Slamming induced pressure and

forces on marine structures

Hui Sun, Section of ship hydrodynamics and stability, DNV
(PhD student in CeSOS from Aug 2003 to July 2007,
post doctor in CeSOS from July 2007 to June 2011,
Supervised by Prof. O.M. Faltinsen)
 Outline
∗ Background
∗ Water entry of 2D rigid body
∗ Symmetric
∗ Asymmetric
∗ Water entry of an elastic cylindrical shell
∗ Forced oscillations of 2D ship sections
∗ Study on ships at high speed
∗ Planing vessel in calm water
∗ Forced heave and pitch in calm water
∗ Planing vessels in head sea
∗ Semi-displacement ships in steady and unsteady motions
∗ Slamming on a body in waves--- application of a numerical
wave tank
∗ Summary

2
Background

3
A 2D boundary element method

∗ Potential flow theory: inviscid, incompressible, irrotational

∗ Fully nonlinear free surface conditions with gravity considered;
∗ Boundaries discretized into straight line elements and linear
approximation of physical values on each element;
∗ Regriding and smoothing of the free surface
∗ To cut the thin jet and thin sprays (Zhao & Faltinsen, 1993; Lu,He
& Wu, 2000)
∗ To simulate the flow separation from knuckles (Zhao et al., 1996)
∗ To simulate the flow separation from a curved body surface

4
 Water entry problems

∗ Water entry of a wedge with constant speed

∗ Free water entry of a circular cylinder
∗ Free water entry of a wedge section
∗ Free water entry of a bow-flare section
∗ Asymmetric water entry of a bow-flare section
∗ Free water entry of an elastic shell

5
 Water entry of a wedge with
constant speed
β = 4˚ β = 20˚ β = 45˚
5,0
2 o 1,5
β =4 β =20
O
β=45
O

BEM BEM 1,0 BEM

2,5
1
SIM. SIM. SIM.
0,5
z/(Vt)

z/(Vt)

z/(Vt)
0,0
0 0,0

-0,5
-1 -2,5
-1,0

-2 -5,0 -1,5
0 20 40 60 0,0 2,5 5,0 7,5 10,0 0 1 2 3
y/(Vt) y/(Vt) y/(Vt)

600 20 4
O
O β =45
β=4
o
β=20
BEM
BEM 15 BEM 3
400 SIM.
SIM. SIM.

p/(0.5 ρV )
p/(0.5 ρV )

2
p/(0.5 ρV )
2

10 2
200

5 1
0

0 0
-1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0 -1,0 -0,5 0,0 0,5 1,0
z/(Vt) z/(Vt) z/(Vt)
6
A circular cylinder, buoyancy = weight,
V0 = 2.955m/s, D = 0.11m
Photos:
Greenhow & Lin
(1983)
Green lines:
BEM results
t = 0.015s, 0.090s,
0.110s, 0.200s
Vertical force (N/m)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Time (s)
(c)
(a)
Free water entry of a wedge
(b)

(Greenhow and Lin, 1983)

(d)

8
Free water entry of a rigid wedge with
deadrise 30˚ and V0 = 1.55 m/s
Vertical force (N)
400

300 Exp.
BEM

200

100

0,14
0 P1
0,12
P2
0,10 P3
P4
-100 0,08 P5

Pressure (bar)
-0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
0,06
Time (s) 0,04

0,02

0,00

-0,02
0,00 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
Time (s)
 Free water entry of a rigid bow-flare
section V0 = 2.43 m/s

Vertical force (N)

400
Exp.
BEM
300

200

100

-100
-0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

Time (s)
 0,25 0,25
Exp. BEM CIP Exp. BEM CIP
P1 P2
0,20 0,20

0,15 0,15
Pressure (bar)

Pressure (bar)
0,10 0,10

0,05 0,05

0,00 0,00

0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08

0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08
Time (s) Time (s)
0,25
Exp. BEM CIP
P3
0,20 P4

0,15
Pressure (bar)

0,10

0,05

0,00

0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08

Time (s)
11
 Asymmetric water entry of bow-flare ship
section θ=20.3° and h = 0.03m (V0=0.75m/s)

Vertical force (N) Horizontal force (N)

300 50

Exp.
BEM 0
200 CIP
-50

100 -100
Exp.
BEM
-150 CIP
0

-200
-0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
-0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
Time (s)
Time (s)

12
 Pressure on the impact side (bar)
0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
P1 P2 P3 P4
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

o
θ = 20.3
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 t = 0.05s
t = 0.08s
t = 0.09s
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 t = 0.10s
t = 0.12s
t = 0.17s
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)

Pressure on the leeward side (bar) -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 y (m)

P1 P2 P3 P4
0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.02 -0.02 -0.02 -0.02
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2
Time (s) Time (s) Time (s) Time (s)
 o
θ = 20.3
t = 0.05s
t = 0.08s
t = 0.09s
t = 0.10s
t = 0.12s
t = 0.17s

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

y (m)
 o
θ = 20.3
t = 0.05s
t = 0.08s
t = 0.09s
t = 0.10s
t = 0.12s
t = 0.17s

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

y (m)
 o
θ = 20.3
t = 0.05s
t = 0.08s
t = 0.09s
t = 0.10s
t = 0.12s
t = 0.17s

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

y (m)
 o
θ = 20.3
t = 0.05s
t = 0.08s
t = 0.09s
t = 0.10s
t = 0.12s
t = 0.17s

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

y (m)
 o
θ = 20.3
t = 0.05s
t = 0.08s
t = 0.09s
t = 0.10s
t = 0.12s
t = 0.17s

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

y (m)
 o
θ = 20.3
t = 0.05s
t = 0.08s
t = 0.09s
t = 0.10s
t = 0.12s
t = 0.17s

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

y (m)
 o
θ = 20.3
t = 0.05s
t = 0.08s
t = 0.09s
t = 0.10s
t = 0.12s
t = 0.17s

-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25

y (m)
Arai and Matsunaga (1989)’s experiments
θ=22.5°
(a) 0.8
t = 0.0495 s
0.6

0.4
z (m)

0.2
P-6
Secondary impact
0.0

-0.2 Air cavity

-0.4
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
y (m)
(b) 0.6

0.4

0.2
z (m)

0.0

-0.2 Air cavity

-0.4

-0.6
-0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
y (m)
 4.5
4.0 BEM
Speed (m/s)
3.5 Experiments
3.0
2.5
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
1.0
P-2

0.0
1.0 P-3

0.0
1.0 P-4

0.0
Pressure (Bar) 1.0 P-6 1. Secondary
0.0 impact
1.0 P-8

0.0 2. Hydroelasticity
1.0 P-9

0.0 3. Air cavity

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
Time (s)
Water entry of a cylindrical shell

Cylindrical shell z
V

COG Free surface

o

y
BEM versus von Karman’s theory
6
Strain (x10 )
2000
Experiment
1500 BEM
von Karman
1000

500

-500

-1000

-1500
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
Time (s)
Velocities by coupled and uncoupled
solutions
-1
Rigid-body velocity ( ms )

-2
-1

-3

Coupled
-4
Uncoupled

-5
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
Time (s)

27
Forced oscillations of 2D ship
sections

28
29
 Study of planing vessels

∗ Planing vessel in calm water

∗ Hydrodynamic forces on planing vessels
in forced unsteady motions
∗ Dynamic responses of planing vessels in
head sea

30
2D+t theory for steady motions
V
U
t = t0

t = t1
x1

Earth-fixed
cross-plane t = t2

V = Uτ

x1 = Ut
 Gravity effects
Comparing free surface elevations
FnB = 2.5 and FnB=5.0

z% / B z% / B
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0

-0.1 -0.1

-0.2 -0.2

-0.3 -0.3
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
y% / B
y% / B
 Gravity effects
--- Comparing vertical force distriutions
FnB = 2.5 and FnB=5.0

(2D) 2 (2D) 2
F3 /(0.5ρU B) F3 /(0.5ρU B) F3
(2D)
/(0.5ρU B)
2

0.08 0.08 0.08

0.06 Total force 0.06 Hydrostatic force 0.06

Remaining force

0.04 0.04 0.04

0.02 0.02 0.02

0.00 0.00 0.00

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
x% / B x% / B x% / B
(a) (b) (c)
2D+t theory for unsteady motions

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Added mass coefficients
Added mass coefficients
2.0
EXP. NUM. 3D Corr.
A33
1.5
A53
A35
1.0
A55

0.5

0.0

-0.5

0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

1/2
ω(B/g)
 Damping coefficients
Damping coefficients

4 EXP. NUM. 3D Corr.

3 B33
2 B53
B35
1
B55
0

-1

-2

-3

-4
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
1/2
ω(B/g)
Decomposition of the total velocity
potential

Φ = φI + φ

Total
velocity Incident Disturbance
potential waves potential

gζ a
ϕI = e kz cos (ω0 t − kx )
ω0
 Original 3D problem
for the total Φ

Decomposition of Φ

3D problem for the

disturbance potential φ

Slender body assumption

and small pitch angle

2D problems for the

disturbance potential φ in
Earth fixed cross planes
 Model tests by Fridsma(1969)
---Configuration A

∗ Beam B: 9 inches (0.2286m)

∗ Length L: 5B
∗ Deadrise angle: 20 degree
∗ Trim angle in calm water: 4 degree
∗ Mean wetted length-beam ratio: 3.6
∗ Length Froude number: U/(gL)1/2=1.19
∗ Incident waves:
amplitude ζa=0.0555B
wave length λ/L=1.0, 2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0, 6.0
 ζa=0.0555B, λ/L=3.0
0.02
Configuration A
Heave
0.00
(m)
-0.02
2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Pitch 0
(degree) -2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
F 3* 0.10
0.05
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
0.02
F 5* 0.00
-0.02
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Acc. at 0.3
COG(g) 0.0
-0.3
0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Acc. at
0.0
bow(g)
-0.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Time (s)
2D+t theory for a semi-displacement
ship in steady motions V
U
t = t0

t = t1
x1

Earth-fixed
cross-plane t = t2

V = Uτ

x1 = Ut
 Keuning’s model
Length L = 2.0 m
Beam B = 0.25 m
Draft D = 0.0624 m
Froude number
Fn = U/(gL)1/2=1.14
Trim angle
1.62 degree
Free surface flow around Keuning’s model
in steady flow at Fn=1.14Trim angle=1.62o

0.2 Free surface

Hull surface

0.1
z (m)

0.0

-0.1

-0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3

y43 (m)
 Dynamic vertical force distribution.
Steady flow at Fn=1.14. Trim angle=1.62o

100
Sectional
vertical
Faltinsen & Zhao:
force (N/m)
Nonlinear 2D+t without separation
(without 50
hydrostatic
Force)
0
Experiments

The total vertical -50

force at the stern
is zero
Sun & Faltinsen :
-100
There is a very rapid Nonlinear 2D+t with separation
undetected change in
the vertical 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
force at the stern Distance from stern (m)
 Sectional heave added mass coefficients. Fn=1.14.

a33 (kg/m) 40
30
20 Experiments
10
Sun& Faltinsen :
0
33

Nonlinear 2D+t in
-10 the time domain
ω = 13 rad/s
-20
-30
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Distance from stern (m)
 Sectional heave damping coefficients. Fn=1.14.
400
b33 (kg/m) Sun& Faltinsen :
ω = 13 rad/s Nonlinear 2D+t in
300
the time domain

200

100

0
Experiments

-100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Distance from stern (m)
Added mass coefficients compared with
Faltinsen&Zhao (1991)’s results

100

50
a33(kg/m)

-50
Faltinen &Zhao:
ω =5 rad/s
Nonlinear steady flow
-100
and linear unsteady flow
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

X0-distance from stern (m)

 Damping coefficients compared with
Faltinsen&Zhao (1991)’s results

400

300 ω = 5 rad/s
b33 (kg/(sm))

200

100

0 Faltinen &Zhao:
Nonlinear steady flow
and linear unsteady flow
-100
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

X0-distance from stern (m)

 A numerical wave tank

γ γ

z
y
Vwm
Wave h Damping zone
generation Damping zone

L Ld

49
Horizontal force on a circular cylinder
in waves with H = 0.087m,T = 1.084s.

50
Vertical force on a circular cylinder in
waves with H = 0.087m,T = 1.084s.

51
 References:
1. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2013) A Nonlinear numerical wave tank and its applications. Proceedings of 32nd International Conference on Ocean,
Offshore and Arctic Engineering, OMAE2013-10087.
2. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2012) Hydrodynamic Forces on a semi-displacement ship at high speed. Applied Ocean Research. Vol. 34, pp 68-77.
doi:10.1016/j.apor.2011.10.001.
3. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2011) Hydrodynamic Forces on High-Speed Ships in Forced Vertical Motions. Proc. 11th International Conference on Fast
Sea Transportation (FAST 2011), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, September 2011.
4. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2011) Predictions of porpoising inception for planing vessels. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. Vol. 16, n. 3, pp
270-282. DOI : 10.1007/s00773-011-0125-2.
5. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2011) Dynamic motions of planing vessels in head sea. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. Vol. 16, n. 2, pp 168-
180. DOI : 10.1007/s00773-011-0123-4.
6. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2010) Numerical study of planing vessels in waves. In: Int. Conference on Hydrodynamics, Shanghai, China, 11-15 October,
2010.s
7. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2010) Numerical study of a semi-displacement ship at high speed. In: Proc. 29th Inter. Conf. on Ocean, Offsh. Arctic Eng.,
Shanghai, China, June 2010 (OMAE 2010).
8. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2009) Water entry of a bow-flare ship section with roll angle. Journal of Marine Science and Technology. v 14, n 1, p 69-
79.
9. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2007), The influence of gravity on the performance of planing vessels in calm water. Jouranl of Engineering
Mathematics, Vol 58, pp 91-107.
10. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2007) Porpoising and Dynamic Behavior of Planing Vessels in Calm Water. Proc. of the 9th Int. Conf. on Fast Sea
Transportation. Shanghai, China, Oct. 23-27, 2007(FAST 2007).
11. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2007). Asymmetric water entry of a Bow-flare ship section with roll angle. Proc. of IUTAM Symposium on Fluid-Structure
Interaction in Ocean Engineering. Hamburg, Germany, July 23-27, 2007.
12. H. Sun (2007) A Boundary Element Method Applied to Strongly Nonlinear Wave-Body Interaction Problems. Ph.D. thesis in Norwegian University
of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
13. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2007) Hydrodynamic forces on a planing hull in forced heave or pitch motions in calm water. The 22nd Int. Wrokshop on
Water Waves and Floating Bodies, April, 2007, Plitvice, Croatia.
14. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2006), Water impact of horizontal circular cylinders and cylindrical shells. Applied Ocean Research. Vol. 28,299-311.
15. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2006), A numerical study of the hydrodynamic forces on heaving bow-flare ship cross-sections. 7th Int. Conference on
Hydrodynamics, Ischia, Italy, October.
16. H. Sun, Odd M. Faltinsen (2006), The fluid-structure interaction during the water impact of a cylindrical shell. 4th Int. Conference on
Hydroelasticity in Marine Technology, Wuxi, China.

52
 References:
1. Aarsnes JV (1996) Drop test with ship sections – effect of roll angle. Report 603834.00.01.
Norwegian Marine Technology Research Institute, Trondheim, Norway.
2. Arai M, Matsunaga K (1989) A numerical and experimental study of bow flare slamming. Journal
of Society Naval Architecture Japan. 166 (in Japanese).
3. Arai M, Miyauchi T (1998) Numerical study of the impact of water on cylindrical shells,
considering fluid-structure interactions. In: Practical Design of Ships and Mobile Units. Editors:
M.W.C. Oosterveld and S.G. Tan. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science. pp59-68.
4. O.M. Faltinsen, R. Zhao, Numerical Prediction of ship Motions at High Forward Speed, Phil. Trans.
R. Soc. Lond., 334 (1991) 241-252.
5. Greenhow M, Lin WM (1983) Nonlinear free surface effects: experiments and theory. Report No.
83-19 Department of Ocean Engineering, MIT.
6. Lu, C.H., He, Y.S., Wu, G.X. (2000)Coupled analysis of nonlinear interaction between fluid and
structure during impact. Journal of Fluids and Structructures. Vol. 14, 127-146.
7. Troesch AW (1992) On the hydrodynamics of vertically oscillating planing hulls. J. Ship Res.36,
317-331.
8. Zhao R, Faltinsen OM, Aarsnes JV (1996) Water entry of arbitrary two-dimensional sections with
and without flow separation. In: Proc. Twenty-first Symposium n Naval Hydrodynamics,
Trondheim, Norway, 1996.
9. Zhao R, Faltinsen OM (1993) Water entry of two-dimensional bodies. J. Fluid Mech. 246, 593-612.
10. Zhu XY, Faltinsen OM, Hu CH (2005) Water entry loads on heeled ship sections. Proc. 16th Int.
Conf. on Hydrodynamics in Ship Design, Gdansk, Poland.
53
 Summary

∗ Water entry problems:

∗ symmetric and asymmetric water entry
∗ Water entry of elastic body
∗ Water entry and exit in the forced oscillations
∗ 2D+t method used to solve the seakeeping problems
∗ for planing vessels
∗ semi-displacement vessels
∗ Numerical wave tank applications
54
∗Thank you for your attention!

55