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Electrical Protections Description
Electrical Protections Description
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Definite-Time Overcurrent Protection (I>>, ANSI 50, 51, 67) with Direction Detection
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The overcurrent protection is used as backup protection for the short-circuit protection of the protected
object. It also provides backup protection for downstream network faults which may be not promptly
disconnected thus endangering the protected object.
The 7UM62 relay allows to choose between the input transformers of side 1 and side 2 for allocation of the
overcurrent protection function. This choice is made during configuration (see Section Functional Scope).
In order to ensure that pick-up always occurs even with internal faults, the protection - for generators - is
usually connected to the current transformer set in the neutral leads of the machine. If this is not the case
for an individual power system, the I>> stage can be combined with a short-circuit direction determination
and switch off a generator short circuit by way of an undelayed tripping; the selectivity is not affected by
this.
Initially the currents are numerically filtered so that only the fundamental frequency currents are used for the
measurement. This makes the measurement insensitive to transient conditions at the inception of a short-
circuit and to asymmetrical short-circuit currents (d.c. component).
The 7UM62 relay allows to choose between the input transformers of side 1 and side 2 for allocation of the
overcurrent protection function. This choice is made during configuration (see Section Functional Scope).
Initially the currents are numerically filtered so that only the fundamental frequency currents are used for the
measurement. This makes the measurement insensitive to transient conditions at the inception of a short-
circuit and to asymmetrical short-circuit currents (d.c. component).
In generators where the excitation voltage is taken from the machine terminals, the short-circuit current
subsides quickly in the event of adjacent faults (i.e. in the generator or unit transformer region) due to the
absence of excitation voltage. Within a few seconds it sinks below the pick-up value of the overcurrent time
protection. To avoid that the relay drops out again, the I> stage monitors the positive-sequence component
of the voltages and uses it as an additional criterion for detecting a short-circuit. The undervoltage
influencing can be disabled off and made ineffective via binary input.
The 7UM62 relay allows to choose between the input transformers of side 1 and side 2 for allocation of the
inverse-time overcurrent protection function. This choice is made during configuration (see Section
Functional Scope).
In generators where the excitation voltage is taken from the machine terminals, the short-circuit current
subsides quickly in the event of adjacent faults (i.e. in the generator or unit transformer region) due to the
absence of excitation voltage. Within a few seconds it sinks below the pick-up value of the overcurrent time
protection. In order to avoid a dropout of the pickup, the positive-sequence component is monitored
additionally. This component can influence the overcurrent detection in accordance with two different
methods. The undervoltage influencing can be switched off.
The protective function operates, depending on the ordering variant, with an inverse current-tripping
characteristic according to the IEC or ANSI standards. The characteristic curves and the corresponding
formulas are represented in Technical Data. If one of the inverse characteristics (IEC or ANSI) is
configured, the definite-time stages I>> and I> can be additionally effective (see Section Definite-Time
Overcurrent Protection (I>, ANSI 50/51) with Undervoltage Seal-In).
A typical application of this protection function are configurations where multiple generators are connected
to one busbar and one generator has a low-ohmic earthing. Another application would be transformer
windings in wye connection.
For applications such as auto-transformers, starpoint earthing transformers and shunt reactors, Siemens
recommends that the 7UT612 protective device be used instead.
For high-ohmic earthing of generators, the earth fault protection function (Section 90-%-Stator Earth Fault
Protection (ANSI 59N, 64G, 67G)) is used.
When, for example, with generators operating in parallel, the active power output of one machine becomes
so small that other generators could take over this power, then it is often appropriate to shut down the lightly
loaded machine. The criterion in this case is that the "forwards" power supplied into the network falls below
a certain value.
In many applications it can be desirable to issue a control signal if the active power output rises above a
certain value.
When a fault in a utility network is not cleared within a critical time, the utility network and should be split or
for example, an industrial network decoupled from it. As criteria for decoupling, in addition to power flow
direction, are undervoltage, overcurrent and frequency. As a result, the 7UM62 can also be used for
network decoupling.
The impedance protection feature of the 7UM62 always operates with the currents of side 2 (IL1, 2 ,3; S2).
A decrease in system frequency occurs when the system experiences an increase in real power demand, or
when a frequency or speed control malfunction occurs. The frequency decrease protection is also used for
generators which (for a certain time) function on an island network. This is due to the fact that the reverse
power protection cannot operate on drive power failure. The generator can be disconnected from the power
system using the frequency decrease protection.
An increase in system frequency occurs e.g. when large loads (island network) are removed from the
system, or on frequency control malfunction. This entails risk of self-excitation for generators feeding long
lines under no-load conditions.
Through the use of filters measurement is practically independent of harmonic influences and very accurate.
An increase in induction above the rated value very quickly saturates the iron core and causes large eddy
current losses.
Frequency changes occur for instance when there is an imbalance between the generated and the required
active power. They call for control measures on one hand and for switching actions on the other hand.
These can be unburdening measures, such as network decoupling, or disconnection of loads (load
shedding). The sooner these measures are taken after a malfunction appears, the more effective they are.
The two main applications for this protection function are thus network decoupling and load shedding.
Jump of Voltage Vector
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Sometimes consumers with their own generating plant feed power directly into a network. The incoming
feeder is usually the ownership boundary between the network utility and these consumers/producers. A
failure of the input feeder line for example due to a three-pole automatic reclosure, can result in a deviation
of the voltage or frequency at the feeding generator which is a function of the overall power balance. When
the incoming feeder line is switched on again after the dead time, it may meet with asynchronous conditions
which cause damage to the generator or the gear train between generator and drive.
One way to identify an interruption of the incoming feeder is to monitor the phase angle in the voltage. If the
incoming feeder fails, the abrupt current interruption causes a phase angle jump in the voltage. This jump is
detected by means of a delta process. As soon as a preset threshold is exceeded, an opening command for
the generator or bus-tie coupler circuit-breaker is issued.
This means that the vector jump function is mainly used for network decoupling.
In the 7UM62, the sensitive earth fault detection feature can be allocated to either input Iee1 or Iee2. This
choice is made during configuration (see Section Functional Scope).
Because of the high sensitivity this protection is not suited for detection of high earth fault currents (above
approx. 1 A at the terminals for sensitive earth current connection). If this protection feature nevertheless is
to be used for earth fault protection, an additional, external current transformer is required as intermediate
transformer.
Note: The sensitive earth current protection may use the same current measuring input (Iee2) used for the
directional or non–directional stator earth fault protection with busbar-connection. The sensitive earth fault
protection thereby uses the same measured values if address 150 S/E/F PROT. is set to directional or non-
dir. U0&I0.
100-%-Stator Earth Fault Protection with 3rd Harmonics (ANSI 27/59TN 3rd Harm.)
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As described in Section 90-%-Stator Earth Fault Protection (ANSI 59N, 64G, 67G), the measuring
procedure based on the fundamental wave of the displacement voltage serves to protect maximally 90 % to
95 % of the stator winding. A non-line frequency voltage must be used to implement a 100 % protection
range. With the 7UM62 device, the 3rd harmonic is used for this purpose.
100-%-Stator Earth Fault Protection with 20 Hz Voltage Injection (ANSI 64G - 100%)
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The 100 % stator earth fault protection detects earth faults in the stator windings of generators which are
connected with the network via a unit transformer. This protection function, which works with a 20 Hz
injected voltage, is independent of the network frequency displacement voltage appearing in earth faults,
and detects earth faults in all windings including the machine starpoint. The measuring principle used is not
influenced at all by the generator operating mode and allows measurements even with the generator at
standstill. The two measuring principles – measurement of the displacement voltage and evaluation of the
measured quantities at an injected 20 Hz voltage – allow to implement reliable protection concepts that
complement one another.
If an earth fault in the generator starpoint or close to the starpoint is not detected, the generator is operated
as "earthed". A subsequent fault (e.g. a second earth fault) causes a single-pole short-circuit that may have
an extremely high fault current because the generator zero impedance is very small.
The 100 % stator earth fault protection is for this reason a basic function for large generators.
Applications
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Earth current monitoring to detect earth faults (generator stator, terminal lead, transformer).
3rd harmonics earth current measurement for detection of earth faults near the generator star point. The
connection is accomplished in the secondary circuit of the neutral transformer.
Protection against load resistances by means of single-phase current monitoring.
Shaft current protection in order to detect shaft currents of the generator shaft and prevent that bearings
take damage. The function is mainly used for hydro-electric generators.
Given the way the generators are constructed, it is rather unlikely that an interturn fault will occur.
Generators with a separate stator winding (e.g. large-sized hydro-electric generators) are more likely to be
affected. In this configuration, the transverse differential protection or the zero sequence current protection
are used instead between the connected starpoints.
Sensitive Rotor Earth Fault Protection with 1 to 3 Hz Square Wave Voltage Injection (ANSI 64R - 1
to 3 Hz)
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The rotor earth fault protection detects high and low resistance earth faults in the excitation circuit of
synchronous generators. An earth fault in the excitation winding itself causes no direct damage. f however a
second earth fault occurs, this results in a winding short-circuit in the excitation circuit The resulting
magnetic imbalances can cause extreme mechanical forces which may destroy the machine. The following
protection function differs from the function described in Section Rotor Earth Fault Protection R, fn (ANSI
64R) in that it is far more sensitive; it is used for large generators.
870_7UT613
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Differential Protection
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The differential protection represents the main protection feature of the device. It is based on current
comparison under consideration of the transformation ratio of the transformer.7UT613/63x is suitable for
unit protection of transformers, generators, motors, reactors, short lines, and (under observance of the
available number of analogue current inputs) and (under observance of the available number of analogue
current inputs) busbars. Protection of generator/transformer units, transformer/winding combinations or
transformer/starpoint former, can also be realised. 7UT613 and 7UT633 allow up to 3, 7UT635 allows up to
5 three-phase measuring locations.
7UT613/63x can also be used as a single-phase device. In this case, 7UT613 and 7UT633 allow up to 9,
7UT635 allows up to 12 measuring locations, e.g. currents from a busbar with up to 9 or 12 feeders.
7UT613/63x provides a second earth fault differential protection. The following function description refers to
the 1st instance (address 13xx). The 2nd instance is set via addresses 14xx.
50_51N_GT_7SJ801
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Overcurrent Protection 50, 51, 50N, 51N
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The overcurrent protection is provided with a total of four elements each for the phase currents and the
ground current. All elements are independent from each other and can be combined as desired.
If it is desired in isolated or resonant-grounded systems that three-phase devices should work together with
two-phase protection equipment, the overcurrent protection can be configured in such a way that it allows
two-phase operation besides the three-phase mode (see Chapter Power System Data 1 >> Setting Notes).
The high-set elements 50-2, 50-3, 50N-2, 50N-3 as well as the overcurrent elements 50-1 and 50N-1
always operate with a definite tripping time ), the elements 51 and 51N always with an inverse tripping time
().
Applications
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The non-directional overcurrent protection is suited for networks that are radial and supplied from a single
source or open looped networks, for backup protection of differential protective schemes of all types of
lines, transformers, generators and busbars.
High current element 67-2 and overcurrent element 67-1 always operate with a definite tripping time, the
third element 67-TOC always operates with inverse tripping time.
Applications
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The directional overcurrent protection allows the application of multifunctional protection devices 7SJ80 also
in systems where protection coordination depends on knowing both the magnitude of the fault current and
the direction of power flow to the fault location.
The non-directional overcurrent protection described in Section Overcurrent Protection 50, 51, 50N, 51N
may operate as overlapping backup protection or may be disabled. Additionally, individual elements (e.g.
67-2 and/or 67N-2) may be interconnected with the directional overcurrent protection.
For parallel lines or transformers supplied from a single source, only directional overcurrent protection
allows selective fault detection.
For line sections supplied from two sources or in ring-operated lines, the overcurrent protection has to be
supplemented by the directional criterion.
In the first case, the protective function is designed for ground fault detection in isolated or compensated
systems due to its high sensitivity. It is not really suited for ground fault detection with large ground currents
since the linear range is transcended at about 1.6 A at the sensitive ground fault detection relay terminals.
If the relay is equipped with a standard transformer for 1/5 A currents, large currents can also be detected
correctly.
This function can operate in two modes. The standard procedure, the „cos-φ– / sin-φ
measurement“, evaluates the part of the ground current perpendicular to the settable directional
characteristic.
The second procedure, the „U0/I0-φ measurement“, calculates the angle between ground
current and displacement voltage. For this procedure, two different directional characteristics
can be set.
Applications
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Sensitive ground fault detection may be used in isolated or compensated systems to detect ground faults, to
determine phases affected by ground faults, and to specify the direction of ground faults.
In solidly or low-resistance grounded systems, sensitive ground fault detection is used to detect high
impedance ground faults.
This function can also be used as supplementary ground fault protection.
If the fault still exists after automatic reclosure (arc has not disappeared, there is a metallic fault), then the
protective elements will re-trip the circuit breaker. In some systems several reclosing attempts are
performed.
Applications
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The automatic reclosure system integrated in the 7SJ80 can also be controlled by an external protection
device (e.g. backup protection). For this application, a signal exchange must occur between 7SJ80 and the
external protection device via binary inputs and outputs.
It is also possible to allow the relay 7SJ80 to work in conjunction with an external reclosing device.
The automatic reclosure system can also operate in interaction with the integrated synchronization function
or with an external synchrocheck.
Since the automatic reclosing function is not applied when the 7SJ80 is used to protect generators,
transformers, cables and reactors etc., it should be disabled for these applications.
51GN_7SJ801
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Overcurrent Protection 50, 51, 50N, 51N
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The overcurrent protection is provided with a total of four elements each for the phase currents and the
ground current. All elements are independent from each other and can be combined as desired.
If it is desired in isolated or resonant-grounded systems that three-phase devices should work together with
two-phase protection equipment, the overcurrent protection can be configured in such a way that it allows
two-phase operation besides the three-phase mode (see Chapter Power System Data 1 >> Setting Notes).
The high-set elements 50-2, 50-3, 50N-2, 50N-3 as well as the overcurrent elements 50-1 and 50N-1
always operate with a definite tripping time ), the elements 51 and 51N always with an inverse tripping time
().
Applications
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The non-directional overcurrent protection is suited for networks that are radial and supplied from a single
source or open looped networks, for backup protection of differential protective schemes of all types of
lines, transformers, generators and busbars.
High current element 67-2 and overcurrent element 67-1 always operate with a definite tripping time, the
third element 67-TOC always operates with inverse tripping time.
Applications
------------------
The directional overcurrent protection allows the application of multifunctional protection devices 7SJ80 also
in systems where protection coordination depends on knowing both the magnitude of the fault current and
the direction of power flow to the fault location.
The non-directional overcurrent protection described in Section Overcurrent Protection 50, 51, 50N, 51N
may operate as overlapping backup protection or may be disabled. Additionally, individual elements (e.g.
67-2 and/or 67N-2) may be interconnected with the directional overcurrent protection.
For parallel lines or transformers supplied from a single source, only directional overcurrent protection
allows selective fault detection.
For line sections supplied from two sources or in ring-operated lines, the overcurrent protection has to be
supplemented by the directional criterion.
50_51_51N_UAT_7SJ801
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Overcurrent Protection 50, 51, 50N, 51N
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The overcurrent protection is provided with a total of four elements each for the phase currents and the
ground current. All elements are independent from each other and can be combined as desired.
If it is desired in isolated or resonant-grounded systems that three-phase devices should work together with
two-phase protection equipment, the overcurrent protection can be configured in such a way that it allows
two-phase operation besides the three-phase mode (see Chapter Power System Data 1 >> Setting Notes).
The high-set elements 50-2, 50-3, 50N-2, 50N-3 as well as the overcurrent elements 50-1 and 50N-1
always operate with a definite tripping time ), the elements 51 and 51N always with an inverse tripping time
().
Applications
...........................
The non-directional overcurrent protection is suited for networks that are radial and supplied from a single
source or open looped networks, for backup protection of differential protective schemes of all types of
lines, transformers, generators and busbars.
High current element 67-2 and overcurrent element 67-1 always operate with a definite tripping time, the
third element 67-TOC always operates with inverse tripping time.
Applications
.............
The directional overcurrent protection allows the application of multifunctional protection devices 7SJ80 also
in systems where protection coordination depends on knowing both the magnitude of the fault current and
the direction of power flow to the fault location.
The non-directional overcurrent protection described in Section Overcurrent Protection 50, 51, 50N, 51N
may operate as overlapping backup protection or may be disabled. Additionally, individual elements (e.g.
67-2 and/or 67N-2) may be interconnected with the directional overcurrent protection.
For parallel lines or transformers supplied from a single source, only directional overcurrent protection
allows selective fault detection.
For line sections supplied from two sources or in ring-operated lines, the overcurrent protection has to be
supplemented by the directional criterion.
In the first case, the protective function is designed for ground fault detection in isolated or compensated
systems due to its high sensitivity. It is not really suited for ground fault detection with large ground currents
since the linear range is transcended at about 1.6 A at the sensitive ground fault detection relay terminals.
If the relay is equipped with a standard transformer for 1/5 A currents, large currents can also be detected
correctly.
This function can operate in two modes. The standard procedure, the „cos-φ– / sin-φ
measurement“, evaluates the part of the ground current perpendicular to the settable
directional characteristic.
The second procedure, the „U0/I0-φ measurement“, calculates the angle between ground
current and displacement voltage. For this procedure, two different directional characteristics
can be set.
Applications
....................
Sensitive ground fault detection may be used in isolated or compensated systems to detect ground faults, to
determine phases affected by ground faults, and to specify the direction of ground faults.
In solidly or low-resistance grounded systems, sensitive ground fault detection is used to detect high
impedance ground faults.
This function can also be used as supplementary ground fault protection.