Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 1

Fire resistance assessment of Composite structures

Basic design methods

Worked examples

CAJOT Louis-Guy

Chairman of CEN/TC250/SC4/EG - Fire Part

ArcelorMittal
The Building (R+5)
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 2

120mm slab

COFRAPLUS 60
Composite beams
IPE450

Partially encased
composite columns
HE260A

Bracing system
Structure grid of the composite building
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 3

Composite slab, composite beams, composite columns

S2

1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system

Bracing system
7m
14 m

S1 S1
7m

C
Bracing system

S2

S1 - S1
Structure grid of the composite building
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 4

Actions (for all floor levels)

Ö Self weight G1
9Composite slab unit weight : 2.12 kN/m²
9Steel structural members
Ö Permanent load G2
9Finishing, embedded services, partitions : 1.50 kN/m²
Ö Façade G3 : 2 kN/m
Ö Characteristic values of variable loads and ψ factors

Type qk ψ1 ψ2
Live load on floors 4.0 kN/m² 0.7 0.6
Snow on roof 1.7 kN/m² 0.2 0.0
Structure grid of the composite building
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 5

Structural members
Ö Composite slab
9 Total thickness: 12 cm
9 Steel deck: COFRAPLUS60
9 Thickness of steel deck: 0.75 mm
9 Continuous slab over 2 spans
Ö Secondary beams
9 IPE450 linked with headed studs to the composite slab; fire
protected steel sections
9 Alternative : Partially encased composite beams IPE450; fire
protection obtained through partial encasement
Ö Columns for ground level
9 Facade columns: Partially encased HEA260
9 Alternative: Fully encased HEB160
Structure grid of the composite building
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 6

Composite slab, composite beams, composite columns

S2

1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system

Bracing system
7m
14 m

S1 S1
7m

C
Bracing system

S2

S1 - S1
Structure grid of the composite building
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 7

Composite slab continuous on 3 supports

S2

1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system

Bracing system
7m
14 m

S1 S1
7m

C
Bracing system

S2

S1 - S1
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 8

Summary of data

3m 3m

Slab thickness = 12cm

Required fire resistance : R60

Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 9

Material characteristics

Steel decking : fy = 350 N/mm²

Concrete : C25/30 ; fc = 25 N/mm²
Rebars : fy = 500 N/mm²
Mesh ST25 ; A = 2,57 cm²/m
Ribs : 1 φ8 /rib
Loads
Permanent loads:
Steel decking : gt,k = 0,085 kN/m²
Concrete : gb,k = 2,03 kN/m²
Permanent load : gc,k = 1,5 kN/m²
Variable load:
Variable load : qk = 4,0 kN/m²
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 10

Geometric parameters
COFRAPLUS60
1m
l1

l3
1φ8 per rib
= 2,51 cm²/m

h1 = 62 mm h2 = 58 mm h3 = 0
l1 = 101 mm l2 = 62 mm l3 = 106 mm

Application field

Trapezoidal steel decking Existing geometric parameters

Condition fulfilled ?
profiles [mm] [mm]
80 ≤ l1 ≤ 155 l1 = 101 OK
32 ≤ l2 ≤ 132 l2 = 62 OK
40 ≤ l3 ≤ 115 l3 = 106 OK
50 ≤ h1 ≤ 125 h1 = 62 OK
50 ≤ h2 ≤ 100 h2 = 58 OK
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 11

Fire resistance according to thermal insulation

A 1 A 1
ti = a0 + a1 ⋅ h1' + a2 ⋅ Φ + a3 ⋅ + a4 ⋅ + a5 ⋅ ⋅
Lr l3 Lr l 3

A 1 A 1
ti = ( −28,8) + 1,55 ⋅ h1' + ( −12,6) ⋅ Φ + 0,33 ⋅ + ( −735 ) ⋅ + 48 ⋅ ⋅
Lr l3 Lr l 3

For Normal Weight Concrete

a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
[min] [min/mm] [min] [min/mm] mm·min [min]
-28,8 1,55 -12,6 0,33 -735 48
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 12

Fire resistance according to thermal insulation

A 1 A 1
ti = a0 + a1 ⋅ h1' + a2 ⋅ Φ + a3 ⋅ + a4 ⋅ + a5 ⋅ ⋅
Lr l3 Lr l 3

A 1 A 1
ti = ( −28,8) + 1,55 ⋅ 62 + ( −12,6) ⋅ Φ + 0,33 ⋅ + ( −735 ) ⋅ + 48 ⋅ ⋅
Lr 106 Lr 106

½l3 l1 = 101 ½l3 = 53

h3=0

h1=62

h2=58

Exposed Surface

l2 = 62

h1' = h1 + h3 = 62 mm (h3 = thickness of the screed)

Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 13

Fire resistance according to thermal insulation

A 1 A 1
ti = a0 + a1 ⋅ h1' + a2 ⋅ Φ + a3 ⋅ + a4 ⋅ + a5 ⋅ ⋅
Lr l3 Lr l 3

1 1
ti = ( −28,8) + 1,55 ⋅ 62 + ( −12,6) ⋅ Φ + 0,33 ⋅ 25,6 + ( −735 ) ⋅ + 48 ⋅ 25,6 ⋅
106 106

½ l3 l1= 101 ½ l3 = 53

Rib geometry factor

h3=0

⎛l +l ⎞
h2 ⋅ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟
h1=62
A ⎝ 2 ⎠
= = 25,6 mm
Lr 2
⎛l −l ⎞
l 2 + 2 ⋅ h22 + ⎜ 1 2 ⎟
h2=58 ⎝ 2 ⎠

Exposed Surface

l2 = 62
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 14

Fire resistance according to thermal insulation

A 1 A 1
ti = a0 + a1 ⋅ h1' + a2 ⋅ Φ + a3 ⋅ + a4 ⋅ + a5 ⋅ ⋅
Lr l3 Lr l 3

1 1
ti = ( −28,8) + 1,55 ⋅ 62 + ( −12,6) ⋅ 0,727 + 0,33 ⋅ 25,6 + ( −735 ) ⋅ + 48 ⋅ 25,6 ⋅
106 106

ti = 71min
½ l3 l1= 101 ½ l3 = 53

h3=0
View factor

h1=62
⎡ 2 2⎤
⎛ l − l ⎞ ⎛ l − l ⎞
Φ = ⎢ h2 + ⎜ l 3 + 1 2 ⎟ − h2 + ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ ⎥ l 3 = 0,727
2 2
⎢ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
h2=58

Exposed Surface

l2 = 62
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 15

Simplified method (EN1994-1-2/Annex D/§D.4)

⎛l +l ⎞ ⎛ 101 + 62 ⎞
For h2/h1 ≤ 1,5 and h1 > 40mm heff = h1 + 0,5 ⋅ h2 ⋅ ⎜⎜ 1 2 ⎟⎟ = 62 + 0,5 ⋅ 58 ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 85 mm
l + l
⎝ 1 3⎠ ⎝ 101 + 106 ⎠
h3
h1 = 62 mm
heff h1
h2 = 58 mm
h2
l1 = 101 mm
l2 = 62 mm
l2
l3 = 106 mm
l1 l3

Minimal effective thickness of the slab heff to satisfy the thermal insulation criteria

Standard fire heff

resistance [mm]

I 30 60-h3
h3 = 0 ; heff = 85mm
I 60 80-h3 I 60
I 90 100-h3
I 120 120-h3
I 180 150-h3
I 240 175-h3
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 16

Temperature evolution in the section as a function of the time

Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 17

+
Calculation of the sagging moment resistance Mfi,t,Rd
1 A
Temperature distribution in the steel decking : θa = b0 + b1 ⋅ + b 2 ⋅ + b3 ⋅ Φ + b 4 ⋅ Φ 2
l3 Lr
Fire
Part of the b0 b1 b2 b3 b4
Concrete resistance ½ l3 l1= 101 ½ l3 = 53
Steel decking [°C] [°C·mm] [°C/mm] [°C] [°C]
[min]
Lower flange 951 -1197 -2.32 86.4 -150.7 h3=0

60 Web 661 -833 -2.96 537.7 -351.9

Upper flange 340 -3269 -2.62 1148.4 -679.8 h1=62

Lower flange 1018 -839 -1.55 65.1 -108.1
Normal
90 Web 816 -959 -2.21 464.9 -340.2
Concrete
Upper flange 618 -2786 -1.79 767.9 -472.0
h2=58
Lower flange 1063 -679 -1.13 46.7 -82.8

120 Web 925 -949 -1.82 344.2 -267.4

l2 = 62
Upper flange 770 -2460 -1.67 592.6 -379.0

For the different parts of the steel decking, the temperatures at 60 minutes are :
1
Upper Flange θa = 951 − 1197 ⋅ − 2,32 ⋅ 25,6 + 86,4 ⋅ 0,727 − 150,7 ⋅ 0,727 2 = 863 °C
106
1
Web θa = 661 − 833 ⋅ − 2,96 ⋅ 25,6 + 537,7 ⋅ 0,727 − 351,9 ⋅ 0,7272 = 782 °C
106
1
Lower Flange θa = 340 − 3269 ⋅ − 2,62 ⋅ 25,6 + 1148,4 ⋅ 0,727 − 679,8 ⋅ 0,7272 = 718 °C
106
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 18

u3 A 1
Temperature of the reinforcing bar in the rib : θs = c 0 + c1 ⋅ + c2 ⋅ z + c3 ⋅ + c 4 ⋅ α + c5 ⋅
h2 Lr l3
½ l3 = 53 l1 = 101 ½ l3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
with = + + = + +
h1 = 62 z u1 u2 u3 35,8 35,8 20

→ z = 1,79 mm0,5

h2 = 58

u1 u2 Fire resistance c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5
Concrete
α = 70° [min] [°C] [°C] [°C/mm0.5] [°C/mm] [°C/°] [°C]
u3

60 1191 -250 -240 -5.01 1.04 -925

l2 = 62
Normal 1.39
90 1342 -256 -235 -5.30 -1267
Concrete
u1 = 35,8mm 120 1387 -238 -227 -4.79 1.68 -1326

u2 = 35,8mm
u3 = 20mm
20 1
(axis distances) θs = 1191 − 250 ⋅ − 240 ⋅ 1,79 − 5,01 ⋅ 25,6 + 1,04 ⋅ 71,4 − 925 ⋅ = 612 °C
58 106
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 19

Bearing capacity of the different parts of the steel decking and the reinforcing bar :

Reduction Partial
Temperature fy,i,θ Fi
factor area
θi [°C] [kN/cm²] [kN]
ky,i [-] Ai [cm²]
Lower flange 863 0,078 0,465 2,74 1,274
Web 782 0,131 0,918 4,60 4,221
Upper flange 718 0,209 0,795 7,31 5,813
Rebar in the rib 612 0,367 0,503 18,34 9,22
ky
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
θ [°C]
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 20

Positive moment of the composite slab

Determination of the plastic neutral axis :

zpl
Z
Equilibrium of the horizontal forces
∑ Fi = α slab ⋅ (l 1 + l 3 ) ⋅ zpl ⋅ fc
½ l3 = 53 l1 = 101 ½ l3

∑ Fi 1,274 + 4,221 + 5,813 + 9,22

z pl = = = 4,7 mm
α slab ⋅ (l 1 + l 3 ) ⋅ fc 0,85 ⋅ (101 + 106) ⋅ 25 ⋅ 10 −3

Determination of the positive moment resistance of the composite slab :

Fi zi Mi
[kN] [cm] [kNcm] for a rib width of 207mm,
Lower flange 1,274 11,96 15,245
∑ Mi = 176,9 kNcm
Web 4,221 9,10 38,410

Upper flange 5,813 6,16 35,820 Than, for a slab width equal to 1m,
Reinforcing bar in the rib 9,22 10,0 92,196
∑ Mi 1,769
Mfi+,Rd = = = 8,5 kNm / m
Concrete -20,527 0,23 -4,79 rib width 0,207
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 21

-
Calculation of the hogging moment resistance Mfi,t,Rd
Y

The hogging moment resistance of the slab is

calculated by considering a reduced cross section IV
established on the basis of the isotherm for the III
limit temperature θlim schematised by means of 4 ½ l3
h2
characteristic points. I II
X
l 2

A 1
θlim = d0 + d1 ⋅ Ns + d2 ⋅ + d3 ⋅ Φ + d4 ⋅ (Ns = 26,6 kN is the normal force in the upper reinforcing bar )
Lr l3

Fire resistance d0 d1 d2 d3 d4
[min] [°C] [°C].N [°C].mm [°C] [°C].mm
60 867 -1,9.10-4 -8,75 -123 -1378
Normal weight
90 1055 -2,2.10-4 -9,91 -154 -1990
concrete
120 1144 -2,2.10-4 -9,71 -166 -2155

1
θlim = 867 − 1,9 ⋅ 10 − 4 ⋅ 26600 − 8,75 ⋅ 25,6 − 123 ⋅ 0,727 − 1378 ⋅ = 535°C
106
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 22

Determination of the points of the isotherm :

Y

IV
III

½ l3
h2
I II
X
l 2

The parameter z of the formula D.9 is obtained from the equation for the
determination of the temperature of the reinforcing bar, assuming that u3/h2 = 0,75
and θs = θlim

u3 A 1
θlim = c 0 + c1 ⋅ + c2 ⋅ z + c3 ⋅ + c 4 ⋅ α + c5 ⋅
h2 Lr l3

1 1
θlim − c 0 − 0,75 ⋅ c1 − 25,6 ⋅ c 3 − 71,4 ⋅ c 4 − c 5 ⋅ 535 − 1191 + 0,75 ⋅ 250 + 25,6 ⋅ 5,01 − 71,4 ⋅ 1,04 + 925 ⋅
⇒z= 106 = 106 = 1,69 mm0,5
c2 ( −240)
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 23

Coordinates of the points of the isotherm :

The coordinates of the 4 characteristic points are determined by the following formulae :
1
YI = YII = 2 Coordinates
⎛1 ⎞
⎜ − 4 ⎟ Points [mm] with
⎜z l 1 + l 3 ⎟⎠
⎝ X Y ⎛ a2 − 4a + c ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎟
YIII = h2 I 0,0 10,1 b = l 1 sin α⎜1 − ⎟⎟
2 ⎜ a
⎝ ⎠
II 23,7 10,1
2
YIV = h2 + b ⎛1 1 ⎞⎟
III 42,1 58,0
a= ⎜ − l 1 sin α
⎜z ⎟
h2 ⎠
IV 103,5 66,0 ⎝

XI = 0 ⎛ 2 h2 ⎞
Y α = arctan ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ l1 − l 2 ⎠
1 YI
XII = l2 + ⋅ (cos α − 1)
2 sin α
( )
IV
III
c = − 8 1 + 1 + a si a ≥ 8
1 b
c = + 8 (1 + 1 + a ) si a < 8
XIII = l1 − ½ l3
h2
2 sin α I II
X
1
XIV = (l1 + l 3 ) l 2

2
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 24

Determination of the plastic neutral axis :

Y

IV
III

½ l3
h2
I II
X
l 2

Reduction Partial
Temperature fy,i,θ Fi
factor area
θi [°C] [kN/cm²] [kN]
ky,i [-] Ai [cm²]

Mesh ST25 θ < θlim 1,0 0,532 50 26,60

⎛ 1 ⎞
The horizontal equilibrium gives : ∑ i ⎜ tgβ pl
F = ⎜ ⋅ z 2
+ 47,4 ⋅ z pl ⎟
⎟ ⋅ 0,85 ⋅ fc
⎝ ⎠

=> zpl = 22,35mm

Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 25

Moment resistance of each part of the rib :

Fi [kN] zi [cm] Mi [kNcm]

Mesh ST25 26,60 8,9 239,01

Concrete rib -26,60 4,5 -120,32

The negative moment resistance of the composite slab, for a rib width of 207mm is given by :

∑M i = 118,7 kNcm

Than, for a slab width equal to 1m,

M −
=
∑ Mi =
1,187
= 5,734 kNm / m
fi,Rd
rib width 0,207
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 26

Bearing capacity of the continuous slab

The applied load is :

Efi,d = Gk + ψ1,1 Qk,1 pfi,d = 1,0 * (0,085 + 2,03 + 1,5) + 0,6 * 4 = 6,02 kN/m²

For a slab width equal to 1m, the bearing capacity may be deduced from the sagging and
hogging moment by the following relation :

2M−fi,Rd + 4M+fi,Rd
p fi,Rd =
l2
2
l2
⋅ M −
fi,Rd ++2M +
fi,Rd
2
− M(−
fi,Rd
2
)
2 ⋅ 5,734 + 4 ⋅ 8,5 2
p fi,Rd = + ⋅ (5 ,734 + 2 ⋅ 8,5 )2
− 5 ,734 2

32 32
pfi,Rd = 9,98 kN/m² > pfi,d = 6,02 kN/m²

The continuous slab has a fire resistance of 60 minutes

Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 27

Bearing capacity of the continuous slab : Simplified formula

pfi,d = 6,31 kN/m²

33,4 kNm ≥ 28,4 kNm

pfi,Rd = 7,33 kN/m² ≥ pfi,d = 6,31 kN/m²
Verification of the composite slab
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 28

Evolution du moment fléchissant en fonction du temps

Verification of the composite slabv
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 29

Evolution de la déformée en fonction du temps

Structure grid of the composite building
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 30

Secondary composite beams

S2

1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system

Bracing system
7m
14 m

S1 S1
7m

C
Bracing system

S2

S1 - S1
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 31

Data

Ö Composite beam on 2 supports Gk+ Qk

Ö Continuous slab on 3 supports
Ö Beam span = 14m
14.0 m
Ö Distance between beams = 3m
Ö Required fire resistance R60

l=3
m
5 0) S355
l=3
m 4 m (IPE4
L=1
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 32

Geometrical characteristics and material properties

Beam : IPE450
beff
h = 450 mm
b = b1 = b2 = 190 mm hc b2
ew = 9,4 mm e2
ef = e1 = e2 = 14,6 mm h ew hw
fy = 355 N/mm²
e1
b1
Steel decking : fy = 350 N/mm²

Concrete : hc = 120 mm h1
beff = 3000 mm h2
C25/30 l2
fc = 25 N/mm²
l1 l3

Connectors : fu = 450 N/mm²

h1 = 62 mm h2 = 58 mm
Number = 136
l1 = 101 mm l2 = 62 mm l3 = 106 mm
Diameter = 19 mm
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 33

Geometrical characteristics and material properties

Fire protection (use of sprayed protection)

High density
IPE450
spray
(vermiculite)

Fire protection material characteristics :

Thickness : dp= 15 mm
Thermal conductivity : λp= 0,12 W/(m·K)
Specific heat : cp=1100 J/(kg·K)
Density: ρp= 550 kg/m³
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 34

Loads

Permanents loads:
Steel decking : gt,k = 0,085 kN/m²
Concrete : gb,k = 2,03 kN/m²
Permanent load : gc,k = 1,5 kN/m²
Self weight of the profile : Ga,k = 0,776 kN/ml

Variable load:
Variable load : qk = 4,0 kN/m²
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 35

Determination of the load level in fire situation

E fi,d,t Mfi,Ed
ηfi,t = =
Rd MRd
⎧⎪ ⎫⎪
Combination of the mechanical actions: Ed = E⎨∑ Gk, j + P+ A d + (ψ1,1 ou ψ2,1 )Qk,1 + ∑ ψ2,iQk,i ⎬
⎪⎩ j≥1 if1 ⎪⎭
System considered:
Central support : reaction = 1,25 P. l

l=3
m
5 0) S355
l=3 E4
m 4 m (IP
L=1

Ffi,d = 1,25 ⋅ [( gk,1 + ψ 2,1 ⋅ qk,1 ) ⋅ l ] + G a,k = 1,25 ⋅ [(3,62 + 0,6 ⋅ 4 ) ⋅ 3] + 0,776 = 23,332 kN/m

Calculated moment:
Ffi,d ⋅ L2
23,332 ⋅ 14 2
Mfi,Ed = = = 571,6 kNm 571,6
8 8 η fi,t = = 0,537
1065,3
MRd = 1065,3 kNm (see Calculation Note)
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 36

Critical temperature method Table 3.2: Reduction factors kθ for stress-strain relationships
of structural steel at elevated temperatures.
Determination of the critical T°
For R60 η fi,t = fay,θ cr / fay Steel
Temperature kE,θ kp,θ ky,θ ku,θ
θa[°C]
fay,θ cr
= 0,537 20 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,25
fay
100 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,25
θcr = 578°C
200 0,90 0,807 1,00 1,25
Resistance 300 0,80 0,613 1,00 1,25
% of the nominal value 400 0,70 0,420 1,00

500 0,60 0,360 0,78

100 Effective
resistance ky,θ 600 0,31 0,180 0,47
80
700 0,13 0,075 0,23
60 800 0,09 0,050 0,11

40 Elastic 900 0,0675 0,0375 0,06

modulus kE,θ
1000 0,0450 0,0250 0,04
20
1100 0,0225 0,0125 0,02

0 300 600 900 1200 1200 0 0 0

Temperature [°C]
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 37

Temperature calculation in the protected steel cross section

The increase of temperature of the various parts of the protected steel beam during the time
interval may be determined by the following equation :

⎡⎛ λ p /d p ⎞⎛ A p,i ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
Δθ a,t = ⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ V
⎟⎜ ⎟ (
⎟⎝ 1 + w/3 ⎠ tθ − θ a,t )Δt ⎥ − e [(
w/10
− 1 Δθ t ) ]
⎢⎣⎝ c a ρ a ⎠⎝ i ⎠ ⎥⎦
with :
Ca specific heat of the steel ; varying according to the steel temperature [J/(kg.K)] (§3.3.1(4))
ρa density of the steel [kg/m3] (§ 3.4(1))
λp thermal conductivity of the fire protection material [W/m°K]
dp thickness of the fire protection material [m]
Ap,i is the area of the inner surface of the fire protection material per unit length of the part i of the steel
member [m²/m]
Vi volume of the part i of the steel cross section per unit length [m3/m]
Ap,i /Vi section factor of the part i of the insulated steel cross-section [m-1]
Δt time interval (less than 5sec) [s]
⎛ c pρp ⎞ ⎛ A p,i ⎞
w = ⎜⎜ ⎟d p ⎜
⎟ ⎜ V
⎟
⎟ where cp specific heat of the fire protection material [J/kg°K]
⎝ c aρa ⎠ ⎝ i ⎠ ρp density of the fire protection material [kg/m3]
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 38

Temperature calculation in the protected steel cross section

T° lower flange ≅ T° upper flange

Steel temperature
Am/V
after 60’
[m-1]
[°C]

Upper flange 147,5 480

Web 212,8 588
Lower flange 147,5 480
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 39

Determination of the failure time

1200

1000
Steel temperature [°C]

800
Protected IPE450
600
θcr = 578°C

400

200

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
time [min]
t = 88min
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 40

Verification of the resistance by the moment resistance method

θa,max,30 ky,θ fay,θ

[°C] [-] [N/mm²]
Upper flange 480 0,824 292,5

Web 588 0,507 179,9

Lower flange 480 0,824 292,5

ky,θ
1

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
θ [°C]
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 41

Determination of the tensile force in the profile

The steel profile is subjected to a tensile force T which could be calculated by the following way
fay,θ 1⋅ b⋅ e f + fay,θ w ⋅ h w ⋅ e w + fay,θ 2 ⋅ b⋅ e f
T= = 2334,096 kN
γ M,fi,a

The location of the tensile force (with regard to the bottom flange) is given by the following equation :

⎛ b ⋅ e 2f ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞ ⎛ e ⎞
fay,θ1 ⋅ ⎜⎜ ⎟ + fay,θw (h w ⋅ e w )⎜ e f + w ⎟ + fay,θ2 (b ⋅ e f )⎜ h − f ⎟
2 ⎟ 2 ⎠ 2⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎝
yT = = 222,6 mm
T ⋅ γ M,fi,a
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 42

Limitation of the tensile force

T ≤ N ⋅ Pfi,Rd with N is the number of connectors in the critical length of the beam
Pfi,Rd is the design shear resistance of one connector in fire
situation
'
Pfi,Rd,1 = 0,8 ⋅ k u,θ ⋅ PRd,1
Pfi,Rd = min
'
Pfi,Rd,2 = k c,θ ⋅ PRd,2

fu π.d 2 450 π.19 2

where P '
Rd,1 = 0,8 ⋅ ⋅ = 0,8 ⋅ ⋅ = 102 kN
γ M,fi,v 4 1,0 4

f c ⋅ E cm 25 ⋅ 30500
and P '
Rd,2 = 0,29 ⋅ α ⋅ d ⋅ 2
= 0,29 ⋅ 1,0 ⋅ 19 2 ⋅ = 91kN
γ M,fi,v 1,0
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 43

Determination of the reduction factors

θv (connectors) = 80% θsemelle = 0,8 x 480 = 384°C ⇒ ku,θ = 1,04
θc (concrete) = 40% θsemelle = 0,4 x 480 = 192°C ⇒ kc,θ = 0,954
kθ
1.2
ku,θ
1,04 1
0,954 kc,θ
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
192 384
0 θ [°C]
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Pfi,Rd,1 = 0,8 ⋅ k u,θ ⋅ PRd

'
,1 = 0,8 ⋅ 1,04 ⋅ 102 = 84,9 kN
Pfi,Rd = min
Pfi,Rd,2 = k c,θ ⋅ PRd
'
,2 = 0,954 ⋅ 91 = 87,21kN

Limit of the tensile force is fulfilled :

T ≤ N ⋅ Pfi,Rd 2334,096 kN < 68 ⋅ 84,9 = 5774 kN OK

Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 44

Determination of the compressive zone of the slab

Determination of the effective thickness of the slab heff = 84,8 cm

Determination of the critical height Temperature

hcr60' = 50mm hcr [°C]
[mm]
30’ 60’
Determination of the thickness of the compressive 5 535 705
zone of the concrete : 10 470 642

T 2334,096 15 415 581

hu = = = 31,12 m m
b eff ⋅ fc /γ M,fi,c 3000 ⋅ 25 / 1,0 20 350 525
25 300 469
beff 30 250 421
35 210 374
hu
40 180 327
heff 45 160 289
50 140 250
h 30
cr
'
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 45

Determination of the moment resistance

F hu
fc,20°C / γ M,fi,c
hd hc=heff

hcr
fay,θ2 / γ M,fi,a
yF
fay,θw / γ M,fi,a
T
Location of the force F :
yT
fay,θ1 / γ M,fi,a y F ≈ h+ hc − (hu / 2) = 52 cm

Mfi,Ed 571,6
Mfi,Rd = T⋅ (y F − y T ) = 692,4 kNm Verification : = = 0,83 < 1
Mfi,Rd 692,4

The stability of the beam in fire situation is fulfilled for R60

Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 46

Verification of the shear resistance

fay,θ
Vpl,fi,Rd = A v ⋅
3 ⋅ γ M,fi,a

292,5 p⋅l
Vpl,fi,Rd = 5090 ⋅ = 859,5 kN > Vfi,Ed = = 163,33 kN OK
3 ⋅ 1,0 2
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 47

Alternative with reactive coating painted beam

Typical Intumescent Thickness Range
8.00

7.00

6.00

5.00

R30
Thickness (mm) 4.00 R60
R90
3.00 R120

2.00

1.00

0.00
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

A/V  (m‐1)
Verification of the composite beam
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 48

ABC calculation (Alternative AF solution without fire protection)

IPE450
4φ16
Structure grid of the composite building
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 49

Composite columns
S2

1 2 3 4 5 6
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m

3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m
Bracing system
A
Bracing system

Bracing system
7m
14 m

S1 S1
7m

C
Bracing system

S2

S1 - S1
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 50

Summary of data
Partially encased composite column
Height = 3,40 m
Geometrical characteristics and material properties
Profile : HEA 260
h = 250 mm Z
b = 260 mm
ew u2
ew = 7,5 mm
ef
ef = 12,5 mm
Aa = 8680 mm²
fy = 460 N/mm² Y
h

Concrete : C30/37 ; fc = 30 N/mm²

Ac = 53860 mm² u1

Rebars : 4 ø 28 ; As = 2463 mm² b

u1= 52mm ; u2= 60mm
fs = 500 N/mm²
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 51

Load PTOTAL = 6*Ptot

P l=3
m
q1
q2 l=3
m

P
IPE4
5
pp=0 0
,776
q1
kN/ m
50
IPE4 776kN/m
0, 4m
3.4 m pp= L=1

HE260A
pp=0,682kN/m

For one level : q1 = 1,25 [(3,62+0,6*4,0)*3]+0,776 = 23,351 kN/m

q2 = 0,750 [(3,62+0,6*4,0)*3]+0,776 = 14,321 kN/m
Ptot = (23,351*14/2)+ (14,321*14/2)+2*6+0,776*6+2,14*3,4 = 287,636 kN

PTOTAL = 6 * 287,636 = 1726 kN

Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 52

Inertia

Profile : Iz = 3668 cm4

Iy = 10450 cm4

⎡ π ⋅ d 4 π ⋅ d2 ⎛b ⎞
2
⎤
Rebars : Is,z = 4⋅⎢ + ⎜ − u 2⎟ ⎥ = 1324,6 cm 4
⎢⎣ 64 4 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎡ π ⋅ d 4 π ⋅ d2 ⎛ h ⎞ ⎤
2

Is,y = 4⋅⎢ + ⎜ − u1 ⎟ ⎥ = 1218,9 cm 4

⎢⎣ 64 4 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎥⎦

h.b3
Concrete : Ic,z = − Iz − Is,z = 31730 cm 4
12

b . h3
Ic,y = − Iy − Is,y = 22080 cm 4
12
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 53

Use of tabulated data (0,28 < ηfi,t < 0,47)

Allowed parameters Existing Fulfilled conditions

R60 parameters ?

ew / ef > 0,5 7,5 / 12,5 = 0,6 YES

h = 250 mm
h and b > 300 mm NO
b = 260 mm
u1 = 52mm
u1 and u2 > 50 mm YES
u2 = 60mm
As 2463
> 4% = 4,4% YES
Ac + As 538,6 + 2463

Method not applicable

Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 54

Simplified method : Application field

Allowed parameters Existing

Fulfilled conditions ?
R60 parameters

lθ ≤ 13,5b = 13,5 . 0,26 = 3,51m lθz = lθy = 0,7 . 3,4 = 2,38 m YES

230mm ≤ h ≤ 1100mm h = 250 mm YES

230mm ≤ b ≤ 500 b = 260 mm YES

1% ≤ A s /( A c + A s ) ≤ 6% 24,63/(538,6+24,63)=4,4% YES

max R120 R60 YES

Weak axis : lθz = 2,38 < 10b = 2,6 YES

lθ limited to 10b if 230 ≤ b < 300
Strong axis : lθy = 2,38 < 10b = 2,6 YES

Method applicable

lfi=0,7L
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 55

Resistance to axial compression according to weak axis

Flanges of the profile
Mean temperature
Standard fire θ f ,t = θ 0,t + k t ⋅ A m / V
θo,t [°C] kt [m°C]
resistance
A m 2(h + b)
R 30 550 9,65 with = =15,7m −1
V h.b ky,θ = 0,095
R 60 680 9,55
R 90 805 6,15 θ f ,t = 680 + 9,55 ⋅ 15,7 = 830°C kE,θ =0,083
R 120 900 4,65
% of the nominal value
Plastic resistance :
100 Effective
N fi,pl,Rd,f = 2 ⋅ (b ⋅ e f ⋅ f ay,f ⋅ k y,θ )/γ M,fi,a resistance ky,θ
80
Nfi,pl,Rd,f = 2 ⋅ (260 ⋅ 12,5 ⋅ 460 ⋅ 0,095)/1,0 = 284,3 kN 60

Effective stiffness : 40 Elastic

modulus kE,θ
(EI) fi,f,z = E a,f ⋅ k E,θ ⋅ (e f ⋅ b 3 )/6 20

(EI) fi,f,z = 210000 ⋅ 0,083 ⋅ (12,5 ⋅ 2 60 3 )/6 = 640,4 kN.m 2 0 300 600 900 1200
Temperature [°C]
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 56

Web of the profile

Reduced height of web : hw,fi
(
h w,fi = 0,5 ⋅ (h − 2 ⋅ e f ) ⋅ 1 − 1 − 0,16 ⋅ (H t / h) )
(
h w,fi = 0,5 ⋅ (250 − 2 ⋅ 12,5) 1 − 1 − 0,16(770/2 50) = 32,4 mm )
Standard fire resistance Ht [mm] hw,fi
R 30 350
R 60 770
R 90 1100
R 120 1250

Level of maximum stress : f ay,w,t = f ay,w 1 − (0,16H t /h)

fay,w,t = 460 1 − (0,16 ⋅ 770 /250) = 327,6 MPa

Plastic resistance : [ ]
N fi,pl,Rd,w = e w (h − 2e f − 2h w,fi )f ay,w,t /γ M,fi,a

Nfi,pl,Rd,w = (7,5(250 − 2 ⋅ 12,5 − 2 ⋅ 32,4)327,6 )/1,0 = 393,7 kN

Effective stiffness : [ ]
(EI) fi,w,z = E a,w (h − 2e f − 2h w,fi )e 3w /12
(EI) fi,w,z = (210000 (250 − 2 ⋅ 12,5 − 2 ⋅ 32,4 )7,5 )/12 = 1,18 kN.m
3 2
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 57

Concrete
Reduced thickness of concrete : bc,fi bc,fi

Standard fire
bc,fi [mm]
resistance
R30 4,0
R60 15,0
R90 0,5(Am/V)+22,5
bc,fi
R120 2,0(Am/V)+24,0

R30 R60 R90 R120

Am/V θc,t Am/V θc,t Am/V θc,t Am/V θc,t
[m-1] [°C] [m-1] [°C] [m-1] [°C] [m-1] [°C]
4 136 4 214 4 256 4 265
23 300 9 300 6 300 5 300
46 400 21 400 13 400 9 400
--- --- 50 600 33 600 23 600
--- --- --- --- 54 800 38 800
--- --- --- --- --- --- 41 900
--- --- --- --- --- --- 43 1000

Am/V = 15,7m-1 Ö Average temperature in the concrete θc,t = 356°C

Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 58

kc,θ
θc,t = 356°C kc,θ=0,79 1

0.79 0.8

Secant modulus of concrete : 0.6

f c,θ f c .k c,θ 0.4

E c,sec,θ = =
ε cu,θ ε cu,θ 0.2

30 ⋅ 0,79 0
E c,sec,θ = = 2746,4 MPa
8,68 ⋅ 10 −3 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
356 θ [°C]
Plastic resistance :
Nfi,pl,Rd,c = 0,86{(h − 2e f − 2b c,fi )(b − e w − 2b c,fi ) − A s } fc,θ /γ M,fi,c

Nfi,pl,Rd,c = 0,86 ⋅ {(250 − 2 ⋅ 12,5 − 2 ⋅ 15 )(260 − 7,5 − 2 ⋅ 15 ) − 2463}⋅ 25 ⋅ 0,79/1,0 = 839 kN

Effective stiffness :

[{ ( ) } ]
(EI) fi,c,z = E c,sec,θ (h − 2e f − 2b c,fi )(b − 2b c,fi ) 3 − e 3w /12 − Is,z

(EI) fi,c,z = 2746,4[{(250 − 2 ⋅ 12,5 − 2 ⋅ 15 )((260 − 2 ⋅ 15 ) − 7,5 )/12}− 1324,6 ⋅ 10 ] = 509,5kN ⋅ m

3 3 4 2
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 59

Reinforcing bars
Reduction factor for yield strength : ky,t u2
Standard fire u [mm]
resistance 40 45 50 55 60
R30 1 1 1 1 1
R60 0,789 0,883 0,9763 1 1
R90 0,314 0,434 0,572 0,696 0,822
R120 0,170 0,223 0,288 0,367 0,436
u1
Reduction factor for Young modulus : kE,t

Standard fire u [mm]

resistance 40 45 50 55 60
R30 0,830 0,865 0,88 0,914 0,935
u = u1⋅ u 2 = 52 ⋅ 60 = 55,86 mm
R60 0,604 0,647 0,689 0,729 0,763
R90 0,193 0,283 0,406 0,522 0,619
R120 0,110 0,128 0,173 0,233 0,285

Plastic resistance : Nfi,pl,Rd,s = A s ⋅ k y,t ⋅ fs,y /γ M,fi,s

Nfi,pl,Rd,s = 2463 ⋅ 1,0 ⋅ 500 / 1,0 = 1231,5 kN
Effective stiffness : (EI) fi,s,z = k E,t ⋅ E s ⋅ Is,z
(EI) fi,s,z = 0,735 ⋅ 210000 ⋅ 1218,9 ⋅ 10 4 = 1881,4 kN. m 2
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 60

Plastic resistance of the composite section

Nfi,pl,Rd = Nfi,pl,Rd,f + Nfi,pl,Rd,w + Nfi,pl,Rd,c + Nfi,pl,Rd,s

Nfi,pl,Rd = 284,3 + 393,7 + 839 + 1231,5 = 2748 kN

Effective stiffness of the composite section

(EI) fi,eff,z = ϕ f,θ (EI) fi,f,z + ϕ w,θ (EI) fi,w,z + ϕc,θ (EI) fi,c,z + ϕ s,θ (EI) fi,s,z

Standard fire
φf,θ φw,θ φc,θ φs,θ
resistance
R30 1,0 1,0 0,8 1,0
R60 0,9 1,0 0,8 0,9
R90 0,8 1,0 0,8 0,8
R120 1,0 1,0 0,8 1,0

(EI) fi,eff,z = 0,9 ⋅ 640,4 + 1,0 ⋅ 1,18 + 0,8 ⋅ 509,5 + 0,9 ⋅ 1881,4 = 2678,4 kN. m 2
Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 61

Determination of the axial buckling load at elevated temperatures

Euler buckling load :
π 2 ⋅ (EI) fi,eff,z
Nfi,cr,z = 2
with l θz = 2,38 m
l θz

π 2 ⋅ 2678,4
Nfi,cr,z = = 4667 kN
2,38 2

Slenderness ratio :

Nfi,pl,R 2748
λθ = = = 0,767 c c urve → χ z = 0,683
Nfi,cr,z 4667

Axial buckling resistance :

Nfi,Rd,z = χ z ⋅ Nfi,pl,Rd

Nfi,Rd,z = 0,683 ⋅ 2748 = 1876 kN > Nfi,Rd = 1726kN

Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 62

Resistance to axial compression according to strong axis

Same method as for weak axis, excepted of the inertia !

Plastic resistance of the composite section

Nfi,pl,Rd = Nfi,pl,Rd,f + Nfi,pl,Rd,w + Nfi,pl,Rd,c + Nfi,pl,Rd,s = 2748 kN

Effective stiffness of the composite section

(EI) fi,eff,y = ϕ f,θ (EI) fi,f,y + ϕ w,θ (EI) fi,w,y + ϕc,θ (EI) fi,c,y + ϕ s,θ (EI) fi,s,y = 4097,1kN. m 2

π 2 ⋅ (EI) fi,eff,y
Euler buckling load Nfi,cr,y = 2
= 7138,8 kN
l θy

Nfi,pl,R
Slenderness ratio λθ = = 0,62
Nfi,cr,y

Axial buckling resistance Nfi,Rd,y = χ y .Nfi,pl,Rd = 2124,8 kN > Nfi,Rd = 1726kN

Verification of the composite column
Workshop ‘Structural Fire Design of Buildings according to the Eurocodes’ – Brussels, 27-28 November 2012 63

A3C calculation (Alternative solution : Fully encased HEB160)

c = 60 us = 42

hc = 280
Tabulated data
c HEB160
c
4φ12
hc Standard Fire Resistance
us
bc = 280
us
bc
R30 R60 R90 R120 R180 R240
Minimum dimensions hc and bc [mm] 150 180 220 300 350 400
1.1 minimum concrete cover of steel section c [mm] 40 50 50 75 75 75
1.2 minimum axis distance of reinforcing bars us [mm] 20* 30 30 40 50 50
1.3
or
2.1 Minimum dimensions hc and bc [mm] - 200 250 350 400 -
2.2 minimum concrete cover of steel section c [mm] - 40 40 50 60 -
2.3 minimum axis distance of reinforcing bars us [mm] - 20* 20* 30 40 -
Table 4.4: Minimum cross-sectional dimensions, minimum concrete cover of the steel section and minimum axis
distance of the reinforcing bars, of composite columns made of totally encased steel sections.