Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy DINH LY PTOLEMY ILNOi dung - Li thuyét: 1. Dang thie Pté-1é-mé: Cho tir gide ABCD nGi tiép dudng tron (). Khi do: AC.BD=AB.CD4AD.BC Hinh minh hga (hinh 1) Cheng minh: LAy 24thudc durdng chéo ACsao cho ABB = Wise. Khi d6 xét AA BD AMBCc6: ABD =MBCADB = MCB. Nén SA BEng dang voi AMEC(s.9). Do dé ta cé: AD_ME Ba_By ED= Boo AD. BC = BD.MC(!) Lai cé: BO= Bova ABM = DBC AB _ BD nén AABM~ ADBC( 9.2) Suy ra $= Shay AB-CD=AM.BD(). TW (iva (2)suy ra: BD.MC+AM.BD = AC.BD ;-mé duoc chteng minh. {4Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy 2, Bat dang thire Pte Day c6 thé coi la dinh li Pté-mé-1é md rng bdi vi né khéng gidi han trong IOp tt gidc ndi tiép Dinh li: Cho tir gidc ACD. Khi do: AC.BD AABM ~ADBC(t.9.)> $i = 2p) AB.DE = BD.AM Ap dung bat dang thize trong tam giac va cdc didu trén ta 6 AD.BC+AB.DC = BD|AM+CM)> BD.AC Vay dinh I Pt6-Ié-mé mé réng da dug ching minh pest tO Atk a9 Aan HaLhO Aan Anh al] Aan = stlon 3:0 An i)4ts[4O Ante HOA HTC AD 4 Trong dé: {2}Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy AA Ate A 4 = Adm tAIng= Ao AIng= AL Day [4 mét dinh Ii ko d& dang chting minh dug bang kién thize hinh hoc THCS. Cac ban cé thé tham khdo phép cht?ng minh trong bai viét Dinh li Pté-lé-mé tong quat cla Tién st Nguyén Minh Ha, BHSP , Ha Ndi thudc Tuyén tap 5 nam Tap chi toan hoc va tudi tra. Il Ung dung cia dinh Ii Pt6-1é-mé trong viée chieng minh céc dac tinh hinh hoc: 4, Cheng minh quan hi fa cc dai Ivon: hoe: Mé dau cho phan nay ching ta sé dén vi 1 vi du didn hinh va co’ ban va vide tng dung dinh Ii Pt6-16-mé. Bai todn 1; Cho tam giéc déu A BC'cé cdc canh bang %7>9)-Trén Alay diém? di dong, trén tia déi ctia tia Bly dim Pdi déng sao cho AQ. BP =a2 Goi Atla giao digm ctia BOva AP. Ching minh rang: 4M4+MC = BM (88 thi vao trvéng THPT chuyén Lé Qui B6n, thi x4 Béng Ha, tinh Quang Tri, nam hoc 2005-2006) Hinh minh hoa (hinh 3) Ching minh: . 40 Tir gid thiét 42. BP =a%uy ra t= Be Xét 4A BQva aBPAcé AG _ AB, B= Brat) E49 = 15P = AABQN ABPA(.G.<)=> ABO = APA(I) { 3Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy Lai ob 4534MBP = 00°12) Tw: (1,2) => BMP =120°_NBP_MPB = 190° = AB = 10° BaP = 120190? =e0° = 108. Suy ra ttr giac AMCHnGi tiép duge dudng tron. Ap dung dinh li Pt6-lé-mé cho tt gic 4 MfCBn6i tiép va gid thiét AB= BC = Cata o6: AB.MC4BC.AM = BM.AC 3 AM4IC = BM (dpcm) Day la 1 bai toan kha dé va tat nhién cach gidi nay ko dug don gidn lm.Vi néu muén str dung dang thre Pt6-Ié-mé trong 1 ki thi thi cé Ié phai ching minh nd dudi dang bd 8. Nhung didu chi y & day la ta chang cn phai suy nght nhiéu khi ding cach trén trong khi d6 néu ding cach khdc thi I6i gidi c6 khi lai ko mang vé tong minh. Bai toan 2: Tam giac ABCvuéng cé BO>CA>AS, Goi 21a mot diém trén canh 5C.E1a mot diém trén canh 4 Bkéo dai vé phia diém Asao cho BD = 5E=CA. Goi Pla mét diém trén canh Agsao cho £,5,D,Pnam trén mot dudng tron. 21a giao diém tht? hai cia BPvoi dung tron ngoai tiép £4 BC. Chteng minh rang: AC+CO = BE (Bé thi chon Gi tuyén Héng K6ng tham dy IMO 2000, HongKong TST 2000) Hinh minh hoa:(hinh 4) Ching minh: Xét cae tte giac ndi tiép ABCQva BEPDta co: Gig =€80 = DEP (cting chan cc cung tron)Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy Mat khac 400 =108-ABe = BEE Xét AANCVa ABPDOO: AQ0 = 8D, CAG = LEP = aage ~ AEPD =5P= $4340.20 = BP.BD(1] (do 4c = BD) 88-955 ep.gc=4c.Pr = Ba.PR(2) (do Ac = BE) Ap dung dinh |i Pt6-16-mé cho tw giac n@i tiép ARPDta ob: SP. BD 4BE.PD=ED.BP Tw OM) buy ra: AQ.BD+QC.ED = BD.BP=5AQ4QC = BP(dpcm) Cé thé thy rng bai 1 1a tu twang don gian dé ta xy dung cach gidi otia bai 2. Tire la dya vao cdc dai lvong trong tam giac bang nhau theo gia thiét ta sir dung tam gid dng dang dé suy ra cac ti sé lién quan va str dung phép thé d8 suy ra diu phai chtmg minh, Céch lam nay té ra khd la higu qua va minh hoa r6 rang qua 2 vi dy ma zaizai da néu 6 trén. Dé lam ré hon phuong phap ching ta sé cling nhau dén voi viée ching minh 1 dinh li bang chinh Pté-1é-mé. Bai toan 3: ( Binh li Camot) Cho tam giée nhon A BCnéi tiép trong dudng tron (7.F va ngoai tiép dudng tron (%,7).Goi 2.9, 214n Iugt a khong cach tir Ot6i c&c canh tam gidc. Chteng minh rang: whys Rte Hinh minh hoa (hinh 5)Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy Chung minh: Goi MN,Plan lvgt la trung diém cia BC,CA,AB. Gia str 220M y=ON,z =OP,BC=4,CA=3,AB Tw gidc CaM BENGi tiép, theo dang thtre Pté-lé-mé ta od: OB.PM=OP.MB+OM.PB Do d6: Rf=2.3+2.5(1) Tuong ty ta ofing cé Rava) Ri=y4te 403) Mat khac: r++ 9=Sanc=SopctSocatSoss=sh+u} 4409) Tu (1M2),(8),Alta 66; ery) ( Rast Bay la 1 dinh li kha la quen thugc va cach ching minh kha don gian. Ung dung ctia dinh li nay nhu da néi la ding nhiéu trong tinh toan cdc dai long trong tam gidc. Déi v6i tréng hop tam giac dé kh6ng nhon thi cach phat bigu ciia dinh Ii cing cé su thay 48 2, Cheng minh cdc dc tinh hinh hoc: Bai toan 1; Cho tam gic ABCndi tiép trong dudng tron (Clva ac =24B. Cac duéng thang tiép xtic voi duong tron (C)tai A,C cat nhau & P. Chieng minh rang BEdi qua diém chinh gitra cla cung BAC. Hinh minh hoa(hinh 6)Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy Cheng minh Goi giao diém ctia APvéi dung tron la W. N6i ANNE Xet INPCva ICP: PCH =FBC,P chung S ANPC ~ ACPB( 4.9) 3 $8 = 2511) AE _AR Tuong ty ta cting c6 APAN ~ APRA 9.9) > p= Z5(?) Mat khdc Pa = PC( do la 2 tiép tuyén ctla dung tron cat nhau) Nén ter (1), (2) => $4 = 28 = 42 = ve.a5=BC.AN|3) Ap dung dinh li Pt6-lé-mé cho tir gidc ngi tiép A BCN'ta c6: AC.BN C.BN =24B. BN = NC= BN, Vay ta 6 diéu phai chéeng minh. ‘Day 06 16 lA mét trong nhéng Idi gidi kha 14 ngdn va 4n tong ola bai nay.Chi can qua vai qué trinh tim kiém cdc cap tam giac déng dang ta da dé dang di dén két ludn ctia bai todn. Tu tuéng ban dau khi lam bai toan nay chinh la dyva vao Ii thuyét trong cing mét dudng tron hai day bang nhau cang hai cung bang nhau. Do cé lién quan dén cdc dai long trong ttr giéc ndi tiép nén viée ching minh rt dé dang Bai todn 2: Cho tam giéc ABC cé | la tm dung tron ngi tiép, O 1a tam durdng tron ngoai tiép va trong tam G. Gia sir rang Sr = su". Ching minh rang 1G song song voi BC Hinh minh hoa (hinh 7) Kéo dai arcat ()tai a7. Khi d6 avid diém chinh gitra cung BC (khéng chiva A). Taco: BY =NC(I). Lai cé {7}Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy BY = BIN = BN =1N(2) DoOILABsuy ra /A=IN dea cung 2C{3) Tir (1), (2),(2) 9 BY = NC HIN = A(4) Ap dung dinh li Ptd-lé-mé cho tir giac néi tiép ABNCta co: BN.ACHAB.NC=BC.AN Tu (4)=9 BN (AC44.5)=2BN.BE > ACHAB=2BC(6) Ap dung tinh chat dung phan gidc trong tam gidc va (5) ta c6: ABtAC $8=18= 88 = $5585 = AB ips Vay 18=218) Mat khdc G Ia trong tm lia tam gide suy ra 49=17) Tw?) h=2= 48 Suy ra IG la duong trung binh ciia tam gic A DiMhay 14song song voi BO Day la mét bai toan kha la hay it nhAt la d6i voi THCS va voi cach lam 06 vé "ngan gon" nay ta da phan nao hinh dung duge vé dep ctia cdc dinh Ii Bai toan 3: Cho tam giéc ABC néi tiép dudng tron (O), CM a trung tuyén. Cac tiép tuyén tai A va B ila (0) c&t nhau & D. Ching minh rang: ded = 8G Hinh minh hoa:(hinh 8)Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy Chung minh Goi NIA giao diém ctia CD v6i (0). Xét tam gidc DNB va DBC 6: DaN=DEBDchung = ADBN s ADCB( 5.3) 45 _ 5D =cp= cpl) Twong ty ta ofing c6 ADNA + ADAL(g.)= 4h = Bia) HB _ Bs Ma BD = Danén tir ()(2)> 25 = a0 3 VB.AC = AN. BC(3) Ap dung dinh Ii Pt6-16-mé cho tir gidc ndi tiép AN BC ta 06: AW.BC+BN.AC=AB.NC Tur (3) va gid thiét AB=15M 32AN.BC =2BM.NC = 4 = BE Xét ABMCOva ANACCO: AN BME Mae Ano 42 Be SABMC ~ ANAC(c.9.c) > BOM = M42 Vay bai ton dug chiing minh. Co sé dé ta giai quyét cdc bai toan dang nay la tao ra cc tir gidc néi tiép dé ap dung dinh li sau dé st dung li thuyét dong dang dé tim ra mdi quan hé gitra cac dai lvgng. Day 1a mot Idi suy bién ngugc trong hinh hoe. 3, Chiyng minh cc dang thire hinh hoe: Bai toan 1: Gia sir 14."la cdc diém nam trong 34 BC sao cho MAB = NACMBA = BBS. Chimg minh rang: ALAN | BMBN CMOH Seat teiecteace — Hinh minh hoa: (hinh 9)Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy Chung minh: LAy diém K trén dung thang BN sao cho Boi = BasF, lic d6 ARMA ABCK suy AB_5M_ Al, BR pc~ crt) =th= Mat khac dé thay rang ZR = BC, tr d6 AABK ws AMBEMEn dén fia = FE= AC) iar = B= Exel Cling tir ABMA~ ABCK ta 06: CCH = Bait = NaC. suy ra ttr gidc ANCK ndi tiép dudng tron. Ap dung dinh Ii Pt6-l6-mé cho tir giéc A BCKta 06: AC.NK =AN.CKACNAK (3) Nhung tir (1)va (2)thi : cx AU BC ApcK ABRC Bir A = rag B= pir Nén ta c6 dang thire (3) @AC(BK-BN)= AN.CKLCNAK ac(AEB0_pn)—AN4MBC CAB CH @AB.BC.CA=AN.AM.BC+CN.AB.CM+BN.BM.AC AILAN | BMCBY | CMC. eodpactsascteac: Dy 1a 1 trong nhiing bai toan kha 1a cd dién cia IMO Shortlist. Ta van cé thé giai quyét bai toan theo mét huéng khdc nhung dai va phic tap hon dé la sir dung bé dé: Néu M\N la cdc dim thuéc canh BC clia AABsao cho AB=NACthi AMA =AB_AC—VEMBNCM GW. Day la mot bd dé ma cdc ban cling nén ghi nhd. Bai todn 2: Cho tir giéc ABCD ndi tiép trong duréng tron (0). Chtrng minh rang: { » }Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy AC_BOCDIABED ED=BCBA DC DA Hinh minh ha:(hinh 10) Chieng minh Lay E va F thude duéng tron sao cho: CoB = 408, BDA = DCP khi do: AB=8C,PD=AB,EFC=AB,BF=AD Ap dung dinh Ii Pt6-16-mé cho hai ttr gidc néi tip AECD va BCDF ta cé: AC.ED = AB.CD4AD.BC = BC.CD+AD.AB() BD.CF = BC. DF +B¥.CD= BC.AB}AD.CD(2) Mat khdc: EDR =CDB+ BOR = A084 B08 ADB = widehat PCD Do a6: Fe = FDR + BDe = FER 4 FCB - BED Suy ra: BB=FC(3) Tw (1), (2), (3) ta c6 didu phai chieng minh, Bai ton 3: Cho tam giac ABC voi BE, CF la cdc dung phan giac trong. Cac tia EF, FE ct duéng trén ngoai tiép tam gidc theo thtr ty tai M va N. Chtrng minh rang: Loto a tat partom= ZartantEn+car Hinh minh hoa (hinh 11)Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy Chieng minh patBC =0,CA =1,AB=¢ Ap dung dinh li Pté-lé-mé cho hai ttr gidc néi tiép AMBCva ANCBta co: a. AIM4}5. BM = e.CM(1) @AN+ ACT = b.BN(2) Ty (1) va (2) ta duge: o(AM+AN) =2(BN-BM)+e(CM—CN) (3) Mat kh ta lai c6: AANF w ANBR( 3.9) 3 48 =F) Twong ty: AANF sAMBF( 9.9) 324-4455) Tur (4), (5) va ‘ ch&t dong phan gidc ta 66: Heat = 47 =i) Ching minh tuong ty ta duge: AMAT _AB_ t¢7) cacy ~Cis~ 4 Tr (3), (6), (7) ta o6 diéu phai chtrng minh, C6 thé dé dang nhan ra nét twong ding gitra cach gidi ctia 3 bai toan dé la van dung c&ch vé hinh phu tao ra cdc c&p géc bang cdc c&p géc cho sn tir dé tim ra cdc biéu dién lién quan, Mét duéng Idi rt hay dug sir dung trong cac bai todn dang nay. 4, Ching minh bat dang thie va giai ton cue tri trong hinh hoe: Bai toan 1: (Thi HSG cac ving cia MI, nam 1987) Cho mét tt gidc ngi tiép 66 cdc canh lién tiép bang a.3,c,cva cdc dang chéo bang Psf-Chieng minh rang: pasa Pra, { 2 }Dign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy Ching minh: Ap dung dinh li Pt6-lé-mé cho tir gidc ni tiép thi ac+b¢ = pe Vay ta can ching minh £4? =(ac+od)? <(a?+84)(02+¢2) Bat dng thie nay chinh la mot bat dang thie rAt quen thuge ma cé 16 ai cling biét dé la bat dang thtvc Bunhiacopxki-BCS. Vay bai toan dugc cht¢ng minh. MGt Idi giai dep va vé cing gon nhe cho 1 bai toan tung ching nhu la khé. ¥ tuéng & day la da bat dang thtrc cn chtrng minh vé 1 dang don gian hon va thuan dai sé hon. That thii vi la bat dang thirc dé Iai la BCS, Bai toan 2: Cho luc gidc Idi ABCDEF théa man didu kign AB = BC\CD = DR,EF = FA Chtrng minh rang: AC-CRY+(CB-AB)*+(AB-AC) BG BE ide be icscacacas™taasacr HINH MINH HOA (hinh 12) Ching minh: Dat AC =4,C=3,AAB =cAp dung dinh li Pto-16-mé mo rong cho tir giae ACH Fta c6: AC. EPICE.AP > AR.CF Vi RP = ARnén suy ra Fez ah Tuong ty ta cong ob: PB 2 Daeg? eae Be Tir dé suy raDign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy (4c-c8)*4(cH-a5)*+4(a8-ac? ACICRE(CRIAB)H(ABIACP fo-b4(b-e)*4 fea)? orptatatats 2H GEER oF oy} a. lab 4(b-c)* +(e? epgetanatage—22 (orb bae) (eta fot)? {b=e)? (o—a)? (a—b)3+4(b—-e)?+(e-a)? emgnat ore) ti mga erat i az (atby"4(b+e)"+(e40) eLeVaera ameaed erat Bat dang thwe da qui vé dang chinh téc SOS : Sald—eP 4 Sple—a}4 Sela—Hy > 0 Dé thay: Yate(h+e <(a+8)'+[b-+e}"+(c-+0}! wot = Fareed 2 aerate? . Nhu vay 5¢>0, danh gid tong ty ta cling dé dang thu dug két qua Sa5b>0. Vay bat dang thire duge chtmg minh. Bang thire xay ra khi va chi khi a Tic la khi ABCDEF 1a mot luc gidc d&u ngi tiép. cB Di 5 FA Batpatec > Day 1a mét bai toan do zaizai phat trién tt: mt bai todn quen thude. NO cfing xuat phat tiv bai Stronger than Nesbit inequality cia minh Co’ sé khi gidi bai toan nay la siv dung phuong phap SOS dé lam manh bai toan. Voi buée chuyén tir viée chtrng minh 1 bat dang thtre hinh hoc sang bat dang thtrc dai 86 ta dé dang tim ra 1 Idi gidi dep. Néu chudn héa bt dang tht nay ta cling co két qua rt tha vi Bai toan 3: Cho Iyc gidc Idi ABCDEF théa man didu kign A= BC\CD = DFLEF = FA va ting 66 dai ba canh AC\CE.AEbang 3 Ching minh rang: 5 PR EA> 142 (ACS 4OR°+AB*) WIACHCR+AR) Loi giai: Ta chuyén viée chtrng minh bat dang thtrc trén vé chteng minh bat dang thtre sau: 21, 2led+b24e3) siteata2 Bier a et lett? et} 3 titptetge te ae . Bang cach sir dung phuong phap hé sé bat dinh ta dé dang tim duge bat dang thre phy dung {uDign dan toan hoc Ginh Ii Ptolemy soa et 9 (-1fa2—a+6)>0 Tuong ty véi cde phan thizc cén lai ta c6 didu phai ching minh. Khi dinh huéng gidi bai nay ch4c han ban sé lién tuéng ngay dén SOS nhung that sy thi né ko cn thiét trong bai toan nay béi chi lam phite héa bai toan. Ding phyong phap hé sé bat dinh gitp ta tim ra 1 191 gidi ngn va rat dep. Tuy nhién 1di gidi nay ko dé hiéu lm déi voi THCS. Thyc ra cach lam méi bai toan nay cting eure ki don gidn vi xuat phat diém cua dang chuAn la bat dang thtrc Nesbit quen thudc vi vay dé dang thay déi gia thiét dé bién déi bai todn. Ma cach thay ddi diéu kién & day chinh la bude chuan héa trong chtrng minh bat dang thurc dai sé. Néi chung la ding dé ding bac bat dang thtrc thuan nhat. Voi tr tuéng nhy vay ta hoan toan cé thé xy dung céc két qua manh hon va tht vi hon qua mot vai phuong phap nhu SOS, hé sé bat dinh, dén bién va chun héa. Dac biét sau khi chuan héa ta o6 thé diing 3 phwong phap cén lai dé chtrng minh. Bai ton 4: Cho dung tron (O]va BC la mot day cung khac durdng kinh ctia dwong tron. Tim diém Athude cung lon BCsao cho AB+ACIén nhat. Loi gi Goi D [a diém chinh gitra cung nhé BC. Dat DB= DC =ckhéng di. Theo dinh Ii Pt6-1é-mé ta od: AD.BC=AB.DC+4AC.BD =0(AB4AC)= aByac -BZap Do BC va ako déi nén AB+ACI6n nhat khi va chi khiA Din nat khi va chi khi A 1a diém déi xting ola Dqua tam Octia dung tron. IV, Bai tap: Bai 1:(CMO 1988, Trung Quéc) ABCD Ia mot te gidc noi tiép véi dvrdng tron ngoai tiép c6 tm) va ban kinh R. Cac tia AB,BC.CD, DAcat (2,2F)lan lot tai 4’,2",C',2'. Cheng minh rang: ABIL RC LOD 4D! > (ABLBCLODIDA) Bai 2: Cho dung tron (2}va day cung Be khac dvdng kinh. Tim diém A thud cung lon BC cia dvong tron dé 4 B+24C dat gia tri lon nhat. Bai 3: Cho tam gidc ABC néi tiép dudng tron (2). Budng tron £2") nam trong (0) tiép xtic voi (O) tai T thudc cung AC (ko chtra B). Ké cac tiép tuyén AA BEC CHOI (O"), Ching minh rang: { » }Dién dan toan hoc inh li Ptolemy BRAC = AA BC+CO' AB Bai 4: Cho luc giée A BCLWFc6 cac canh 6 d6 dai nhé hon 1. Chizng minh rng trong ba dudng chéoAD,58.CF c6 it nhdt mot dong chéo c6 dé dai nhé hon 2 Bai 5: Cho hai duéng tron déng tm, ban kinh cia dvéng tran nay g4p doi ban kinh cla dung tron kia. ABCD ter gid ndi tiép dng tron nhé. Cac tia AB, BC\CD,DAlan lugt ot dwong tran lon tai A’,B',C’,D" Ching minh rang: chu vi tt gidc 49802) D16n hon 2 lan chu vi tr glace ABCD.