<

Since the length of the path Cp is 2np, we may conclude that

z-
m f(z)dz <^j=2np = 27tMjp.
jc

Note that, inasmuch as M is independent of p, it follows that

U2
limf z- f(z)dz = 0.
 —

65

SECTION 43

+1
1. The function z" (n = 0,1,2,...) has the antiderivative z" /(n + 1) everywhere in the finite

plane. Consequently, for any contour C from a point z x to a point z2 ,

Zl _»+l
. 1

n + 1^
Jc 2
^ n+1 . n +1 /i +l 1
'

2 i/2
"r z = e —e j +1 l + i
2. fa; I e* <fe
it it it

>r+2i

(b) cosl — l<fe = 2sin = 2S

i„(f + ,)=: = —lie e —e e I
J
2/

= « + -.
=
~<H=7 + «
e

4 3
U-2) 1 1 1
0.
4 i
4 4

1
3. Note the function (z -Zq)"' (n = ±1,±2,...) always has an antiderivative in any domain that
does not contain the point z = Zq. So, by the theorem in Sec. 42,

L(z-zo r dz =l

for any closed contour C that does not pass through Zq.

5. Let C denote any contour from z = -1 to z = 1 that, except for its end points, lies above the
real axis. This exercise asks us to evaluate the integral

I = jz'dz,
-i

where z' denotes the principal branch

z' = exp(/Logz) (lzl>0,-^< Argz< it).

66

An antiderivative of this branch cannot be used since the branch is not even defined at
z = -1. But the integrand can be replaced by the branch

z' = exp(z'logz) lzl>0,- — <argz< —

since it agrees with the integrand along C. Using an antiderivative of this new branch, we
can now write

_('+!
* ^
- [(l)
i+l
j
- j~
£
('>D'ogl
£
(M)\og(-D
( j
1 +1

+e
_ _£_("^(i+l)(Inl+iO) _ (i+lXlnl+i*)"!
= _J_ h _ g-*^*) - ^ 1 . 1 L
i + V 1-/
J
i + ' l+ i

d-o.

SECTION 46

2. The contours C t
and C2 are as shown in the figure below.

In each of the cases below, the singularities of the integrand lie outside C x
or inside C2 ; and
so the integrand is analytic on the contours and between them. Consequendy,

imdz=if(z)dz.
 67

When = - the singularities are the points z =

(a) f(z)

(b) When f(z) = .

z
sm(z 1 2)
+2
.
— , the singularities are at z = 2nn (n = 0,±1,±2,...).

(c) When /(z) = -, the singularities are at z = 2nm (n = 0,±1,±2,. . .).

(a) In order to derive the integration formula in question, we integrate the function e
around the closed rectangular path shown below.

Since the lower horizontal leg is represented by z = x (-a < x < a), the integral of
l*
e~ along that leg is

xl xl
je- dx = 2je- dx.
-a

Since the opposite direction of the upper horizontal leg has parametric representation

z = x + bi (-a £x<a), the integral of e'

1*
along the upper leg is

-]e'
{x+bi)1
dx = -e
bl
\e
xl
e
iUx
dx = V j<f cos2bxdx + ie" \e
2 xl
sm2bxdx,

or simply
u
2 2
-2/ jy* cos2fct<£t.

Since the right-hand vertical leg is represented by z = a + iy (0 < y < b), the integral of

e~'* along it is

O B
yl
(a+iyf !«-* je i2ay
je- idy = e- dy.
 68

Finally, since the opposite direction of the left-hand vertical leg has the representation

z = -a + iy (0 < y < b), the integral of e~ l * along that vertical leg is

b b
H - a+iy)1 idy = -ie- al je y *e i2ay dy.
-fe

According to the Cauchy-Goursat theorem, then,

a a b b
xl xl
b y \-'lla
2\e~ dx - 2e \je- cos2bxdx + ie** \e > dy - ie~
a nay
je y *e dy = 0;
V_ :
f

and this reduces to X

4
]e~
xl
coslbxdx = e~ b \e~ dx + e
xl - (a ^ bl) ]e yZ sinlaydy.

(b) We now let a -» °° in the final equation in part (a), keeping in mind the known
integration formula

xl
\e' dx

and the fact that

(al+bl) yl - (a2+bl) yl
e- \e sinlaydy < e je dy -> as a -> oo.

The result is

xl
e cos2bxdx = ^-e- b2 (b>0).
2

6. We let C denote the entire boundary of the semicircular region appearing below. It is made
up of the leg C, from the origin to the point z = 1, the semicircular arc C2 that is shown, and
the leg C from z = -1 to the origin. Thus C = C + C + C
3 .
2 t 3

y
 69

We also let f(z) be a continuous function that is defined on this closed semicircular region
by writing /(0) = and using the branch

/(z) = V7e ie/2 r

>o,-f<*<f
of the multiple-valued function z
m The problem here
. is to evaluate the integral of f(z)
around C
by evaluating the integrals along the individual paths C„ C ,and
C3 and then
2
adding the results. Li each case, we write a parametric representation for
the path (or a
related one) and then use it to evaluate the integral along the particular
path.

(i) Cv
: z = re i0 (0<r<l). Then

JCi /(z)^=jVF.lJr
= [V^=|.
B
(ii) C2 : z =1 • e' (0 <6< it). Then

f(z)dz = ]e wn ie
ie
dd = ije^ n d0 = if^e na '2 *
= - 1) = - 1 (1 + /).
I 2
o o L3i
]
Jo 3 3

(Hi) -Cy z = re ix (0 < r < 1). Then

\c5
mdz = -\_ c f{z)dz = -)^e *'\-\)dr = i\^dr = i\-r vll
*" J
i

\
=-/.
o o L3 Jo 3

The desired result is

jc f(z)dz
=j
1
f(z)dz + j
Cj
f(z)dz+i f(z)dz = l-h+i) +
"-J 3 3
h
3
= 0.

The Cauchy-Goursat theorem does not apply since f(z) is not analytic at the origin, or even
defined on the negative imaginary axis.

SECTION 48

1. In this problem, we let C denote the square contour shown in the figure below.

y
2i

c i

-2, r 2 Jt

-2/
 6
(a) f
=2m \e~ z
\ .
, = 2m(-i) = 2n.

(b)
f
Jc
^-
z (z
2
+ 8)
dz = f
Jc
^ z-0
7 + 8>
<fe = iJ^L
+
Lz
2
8. U; 4

Jc z -(_i/2)
Jc 2z + 1 L2J z= _ 1/2 I 4j 2

Jc— *
,. r coshz , r coshz , 2tb* f d3
Jc b^sr* "IT
,
.

<d> 60,1,1 = = 0.
Jz=0 f(0)

, . r tan(z/2) , r tan(z/2) . 2«f

Z=*o

= 2«i"| 4-sec
2
—2 = »rsec 2 f — when -2<xn <2.
U 1 I

Let C denote the positively oriented circle \z - il = 2, shown below.

(aj The Cauchy integral formula enables us to write

dz c dz r l/(z + 2i)
dz = 2m = 2m\
JCrz 2 +4 J<c(
J
z _2/)(z + 20 Jc z-2/ z + 2ij z=2i

(b) Applying the extended form of the Cauchy integral formula, we have

f
& _ f dz
ffc 1/ U + 2Q
_ rf l/(z
2

Z = 2£ 1

Jc z 2 + 4) 2 ~ Jc _ 2/) 2
+ 2i) 2 ~ J c (z-2i)
(* - 1+1
+ 2i)
( (z ( z 1! <fe (z
 71

3. Let C be the positively oriented circle I z I = 3 and consider the function

,

g(w)=\ dz (lwl*3).

We wish to find g(w) when w = 2 and when \w\ >3 (see the figure below).

Cm
)( i
V w = 2/3 x

We observe that

#(2) = Jc _2~ <fe = 2 ^'[ 2z2 " z ~ 2 ] = 2^1(4) = 8m.

z z=2

On the other hand, when Iwl > 3, the Cauchy-Goursat theorem tells us that g(w) = 0.

5. Suppose that a function / is analytic inside and on a simple closed contour C and that z is
not on C. If z is inside C, then

f£&*»2«rk) and f^>* f

/ft)* = ^
Thus

f f\z)dz = f /(g)<fe
'
J^ J 2
Z-Zo ^(Z-Z )

The Cauchy-Goursat theorem tells us that this last equation is also valid when zq is exterior
to C, each side of the equation being 0.

ie
7. Let C
be the unit circle z = e (-n£d< it), and let a denote any real constant. The
Cauchy integral formula reveals that

f
Jc z
— dz=[ -^-dz
—
= 2m\e
Jc z
at
]
J * =0
= 2m.
On the other hand, the stated parametric representation for C gives us

—dz = ]^~Qie w de =
\c Z
/ jexp[a(cos0 + isin 6)]d6
-K e -It

It K
=i
J
e
acos
V flSin e
d0 = ije
acose
[cos(asm 6) + isin(asin 6)]dd
-ft -It

K It

= - je acos0 sin(asin 8)dd + ije acos9 cos(asin 6)dd.

-It -1t

Equating these two different expressions for the integral

r
I
—
e
c z
az

dz, we have
It It

acose
- je sin(asin d)dd + i je acosB cos(asin d)dd = 2m.
-It -It

Then, by equating the imaginary parts on each side of this last equation, we see that
it

tt<:ose
je cos(asmd)dd = 27f,
-«

and, since the integrand here is even,

acose
je cos(asin 6)dd = Jt.

(a) The binomial formula enables us to write

2
We note that the highest power of z appearing under the derivative is z ", and
differentiating it n times brings it down to z". So Pn (z) is a polynomial of degree n.

(b) We let C denote any positively oriented simple closed contour surrounding a fized point
z. The Cauchy integral formula for derivatives tells us that

rtf-tf^fSfzlLj,
K 1
(„ = 0,1,2,...).
dz" ' Im^is-z)^

Hence the polynomials Pn (z) in part (a) can be written

 73

(c) Note that

2
C? -l)" _ (j-1)"(j + 1)" +
n+l
(s-iy (s-iy S-l

Referring to the final result in part (b), then, we have

Also, since

2
(s - 1)" (s - + 1)" _ (s - 1)"
+1
= +1 '

(j + ir (* + l)" 5 +1

we have

2" 2to* j c s +i

9. We are asked to show that

1 rf(s)ds
m Jc (t
ni —
(s-z)
3
*

(a) In view of the expression for /' (z) in the lemma,

/'(z + Az)-/'(z) _ 1 r 1 1 f(s)ds

2
Az 2ml (.y-z-Az) (s-z)
2
Az
1 2(s-z)-Az
f

2ni[(s-z- Az) (s-z)

Then

/'(z + Az)-/'(z) 1 f JV)as

/(j)<fe _ 1
i r 2(j-z)-Az
f
3 2 2 3
Az 7ri|(5-z) 2^4 (s-z-Az) (s-z) (s-z)
2
1 3(j-z)Az-2(Az)
f
J f.c —
2^/J(,-z-Az)
2iTi 2
(5-z)
3 /(
^' "
74

(b) We must show that

2 2
3(.s-z)Az-2(Az) (3DIAzl+2IAzl )M
r
jf(s)ds <
c(s-z-Azf(s-z? (rf-IAzl)V

Now D,d,M, and L are as in the statement of the exercise in the text. The triangle
inequality tells us that

I3(j - z)Az - 2(Az) 2 l< 31* - zl I Azl + 21 Azl 2 < 3D! Azl + 21 Azl 2 .

Also, we know from the verification of the expression for /' (z) in the lemma that

Is - z - Azl > d -I Azl> 0; and this means that

I (s - z - Az) 2 (s - z) 3 > (d -
l 1 Azl )
2 3
d > 0.

This gives the desired inequality.

(c) If we let Az tend to in the inequality obtained in part (b) we find that

This, together with the result in part (a), yields the desided expression for /"(z).
 75
Chapter 5
SECTION 52

1. We are asked to show in two ways that the sequence

(-1Y
z„=-2 + A-f (n = l,2,...)
n

converges to -2. One way is to note that the two sequences

xn =-2 and y„=t-9- (n = l,2,...)

of real numbers converge to -2 and 0, respectively, and then to apply the theorem in Sec.

51. Another way is to observe that \z„- (-2)1 = Thus for each e>0,

z„ ~ (- 2)| < e whenever n>n ,

1
where n is any positive integer such that n >

2. Observe that if z„ = - 2 + i^- (n = 1, 2,. .

. ), then
n

/•„=lzJ=i/4 + — -»2.
But, since

2fl
=Argz2„-»^ and 2 „_,
= Argz^, (n = 1,2,...),

the sequence 0„ (n = 1,2,...) does not converge.

3. Suppose that limzB = z. That is, for each e >0, there is a positive integer such that

\zn - z\< £ whenever n > n . In view of the inequality (see Sec. 4)

lzn -zl>llzj-idl,

it follows that llzj-lzlke whenever n>n Q

. That is, limlzj=lzl.
 =

76
4. The summation formula found in the example in Sec. 52 can be written

when lzl<l.

If we put z = where < r < 1, the left-hand side becomes

n
jr(re'*)" = jr rV" e = j^V cosnfl + r sinn0;
u=l n=l n=l n=l

and the right-hand side takes the form

w - re~ w _ w 2
- r 2 + irsin
re 1 re -r _ rcos
w ~ 1 - r(e + e~ ) + r ~
2
- 2rcos + r 2
1 - re~
ie
1 - re ie '
ie
1

Thus

^
> r
Zl
.

t&
-
cosnd + iy r smnd =
. .

T+
l-2rcos0 + r 2
_ rcos0-r 2
l-2rcos0 + r
T
2
— i
. rsin0
— .

Equating the real parts on each side here and then the imaginary parts, we arrive at the
summation formulas

E„r Q=
cosn0
rcosd-r 2
-r
l-2rcos0 + r 2
— and
j V> r
^
« •
a=-
smnd — rsin0
l-2rcos0 + r
— T
2 ,

B=1

where < r < 1. These formulas clearly hold when r = too.

6. Suppose that ^z B
=5. To show that ^z„ =S, we write zn =xn +iy„, S= X + iY and
n=l n=l

appeal to the theorem in Sec. 52. First of all, we note that

5>„=X and 5> B

=7.

OO

Then, since ^(— y„) = —Y, it follows that

n=l

jU = 2ta - % = 2>„ + ) «*(->.)] x - iY = j.

 77

8. Suppose that £z„ = S and ^w„ = T. In order to use the theorem in Sec. 52, we write
b=1

z» =*,+%> S = X + iY and w„=un +ivn , T = U + iV.

Now

2>b = * f,yH =Y and 5>„ = t/, |> B

= V.
B=l B=l B=l

Since

2(^+"„) = X + t/ and X^+vJ^+y,

it follows that

J,[(xn +u„) + i(yn +v„)] = X + U + i(Y+ V).

That is,

+%) + ("„ + J'vJ] = X + iY+(t/ + /V),

B=l

or

B=l

SECTION 54
2
1. Replace z by z in the known series

~ ln
z
coshz = X (Izl< ~)

to get
«> _4b
2 Z
cosh(z ) = 2 (lzl< ~).

Then, multiplying through this last equation by z, we have the desired result:

** 4n+1
2 z
zcosh(z ) = ]£ (Izl<~).
tS(2n)!
78
2. (b) Replacing z by z - 1 in the known expansion

n
: z
e = 5>7 <W<«).
n=0 " ;

we have

~Z n=0
„,
n!
(lzk°o).

So

e ^rt =e £(£zi)l (ld<eo)

r.=0

3. We want to find the Maclaurin series for the function

z z 1
4
z +9 9 l + (z 4 /9)'

4
To do this, we first replace z by -(z / 9) in the known expansion

r-^ly Ozl<l),

as well as its condition of validity, to get

Then, if we multiply through this last equation by |-, we have the desired expansion:

2
6. Replacing z by z in the representation

2n+l
z
sinz = (lzk~),
Zo (2n + D!

we have

4b+2
2
*j "„
sin(z ) = £(-1)" Qz\< oo).
 (n)
Since the coefficient of z" in the Maclaurin series for a function f(z) (0)/n!, this
is /
shows that

4n) <2B+1)
f (0) = and / (0) = (n = 0,1,2,...).

7. The function —^— has a singularity at z = 1. So the Taylor series about z =i is valid when
l-z
\z - < V2,
i\ as indicated in the figure below.

1 i i

\V2 J

To find the series, we start by writing

1 1

l-z (l-i)-(z-O l-i l-(z-/)/(l-0"

This suggests that we replace z by (z - 1) / (1 - i)in the known expansion

(ld<l)
1 * n=0

and then multiply through by :• The desired Taylor series is then obtained:

(z-iT.
(lz-/I<V2).
i-z sa-o*

9 The identity sinh(z + ni) = -sinhz and the periodicity of sinhz, with period 2 m, tell us that

sinhz = -sinh(z + ni) = -sinh(z - ni).

So, if we replace z by z - ni in the known representation

80
and then multiply through by -1, we find that

sinhz = -V i£_JEL!
S(2» + D!
— ( | Z _ m\< ~).

13. Suppose that < Izl < 4. Then < Iz / 41 < 1, and we can use the known expansion

7^- = 2y (IzKl).

To be specific, when < Izl < 4,

1
2
111-lym
^fz =y£_
4z~W ^4 fl+l
= J_ + y^_
~4"
= _L + y.
+1
^4"4Z
+2
'

4z-z 4z !_£ 4z B
4

SECTION 56

1. We may use the expansion

to see that when 0< Izl < °°,

sin
-S
-
( ir
™ 2n+l

(UI< ~>

%. jn y (-!>• 1
, , f (-ir 1

3. Suppose that 1 <lzl< 00 and recall the Maclaurin series representation

T^- = Z^ ( |Z|<1 )-
1-z
'2 ±!
„=o

This enables us to write

1 1

1 +Z
-
^ 1h
'r-iiRT-i^
— Z n=0 v „=o z
Z

Replacing n by n - 1 in this last series and then noting that

 81
we arrive at the desired expansion:

1 v

4. The singularities of the function /(z) = are at the points z = and z = 1. Hence

there are Laurent series in powers of z for the domains <lzl< 1 and 1 <lzl< <» (see the
figure below).

To find the series when < \z\< 1, recall that = Y z" (lzl< 1) and write

2 A Z Z „=0 n=0 Z Z „ =2 „_ Z Z

As for the domain 1 < lzl< <», note that II / zl < 1 and write

= =
/(z)=
"7'I^17I) "7|(z") ~%^~%7-

z+ l
5. (a) The Maclaurin series for the function is valid when \z\< 1. To find it, we recall
z-1
the Maclaurin series representation

=
TIT 5>" (ld<1)

for and write

1-z
~
z +l 1
-<« +
fziA
•°
»izr
12
<-<
- »X
»=0
- -X^
n=0
1
- X*'
«=0

"=1 «=0 11=1

 (b) To find the Laurent series for the same function when l<lzl<<*>, we recall the

Maclaurin series for —— that was used in part (a). Since < 1 here, we may write
1 -z

1+-
ZJ n= i)\ZJ n =oZ n =0 Z
z z

(l<lzl<oo).

1
The function /(z) = has isolated singularities at z = and z = ±z, as indicated in
z(l + z2 )

the figure below. Hence there is a Laurent series representation for the domain <lzl< 1

and also one for the domain 1 <lzl< °°, which is exterior to the circle lzl= 1.

To find each of these Laurent series, we recall the Maclaurin series representation

(lzl< 1).
1 2 n=0

For the domain < Id < 1, we have

= ~'7~~t = 1
/(*>
Z 1 +Z t HT = tc-DV-
Z B=0 B=0
1
= -+ £(-1)
Z
V" 1
= £(-l)
n+1
z
2n+l

On the other hand, when 1 <lzl< °°,

11 1 ^ r__l_V _ ^ (-If _ v (-1)"

.2n+l
+1

'

£ £~
n=0 n=l
2
z
In this second expansion, we have used the fact that (-1)""
1
= (-l) fl-1 (-l) 2 = (-1)" +1 .
 83
8. (a) Let a denote a real number, where -1 < a < 1. Recalling that

j— = |>" »=0
(IzKl)

enables us to write

a _a 1
i _v fl

z-a"7"l-(a/z)"^7Tr '

or

a ^ a"
= 2j— (lal<ld<°o).

(b) Putting z = e'° on each side of the final result in part (a), we have

a n -inB
e

But

a (cos0-a)-isin0 acos0-a 2 -iasin0

ie
e -a (cos0-a) + i'sin0 (cos0-a)-i'sin0 l-2acos0 + a 2

and

XflV" 9 cosn6-i^a n smne.

n=l b=1 n=l

Consequendy,

2,a"cosnd = -— Ya" smn9 =

l-2acosd + a 2
r- and
~ l-2acosd + a
r 2

when -1 < a < 1.

10. (a) Let z be any fixed complex number and C the unit circle w = e'* {-it < <t>
^ n) in the w
plane. The function

/(w) = exp
2v w>

has the one singularity w = in the w plane. That singularity is, of course, interior to
C, as shown in the figure below.
 .

w plane

Now the function f(w) has a Laurent series representation in the domain <Im>I< <

According to expression (5), Sec. 55, then,

exp (0<lwl<<»),
[II

where the coefficients J„(z) are

exp w—— ]

dw (n = 0,±l,±2,...).
2m Jc Wn+l

Using the parametric representation w = e'* (-n <$<n) for C, let us rewrite
this expression for Jn (z) as follows:

exp *
1 2 v~ 1 m
J" i z) = r |

- iV'd0 = exp[izsin <l>]e~ *d<t>

-
T7;
2m 'J JC»
e
v
2m |

_
- K

That is,
K
1
J„ (z) =
^ J
exp[-i - z sin 0)] <fy (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

The last expression for /„ (z)in part (a) can be written as

*
1
= |[cos(n0-zsin0)-ism(n0-zsin0)]d0
^i(^) T~
2;r J

\cos(n<t>-zsin<j))d<l> f sin (n</>-z sin </>)d<j>

2tc j„ 2?r j

= —1

2% 2 cos(«0
i
*
1
- zsin <j>)d<j>
2k
i
(h = 0,±1,±2,...).
 85
That is,
*
= — J cos(«0 - zsin
1
J„(z) (n = 0,±l,±2,...).
iti

11. fa) The function f(z) is analytic in some annular domain centered at the origin; and the
unit circle C.z- e'* (-it < <j> < it) is contained in that domain, as shown below.

For each point z in the annular domain, there is a Laurent series representation

n=0 n=l <

where

(n = 0,1,2,...)
— ?T -*?T

and

— 7F —

Substituting these values of a„ and b„ into the series, we then have

or

/(a.J-J/e-w.J-lJ/,,.,
86
(b) Put z = e' e in the final result in part (a) to get

or

/(«") = ^- J/(e* )d* + 1£ J/(^)cos[n(0 -

If k(0) = Ref(e' e ), then, equating the real parts on each side of this last equation yields

w(0) = — J«(0)<ty +— 2 J"(0)cos[n(0-0)]<fy.

SECTION 60

1. Differentiating each side of the representation

1-z n=0
we find that

U z; az „ =0 n=0 az „ =1 n=0

Another differentiation gives

(i — z; "Z n=0 „=o «z B=1 n=0

2. Replace z by 1 / (1 - z) on each side of the Maclaurin series representation (Exercise 1)

as well as in its condition of validity. This yields the Laurent series representation

4 = £<=!>>ZI> «<lz-ll<~).
 87
3. Since the function /(z) = 1/z has a singular point at z = 0, its Taylor series about z =2 is

valid in the open disk \z-2\<2, as indicated in the figure below.

To find that series, write

1111
z 2 + (z-2) 2 l + (z-2)/2

to see that it can be obtained by replacing z by -(z - 2) / 2 in the known expansion

1
(lzl< 1).

Specifically,

l_ly|- (Z-2) T
(Iz-2I<2),
z ifA. 2 J
or

(lz-2l<2).
Z R-0 z

Differentiating this series term by term, we have

J = l^n(z - 2r = E^tH" + l

J
1 -~l l)(z - 2)" (lz - 2I< 2).
7 y n=0

Thus

-| (
_ 1)>+1)
^y (lz-2l<2).

4. Consider the function defined by the equations

V-l when * 0,
z
f(z) =
1 when z = 0.
When z * 0, /(z) has the power series representation

' 2 3 \
/(*) =
- l + £ + l. + £. + .^ -1 = 1+
,
—z +—
z +••
z 1! 2! 3! 2! 3!

Since this representation clearly holds when z = too, it is actually valid for all z. Hence/
is entire.

Let C be a contour lying in the open disk \w - II <1 in the w plane that extends from the
point w=1 to a point w = z, as shown in the figure below.

w plane

According to Theorem 1 in Sec. 59, we can integrate the Taylor series representation

1
(lw-u<i)
w „=0

term by term along the contour C. Thus

dw
" n=0 n=0

But

f
— = [— = [Logw] z = Logz-Logl = Logz
1

and
4 n+l n+l
(z-1)
J
(w-l)"=J(w-l)"rfw =
n+ l
Jl n+l

Hence

(-D (Iz-lkl);
^n + l ^ n

-1
and, since (-1)" = (-ly-^-l) 2 = (-1)" +1 , this result becomes

Logz = X Lii— («-!)"

n=l
(Iz-lkl).
 —

89
SECTION 61

1. The singularities of the function /(*) = -^L- are at z = ± L The problem

, here is to

find the Laurent series for/that is valid in the

punctured disk <ld< 1, shown below.

y
i

° / x
\

4
-i

We begin by recalling the Maclaurin series representations

Qz\< oo)
1! 2! 3!
and
1
= l + z + z 2 + z 3 +--- Oz\<l),
l-z
which enable us to write

z
= l + z + ^-z + -z 3 +-
2
e
(\z\< oo)
2 6
and
1

(\z\<l).

Multiplying these last two series term by term, we have the Maclaurin series representation

2
l
- = l + z + ±z 2 +*z 3 +-
+\
,

z 2 6
2 3
-z -z -

4
z +-

1.2 5

which is valid when \z\< 1. The desired Laurent series is then obtained by multiplying each
side of the above representation by -:

1 1 5
= -+l--z ,
z
2
+•• (0<kkl).
z(z' + l) z 2 6
90
4. We know the Laurent series representation

2
1 1117
3
Z (0<lzkw)
z sinhz z 6 z 360

from Example 2, Sec. 61. Expression (3), Sec. 55, for the coefficients b„ in a Laurent series

tells us that the coefficient of - in this series can be written

z

dz
2m lc z sinhz

where C is the circle lzl= 1, taken counterclockwise. Since bx = - \, then,

6

' c z sinhz

6. The problem here is to use mathematical induction to verify the differentiation formula

(n"- k k)
= l,2,...).
=E Af \z) g
(n)
[/(^(z)] (z) (n

The formula is clearly true when n = 1 since in that case it becomes

[/(z)s(z)]' = /(z)s'(z) + f(z)g(z).

We now assume that the formula is true when n= m and show how, as a consequence, it is

true when n = m + We start by writing

1.

(m+1) (m) , (m)

UWz)] ={[f(z)g(z)]'} =[f(z)g (z) + nz)g(z)]

m) l(m)
=mz)g'(z)f +[f(z)g(z)]

(m - t+i) (m - t+1)
=1 r / (^
(t)
(^)+s /
(t)
(z)^ (z)
*=0 V* /

(m+1)
'm^ ( m /W( z )^('» +1 -^(z) + n+1)
('
= /(z)* (z) + £
*=1
/ (z)^(z).
But

frrC m ml ml + 1)!
(ro 'm + V
|

k ,
k-l) kl(m-k)l (*-l)!(m-* + l)! kl(m + l-k)l <
k >

and so

+i) n+i y m
inz)g(z)r =nz)g° \z)+ z
or

(m+i)
m +r k
[/(^(z)] =iT , f\z)t«- \z).

The desired verification is now complete.

We are given that /(z) is an entire function represented by a series of the form

f(z) = z + a2 z 2 +ajz 3 +-'- (lzl<°°).

(a) Write g(z) = f[f(z)] and observe that

It is straightforward to show that

/(z) = /'[/(z)]/'(z),

g"(z) = /" [/(z)][/'(z)] 2 + f'[f(z)]f" (z),

and

g"\z)
3
= /'"[/(z)][/'(z)] + 2f(z)f"(z)f"[f(z)] + f t/(z)]/' (z)/" (z) + /'[/(*)]/"'(*) •

Thus

S(0) = 0, ^'(0) = 1, g"(0)=4a2 , and g'"(0) = 12(a22 + a3 ),

and so
/[/(z)] = z + 20.Z 2 + 2(4 + a,)z 3 +- •
(lzl< °°).
 — . )

92
(b) Proceeding formally, we have
2 3
/[/(*)] = f(z) + fljC/Cz)] + «,[/(z)] +- • •

= (z + fljZ 2 + OjZ 3 +•••) + (<*2Z 2 + 2^z 3 +- • •

) + (fl3z 3 +• • •

=z+ 2^ + 2(a* + a3>z 3 +- • •

(c) Since

sinz =z- — +• • •= z + Oz 2 + f - - V+- •

•
(IzKoo),
3! V 6)

the result in part (a), with Oj = and a3 = -— , tells us that

6

sin (sinz) = z-— z 3 +--- (lzl< ~).

8. We need to find the first four nonzero coefficients in the Maclaurin series representation

—
coshz
= E^z"
t^n\
(\z\<Z
\ 2

This representation is valid in the stated disk since the zeros of coshz are the numbers

z (/i = 0,±l,±2,...)» the ones nearest to the origin being z = ±^-i-

= \— + n7t\i The series
U J 2
contains only even powers of z since coshz is an even function; that is, E2tt+l =0
(n = 0, 1, 2, . .
.
). To find the series, we divide the series

coshz = 1 +— + — + —+•••= l + -z
2
+—z 4
+—z +"- 6
(lzl< °°)
2! 4! 6! 2 24 720

into 1. The result is

=1 ,
1
z
2
+ —5
z
4 61
z
6
+•• (i
I
i^
lzl<—
n>
2
\
I,

coshz 2 24 720 V

or
 93
1 ,
=1
1
z
2 5
+—z 4
61 6
z +•••
f.
I
.

lzl< —n
coshz 2! 4! 6! V 2

Since

_!_ = £
coshz
+ ^
2!
+ Jl z 4 + JSl z «+...
4! 6!
f|
V
z |<f|,
2

this tells us that

£0=1, E2 = -1, £4 = 5, and E 6

=-61.
 .

94
Chapter 6

SECTION 64

1. (a) Let us write

_i- = I.-i- = I(i- z + z 2

-z + ...) = i-l + z -z +...
3 2
(0<lzkl).
z +z z 1 +z z z

The residue at z = 0, which is the coefficient of -, is clearly 1.

z

(b) We may use the expansion

cosz = l-
2! 4! 6!
to write

ZC
m
osH = z^l--. ? + -. 7 --. 7 +
1 1 1 1 1 1 "\ 111111
= z--.- + -.-3--- -f.
...J 7
(0<lzl<°°).

The residue at z = 0, or coefficient of -, is now seen to be -—

z 2

(c) Observe that

T2 T4
z-sinz 1. 1
= -(z-smz) = -
. .

*'j (0<lzl<<*>).
z z z r 3! 5! 3! 5!

Since the coefficient of - in this Laurent series is 0, the residue at z = is 0.

z

(d) Write
cotz _ 1 cosz
4 ~ 4 '
.

z z sinz
and recall that

2 T4 T 2 4
zT -T

cosz =1 1
+z
,
=1 , z
+ z
(lzl< ~)
2! 4! 2 24

and
 95
Dividing the series for sinz into the one for cosz, we find that

3
cosz 1 z z

Thus

cotz _ I fl z
+
11 11
'-)-7~37~V~z -
4 4 + (0 <&<*).
z "z U 3 T5

Note that the condition of validity for this series is due to the fact that sinz = when
z = nit(n = 0,±l,±2,...). It is now evident that
z
4
has residue —45-. at z = 0.

(e) Recall that

=z+
sinhz
|y
+ ^+ ...
(| z <oo)
|

and

1
= l + z + z 2 + -.-
i
(lzl<~).
1-Z

There is a Laurent series for the function

sinhz 1 .
( 1 ^

that is valid for <lzl< 1. To find it, we first multiply the Maclaurin series for sinhz

and 2
1-z

1 1
z + -z + ,

:
3
z +•
5

6 120
3 1 5
z +-z +•

5
z +-

7 3
z + tz +••• (0<lzl<l).
o
 — .

96
We then see that

4
sinhz
2
= —17
+ -•- +
3
1
••• (0<lzl<l).
z (l-z ) z 6 z

This shows that the residue of 47—^ at z = is —

z —z
(1 6
J

2. In each part, C denotes the positively oriented circle lzl= 3.

(a) To evaluate
Jc
—^ dz, we need the residue of the integrand at z = 0. From

the Laurent series

exp(-z)
2
_
—
1
_2
^
^
1 — z
1!
+
,
z
2!
2
z
3

3!
,
1
+...=_
)
2
J z
1

1! z
1
+
2!
1 z

3!
+... , A .

(0<lzl<°°),
.
,

we see that the required residue is -1. Thus

™P^ dz = 2n -l i )
= -2jti .

lc

2
(c) Likewise, to evaluate the integral z exp^jdz, we must find the residue of the
jc
integrand at z = 0. The Laurent series

, • , 11 1 1 11 11

= Z2 + — +
Z
—+
1 1 1
+
1 1
2
1! 2! 3! z 4! z

which is valid for <lzl< °°, tells us that the needed residue is — . Hence
6
 — — z

97
r z
-=
+1
(d) As for the integral —dz, we need the two residues of
JC 7*l
z — 9r
-2z

z+1 z +1
2
z -2z z(z-2)'

one at z = and one at z = 2. The residue at z = can be found by writing

z +1
z(z-2) z-2) { 2A z) l-(z/2)

1 %
f z z
2
\ 2 2 z) 2 2

which is valid when 0<lzl<2, and observing that the coefficient of - in this last
z

product is — . To obtain the residue at z = 2, we write

z+ 1 (z-2) + 3 1

z(z-2) z-2 2 + (z-2) 2V z-2j l + (z- 2)/2

2
z-2 (z-2)
1 |

2\ z-2

which is valid when <lz - 21 < 2, and note that the coefficient of in this product
z-2
is —3 . Finally, then, by the residue theorem,

Jc 2
z -2z V 2 2)

In each part of this problem, C is the positively oriented circle lzl= 2.

(a) If/(z) :
-, then
l-z

1
_2 /
-
\zj
=-
z
—4=-—-;
-z z 1-z
r = -- v l+z 3 +z 6 +••• y
z
=--— z z
2 -

when <lzl< 1. This tells us that

f(z)dz = 2mRes
<=°
\ f(-)
z \z)
= 2ni(-l) = -2 m.
 1
(b) When f(z) = 2 > we have
1 +z

Thus

f = 2mRes 4"/f- ] = 2m(0) = 0.

(c) If /(z) = -, it follows that ~ /[-) = -• Evidently, then,

Z 2 VZ/ Z

f f{z)dz = 2m Res -^/f

z
- ] = 2/ri(l) = 2m.
ic z =o z \ZJ

Let C denote the circle lzl= 1, taken counterclockwise.

(a) The Maclaurin series e

z
= T— (lzl< °°) enables us to write

z
(b) Referring to the Maclaurin series for e once again, let us write

Now the - in this series occurs when n-k = -l, or k = n + l. So, by the residue
z
theorem,

l> expf-ljz = 2m-i—

Jc
(/j = 0,1,2,...).
vz/ (« + l)!

The final result in part (a) thus reduces to

 99
5. We are given two polynomials

P(z) = a +a z + a2 z 2 +--- + a„z''

l (a„*0)

and

<2(z) = b + blZ + b2 z 2 + --- + bm z m (bm * 0),

where m>.n + 2.
It is straightforward to show that

+ a z "" 3 + a2* m
'"" 2 ~4 w """ 2
J_ pQ 1 z> - fl
Qz i + •+ fl^
• •

1
z
2 "

2(1 / z) V" + fri*"*"

1
+ V" 2
+ +K • • •

Observe that the numerator here is, in fact, a polynomial since m -n - 2 > 0. Also, since
bm * 0, the quotient of these polynomials is represented by a series of the form
2
do+diZ + dzZ + ••-. That is,

1 P(l/z) j , j 2
(0<lzl</^);

and
L
we see that —r
1 P(\lz) .

has residue
^ rt
= 0.
z
z 2(1 /z)
Suppose now that all of the zeros of Q(z) lie inside a simple closed contour C, and
assume that C is positively oriented. Since P(z)/Q(z) is analytic everywhere in the finite
plane except at the zeros of <2(z), it follows from the theorem in Sec. 64 and the residue just
obtained that

P(z) P(l/z)
dz = 2mRes J_2 = 2^*0 = 0.
,c z=0
Q(z) z 'ea/z)

If C is negatively oriented, this result is still true since then

Piz) J__ f P(z)
dz = 0.
icQ {z) J-c
Q(z)

SECTION 65

1. (a) From the expansion

(Izl<~),
1! 2! 3!
we see that

zexp|
,n =z+1+
^,^11 ii +
_._ + _._ .. (0<lzl<oo).
_j
100

The principal part of zexpl - I at the isolated singular point z = is, then,
z

+ + "' ;

2!'z 3!Y
and z = is an essential singular point of that function.

(b) The isolated singular point of is at z = -1. Since the principal part at z = -1
1 +z
involves powers of z + 1, we begin by observing that

z
2
= ( 2 + 1) 2 - 2z - 1 = (z + 1) 2 - 2(z + 1) + 1.

This enables us to write

e _ (z+lf -% + !) +! 1

1+z z+1 z+1

Since the principal part is —^— , the point z = -1 is a (simple) pole.

,
z +1

m
(cj The point z = is the isolated singular point of £ -£ ) and we can write
z

sinz 1
^- — + — -•••1 = 1- — + — -••• (0<lzl<~).
z z\, 3! 5! J 3! 5!

The principal part here is evidently 0, and so z = is a removable singular point of the

- t
. smz
function .

cos z
(d) The isolated singular point of is z = 0. Since
z

2 4
cosz 1 ( z z
= I_± + £l_... (0<lzl<oo),
I 2! 4! ; z 2! 4!

COSZ
the principal part is —I . This means that z = is a (simple) pole of .

z z

(e) Upon writing —

(2
^—-j
— z)
=
(z-2)
we find that the principal part of
(2-z)
3
at its

isolated singular point z =2 is simply the function itself. That point is evidently a pole
(of order 3).
 ..

101
(a) The singular point is z = 0. Since

1-coshz 1
( _2 ,4 6

1- !+£.+£.+£_+..
V 2! 4! 6! J 2\ z 4! 6!

when <lzl< °°, we have m = l and B = —— = -—

2! 2

(ft) Here the singular point is also z = 0. Since

l-exp(2z)_ 1 ( 2z 2 V 3
2 73 2V 2V "\

I 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

= _2_ J__2^ _1 2j_ _j__2^_2^

3 2
ll'z 2!*z 3!'z 4! IT*"

when <lzl< °°, we have m=3 and B=

2
3!
3

= — 4
3

ex P^ z
(c) The singular point of ^ js z = \ jhe Taylor series
(z-1)

2 2 3 3
2(z-l) 2 (z-l) 2 (z-l)
exp(2z) = e 2(z -V=e 1 + l .

(Izl< oo)
1! 2! 3!

enables us to write the Laurent series

2 2

+ — + -J-(z-l)+-
exp(2z) _^ 2 2 2
+—
1
2
•
(0<lz-ll<°°).
(z-1) L(z-lr 1! z-1 2! 3!

2
Thus m = 2 and = e 2 — = 2e 2 .

Since / is analytic at Zq, it has a Taylor series representation

f(z) = f(z )+^-(z-z ) + ^^-(z-z )

2
+- (Iz-ZoK^,).

Let g be defined by means of the equation

 102
(a) Suppose that /(z ) *0. Then

1
g(z) = /<0 + ^(*-*) + ^U-*o)
2
+-

- °; (0<k-z l</?o).
Z-Zn
- 1! 2!

This shows that £ has a simple pole at Zq , with residue /(z ).

(b) Suppose, on the other hand, that /(z ) = 0. Then

1! 2!

(0<\z-z \<Ro).

Since the principal part of g at z is just 0, the point z = is a removable singular

point of g.

4. Write the function

3_2
= (a>0)

as
/(Z)
(?W
3_2
3
_ 4Kz) 8a z
/ (z) = where 0(z) =v -
/ -n3 .
n3
(z + «T

Since the only singularity of 0(z) is at z = -ai, 0(z) has a Taylor series representation

Hz) = ««0 + *M(Z - ai) + ^(z- ai? + (lz-ai'l<2a)

about z = ai. Thus

1
/(z) = 3
0(ai) + ^rr^Cz - fl + (z - ai) + (0<lz-ail<2a).
(z-m) 1! 2!

Now straightforward differentiation reveals that

^ (z) =
—16a /z-8fl z
;
4

+ ai)
, „4
—3 2

and
.

<j>
16a
(z) = -
,
3
(z
2
-4fl/z-a
3
2
)

(z (z + ai)
 Consequently,

Q(ai) = -a 2 i, 0'(a/) = ™, and </>"(ai)--i.

This enables us to write

/(Z) = a2i ~ m)2 + "

(z-aif [~
(Z
f ~ ~i "
fll) (z
']
(0 < lz - ml < 2a).

The principal part of /at the point z = ai is, then,

2
ill all a i
2
z - ai (z - ai) (z - ai) 3 '

SECTION 67
Z +2
1. (a) The function f(z) - has an isolated singular point at z = 1. Writing /(z) =
z~l z-1
where (/>(z) = z 2 +2, and observing that 0(z) is analytic and nonzero at z = 1, we see
that z =1 is a pole of order m = 1 and that the residue there is 5 = 0(1) = 3.

(b) If we write

= Hz) =
f(z) zrf, where 0(z)
lz + 1 8'
z- -
1
we see that z = -- is a singular point of /. Since 0(z) is analytic and nonzero at that

point, /has a pole of order m=3 there. The residue is

B _ r(-V2) _
3
2! 16'

fc) The function

expz expz
2 2
z + ;r (z-/n)(z + 7ri)

has poles of order m = 1 at the two points z = ±m. The residue at z = to is

B
exp TO _ -1 _ i

i
2 to 2 to
~ In '

and the one at z = -ni is

 104
1/4

2. (a) Write the function /(z) = (I zl > 0, < are z < 2 it) as
z +1

= z m =e 4
Hz)
=z
/(z) ^7. where <p{z) (lzl>0,0<argz<2;r).
z+1

The function 0(z) is analytic throughout its domain of definition, indicated in the
figure below.

•
Branch cut

-1 o

Also,

n = (-1)
n i/4 _ J'osH) Ja«i+<*) it it 1+i
= e iwM = cos— + zsin— = —f=-*0.
/ , . .
jl
<9(-l) =e 4 = £4
4 4 V2

This shows that the function /has a pole of order m = 1 at z = -1, the residue there
being

1 +/
5 = 0(-l) =
V2'

(b) Write the function /(z) = Logz as

2 2
(z + D

From this, it is clear that /(z) has a pole of order m=2 at z = i. Straightforward

differentiation then reveals that

Logz
& tf + 2i
Res 2 2
= =
(z + l) 8
 105
(c) Write the function
.1/2

/(*) = 2 2 (ld>0,0<argz<2;r)
(z +D
as
.1/2

f(z) = where =
2 2
(z-i) (z +

Since

f W 2(z + /) 3

and
r 1/2 - *-''*/4 - _L _i_ ,-i/2 _ j*/4 _ 1 .
'

7
1/2
1 — '

1
Res f
2
„„2 = ft'(t>
*=<~(z + l) 8V2"

(a) We wish to evaluate the integral

3
3z +2
2
dz,
,c (z-l)(z +9)

where C is the circle \z - 21 = 2 taken in the counterclockwise direction. That circle and
,

the singularities z = 1, ± 3i of the integrand are shown in the figure just below.

Observe that the point z = 1, which is the only singularity inside C, is a simple pole of
the integrandand that

3 3
3z + 2 3z +2 1
Res- 2 2
(z-l)(z +9) z +9 2

According to the residue theorem, then,

3
3z +2
l z-\Z^9) dz = 1M {l) =ni
i
-
 106
(b) Let us redo part (a) when C is changed to be the positively oriented circle Izl = 4, shown
in the figure below.

In this case, all three singularities z = 1, ± 3/ of the integrand are interior to C. We

already know from part (a) that

3
3z + 2 1
Res- z
* =1 (z-l)(z +9) 2

It is, moreover, straightforward to show that

3 3
+2
3z 3z+2 15 + 49/
Res -
<= 3i (z-l)(z' + 9) (z-l)(z + 3/). 12

and

3 3
3z +2 3z +2 15-49/
Res-
z =-3,-
(z
_ +9 ) (z _ i) (z _ 3/ ) 12
j=-3i

The residue theorem now tells us that

3
3z +2 _ /l 15 + 49/ 15-49/"\
=6, m.
,

dz = 2m\- + +
f
} c(
5
2 "
z -l)(z +9) V2 12

4. (a) Let C denote the positively oriented circle Izl = 2, and note that the integrand of the
dz
integral
r
-r- — has singularities at z = and z = - 4. (See the figure below.)
Jc z (z + 4)

y
 .

107
To find the residue of the integrand at z = 0, we recall the expansion

(lzl<l)

and write

1 _ 1 1
_n-3
3 (0<lzl<4).
z\z + 4) 4z _l + (z/4)

Now the coefficient of - here occurs when n = 2, and we see that

z

1 1
Res ,
*=° z\z + 4) 64
Consequendy,

Jc
z\z + 4) \64) 32

(b) Let us replace the path C in part (a) by the positively oriented circle \z + 21 = 3, centered
at -2 and with radius 3. It is shown below.

We already know from part (a) that

Re S
*=°
^
z\z + 4)
—
64

To find the residue at -4, we write

1 _ <t>(z) . ... 1
where Hz)= 7-
Tw-T+Ty
This tells us that z = -4 is a simple pole of the integrand and that the residue there is

0(-4) = -1 / 64. Consequendy,

J<^ 5
(z+4) {64 64J
 108
f cosh 7tz dz
Let us evaluate the integral C
J^ TIT
Z^Z
:
—+ *
7T"»
1
ij1
wnere C is the positively oriented circle lzl= 2.

All three isolated singularities z = 0,±i of the integrand are interior to C. The desired
residues are

_
Res
z=o
— cosh nz
z(r+l)
=— s

+1
cosh nz
z
5

.
=1,

_
Res —+
z(z
cosh 7cz
=
2
l)
= cosh tfz
z(z + i)_
.~2'
1

and
_
Res 2
*=-<"z(z
—
cosh nz
= cosh tez
+l) z(z-i)
_ 1
.~2'
z=-i

Consequendy,

coshflzdz /,
r
=
2
„
= 2m 1 +—1 +—1 ,

\
.
= 4m.
.

,c z(z +l) 2 2,
V

6. In each part of this problem, C denotes the positively oriented circle lzl= 3.

(a) It is straightforward to show that

f„\ =
lf/(z)
Oz + 2)
2

111611
/n_
1 + 2z) (3
2

z(z-l)(2z + 5)' ZllJ-zd-^ + Sz)-

This function -y /^-j has a simple pole at z = 0, and

+ 2)2
(3z
Icz(z-l)(2z + 5)
—
dz = 2/ri Res
*=°
z/J
= 2/ri
<2,
= 9ni.

(b) Likewise,

z\l-3z) *-3
' w
if/(z)=
(l+z)(l + 2z
4
)
±en -*-M-l
z
2
U; z(z + l)(z
4
+2)

The function \ )
has a simple pole at z = 0, and we find here that

f
Z(1 " 3z)
Jc(i + z )(l + 2z
4
)
<fe = 2;riRes
*=°
V 1
= 27ri| -- = -3;ri.|
 109
(c) Finally,

zV" ±f
then
^ =7f + z3 )

1 Jl
The point z = is a pole of order 2 of -jf - . The residue is 0'(O), where
z \z

<p(z) = -
'

1 + z3
Since
3
(l +z )e
z
-e l 3z 2
<t>\z) 3\Z

the value of 0'(O) is 1. So

dz = 2m Res W =2m
f
'c 1 + z3 7 fil) =2jti -

SECTION 69

1. (a) Write

esc z = = -^4, where /?(z) = 1 and q(z) = sin z.

sinz q(z)

Since

p(0) = l*0, ^(0) = sin = 0, and tf'(0)

= cos0 = l*0,

z - must be a simple pole of cscz, with residue

P(0) =- = 1
q'(0) 1

(b) From Exercise 2, Sec. 61, we know that

CSCZ ^
= - + — Z+
1
. 1
T
2
1 3
z +- (0 <lzl< it).
z 3! L(30 5!.

1
Since the coefficient of - here is 1, it follows that z = is a simple pole of cscz, the

residue being 1.
 (a) Write

z- sinhz = p(z)
2
z sinhz ^)' 6 ^) = *- sinh * and tf(z) =z
2
sinhz.

Since

p(Ki) = m*0, q(m) = 0, and (m) = j? * 0,

it follows that

z-sinhz
= m__i_
p(ni)
Rc „ 2
=
*=*«'
z sinhz q'(,ni) n1 k

(b) Write

exp(zr)
sinhz
= p(z)
~q(zj'
6
^= ) exP(*') ?(z) = sinhz.

It is easy to see that

«-*»
r P
sinhz q\7ti) *=-*/ s jnhz g'(-»0

Evidently, then,

exp(
£ expU0 = _ «Pff*) + CTpW*)
Res + Res 2
sinhz sinhz 2

(a> Write

/(z) = ^7T' where P(z) = z and o(z) = cosz.

Observe that

«(f + n«:j = (n = 0,±l,±2,...).

.2

Also, for the stated values of n,

p\- + n7c\ = - + n7t* and

^| + «^ = -sin^| + n^ = (-l)
fl+1
^0.
 Ill
So the function f(z) = has poles of order m = 1 at each of the points
cosz r

z„=-+nn
~" (n = 0,±l,±2,...).
2

The corresponding residues are

(b) Write

tanh ^ = where p(z) = sinhz and q(z) = coshz.

Bothp and q are entire, and the zeros of q are (Sec. 34)

z = I ^- + nn
nw \i (n = 0,±l,±2,...)
2 f
In addition to the fact that J ~+ ( jf = 0, we see that
J

P + nn = sinh = icosnn = /(-!)" *

i[j )*) (^ +
and

+ = Sinh + n?n =
*'((f (f ' ) * °-

So the points z = + (« = 0,±1,±2,...) are poles of order m=1 of tanhz, the

residue in each case being

p\ [
— + nn }i I
Let C be the positively oriented circle lzl= 2, shown just below.

TO 72 x

(a) To evaluate the integral tan z dz , we write the integrand as

Jc

tanz = £^£l ) where p(z) = sin z and q(z) = cosz,

and recall that the zeros of cos z are z = -^ + n;r (n = 0,±1,±2,...). Only two of those

zeros, namely z = ±tt/2, are interior to C, and they are the isolated singularities of

tanz interior to C. Observe that

n(nll) p(-x/2) _
Res tanz = ,
' =-1 and Res tanz _ „ •
_ L
z=t/2 tf(tf/2) qX-npi)

Hence
f tanz*fe = 27ri(-l-l) = -47ri.

(fe) The problem here is to evaluate the integral . To do this, we write the
Jc sinh2z
integrand as

— — = £Q
\
sinh2z q(z)
t where p(z) = l and g(z) = sinh2z.

Now sinh2z = when 2z = nm (n = 0,±1,±2,...), or when

—2
(/z = 0,±l,±2,...).

Three of these zeros of sinh2z, namely and±-^-> are inside C and are the isolated

singularities of the integrand that need to be considered here. It is straightforward to

show that

Res _J_ = £W = _J_ = I2'

*=o sinh2z q'(0) 2cosh0
 113
1 p(m/2) _ 1 1 1
Res
*=»/2sinh2z q'(m/2) 2cosh(;ri) 2cosrc 2'

and

Res
1
= PtE!2± = 1
=
1
= *

z =-«v2 S inh2z q'(-jti/2) 2cosh(-;rz) 2'

2cos(-;r)

Thus

-to.
Jc
s inh2z U 2 2

5. The simple closed contour CN is as shown in the figure below.

Within Q, the function -= has isolated singularities at

z smz

z = and z = ±nn (n = l,2,...,AT).

To find the residue at z = 0, we recall the Laurent series for cscz that was found in Exercise
2, Sec. 61, and write

- + —z +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
= -t-cscz
2
= -ri
2 z z +-
z sinz z z \z 3! (3!) 5!

1 1 1 1 1
-= + + z+- (0<IzI<tt).
3 2
z 6 z (3!) 5!_
114

This tells us that -=4

z smz
— has a pole of order 3 at z = and that

1 1
Res i
«=° z smz 6

As for the points z = ±nn (n = 1,2, . .

.
, N), write

~Y~
z smz
—
= ^tt,
q(z)
where p(z) = 1 and q(z) = z 2 sinz.

Since

p(±rut) = 1*0, q(±nn) - 0, and q\±nn) = n 2 n 2 cosnit = (-l)"n z 7F z 56 0,

it follows that

1 1 (-1)" (-1)"
Res 2
*=±»* z sinz (-1)"«V (-1)"
~~
nV
So, by the residue theorem,

J,c"
cfe = 2m
z sinz 6

Rewriting this equation in the form

A (-1)" +1
=
tt
2
g f dz
2 2
il n 12 4i'-kz sinz

and recalling from Exercise 7, Sec. 41, that the value of the integral here tends to zero as N
tends to infinity, we arrive at the desired summation formula:

1 2

f (-ir 2
= n
it n 12

The path C here is the positively oriented boundary of the rectangle with vertices at the
points ±2 and ±2 + i. The problem is to evaluate the integral

dz
c (z 2 -l) 2 +3'
 115
The isolated singularities of the integrand are the zeros of the polynomial

q(z) = (z 2 -l) 2 +3.

2
Setting this polynomial equal to zero and solving for z , we find that any zero z of q(z) has
2
the property z = l±V3i. It is straightforward to find the two square roots of 1+ V3i and
also the two square roots of 1-V3i. These are the four zeros of q(z). Only two of those
zeros,

z,.^-.^*L and d*+L,

he inside C. They are shown in the figure below.

To find the residues at z and -Zq , we write the integrand of the integral to be evaluated as

1 _ P(z)
= 1 and = (z - 1) +3.
2 2
, where p(z) q(z)
(z -l) +3 q(z)

This polynomial q(z) is, of course, the same q(z) as above; hence q(z ) = 0. Note, too, that

p and q are analytic at Zq and that p(z ) * 0. Finally, it is straightforward to show that
2
q\z) = 4z(z - 1) and hence that

?'(*<,) = 4z (4 - 1) = -2V6 + 6V2/ * 0.

We may conclude, then, that z is a simple pole of the integrand, with residue

P(z ) _ 1

q'(z ) -2V6+6V2i'

Similar results are to be found at the singular point -Iq. To be specific, it is easy to see that

q X-Zo ) = -q '(z„ ) = -7(^) = 2V6 + 6V2i * 0,

the residue of the integrand at -Zq being

q'i-Zo) 2V6 + 6V2/*

 (

Finally, by the residue theorem,

f = 2ml 1
+
1
= __
^ Z
2 2
- 1) + 3 \-2sf6 + 6V2i 2V6 + 6V2i J 2^2

We are given that /(z) = l/[?(z)] 2 where ? , is analytic at z*, ?(z )= 0, and ?'(z )*0.
These conditions on 4 tell us that q has a zero of order m = l at v Hence
#(z) = (z - Zq)^(z), where £ is a function that is analytic and nonzero at z ; and this enables
us to write

f(z) = -^-T , where = —^.

So /has a pole of order 2 at z , and

Res/(z) = 0'(zo ) = -M^.

But, since q(z) = (z -z )#(z), we know that

q'(z) = (z-z )g'(z) + g(z) and ?"(z) = (z-z ,,

)g (z) + 2g'(z ).

Then, by setting z =z in these last two equations, we find that

q'(z ) = g(z ) and ?"(z ) = 2s'(z ).

Consequently, our expression for the residue of /at z can be put in the desired form:
Q

Res/(z) = - q "^\ .

(a) To find the residue of the function esc 2 z at z = 0, we write

csc z ~ wnere ^(z) = sinz.

r < sn2 »

W(z)J

Since q is entire, #(0) = 0, and q'(0) = 1 * 0, the result in Exercise 7 tells us that

Rescsc z = - q
2
3
= 0.
[<z'(0)]
 —

(b) The residue of the function - ^-—j at z = can be obtained by writing

(z +z )

2
-, where q(z) = z + z2
{z +z ) [q(z)f

Inasmuch asqis entire, q(0)=0, and q'(0) = 1*0, we know from Exercise 7 that

Res 1 =-j£<°>_ = - 2
- (z+z
1
) [«W
.
 .

118

Chapter 7

SECTION 72

1. To evaluate the integral

J— -,
— we integrate the function f(z) = around the simple
n
x +1 Z +1
closed contour shown below, where R>L
y

c.

We see that

2 2
J
_s x +l J ^ z +l
where

5 = Res —r—— = Res

«'
z +1 (z-f)(z + Z + l'_U 2i

Thus

f f <fe

Now if z is a point on Q,

2
lz + ll>llzl 2 -ll=rt 2 -l;

and so

E.
-»0 as
J, R 2 -l i_J_
R2

Finally, then

dx n
J
1
1 —7 =
2
tt> or
1
—dx :
2
=—
_ * + 1 Jjc +1 2
 -

119

2. The integral
°°

J
J —5
— dx
(x +1)
rrj" can be evaluated using the function f(z) = —+ 1
5- and the same
(z 1)

simple closed contour as in Exercise 1. Here

2 2+ = 27riB,
_((jc + l) fc( z 2 + i)
i\2 .2 ,

1
where B = Res 2
. Since
*"<~V + 1)

(z
12—^ =
+ l) 2 TT
2
1 -
(z-i)
^'
Hz)
2
.

where
.
,
0( z )
x
= —
U+
1

we readily find that B = <j>'(i) = -7- , and so

4i

fife

J „0t 2 2 2 2
?
(* + l)
1) 2 ^(z
J<
+l)

If z is a point on CR we know
, from Exercise 1 that

2
lz + ll>i? 2 -l;
thus

t dz
az
<—inR t=
J? 3
~>0 R-*°°.
b (z
2
+ l)
2 , ,2 as

The desired result is, then,

°r dx _% or
r dx %_
2 2 "2' JcTTif'T
i(x +i)

3. We begin the evaluation of [ f* by finding the zeros of the polynomial z* + 1, which are
+1
the fourth roots of -1, and noting that two of them are below the real axis. In fact, if we
consider the simple closed contour shown below, where R>1, that contour encloses only
the two roots

k
~ €jit/* _ 1
+
1

"V2 V2
and
J3X/4 iJT/4„iJt/2 1 . / V 1 i
 r

120

Now

where

R - Res— — ^
and 2?, = Res—
*=*2 Z +1

The method of Theorem 2 in Sec. 69 tells us that z, and z1 are simple poles of — :
and
z +1
that

^=rr--
4zj
= -7-
4 Zi
311(1 fi
2 =TT--
4z z
= -T'
4
3
2 2

4
since z, = -1 and zt = -1. Furthermore,

B +B2 =-j(z +z2 ) =

l l
~
2V2"

Hence

t dx _ n t dz

}R x* + l~j2 Jc,
z* + i'

Since

J, 4
c«z +l

we have

°°t dx n °r dx n
iy + l"V2'
°r
L 4
+ l"2V2-
 121

— —x—dx— ——
2
r
We wish to evaluate the integral = =
2
. We use the simple closed contour
l(x +l)(x +4)
shown below, where R>2.

We must find the residues of the function /(z) = — , : at its simple poles
(z + l)(z + 4)
z = i and z = 2i. They are

B = Res/(z) =
+ /)(z 2 + 4).
l
(z 6/
and

fi2 =Res/(z) = 2
Z
*=2< +l)(z + 2z). ?=2i 3/'
(7
(z

Thus

f 2
*A 2 +fJJc.
z dz
+ l)(x'
K(x +l)(x
ijtf + 4) c + + 4)

or
*

J
(x
2
2
x dx
2
+l)(x +4)
=
n r
--f
3 J
2
z dz
c(z 3 + lXz 2 + 4)
—
R

If z is a point on CR , then

lz
2
+ ll^llzl 2 -ll = /? 2 -l and lz
2
+4l2>lld -4l
2
= /? 2 -4.

Consequendy,

2
z <fc
-»0 as
(z
2
+ l)(z 2 +4) 2
(R -l)(R -4)
2

and we may conclude that

x dx n dx it

J 2 2
i(jf" +l)(^ + 4) 3 (jt + l)(* + 4) 6
 '

122
f x dx—
———5
5. The integral f — 5
2
—5- can be evaluated with the aid of the function
{(x + 9)(x + 4)
2 2

f(z) 2 2 2
(z +9)(z +4)

and the simple closed contour shown below, where R > 3.

We start by writing
2
x dx z dz
J {x 2
R
+ 9){x 2 + 4) 2 Jct Z 2
( + 9)(^ + 4) 2

where
2 2

A = Res Ti—r~n
«-* (z + 9)(z +4)
z
z
z
— z
and 5, = Res—z
(z
5

+9)(z
z
=
z
+4r
=-.

Now
t
3
1 2 2
(z + 3i)(z + 4) J?=3<
50/'

To find B2 we write
,

2
z __0(z) ._, x , ,
= Z"
2 2 2
-, where 0(z) 2 2
+9)(z + 4)
:

(z (z-2/) (z + 9)(z + 2/)

Then
13
2?2 = 0'(2/) =
200/
This tells us that
A 2 2
x dx z
=JL_fJ </z
J
R
2
(x +9)(x
2
+4)
2
100 Mz
<Wz a
2 a\2'
+ 9)(z.2a +4) . :

Finally, since

2 3
z dz 7r/?

1,c 2 2 2 2 2 j -» as R -> 00,

*(z +9)(z +4) (R -9)(R -4)
we find that

2
* d!x 7T * etc
2
or
f 0c 2
z 2 1 2 2 2
(* + +9)(;c + 4) 100 U +9)(a: +4) 200'
 . .

7. In order to show that

xdx
P V f 2
= -—
'^(x + l)(x 2 + 2x + 2) 5'

we introduce the function

2 2
(z + l)(z +2z + 2)

and the simple closed contour shown below.

/ x >
*

R X

Observe that the singularities of /(z) are at i, z„=-l + i and their conjugates

z = -1 - i in the lower half plane. Also, if R > V2, we see that

K

jf(x)dx + j f(z)dz = 2m(B +B l ),

where
*
2? =Res/(z)= = _JL + _L-I
z
«-«o (z +l)(z-z ) io io
Z=Zo
and

B =Resf(z) =
l
= _L_I- 1'

(z + /)(z +2z + 2) 10 5

Evidently, then,

f £<& = _£_f zdz

zrfz
2
4U 2
+ 1)(jc + 2x + 2) 5
2
^(z + l)(z + 2z + 2) 2

Since

r Z*fe r zdz
->0
h (z
(z
2
z
+ l)(z 2
i
l)( z + 2z + 2)
~ (z
(z
z
2
+ l)(z-z )(z-z^) (tf
2
-!)(/? -V2)
2

as R -» °°, this means that

,.
hm r
—
*-*~L(x +l)(x + 2x + 2)
;
2
xdx
2
= — n
5
This is the desired result.
124

8. The problem here is to establish the integration formula

J
— - = using the simple

closed contour shown below, where R > 1.

1 iicn
There is only one singularity of the function f(z) = 3
, namely z - e , that is interior
z +1
to the closed contour when R > 1 . According to the residue theorem,

dz . r dz . r dz
JclZ 3 +l Jc«
z
3
+1 JC2Z 3 +1 z=Zo Z
3
+l

where the legs of the closed contour are as indicated in the figure. Since Q has parametric
representation z =r (0 < r < R),

^z = f dr
f
kz + l~{ r3 + l'
3

and, since -C2 can be represented by z = re ann (0 <r< R),

J J2,K*n
f dz r dz- _ *f e dr _ n ,/3 f

JcJZ 3 +i J-c2Z 3 +1 J(re ,2,c/3

)
3
+l Jr 3 + 1'

Furthermore,

2- i2 *' 3
5S.V + 1 3z ~ 3*
Consequently,

But
U
V +l 3^
2ff/3
Jca2 > +r

1 2^i?
<. >
n as R-><x>.
3 3
•h z + i R -l 3

This gives us the desired result, with the variable of integration r instead of x :

f
dr 2 m 2ni n 2%
JV + 1 a *n l

» t A 3(e -e -e ) 3(e —e ) 3sm(2^/3) 3\3

 —

125
Let m
and n be integers, where < m < n. The problem here is to derive the integration
formula

[—5-
2n
-dx = —esc
i x +1 In \ In

2n
(a) The zeros of the polynomial z +1 occur when z - -1. Since

1/(2B) .(2k + i)n

(-l) =exp (k = 0,1,2,.. .,2n-l),
In

2n
it is clear that the zeros of z +1 in the upper half plane are

(* = 0,l,2,...,n-l)

and that there are none on the real axis.

(b) With the aid of Theorem 2 in Sec. 69, we find that

2m 2m ,
c
Res-^— = . \_
2n-l
z ''-
= J_ c *(— )+>
,
(* = 0,1,2... .,n-l).
<-»V + l 2wc, 2n
1

^ 2m + l
a=
.

Putting n, we can write

In

2(m-n)+l
" eX |. (2fc + l)7r(2m- 2w + i)l
T In J

[\(2* + l)(2m + l);rl

'— , .
= expl i-i
^- exp[-/(2fc
,N
+ l);r] =

Thus

-2m
(2t+l)o
Res- 2 (* = 0,1,2 /i-l).
*=<*z " +l In

In view of the identity (see Exercise 10, Sec. 7)

n-l i n

k=0 1 ~
 126
then,

n-l ,2m
—m e
n-l
l-e i2an e
- ia
m e
i2an
-l
f ^z 2n
+ l n l-e :2a -ia
n
'

e
ia
-e~
ia

m e
iitm+l)
*-l n 2i n
a ,a
n e -e n e' -e nsma

(c) Consider the path shown below, where R>1.

c.

The residue theorem tells us that

2m 2m
r x r z 54 r 2m
+ <fe = 2;R'2 Res
J T57TT^
Zr x +1 L 3TTT
JC,,
Z +1 k=o
z=c"Z ^T'
+1

or

}R x
2n
+l nsina k z
2n
+l

Observe that if z is a point on CR , then

2m
lz l = /?2m and \z
2n
+ \\>R 2n -I.

Consequently,

1
R2m -2»
2(n-m)-l

W'+l dz R 2a -l "
/?
-2n
1-
1
->0;
2«

and the desired integration formula follows.

10. The problem here is to evaluate the integral

dx
2 '

Kx -a) + l] 2
Ji 2

where a is any real number. We do this by following the steps below.

 127
(a) Let us first find the four zeros of the polynomial

q(z) = (z 2 -a) 2 + l.

2 2
Solving the equation q(z) = for z , we obtain z =a±i. Thus two of the zeros are
the square roots of a + i, and the other two are the square roots of a- i. By Exercise
5, Sec. 9, the two square roots of a + i are the numbers

Zq =-j=>(^A + a+rtA-a) and -z ,

2
where A = 4c? + 1. Since (±z ) =z\ =a + i = a- i, the two square roots of a - i, are
evidently
z and -z .

The four zeros of q(z) just obtained are located in the plane in the figure below, which
tells us that z and -Zo lie above the real axis and that the other two zeros lie below it.

• •
Zo

X
• •
-Zo Zo

(b) Let q(z) denote the polynomial in part (a) and define the function ;

1
f(z) =
[q(z)f

which becomes the integrand in the integral to be evaluated when z = x. The method
developed in Exercise 7, Sec. 69, reveals that z is a pole of order 2 of /. To be
specific, we note that q is entire and recall from part (a) that q(Zo) = 0. Furthermore,

q\z) = 4z(z 2 - a) and z\=a + i, as pointed out above in part (a). Consequently,
2'(z ) = 4z„ (Zq -a) = 4iz * 0. The exercise just mentioned, together with the relations

zl=a + i and 1 + a1 = A2 , also enables us to write the residue of /at Zq'.

2 2 2
g"(Zo)
= 12z - 4a _ 3zp -a _ 3(a + i)-a a — i a — /(2a + 3)

WW
__
3 2 2
(4iz ) 16iz z 16i(a + i)zo' a-i 16A Zo

As for the point -z , we observe that

q'(-z) = -q\z) and q'\-z) = q'Xz).

Since q(-z ) = and #'(-z ) = -q'do) = 4i'z 0, the point -Zq is also a pole of order
2 off. Moreover, if B2 denotes the residue there,

_ <?"(-?<)) _ <?"(*(,) _ f g»frb) 1 _ -5

= .
3 3 3 x
[^'(-^,)] [<?'(z )] l^'(^o)]

Thus

-g + f(2fl 2 +3)
B.+B2 = B.-B.= 2r'Im5. = —Vim
l 1 1 1

8A2/ Zn

We now integrate /(z) around the simple closed path in the figure below, where
R >\z \ and CR denotes the semicircular portion of the path. The residue theorem tells

us that
R
jf(x)dx + f(z)dz = 27ri(A + B2 ),

or

dx -a + i(2a 2 +3) dz
Im 2
•
I;
[<?(z)J

In order to show that

dx
lim f
= 0,
*^~ Jc« [?(z)]
2

we start with the observation that the polynomial q(z) can be factored into the form

q (z) = (z - Zq )(z + Zo )(z ~ Zo )(z + z )•

lz±Zol>llzl-IZoll = /?-lzol and \z±Zq\>\ Izl-lz^l I = R-\z \.

 a

129
4
This enables us to see that \q(z)\ ^ (/?-lz„l) when z is on CR . Thus

(R-\z \)'

for such points, and we arrive at the inequality

nR
8 8 '

(tf-IZoO

which tells us that the value of this integral does, indeed, tend to as R tends to <».

Consequently,

dx n -q + /(2a 2 + 3)
P.V. 2 2
Im
j
J
_ .[(* -a) 2 +l] 4A 2 ^0

But the integrand here is even, and

z
-a + i(2a +3) -a + i(2a 2 + 3) -jA + a - i-yjA-a
Im = Im V2
Zo VA + a +/VA-a VA + a -i^A-a

So, the desired result is

k 2 2
-a) + l]
2
=^[(2a 2
+ 3)VA^ + .VA^],

where A = Vfl 2 + 1.

SECTION 74

1. The problem here is to evaluate the integral

r

_*.(*+
— —
cosx dx
2
=

X*+&)
where a > b > 0. To do

this, we introduce the function f(z) = — —n~' whose singularities ai and bi lie
(z +a )(z +b )

inside the simple closed contour shown below, where R > a. The other singularities are, of

course, in the lower half plane.

130
According to the residue theorem,

a
e dx ft
J/(z)e £fe = 2»XA + ^).
jj? + a 2
)(x
2
+b 2 -+
/ r.
where

B, = Res[/(zK<] = - -
*=<« (z
v 2 +b 2 )
.

+ ai)(z . 2a(*
2
-a 2 )/
:=oi

and
e-»
52 =Res[/(z)e'
z
]
=
=bi
2b(a
2
-b 2 )i-
That is,
b
e"dx n (e
_£1 - \Az)e*dz,
2 2
Is a -b \ b a
or
( -b -a\
cos*dfr
2 Rejf(z)e k dz.
(x + a 2 )(x 2 + b 2 ) a
2
-b 2

Now, if z is a point on CR ,

l/(z)l< MR fi
where M» = — = = = 5-
* (R
2
-a 2 )(R 2 -b 2 )
\=e~ y <1. Hence
iz
md\e

nR
ReJc/(z)^&|<|jCj[ /(z)e'Vz <>MB nR = 2 2
-» as R -» 00.
(R -a )(R
2
-b 2 )
So it follows that

r cosjtd!*
2
(a>b>0).
i (jc + a 2 )(jc 2 + fc 2 ) a
2
-& 2 l ft a

f COS fl.y
2. This problem is to evaluate the integral — =
dx, where a > 0. The function

/(z) =— —
- has the singularities ±1; and so we may integrate around the simple closed
z +1
contour shown below, where R > 1.

y
 <

131
We start with

)-1-—dx+
iai
jf(z)e dz = 2mB,
X +1
-R C,
where

B = Res[f(z)e
1
UK
]
J
= ^-:
*="
z+i 2i
Hence

lOX

\—^dx = ne- a
- \f{z)e
iai
dz,

or

cosax _
= ^ a -Re /(zy<fe,
r _ ,, , r .
,„ T ,

J -rrr^ J

Since

\f{z)\<MR where L-

we know that

icR
Re \f{z)e^dz
R 2 -V

and so
cos ax
dx = ne~
J x2 +l

That is,
cosax
=—
r , it
—5
J* 2 +l ox 2
(a>0).

4. To evaluate the integral \

I
XS
x +3
^
2
X
dx, we first introduce the function

2
z +3 (z-zOiz-zJ

where z, = V3i. The point zt lies above the x axis, and zi lies below it. If we write

fi&P^M.
-
where Hz) = ,
z Zl Z-Zt
 .

132
we see that zx is a simple pole of the function f(z)e i2z and that the corresponding residue is

V3/exp(-2V3) _ exp(-2V3)
B = (j>(z ) =
1 l
2V3i 2

Now consider the simple closed contour shown in the figure below, where R > VJ

2i
Integrating f(z)e' around the closed contour, we have
R ilx

jf—dx = 2mB l -if(z)e

i2i
dz.

Thus

j -^T^dx = Im(2^)-Im jcJ(z)e i2i dz.

Now, when z is a point on CR ,

l/(z)l< M R, where M =—
R > as R -» °°;

and so, by limit (1), Sec. 74,

iu
limf f(z)e dz = 0.
R-*~JC,

Consequendy, since

Jmj J(z)e i2t dz\<\j nz)e iU dz

c c

we arrive at the result

|^<fa=^p(-2V3), or j™H.,fr = fexp(-2V3).

JLJf +3 „*+3
J
2
 133

The be evaluated *
integral to is
f f^"* dx, where a >
x +4
0. We define the function
L
/(z) = ~Tj7^' and b y computing the fourth
» roots of -4, we find that the singularities

^=V2e te/4 =l + i and z2 = V2V 3 *' 4 = V2V*' V*' 2 = (1 + i)i = -1 + i

both lie inside the simple closed contour shown below, where R > V2 . The other two
singularities lie below the real axis.

The residue theorem and the method of Theorem 2 in Sec. 69 for finding residues at simple
poles tell us that

R 3 tax
x
k f(z)eiKdz = 27n'^ + ^
-
e

7+4 *
+
f

where
giaZ a(1+,)
'
z g
5 - Res^g* - - = ggH
'
i
=
1 4
t-tt z +4 4z
3
4 4 ~ 4

and

o7 — Kes — = —= = =
z=z lZ * + 4 4z* 4 4 4

Since

. e +e
27n'(A+£2 ) = flu; \
= i7te cos a,

we are now able to write

r x smax r
-^r^pfr = « "cosa-Im J
.

J /Uy*.
 —
134
Furthermore, if z is a point on CR , then

l/(z)l < MR where MR = —R—

R
— 3

-
4
-> as R -> <»;
and this means that

^ L fW R
ehZdz
\ * \fCR me iaz
dZ -» as /? -> °°,

according to limit (1), Sec. 74. Finally, then,

3
x sinax
7
J
—x +4
—ax = ne
3
, .
cos a (a>0).

*
8. In order to evaluate the integral , we introduce here the function
Jf 2
(x + l)(* 2 +9)

f(z)= 2 2 ^ox - Its singularities in the upper half plane are i and 3i, and we
consider the simple closed contour shown below, where R > 3.

Since

z 1
Res[/(z)e*]=
'f2
(z+0(r+9) 16e

and

Res[/(z)e
«= 3 ' 1
iz

]
J
= 71z -z e* 3 »
(z + l)(z + 3i) Z=3i
I6e

the residue theorem tells us that

3 a
t x e dx r /'i
,( (^ + l)(^ + 9)
+
Jc/^ = H-I? 16<? 16e
3 '

or

r j: sin x dx n (9 \ t
 135
Now if z is a point on CR , then

\f{z)\<s MR* where M* = —

R
-
2
(R -l)(R 2 -9)
— n as R-> oo.

So, in view of limit (1), Sec. 74,

Im < ->0
\c J (z)e*dz\
| J
\c
(z)e*dz as /?-> oo;

and this means that

"r _jc^nxdx_ _ n_(9__\ i

x smxdx it (9
T °f
2 2 2 ° 2
l(x +\){x +9) 8e{e )' J
(x + l)(x +9)~
2
I6e \e
2

The Cauchy principal value of the integral

J
f f 2
nx<ix
x +4* + 5
can |, e foun(j ^ih ^ f ^
1
function /(z) = and the simple closed contour shown below, where R > V5.
r +4z + 5
Using the quadratic formula to solve the equation z 2 +4z + 5 = 0, we find that / has
singularities at the points zl =-2 + i and zx =-2-i. Thus f(z) = 3
(z-zjiz-zj
—— , where z^

is interior to the closed contour and z x

is below the real axis.

The residue theorem tells us that

where

S = Res
and so

r smxdx 2me ,Zl

k
I
l
—5 r = Im -Imf f(z)e dz,
„ x + Ax + 5
J
L(zi-^i).
136
or

r sinxdx % . „ , f

lz
Now, if z is a point on Q, then \e \=e~ y < 1 and

l/(z)l<M„ where M R
=

Hence

Im f /(z)^|<|f < M nR = —R 2
-» as R -» oo,
(/?-V5)

and we may conclude that

.
V
7
J
~—
sin;t<£t
2 7
= #
sm2
. „
-
J
x + 4x + 5
'a
e

Cauchy ^ x + 1 ^ cosx
10. To find the principal value of the improper integral f . dx, we shall use
2
J
x +4x + 5
z+l
the function /(z) =
r + 4z + 5 (z-zJiz-zO
z+1
— , where z = -2 + /, and z = -2 - 1, and
x x
the

same simple closed contour as in Exercise 9. In this case,

where

+ Qg-2
''

(z + l)e* _ (Zt+l)g
fel
(-l
5 = Res =
(z-^Xz-zi) (z-zi) 2ez

Thus

or

r (x + Dcosjc . tt, .
v r

Finally, we observe that if z is a point on Cs , then

R+l R+l
\f(z)\<MR where Ms = -» as R -» oo.
(R-izMR-m (/?-V5)
2
 137
Limit (1), Sec. 74, then tells us that

RcJCa /(z)«*<fe|^|jCa /(z)e*& -» as /? -> oo,

and so

(* + n,
_,,
pv -
r
^ — l)cos;t
:
r^ = — (sin 2 -cos
, . _
2).

12. (aj Since the function /(z) = exp(i'z 2 ) is entire, the Cauchy-Goursat theorem tells us that its

integral around the positively oriented boundary of the sector 0£r<R, 0<6<nl A
has value zero. The closed path is shown below.

A parametric representation of the horizontal line segment from the origin to the point
R is z = x (0<x<,R), and a representation for the segment from the origin to the point
4
Re'"* is z = re"" (0 < r <, R). Thus

« A
ixl lll iK rl
je dx + e dz-e '*\e- dr = <d,
jc

or

)e
ixl
dx = e "'*]e- dr-\
i
rl
e
e dz.
c

By equating real parts and then imaginary parts on each side of this last equation, we
see that

R
2 r
1*1
jcos(x )dx = -j=je~ *dr-Rej e*dz
C*
o

and

R |
R
2
fsin(jc )dbt = -H<f r2 </r-Imf e*dz.
J c*
1 V2 i
138

(b) A parametric representation for the arc CR is z = Re ie (0 < < 7r / 4). Hence

it/* a/4
izl 1
'
a ie RlA * 26 iRla" ie i6
e dz= \e* 'Rie d9 = iR\e- e e de.
jc

z
.iR cosZ0 iB
Since = 1 and \e \
= 1, it follows that

, ic/4
lsia26
Jc
e*dz<R je-* dd.

Then, by making the substitution = 2d in this

<j) last integral and referring to the form
(3), Sec. 74, of Jordan's inequality, we find that

-» as R -» oo.
2 2¥~4R

(c) In view of the result in part (b) and the integration formula

o
z

it follows from the last two equations in part (a) that

2
]cos(x )dx =
^^ and Jsin(*
2
)d!* =

SECTION 77

1. The main problem here is to derive the integration formula

-
cos(ax) - cos(foc) ,
2 dx = —(p - a) (a>0,b>0),

using the indented contour shown below.

y
 139
Applying the Cauchy-Goursat theorem to the function

/(*) =
we have

f f(z)dz+[ f(z)dz+l f(z)dz+i f(z)dz = 0,

J M JC JL * 1 «C.

or

Since ^ and have parametric representations

i0
L :z = re = r(p<r£R)
l
and - L2 :z = re" = -r(p<r^R),

we can see that

^ wr ibr & — iar —ifer

S e
~e ~e
^ /<«)& + j f(z)dz = jj(z)dz-l_J{z)dz = \
Li
dr +
\
dr

- (e* + e"*')
(g^+g^ ) -5
r
J cos(ar) - cos(fcr)
dr = „
, ,
f
-5 dr.
J 2J

Thus

In order to find the limit of the first integral on the right here as p -» 0, we write

2 3 N
iaz (iaz) (/az) ibz(ibz)\(ibz)\ •••
fiz) = \
z
^ |

1!
|

2!
(

3!
|
(1H
I 1!
1

2!
H
3!
h

/(a-fc)
+ ••• (0<lzl<°°).

From this we see that z = is a simple pole of f{z), with restdue~Ik = i(a - b). Thus

lim f f(z)dz = -B 7ti = -i(a - b)m = %{a - b).

p—»0 JCp
 140
As for the limit of the value of the second integral as R -» «>, we note that if z is a point on
CR , then

M
rt ^ \e"*\+\e \
e-v + e -* ^1 + 1 2

Consequently,

<—t kR =
R2
—R -*0 as

It is now clear that letting p -» and /?-><» yields

^7 cos(ar)-cos(frr )L J
2J
j dr= n(b-a)
o

This is the desired integration formula, with the variable of integration r instead of x.

Observe that when a - and b = 2, that result becomes

7 1 - cos(2;t)
J
3 ,
dx = n-
A

But cos(2jc) = 1 - 2 sin 2 x, and we arrive at

I * 2

2. Let us derive the integration formula

r x (l-a)TT
fa = ,
(
- 1<a<3)
,
'
|(7TIF' 4cos(a,/2 )

where x" = exp(aln x) when * > 0. We shall integrate the function

_ z" exp(alogz) . _ 3;^

whose branch cut is the origin and the negative imaginary axis, around the simple closed
path shown below.
 p
Branch cut

By Cauchy's residue theorem,

f
JL
f(z)dz+i f{z)dz+[
JL
f(z)dz+i
JC
f(z)dz = 2mResf(z).
i z p i=i

That is,

f f(z)dz+ f f(z)dz = 2mResf(z)~ f f(z)dz- f f(z)dz.

Since

Ll
:z = re i0 =r(p<r<R) and -I2 :z = re = -r(p<r</?), fat

the left-hand side of this last equation can be written

* a(lnr+i"0) R o(lnr+/)r)

« a * a * a

= J1 71—
2 2
dr + «"* \ ,i2 2
<fr = (1 + f /+ . dr.
(r -4-
1) J(r +1) 'J(r 2 1)
2

Also,

Res/(z) = where </>(z) = '

2
(z +

the point z = i being a pole of order 2 of the function f(z). Straightforward differentiation
reveals that

_ a(z + i)-2z
'(-\
0'(z) = e-(a-l)logz 3
L (z +
 142
and from this it follows that

-iaKll fl-a
Res f(z) = -ie

We now have

Once we show that

limf f(z)dz = and lira f(z)dz = 0,

p-*0 iC„ f
JC.

we arrive at the desired result:

„a _/i _\ JaKll -iaKll

— a) ^(1 - a)
\
_r
^_ _e e (l-a)ff
J
o(^+l)
2
2 l + e m* iaic
e
—iaKll
4 e
ia*'2
+e -ia*l2
AcQS ( a7t / 2 )

The first of the above limits is shown by writing

a+l
Tip
f(z)dz np =
2r
I (l-p 2 ) (1-p
2
)

and noting that the last term tends to as p -» since a+1> 0. As for the second limit,

1 _ 1
Ra
mdz 2 2 "" 2
\jc (tf -l) (R -l)
2
1 |1-
R4

and the last term here tends to as /?-»<» since 3 - a > 0.

3. The problem here is to derive the integration formulas

2
"(Mxlnx
f
-yxln* i, n
jr .
, _
. 7f VI
Vjc , 7t

l
2
x +l 6
2
J* 2 + l V3

by integrating the function

m logz e^logz
H
f(r )
, z

z
2
_
+l ~ z
2
+l
lzl>0, — <argz< —
 143
around the contour shown in Exercise 2. As was the case in that exercise,

f f(z)dz + f f(z)dz = 2mResf(z) - f f(z)dz - f f(z)dz.

Since

/W-M
z-i
where =
z+i

the point z = i is a simple pole of f(z), with residue

Res/(z) = 0(O = ye'*/6 .

The parametric representations

L :z = re i0 =r(p<r<R) and
l -L :z = re = -r(p<r<R)
1
iK

can be used to write

J. and f = ^.J^l^fr.
Thus

2
Vrlnr Ifrlnr+in Vr ^
f
^ „ ;r

T
gl /3

J^TT^
+
r2 1
( 1
J
r
>
+i
dr= e
-i c /^z-jc mdz.
I
p ;
p

By equating real parts on each side of this equation, we have

m^dr + cos(;r / 3) l^fdr - nsin{7t 1 3)\-^-dr = -— sin(;r / 6)

-Ref /(zVfe-Ref /(*)&;

and equating imaginary parts yields

* 3/~~ i * 3/~" 2
sin(;r / 3) f-^-f
r+1
flfr + *rcos(w / 3) \——dr
2 J
=
r +l
—
2
cos(;r / 6)
J

•Imf /(z)<fe-Imf /(z)<fe.

r

Now sin(^/3) = ^, cos(^/3) = ^-,

z Z
sin(7r/6) = ^-, cos(^/6) =
2
—2
and it is routine to

show that

limf f(z)dz = and lim f /(z)<fc

v 7
= 0.
p->0 Jc, ' /}_- Jc,
144
Thus

3f V7lnr W3 r W . ;r
2

2 2
2 * r +l 2 J
r +l 4
That is,
3 _ W3 _ n2
2
l
2
2 ~ T*

1 2
2 2 4

Solving these simultaneous equations for /j and 72 , we arrive at the desired integration
formulas.

4. Let us use the function

2
n I*
/(z)
v
= -2—
Z +1
(logz) f,

V
n
lzl>0,--<argz<-
i

2 2

and the contour in Exercise 2 to show that

f ——-<& = —
(lnx)

{x +l2
n2
j
8
3

and
} Inx
J
Q
-5
2
x +l
— dtc
,
=n
0.

Integrating /(z) around the closed path shown in Exercise 2, we have

f
f(z)dz + j '
nz)dz = 2mResAz)-[ f(z)dz-\ f(z)dz.

Since

/W-M
Z-i
where
z+i

the point z =/ is a simple pole of /(z) and the residue is

Res/(z) = 0(0 =
*=•'
^ 2/
=
(lnl + t-;r/2 ) 2
2/
= _*1
8i
'

Also, the parametric representations

L :z = re i0 =r{p<r<R)
l
and -L :z = re
2
iic
= -r(p<r<R)
 enable us to write

Since
J,/W*"f$£*
P
and
y^,]^f P
dr .

p p p
then,

p p p

Equating real parts on each side of this equation, we have

p p

and equating imaginary parts yields

r ,

27c\^-dr = lmi f(z)dz-lm[ f(z)dz.

p

It is straightforward to show that

lim f f(z)dz = and lim f f(z)dz = 0.

Hence

and

Finally, inasmuch as (see Exercise 1, Sec. 72),

= %
r dr _
2
Jr + 1 2'

we arrive at the desired integration formulas.

146

5. Here we evaluate the integral dx, where a>b>0. We consider the

J
(x + a)(x + b)
function

.1/3 expl ^logz

(z + a)(z + b) (z + a)(z + fc)

and the simple closed contour shown below, which is similar to the one used in Sec. 77. The
numbers p and R are small and large enough, respectively, so that the points z = -a and
z = -b are between the circles.

A parametric representation for the upper edge of the branch cut from p to R is z = re i0
(p < r < R), and so the value of the integral of /along that edge is

r exp (ln/- + iO)

f

o
_LL :

(r + a)(r + b)
^ r = f

{( r
£
+ a)(r + b)
^

A representation for the lower edge from p to is R is z = re n * (p<r< R). Hence the
value of the integral of / along that edge from R to p is

*exp -(lnr + /2;r)

f
L3 \ dr = -e i2 *n \ dr.
i(r + a)(r + b)

According to the residue theorem, then,

 147
where

3=Res/(z)
exp|jlog(-a)j exp|j(lna +
/;r)J gM3
^
-a+b a-b a-b

and

1
exp |log(-t) exp (\nb + in) n
B2 =Resf(z) = -
i" Mb
Z=-b -b + a -b + a —
a b

Consequently,

(\-e™)\
•
^
V7 ^-
=
dr
2«-^) . J/(^, J/(
--
^
Now

L f(z)dz
(a-p)(b-p) (a-p)(b-p)

and

2
V* D= — 2*/?
— •- 1
n „
/(z)& < 2nR >0 as
(R-a)(R-b) (R-a)(R-b) MR 2

Hence

f ,
r
2me * /3 e/a~-Mb)
- 2"
i

e™ 2^ -Mb)
o
(r + fl)(r + ft) (1 e'' -3
^ *)
'

<f
'*/3
(e'*
/3
- - *)

n(Ma-Mb) _ n{Ma~-Mb) = 2ar V^-Vfr

'

sin(;r/3)(a-fc) ^/3~ 7~~

V3~" a-fc
-y(«-*)

Replacing the variable of integration r here by x, we have the desired result:

V* fc^n Ma'-Mb
(
(a>b>0).
{(x + a)(x + b) V3 a-b
148
6. (a) Let us first use the branch

-i/2 exp^--logz
z
2 lzl>0,--^<argz<^
z' +l z +l

and the indented path shown below to evaluate the improper integral

P
Branch cut

Cauchy's residue theorem tells us that

f f(z)dz+i f(z)dz + f f(z)dz+l f(z)dz = 2mResf(z),

M -' (
-* '^2 •'Cp Z=i

or

f /(z)<fe +J f(z)dz = 2mResf(z)- f /(z)rfz- f /(z)<fe.

Since

I^-.z^re' =r(p<r<R) and -l^.z-re^ = -r(p<r<R),

we may write

dr
1)

Thus
 149
Now the point z =i is evidently a simple pole of f(z), with residue

m exp[-|logij exp -I^inl + f.5

Res f{z) = —.
z~
+
J=< z i 2i 2i 2i 2iVV2

Furthermore,

. no
= 72^ n
it Jp
L f(z)dz -TvTT
Vp(i-p 1-p 2
)
2
as p->0

and
k4r n
\\c
m<k -> as /?->oo.

Finally, then, we have

(1 '

VKr 2 + l) V2
which is the same as

r dbc _ it

J-vW+1) ~V2'

To evaluate the improper integral

J[
-j= — , we now use the branch
Q
^x(x 2 + l)

-1/2 expf-^-logz
z
(kl>0,0<argz<2;r)
z +l
and the simple closed contour shown in the figure below, which is similar to Fig. 99 in
Sec. 77. We stipulate that p < 1 and R > 1, so that the singularities z = ±i are between

C„ and CR .
 1 —

Since a parametric representation for the upper edge of the branch cut from p to R is

z = re' (p£r< R), the value of the integral of /along that edge is

«exp
„_.. r — 1
(lnr + i'O) „

2
V^(r + l)

A representation for the lower edge from p to is R is z = re' 1 " (p<r<R), and so the
value of the integral of/ along that edge from R to p is

«exp ~(\nr + iliz)

-f L 2
2
-U = -e-* dr = f
_i dr.

Hence, by the residue theorem,

R R 1

where

-1/2 exp --log/ exp -i-flnl-H-* -;«/4

2l 2
B =Res/(z) =
[

z +i 2/ 2/ 2i

and

4 — If, ,
lnl + i
.3*

52 = Res/(z) =
*=-'
^.-1/2

z-
exp

-2i
iogH)
1
exp
2V
-2i
2
-i3*r/4

2i

That is,

J
„Vr(r +1) J J

Since
In p 2k Jp
2
VP(i-p ) l-p 2
and
2;cR 2;r
-»0 as oo,
 151
we now find that

i , e —e e +e e
dr — it =n
J
J 2
V^(r + l)

=n = Kco&
urvr
When x, instead of r, is used as the variable of integration here, we have the desired
result:

7 dx _ it

SECTION 78

1. Write
2
rdd _ r 1 dz_ r dz
]5 + 4sin0~-k
5+4
J z -z~ \ l
iz ~^2z + 5iz-2' 2

where C is the positively oriented unit circle \z\= 1. The quadratic formula tells us that the
singular points of the integrand on the far right here are z = -i/2 and z - -2i. The point
z = -il 2 is a simple pole interior to C; and the point z = -2i is exterior to C. Thus

?
J
o
5
M artier'—
+ 4sin0 *=--42z +5iz-2j
2
w-u L4z + 5i_L_ 1/2
-wfi)-^.
3U»7

2. To evaluate the definite integral in question, write

f dd _ r 1 dz _ t 4izdz
Jl + sin 2 0~Jc (7 -7 -i\ 2 '

z
i
~Jc z *_6 z 2 + r
1 +
2i )

where C is the positively oriented unit circle \z\= 1. This circle is shown below.
 r .

152
Solving the equation (z
2
)
2
- 6(z 2 ) + 1 = for z
2
with the aid of the quadratic formula, we
4 2
find that the zeros of the pol ynomial z - 6z + 1 are the numbers z such that z
2
= 3 ± 2V2
Those zeros are, then, z = ±^3 + 2-^2 and z = ±V3-2>/2. The first two of these zeros are
exterior to the circle, and the second two are inside of it. So the singularities of the
integrand in our contour integral are

z ; =V3-2V2 and z1 =-zv

indicated in the figure. This means that

where

= Res—4
4iz _ 4izt /
By
2
*-* z -6z + l 4^-12^ zf-3 (3 -2V2) -3 2-V2

and

4/z _ -4/z,
B2 = Res 4 2 3
*=-*.z -6z + l -4z + 12z 1 1 zf-3 2V2"

Since

i \ 2k V2
2^(A-H52 ) = 2^|--^j = ±|.-l| = V2^

the desired result is

J l + sin 2

7. Let C be the positively oriented unit circle lzl= 1. In view of the binomial formula (Sec. 3)

In
-l\2«
( z-z dz
ddd = ±
2" 2" 1
Jsin BdO = sin dz
IJ 2M
J 2i iz 2
2 " +1
(-1)"/ J c
(-l)

z2
" -z "
1)iz "^
2
2 " +i
i^/c|(T) (

2 " +1
2 (-l)"i ft ^ *
 153
Now each of these last integrals has value zero except when k = n:

1
z dz = 2m.
jc
Consequently,

1 (2w) !(-!)" 2m = (2n)!

jsm 2n ddd = 2»+i " 2fl 2
7T.
2 (n! )2 2 («!)

SECTION 80

5. We are given a function / that is analytic inside and on a positively oriented simple closed
contour C, and we assume that /has no zeros on C. Also, / has » zeros zt (& = l,2,...,n)
inside C, where each zk is of multiplicity mt . (See the figure below.)

The object here is to show that

To do this, we consider the kth zero and start with the fact that

f(z) = (z-zk ) m >g(z),

where g(z) is analytic and nonzero at zk . From this, it is straightforward to show that

zf'iz) _
— mk z zg\z) —
_ m k (z-zk ) + mk zk zg\z) _ _ zg\z) m zk
k
1 1
-WlH , ,
1
.

/(z) z-zk g(z) z-zt g(z) g(z) z-zk

zg'(z) zf'iz)
Since the term — — here has a Taylor series representation at zk , it follows that
g(z) Hz)
has a simple pole at zk and that

/(«)

An application of the residue theorem now yields the desired result.

 .

154

6. (a) To detennine the number of zeros of the polynomial z 6 - 5z 4 + z 3 - 2z inside the circle
lzl= 1, we write

/(z) = -5z 4 and g(z) = z 6 +z 3 -2z.

We then observe that when z is on the circle,

6
l/(z)l =5 and ls(z)l<lzl + lzl 3 +2lzl = 4.

Since \f(z)\>\g(z)\ on the circle and since /(z) has 4 zeros, counting multiplicities,
inside it, the theorem in Sec. 80 tells is that the sum

6
Az) + g(z) = z -5z*+z 3 -2z

also has four zeros, counting multiplicities, inside the circle.

4
(b) Let us write the polynomial 2z - 2z 3 + 2z 2 - 2z + 9 as the sum /(z) + g(z), where

/(z) =9 and g( z ) = 2z 4 -2z 3 + 2z 2 -2z.

Observe that when z is on the circle lzl= 1,

4 3
l/(z)l =9 and l#(z)l<2lzl +2lzl + 2ld 2 +2ld = 8.

Since l/(z)l>l#(z)l on the circle and since /(z) has no zeros inside it, the sum
4 3 2
/(z) + g(z) = 2z - 2z + 2z - 2z + 9 has no zeros there either.

7. Let C denote the circle I zl =2

4
(a) The polynomial z + 3z 3 + 6 can be written as the sum of the polynomials

/(z) = 3z 3 and $(z) = z 4 +6.

On C,

l/(z)l = 3lzl 3 = 24 and l^(z)l = lz 4 +6l^izl 4 + 6 = 22.

Since l/(z)l>l#(z)l on C and /(z) has 3 zeros, counting multiplicities, inside C, it

follows that the original polynomial has 3 zeros, counting multiplicities, inside C.

4
(b) The polynomial z - 2z 3 + 9z 2 + z - 1 can be written as the sum of the polynomials

/(z) = 9z 2 and g(z) = z 4 -2z 3 +z-l.

On C,

|/( z )| = 9lzl 2 = 36 and U(z)l=lz

4
-2z + z-ll<lzl 4 +2lzl 3 +lzl+l = 35.
3
 155
Since l/(z)l >\g(z)\ on C
and /(z) has 2 zeros, counting multiplicities, inside C, it

follows that the original polynomial has 2 zeros, counting multiplicities, inside C.

5 3 2
(c) The polynomial z + 3z + z + 1 can be written as the sum of the polynomials

/(z) = z5 and $(z) = 3z 3 +z 2 + l.

On C,

l/(z)l=lzl
5
= 32 and I#(z)l = l3z 3 +z 2 +ll<3lzl 3 +lzl 2 +l = 29.

Since \f(z)\>\g(z)\ on C and /(z) has 5 zeros, counting multiplicities, inside C, it

follows that the original polynomial has 5 zeros, counting multiplicities, inside C.

10. The problem here is to give an alternative proof of the fact that any polynomial

P(z) = a + a,z + • • • + a^z"" + aH z"1

(a. * 0),

where n > 1, has precisely n zeros, counting multiplicities. Without loss of generality, we
may take an =l since

r
P(z) = a„ Ea. + BL z + ... + EB=L^ +z ^

Let

/(z) = zB and g(z) = a +o z + - + an _ z"'

1 l
1
.

Then let R be so large that

/?>l + la + lo + ---+laB _
l
1
l
1
l.

If z is a point on the circle C: lzl= R, we find that

-1
lg(z)l fS la l + l^llzl + ••• + la^llzl" = la + iaJR + ••• + la^ltf- l
1

= (la + laj + - +
1 -1 -1
< Iflol/?"- + Ifl!!/?" + ••• + t^.J/?" l

</?/r- =/2"=lzr
1
= l/(z)l.

Since /(z) has precisely n zeros, counting multiplicities, inside C and since R can be made
arbitrarily large, the desired result follows.
 -

156
SECTION 82

1. The singularities of the function

3
2s
5-4
are the fourth roots of 4. They are readily found to be

or

V2, <j2i, -V2, and -V2*.

See the figure below, where y > -4l and R > V2 + y.

Y+iR

The function

e =—
s
—-4
2?V'

has simple poles at the points

j = V2, jt = V2/, j, = - V2, and *3

=

and

V 3 o„3*.r
X Res^FW] = 2 Res ^il = f 2j£

2 2 2 2

•
+

= cosh V2f + cos V2f.

 157
Suppose now that s is a point on CR , and observe that

\s\=\y+Re'°\ <y+R = R+ y and ie

\s\=\y+Re \>\y-R\ = R-y>«j2.

It follows that

3
\2s \ = 2\s\ 3 <2(R+yf

and

4
I s - 41 > lid 4 -4I> (/? - y) 4 - 4 > 0.

Consequendy,

'
(J?+ y)
lF(*)l<
^
(/?-y)
4
.

-4
->0as/?->

This ensures that

/(/)= cosh V2r + cos V2f.

2. The polynomials in the denominator of

2s -2
F(s)
2
(s + l)(s + 2s + 5)

have zeros at s = -1 and s = -1 ± 2i. Let us, then, write

e*(2j-2)
e"F(s) =
(j + IXj-^X^-J!)

where j t
= -1 + 2/'. The points -1, su and s{ are evidently simple poles of e"F(s) with the
following residues:

Jt
i_ g (2^-2)
^=Resfe"F(j)]
L J
z=-l
-Si)

"
g <(2 ^- 2)
52 = Res[*"F(,)l = = fi - 1 W<,

B =Res[e«F(s)]=
3 WJ
^'^^ Sl
e '(2 Sl -2)
L
~, (J, +1X51-5.) (5,+lX^-J!)
158
It is easy to see that

i2t

f e i2 '-e- i2 n ''
'
e '
+ e- i2
— —e -t + e -t
,

+ = <f'(sin2f + cos2f-l).
v 2/ 2

Now let s be any point on the semicircle shown below, where y > and R > -\/5 + y.

Since

\s\=\y + Re
ie
\<y+R = R+y and \s\=\y+ Re \>\y- R\=
i6
R- y> V5,

we find that

I2j-2I<2IjI+2<2(/?+7) + 2,

\s + l\>\\s\-\\>(R-y)-l>0,
and

2
+2s + 51=1 s - Sl \\s - s,\ > (\s\-\sj) 2 > \{R - 7) 2 - V5
\s
f > 0.
Thus

I
m =
Is
^=1
2
+ II \s + 2j + 51
< .
+2
2
[(* - y) - !][(/? - 7) - V5]
Y)
as R -> oo,

and we may conclude that

/(/) = e"'(sin It + cos It - 1).

 159
4. The function

„2
s —a 2
(a>0)
(r+a 2 ) 2

has singularities at s = ±ai. So we consider the simple closed contour shown below, where
Y>0 and R>a+y.

Upon writing

yv
F(s) = .
where 0(s) =-
(s - a/) 2

we see that is analytic and nonzero at s = ai. Hence sQ is a pole of order m=2 of

F(j). Furthermore, F(s) = at points where F(s) is analytic. Consequently, s is also

a pole of order 2 of F(j); and we know from expression (2), Sec. 82, that

Res [e"F(s)] + Res [e^Fis)] = 2Re[e ia,

(fc
1
+ b2 t)] ,

where and b2 are the coefficients in the principal part

s - ai (s - ai) 2

of F(s) at ai. These coefficients are readily found with the aid of the first two terms in the

Taylor series for </>(s) about s = ai:

1 1
(s) =
(s
- ai) (s - ai)
 160
</>(ai) 0'(ai)
=
^) r + 7^- + -
,

(0 <!,-«!< 2a).

It is straightforward to show that <f>(ai) = 1 / 2 and <j>\ai) = 0, and we find that ^= and

b2 =l/2. Hence

Res [e*F(sj\ + Res [e"F(s)] = 2Re

^(j'j = tcosat.

We can, then, conclude that

f{t) = tcosat ( fl > 0),
provided that F(s) satisfies the desired boundedness condition. As for that condition, when

z is a point on CR ,

\z\=\y+Re
ie
\£y+R = R+y and \z\=\y+Re \>\y-R\=
ie
R- y > a;
and this means that

2
\z -a 2 \<\z\ 2 +a 2 <(R+y) 2 + a 2 and \z
2
+a 2 \>\\ z 2 -a 2 \>(R-y) 2 -a 2
\ >0.

Hence

6. We are given
„. . sinh(xs)

which has isolated singularities at the points

-n „
*.=
_ (2n-l)^ . _
= ~ (2n-l)n. , „
= °> 2 ,f 311(1 J" *
(n
,
= l,2,...).
2

This function has the property F(s) = F(s), and so

f(t) = Res [e*F(sj\ + J^Res [«*F(j)] + Res [e"F(j)]j.

To find the residue at j = 0, we write

+ jcV/6 + —
3
sinh(xy)_ xy + (xy) / 3 + !
• • •
oc
0<ld<-|.
s + s /2 + -
2 2 2
5 (l + * /2! + ...)"
3
j cosh* { 2
 .

161
Division of series then reveals that s is a simple pole of F(s), with residue x; and,

according to expression (3), Sec. 82,

Res le^Fis)]
L 1
= Res F(s) = x.
s=s„ s=s

As for the residues of F(s) at the singular points a; (n = 1,2, ...), we write

F(s ) = - where = sinh(jcs) and = s 2 cosh j .

We note that

—^—
. . . . (2n-l);a _ , v „
= isin^ 5*0 and q(sn ) = 0;

furthermore, since

q'(s) = 2 j cosh j + j 2 sinh a,

we find that

2 2
„ (2n-l)V. (2w-1)tf .(2n-l) n\
?W .
= ism
.

= -,i -J.
7r . (
sm\nn--
J

.(2n-l)
4
-r
2
^V.smnttcos—
V
jt

2
-costt7rsin—
, art

2)
2 2

4
—
= v(2n-l) ^ (-l)"/*0.
n ,
'

In view of Theorem 2 in Sec. 69, then, sn is a simple pole of F(s), and

J
?'(*.) (2n-l) 2

Expression (4), Sec. 82, now gives us

Res
'='.
1 J
He. L[e"F(s)]J - 2 Re(-±
'='"»
2
[;r
. -^
(2n-l)
2
sin i^^expTifi^l]
2 L 2 JJ

8
= —?•— —
(-1)"
^—rsin-
. (2n-l)*ct
-
— cos-
(2n-l)nt
—
n 1 (2«-l) 2 2 2
 ,

162
Summing all of the above residues, we arrive at the final result:

f(t) -x +— — 2_, -j sm cos- —

7. The function
1
F(s) = -

1/2 '
JCOSh(5 )

where it is agreed that the branch cut of s

m does not lie along the negative real axis, has

isolated singularities at s = and when cosh(j

l/2
) = 0, or at the points s„ = _( 2n Jj n

in = 1,2, ...). The point s is a simple pole of F(s), as is seen by writing

1/2
.ycosh(.y ) 4l + (j 1/2 ) 2 /2! + (/ /2 ) 4 /4!+-] s + s 2 /2 + s 3 I2A+-

and dividing this last denominator into 1. In fact, the residue is found to be 1; and

expression (3), Sec. 82, tells us that

Resfe" F(s)] = Res F(s) = l.

As for the other singularities, we write

F(s) = ^ where p(s) = 1 and q(s) = scosh(s m ).

Now
p(sn ) = 1*0 and q(sn ) = 0;

also, since

q\s) = ±s
m sinh( 5 1/2
) + cosh(* 1/2 ),

it is straightforward to show that

x (2n-l);r n\ (2n-V)7t
= -^-^-sinl(nit - -
.

4 (*„) = ±J±-^L(-Vf±^ I
 1 ,

163
So each point sn is a simple pole of F(s), and

ResF(J)= pw = i.i=«l
# CO K 2n-l

Consequently, according to expression (3), Sec. 82,

(2n-l)Vf
Res \e"F(s)] = e'"' Res F(s) = - £-^-exp •
(n = l,2,...).
;r 2n -
L J
'=',

Finally, then,

/(/) = Res [e st
F(s)] + £ Res [**F(j)1 ,

or

(2n-l)Vf
nZi 2n-l

Here we are given the function

. .
_ coth(^y / 2) _ cosh(^y/2)
2
s +l ~(/ + l)sinh(^s/2)'

which has the property F(s) = F(J). We consider first the singularities at s = ±i. Upon

writing

F(j)\ =
s-i
u
where
jl /• \
=
(s
coshers/ 2)-
+ i)sinh(ns f 2)
—
we find that, since 0(i) = 0, the point i is a removable singularity of F(s) [see Exercise

3(b), Sec. 65]; and the same is true of the point -i. At each of these points, it follows that

the residue of e"F(s) is 0. The other singularities occur when nsl2 = nni

(/i = 0,±l,±2,...), or at the points s = 2ni (n = 0,±1,±2,...). To find the residues, we write

F(s ) = £yl where p(s) = coshf — and q(s) = (s

2
+ l)sinh[ —
q(s) \2 J
J
\2
 and note that

p(2ni) = cosh(nm) = cos(nn) = (-1)" * and q{2ni) = 0.

Furthermore, since

2
q\s) = (s + cosh^H + 2,sinh(-0
1)| j

we have

2
q\2ni) = {-An 2 + l)-^cosh(n^i) = (-4n 2 + l)-cos(n^) = /r(4w - 1)
(-1)"*0.
^ 2

Thus

*= 2 »<- (« = 0,±1,±2,...).
q\2ni) n An 2 -I
Expressions (3) and (4) in Sec. 82 now tell us that

Res[e"F(5)l = ResF( y) = - 1

and

Res[e"F(j)]+ Res \e"F(sj\ = 2 Re e i2 "'( A_ cos 2nt

2 (« = 1,2,...).
n An -I n An 2 -\
The desired function of t is, then,

*r*\ 2 4^cos2/if

The function
1 '2

- sinhjxs )
F(V)
K (0<*<1),
2 1/2
' J sinh(^ )

where it is agreed that the branch cut of s m does not lie along the negative real axis, has

isolated singularities at « = and when sinh(j

l/2
) = 0, or at the points s = -n 2 it2
in = 1,2, .
. .)• The point s = is a pole of order 2 of F(s), as is seen by first writing

1/2 m + (xs U2 1 3! + (xs m 3 5

sinh(x? x + x sl 6 + xV 1 120 +•
xs 3
) _ ) ) / 5! +• • • •

2
smh(s
m 2
+ {s m f / 3! + (s m
1 '2 5 ~
s ) s [s
) 1 5! +•••] s
2
+ s 3 1 6 TP 1 120 +•••
 - —

165
and dividing the series in the denominator into the series in the numerator. The result is

1/2
sinh(xy
2 •

rsinhCs
. / 1/2
1 '2
)
-
\
)
_
—x—
=X ~T
s
1
-(x
2 + ~T\
3
X ~X)
-x]
6
1
—
s
1
h'
(0<\s\<
2
7T ).

In view of expression (1), Sec. 82, then,

Res [e"F(s)]
1 1
= Ux'-x) + xt = \x{x % - 1) + xt.
"°° 6 6

As for the singularities s - -n 2 n2 (n = 1,2, ...), we write

F(s) = 4t where = sinh(^ 1/2 ) and q(s) = s 2 sinh(j 1/2 ).

q(s)

2 2
Observe that p(-n n2 )*0 and q{-n n
2
) = Q. Also, since

q'is) = 2s sinh(5
1/2
) + ijj 1/2 cosh(j 1/2 ),

it is easy to see that q'(-n

2
n 2 ) * 0. So the points s = -n 2 ^2 (n = 1,2, ...), are simple poles

of and

1/2 +1
2sinh(xs
>=-« 2 jt j
£ (j) ™ 1/2
cosh(5
)
1/2
) .1-1
= —5-
*
2 (-1)"
5
«
— sinn;cc (/i = 1,2,...).

Thus, in view of expression (3), Sec. 82,

B+1
Res le"F(s)] = 4 ^f-*"" V ^nnx
2
•
(-1) '
(n = l,2,...).

Finally, since

= Rcj[e^F(s)] + ±Re
f(t)
AyF( S )],

we arrive at the expression

fit) = ~x(x 2 -l) + xt

6
2v(-ir',,v,,
jr
1 g " sin —n -3
**
*

10. The function

F00=—
5
— jsinhj

has isolated singularities at the points

s = and j„ = nm, s„ = -nm (n = 1,2,. . .).

166
Now
jsinhj = 5i
5|
3
s + —s +---) = s 2 + —s 4 +- (0 <ld< oo),
6 ) 6

and division of this series into 1 reveals that

in 1
(0<\s\<7t).

This shows that F(s) has a removable singularity at s .

s
Evidently, then, e 'F(s) must also

have a removable singularity there; and so

s
Res \e 'F(s)] = 0.
L
s=s J

To find the residue of F(s) at s

n
= nm (n = 1,2,. . .), we write

^0) = -— where p(.y) = sinhj-j and = ,y

2
sinh.s

and observe that

p{nni) = -nm * 0, q(nm) = 0, and 2 2

q'(nm) = n 7t (-l)
n+l
*0.

Consequently, F(.s) has a simple pole at s , and

B

Res F(.) =
4^
tf'(n;n)
= -rrar
nV(-l)
= n+1 ^ n;r
0» = U,...).

Since F(j) = F(s ), the points sn are also simple poles of F(s); and we may write

Res
st
\e F(s)] + Res \e"F(sj\ = 2 Re ( l T ie inn = 2Re (-1)"
(icos/i7#-sin/Mtt)
Ml

=2 sinnnt.
nit

Hence the desired result is

/(0 = Res [e"F(sj\ + f (Res [e*F(j)l + Res [^'F(.y)l},

or

-smnm.
 7

167
11. We consider here the function

„.
F(s)
.

= —
s(s
2
sinh(xj)

+co)coshs
h . (0<x<l),

where a> and cd*G)„ = — (n = 1,2,...). The singularities of F(j) are at

5 = 0, 5 = ±tui, and ^ = ±6)J (n = l,2,...).

Because the first term in the Maclaurin series for sinh(xs) is xs, it is easy to see that s = is

a removable singularity of e"F(s) and that

Res[«*F(j)l
1 1
= 0.
s=s

To find the residue of F(s) at s = coi, we write

=-
sinh(xy)'
cv
F(5)
x
= ^^: u
where
jl

<t>(s)
v
; ,

s — coi s{s + cm)coshs

from which it follows that s = coi is simple pole and

t> rv \
Res F(s) =
^/
</>(0)i)
-\
= —— sinh(jcflw) /sin ox

coilcoi cosh(o)i) -2co cos o

Since fjs) = F(J), then,

Res \e"F(s)]+
l
Res [e*F(5)l
l
j
= 2Re|" j
j L-2tf)
Si "^
cos©
iVl = 2
J
-
—
2fiJ
sinfitt
=
2
COSfl)
sin G)f =
sin oar sin g»

G)
2
cosg>

As for the residues at s = ©„/ (n = 1,2,. . .), we put F(s) in the form

F(s) = 2^- where p(j) = sinh(*.y) and q(s) = (s 3 + G) 2s)coshs.

q(s)

Now p(fl)„i) = swh(x(Q„i) = i sin fi)„.x * and q(0)„i) = 0. Also, since

q'(s) = (s 3 + 0) 2 s)sinhs + (3s 2 + fiJ

2
)cosh s,

we find that

q'(o)J) = (-coli + Q) 2 G)J)smh(o)n i) = -Q)„ (m 2 - <a 2 )sin con * 0.

Hence we have a simple pole at s = an i, with residue

2
q'(o)n i) -con (a) - G) 2 )sm G)n
168
Consequently,

smw.xsinco.t
Resfe* F(s)]+ Res \e"F(s)] = 2Re 2
= 2-
2 2 2
-G)n ((Q -G)n )sin(Dn 0)n (a} -Q)„)smo)n

But sin o)„ = sin( n;r - -j j

= (-l)" +l and this means
, that

Res[e"F(*)l + Res f g 'T(j)1 =

j-*.! 1
-
>
2^^>^* 2
sin6)"'
2
6>_ a) -co

Finally,

/(f) = Res [e"F(s)] + (Res [ e "F(*)] + Res [e"F(*)]J + + Res

J)f Res [e"F(*)] [e"F(s)]\

That is,

_ sinffit*sin6tt
[ 2 y sina)„;csinfly
CO COSO) ^ 0) n © - a: