WATERWORKS

CHAPTER IV: PROTECTION STRUCTURES

COURSE: WATERWORKS.

THEME: OVERCHUTES.

DATE: 14/5/18

WORKGROUP:

INDEX:

1. GENERAL. ........................................... 1
1
Fig.1
2. ALIGNMENT. ...................................... 2
3. PROFILE .............................................. 2
4. CONDUIT. ............................................... 2
5. TYPES OF ENTRY. ............................... 2
6. Output types. ..................................... 2
7. HYDRAULIC PIPING CANAL BRIDGE... 3
8. HYDRAULIC CONCRETE BRIDGE 2
Fig.2
CHANNEL .................................................... 5
9. DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR VERTICAL
The decision can be a standard transition,
DROP .......................................................... 6
but sometimes is an energy sink as a
10. SUGGESTIONS TO CONSIDER. ... 7
background buffer.
eleven.CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN
OF A CANAL BRIDGE: ................................. 8
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ............................ 10 1.1 Advantages:
 The aqueduct, unlike the inverted
1. GENERAL. siphon can be constructed mostly from

The canal bridges convey storm water drain local materials.

or on a channel. These might be; open  It is the cross structure more

conduit, which are generally rectangular transparent operation; the water flow is

concrete supported on springs and large visible and easy to remove any

flow cross drainage or areas susceptible to obstacles in the flow.

become clogged with debris or may be  Operation and maintenance of an

closed conduit are mainly used, dare pipe. aqueduct is as simple as a channel.
Crossing structures via pipes are more

1 2
Bridge open channel Bridge closed channel

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susceptible to clogging by the presence concrete is used for larger capacities, and
of solid material and drag in the water. the pipe section for smaller capacities.
concrete pillars is usually required, and
2. ALIGNMENT. preferably should be located just outside
A canal bridge can have normal alignment the water prism channel to allow
because it is shorter and cheaper but unobstructed flow in the channel.
sometimes in order not to disturb much the
channel level falls are used. It can also be 5. TYPES OF ENTRY.
located at the end of a drain that is parallel For channel bridge transitions standard
to the canal, to provide a crossing over the concrete with slight modifications it is
canal. recommended for rectangular sections are
used.
3. PROFILE Bench height of the channel must be
To allow complete draining of the inlet
sufficient to provide a freeboard 2 feet
channel and the structure, the overshooting
above the water surface inlet. It may
must have sufficient slope to compensate a
require a dam where the normal input
slight amount of uneven settlement of the
bench height is insufficient.
springs. The bridge canal are best suited for
use in places where the channel is
completely cut off, or where the ground
6. Output types.
surface on the uphill side is far above the
The bridge channel output, as the output of
water surface of the channel.
the sewer, you must release water into the
If the channel bridge has a velocity greater
outlet channel without excessive erosion.
than 20 feet per second output, an energy
The energy that must be dissipated in a
sink on the output it is required to dissipate
canal bridge rectangular concrete is often
excess charge. Where weeds or trash are
enough to require an energy sink, as a
not prevalent, it can be used with baffles
buffer pond or drop apron with baffles.
output channel together with a pipe bridge.
Bridge channel outputs must be free
drainage to eliminate ponding water.
4. CONDUIT.
However, if this is impracticable, sometimes
A channel bridge must have a rectangular
it is possible stagnation.
concrete section, or a circular pipe section,
based on a cost comparison for the specific
scope and drainage capacity required input
conditions. Generally rectangular section

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6.1. SINKS output power.

7. HYDRAULIC PIPING CANAL BRIDGE

Bridges rectangular concrete channel often
require an energy sink, as a buffer pond or
baffle baffled. Bridges pipe channel require
an energy sink as an output with baffles,
only if the output speed of the pipe exceeds
20 feet per second.
The various types of energy dissipators are
used as follows:
(1) Poza buffer:
It is often used to dissipate the excess
energy at the output overload and concrete
depend on a depth sufficient tail output
channel to ensure a hydraulic jump.
The buffer pool usually follows a chute or
fall in a slope of 2 to 1, but can follow a
vertical drop.
7.1. Entry in Transition: its elevation is
limited by three factors as follows:
- surface water channel: The input
must be high enough to provide flow
through the channel on the surface of the
water channel.
- Submergence pipe: To maximize
the capacity of the pipeline, the water
surface in the inlet channel immerse the top
of the pipe opening at least 1.5 This
provides a waste input 0 ,5 .ℎ𝑣𝑝 ℎ𝑣𝑝
- Bank freeboard: The maximum
water surface for the design flow in the inlet
channel should be at least 2 feet lower than
the top of the bank in the upstream
channel, or dam entry as shown in the
following figure.

(2) Drops platform with deflectors

Drops the platform with deflectors can be

used to output bridge concrete channel
without depending on the water line.

(3) puzzled output

In a well defined channel cross drain, an
When weeds and trash are not prevalent,
input transition type 1 (biplanar transitions)
and where excess energy can not be
is normally used, and the above limitations
dissipated satisfactorily in the pipe, can be
can be met without generally flooding an
considered outputs deflectors pipe Canal
excessively large area.
Bridge. They have been adapted for use at
the end of a section of open channel, as well However, where there is no channel or
as with pipe. where the channel is poorly defined, a large

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area can be flooded. To minimize this area,
the inlet pipe can be lowered using a
transition type 3 input (warped transitions),
instead of the transition type 2 (regulated
transitions) provided that does not infringe
the clearance required of the pipe on the
surface of water channel. This capability can
be provided, if necessary, using an
oversized pipe, with little or no submersion
inlet end.
You must perform a hydraulic analysis to
determine the location of the hydraulic
control. The surface water will rise to a
height above the center line input, and is
calculated using the following formula:
𝑄2
ℎ=
2𝑔𝐶 2 𝐴2
Where the discharge coefficient, C = 0.6.
Where there output control, the head
required to produce the design discharge is
a function of the losses in the system as
follows:
(1) Loss input:
ℎ𝑖 = 𝐾𝑖 ∆ℎ𝑣
(2) -consisten losses in pipe friction losses
and fold. Friction loss should be
calculated from the equation of
Manning.
2 1
1.486𝐴𝑅 3 𝑠 2
𝑄=
𝑛
Where
WATERWORKS
"S" is the slope of pipe friction. "N" it is the
roughness coefficient equal to 0.013 for
concrete prefabricated pipe.
(3) The loss of output,
ℎ0 = 𝑘0 ∆ℎ𝑣
7.2. Speed pipe. - Bridges channel pipe
should be dimensioned for a rate pipe at its
maximum capacity of 10 feet per second if
a transition concrete in the output is used
and for a maximum speed full pipe 12 feet
per second when used an outlet with
baffles.
(A) pipe diameter. -The pipe diameter is
determined from the basic equation, when
it relates to a pipe flowing completely. This
equation reduces to:𝑄 = 𝑉 × 𝐴
𝑄
𝐷 = 1.13√
𝑉
The minimum generally allowed for channel
bridges pipe diameter is 24 inches for water
drainage can drag transverse weeds or
trash. It can allow a minimum diameter of
12 inches if the bridge channel carries
irrigation channel flows that are relatively
clean.
(B) output pipe. - Hydraulic at the outlet
end of the pipe must be determined by the
Bernoulli process.
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8. HYDRAULIC CONCRETE BRIDGE CHANNEL

8.1. rectangular section 8.4. hydraulic channel.
A wider and shallower section will allow After determining the critical flow
pool depth shallower entrance, which will conditions in the upstream end of the
result in minor flooding the channel. channel section, the hydraulic system can
be determined at the downstream end
8.2. critical flow. using Bernoulli's equation [2]:
When the channel is set on a slope 𝐸𝑠2 + ℎ𝑓 = 𝐸𝑠1 + 𝑆0 𝐿
supercritical, critical depth at the start of Where
the channel must be determined from the 𝑬𝒔𝟏 Is the specific energy known
equation: 𝑬𝒔𝟐 Is the specific energy to be determined.
2⁄
𝑞 3 2⁄ 𝒉𝒇 Is the friction loss between points 1 and
𝑑𝑐 = 1⁄ = 0.314𝑞 3
𝑔 3 2; Y
Then, the area, where b is the width of the 𝑺𝟎 𝑳, Is the drop in elevation investment
channel section. Speed,𝐴𝑐 = 𝑏𝑑𝑐 between 1 and 2.
𝑄 several values assumed until the head
𝑉𝑐 =
𝐴𝑐
speed and associated friction loss (Manning
And the input speed (head speed)
equation) provide an energy balance in the
𝑉𝑐 2
ℎ𝑉𝑐 = above equation.𝒅𝟐
2𝑔
Specific energy,

𝐸𝑆𝑐 = 𝑑𝑐 + ℎ𝑉𝑐
Finally, the critical slope ,, is calculated by
the Manning equation. 𝑆𝑐
𝑛𝑉 2
𝑆𝑐 = ( 8.5. Poza Absorber.
2⁄ )
1.486𝑅 3
It is used to dissipate excess energy flows
cross drainage on a bridge channel and an
8.3. Input transition.
outlet channel well defined to provide a
a transition is required to provide input
tube reliable exhaust, which is an essential
from the channel to the ramp.
factor to form a hydraulic jump in the pool
As the speed at the entrance of the pool is
is required. When natural channel does not
close to zero, and the speed at the
provide a suitable flow rate, they were used
beginning of the duct is, the loss
records stop or concrete curb at the
input.𝑽𝑪 𝒉𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝒉𝑽𝒄

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downstream end of the pool to ensure the d, since the relatively short length required
jump. to traverse the channel is not sufficient to
reach the normal for a steep slope depth.
9. DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR VERTICAL 9.3. Profundidad,.𝐝𝟐
DROP This depth can be obtained from the
9.1. vertical drop. standard equation for the depth buffer
The vertical drop and pool require less pools
length than the standard drop and the
−𝑑1 𝑑1 2 2𝑉1 2 𝑑1
group, which gives it an advantage when 𝑑2 = +√ +
2 4 𝑔
the right of way is a consideration.

9.4. Freeboard of the buffer pool.

Water lift tail is established using a
The freeboard required normally
coefficient (softer than expected)
determined along the ordinate with the
conservative roughness for the
value.
downstream channel, to ensure a hydraulic
𝑄𝑉1 𝑑1
jump in extreme conditions. A reduction of , Ó 𝑉1 2 𝑑1
𝐴
about 20 percent in the normal value is The freeboard can be read along the
generally used to provide a conservative abscissa. If the group has a top of concrete
value for the land section. The surface of the (for a road junction, for example) is
downstream water must not submerge the sufficient freeboard of 1 foot.
crest drop in over, as shown in
Figure:𝒏𝟎. 𝟔𝒅𝑳 9.5. Length of the pool of dissipation.
- length: its minimum length must be large
Since greater subsidence avoid a hydraulic
enough to provide clearance between the
jump and excessive waves continue in the
wall of the head and the top of the flow
downstream channel.
path. Between the minimum and maximum
values, the length, may be rounded as
9.2. Depth. 𝒅𝟏
desired.𝑳𝟑 𝑳𝟑
The depth can be obtained from the
equation:𝒅𝟏
- Length: The length, is designed to locate
√2𝑑𝐶 the first row of blocks immediately poses
𝑑1 =
𝐷 downstream of the intersection of the top
1.06 + √ + 1.5
𝑑𝑐
surface of the platform with the floor of the
Although the rectangular ramp slope is set
pool. The flow path can be determined from
to a supercritical water depth, on the crest
Eqs.𝑳𝟒 𝑳𝟒
of the drop will not be appreciably less than

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1 2 9.6. blocks Poza.
𝑦= 𝑔𝑡 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑡
2 According to the standard dimensions for
Where:
the block group, the block height must be
𝑦: Is the vertical drop on the surface of the
equal to, and the block length must
water in t seconds, 𝑑 𝑑2
equal. 42 1.25 4
𝑥: Is the horizontal distance traveled t
Block width (minimum of 8 inches) must
seconds,
meet the requirement of equal widths and
𝑣: Is the flow rate at the beginning of the
space blocks.
path
When other considerations require a
𝑔: It is the acceleration of gravity, equal to
length, L6, equal or greater than, the blocks
32.2 feet per second.
may be omitted.𝟓𝒅𝟐
A) Yes.
𝐿4 = 𝑋 = 𝑉𝑡
9.7. Output transition.
Where t is the time required to drop a
The transition should be output division
distance and,
type, since a well defined output channel
𝑦 = 𝑑𝐿 + 𝐷
beneath the buffer pools required. an
- Length: from the standard dimensions for
inversion level is desirable to provide a
the still pools.𝑳𝟓
group of free drainage. However,
3
𝐿5 = 𝑑2
4 sometimes it is necessary to tilt the
- Length:𝑳𝟔 investment to output channel to provide
𝐿6 = 3 minimum𝑑2 proper queue depth, d2, thus ensuring a
The total length, + - must also be sufficient hydraulic jump in the pool.
to accommodate a junction for the road
operation, if necessary, as shown in 10. SUGGESTIONS TO CONSIDER.
Fig.𝐿4 𝐿6 𝐿3
10.1. Bank height.
The top edge of the channel must provide at
least 2 feet freeboard above the surface of
water poses input.

10.2. Protection.
The output channel must be protected from
erosion providing protection gravel.

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SOLUTION:
10.3. Percolation. The type of section is rectangular.
excessive percolation water channel to the Hearth width is 0.40 m
output channel or pool entrance to the 1.
canal should be avoided.

11. CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN

S = 0.001
OF A CANAL BRIDGE: S = 0.020

 The flow rate Q [m3/ S]. Q = 250 l 60 cm

/s
 The width of water mirror in the T [m]
L = 30 m
channel.
 Channel roughness nc.
 The slope S channel [m / m].
 The slope of the walls of z [m / m]
channel.
 The slope of the aqueduct Sa [m / m].
 Aqueduct length L [m]; regardless
transitions. 40 cm

 The roughness of the aqueduct nto. For calculating the normal depth in section
4 the value of the expression is
predetermined:
Examples applications:

Exercise 1
= 0.158113
A channel of rectangular section, with a 9
=
hearth 60 cm wide with a slope of one
millimeter per meter and a roughness of By varying y4 until expression give

0020 will drive a flow rate of 250 l / s the same value: 0.158113
As:
through a stream through a pipeline 30 m
long with a roughness 0.016. It is decided
that the slope of the aqueduct is 2 mm per
meter and is a rectangular section with an
Dara 0.7382 as one strut section 4
internal width of 40 cm. Required: The Speed section 4 is:
hydraulic design of the aqueduct,
= 0.0564 m / s
considering that transitions are straight, the
same material as the aqueduct. The Froude number in that section is:

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Verifying a peaceful regime in section 3.

= 0.02097 m / s
The calculation continues proposing values
for the tie in section 2 until equality is
The output transition, as the input will have satisfied:
a length of:

= 0.2414 m

For ease of construction (length formwork), Where it is determined that:

an LT 1.00 m is adopted. y2 = 0.7327 m

A2 = 0.2931 m2

After the rod is calculated in section 3, V2 = 0.8530 m / s

proposing values y3 until equality is Finally the rod is calculated in section 1,

satisfied: giving values y1 until equality is satisfied:

Is obtained where y1 = 0.7589 m

The height value backwater section 1 is then

Y3 = 0.7254 m
hremanso = y1 - y4 = 0.0207 m
Note that has been given to section 3-4 of
the aqueduct same slope. Now you can
calculate the other characteristic values of
flow Section 3:

0.8616 m / s

0.2902 m2

0.1568 m

The Froude number in section 3 has a value:

0.3230 m

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12. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

 Design of small canal structures

1978. Aj Aisembrey.

 Design of Open Channels and

Hydraulic Structures - P Ankum,
October 2002.

 Rural waterworks - Hernán Muñoz

Materon.

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