Mech-UCO 120 WS-03 Pipe PDF

Workshop 3
Performing a Creep
Analysis Using Command
Objects
ANSYS Mechanical Advanced

((Using
g Command Objects)
j )
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

© 2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. WS3-1 Inventory #002669
Workshop 3
Introduction Training Manual
• An analysis of a half-symmetric of a pipe junction will be performed

in Mechanical APDL. Creep material properties are present, and the
onset of buckling is examined

Workshop 3
Workshop Objectives Training Manual
• In this workshop, the following will be covered:

– Defining additional material properties in Mechanical APDL
– Examining the element coordinate systems
– Using the Mechanical APDL log file
– Using the General Postprocessor
– Using the Time-History Postprocessor
• Informative text in this workshop is preceded by bullet point whereas

steps to perform are designated with numbers
numbers.
– This applies to top-level bullet/numbered items only
• APDL commands that can be typed in the Command Prompt are
shown with Typewriter (Co rier) font.
T pe riter (Courier) font

Workshop 3
… Review Model Setup in Mechanical Training Manual
1. Launch ANSYS Workbench 12.0

• Windows Start menu > Programs > ANSYS 12.0 > Workbench
2. Restore archive “workshop
p 3a.zip”
p
• “File menu > Restore Archive…”
• Select “workshop 3a.zip” from the location specified by your instructor
• Save the “pipe”
p p project
p j to a directory
y specified
p by
y your
y instructor

Workshop 3
3. To open the Mechanical model, double-click on the “Setup” cell of

the “Creep Analysis for Workshop” system (labeled “B”):

Workshop 3
4. Change the unit system using “Units menu > Metric (mm, kg, N…)”
5. Review the model – note that a single surface body is present.
Right-click on the “Mesh” branch and use “Generate Mesh” to see
the mesh. Check the loads and supports on this model.

Workshop 3
• In the next steps, the following will be performed in Mechanical

APDL:
– Specifying creep material properties
– Solving the model
– Postprocessing creep results

Workshop 3
… Open the Model in Mechanical APDL Training Manual
1. Return to the Workbench Project Schematic

2. Right-click on cell B5 (“Setup” cell of “Creep Analysis for
Workshop” system) and select “Update”
3. Right-click on cell B5 and select “Transfer Data To New >
Mechanical APDL”

Workshop 3
… Open the Model in Mechanical APDL Training Manual
4. Right-click on the cell C5 (“Analysis” cell of “Mechanical APDL”

system) and select “Edit in Mechanical APDL …”
– The Mechanical APDL GUI will open with the model
5. Use “Utility Menu > Plot > Elements” to plot the mesh

Workshop 3
… Verify Element Type Training Manual
6. Use “Main Menu > Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete”
to list defined element types.
• Click on [Close] when done
The pipe structure is

represented with four-
node quad shell
elements (SHELL181).
The internal pressure
loading
g is applied
pp
using surface effect
elements (SURF154).

Workshop 3
… Review Shell Sections Training Manual
7. Review the section properties for the shell elements by selecting

“Main Menu > Preprocessor > Sections > Shell > Lay-up > Add/Edit”
• The Shell Sections dialog box will appear, as shown below.
• Click on [OK] to close the dialog box when done

Workshop 3
… Review Shell Sections Training Manual
• Some comments on shell sections:

• Note that multiple layers can be added with the [Add Layer] button for
composite shells. Each layer can have a different material property ID
number
b as well ll as different
diff t in-plane
i l orientation
i t ti angle.
l
• For nonlinear materials, better accuracy can be obtained by increasing
the number of integration points through the thickness (shown on the
previous slide is 3 integration points).
points) For this analysis,
analysis 3 integration
points has been specified, although, in general, 5 integration points is
preferred when creep or plasticity is present. (As will be seen later,
Mechanical APDL will automatically set this to 5 integration points to
ensure better accuracy for creep calculations.)
• Shell offsets, if specified in Mechanical, will also appear in the Shell
Sections dialog box shown on the previous slide.
• The
Th “Section
“S ti Function”
F ti ” feature
f t is
i a way to
t define
d fi the
th shell
h ll thickness
thi k as a
function of position.
• Additional details on shells can be found in the Help system:
• “Mechanical
Mechanical APDL (formerly ANSYS) > Structural Analysis Guide > Ch
Ch. 17 Shell
Analysis and Cross Sections”

Workshop 3
… Show Element Coordinate Systems Training Manual
8. Select “Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols …”

– Select “ESYS Element coordinate sys” to “On” (when checked, the
current value of “On” will be shown)
9. Turn on wireframe mode via “Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Device
Options …”
– Select “[/DEVI] Vector mode (wireframe)” to “On”

Workshop 3
… Show Element Coordinate Systems Training Manual
• The element coordinate system and boundary conditions will be

displayed in wireframe (vector) mode.
• Zoom in/out; right-click on the Graphics window and use “Replot” to
refresh the screen.
• Note that element element has the z-axis (blue) pointed inward. The
x-axis (black/white) and y-axis (green-blue) are “random,” however.
The default element coordinate

system
y for SHELL181 is actual
not “random” but based on node
I-J and L-K orientation, as
described in the Element
Reference help manual.
manual
Using a local coordinate system,
one could align the element
coordinate systems,
systems if needed.
needed

Workshop 3
… Hide Element Coordinate Systems Training Manual
10. Select “Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols …”

– Select “ESYS Element coordinate sys” to “Off”
– (Optional) If the boundary condition symbols are to also be hidden, at
the top of the dialog box, change “[/PBC] Boundary condition symbol”
to the “None” radio button
11. Turn off wireframe mode via “Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Device
O ti
Options …””
– Select “[/DEVI] Vector mode (wireframe)” to “Off”

Workshop 3
… Add Creep Material Property Training Manual
12. “Main Menu > Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models”
• In the Material Models dialog box, expand the right column: “Structural >
Nonlinear > Inelastic > Rate Dependent > Creep > Creep only > Mises
P t ti l > IImplicit
Potential li it > 10:
10 Norton
N t (Secondary)”
(S d )”

Workshop 3
• The Norton law is a very simple creep law, as shown below:

− C3
ε&cr = C1σ e C2 T
– εccr is equivalent creep strain (the dot denotes time derivative, or the creep
strain rate)
– σ is the equivalent stress
– T is the absolute temperature
• To allow users to specify temperatures in Celsius or Fahrenheit, the TOFFST
command is used to specify the offset that is used for the creep equation
– C1 through C3 are the material constants input by the user
– For details on available creep laws
laws, see the following Help section:
• “Mechanical APDL (formerly ANSYS) > Element Reference > 2.5 Material Data
Tables (Implicit Analysis) > 2.5.13.1 Implicit Creep Equations”
– For
o this
t seexample,
a p e, noo te
temperature
pe atu e e
effects
ects a
are
e co
considered,
s de ed, so C3
C3=0.
0 CC1 is
s
9.18e-13 and C2 is 5.54

Workshop 3
13. In the Creep dialog box, enter the constants as shown below:
• C1 is 9.18e-13
• C2 is 5.54
• C3 is 0 (no temperature effects for this example)
• Click on [OK] when done. Notice that “Creep: Implicit (10: Norton-S)”
will be added under “Material Model Number 1” on the left side of the
M
Material
i l Models
M d l GUI.
GUI Use
U “Material
“M i l menu > Exit”
E i ” to close
l the
h GUI.
GUI

Workshop 3
… Reviewing Log File Training Manual
• The log file records all actions that were performed by the user.
14. “Utility menu > List > Files > Log File …”
• Scroll to the bottom of the text window that appears.
pp The commands to
define the creep model are shown in the listing.

Workshop 3
… Reviewing Log File Training Manual
• Understanding which APDL commands correspond to the actions the

user performs can be difficult for those unfamiliar with APDL.
• A helpful tip is to ‘annotate’ the log file:
– A comment can be inserted in the log file by preceding it with an
exclamation mark “!”
– Comments and commands can be typed in the Command Prompt
– By taking advantage of comments, one can type a comment in the

Command Prompt prior to performing an action in the GUI. Then, after
th action
the ti iis completed,
l t d typing
t i another
th commentt will
ill then
th annotate
t t the
th
log file.
– An example will be performed in the next steps.

Workshop 3
… Setting Solution Options Training Manual
1. In the Command Prompt, type “! Start of changing solution

options” (do not include the double quotes) and hit the Enter key
2 Select “Main
2. Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Sol
Sol’n
n Controls
Controls”
– A warning will appear indicating current solution options are not
supported. Click on [OK].
– The Solution Controls dialog
box will appear, as shown on
the right

Workshop 3
• Since Mechanical does not support creep material input, it does not
request saving the creep strain output. In the next steps, all results
(including creep strain) will be saved every 3 timesteps
3. On the left side, ensure that “All solution items” is selected.
Change “Frequency” to “Write every Nth substep”, then enter “3” in
the text area. Click on [OK] when done.

Workshop 3
4. In the Command Prompt, type “! End of changing solution

options” and hit the Enter key
5. “Utility menu > List > Files > Log File …”

– Notice that the comments entered earlier separate the commands used
to save all results every 3 timesteps
timesteps. This allows users unfamiliar with
APDL to isolate required commands to perform specific tasks

Workshop 3
… Solve First Step Training Manual
6. “Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS”

• A text window giving a summary of the solution options will be shown.
Notice that “Load Step Number” is 1 (first Step), and the simulation
ending
di time
ti is
i 1e-6.
1 6 Close
Cl the
th ttextt window,
i d then
th click
li k on [OK] to
t solve.
l

Workshop 3
• Two warning messages will appear. One can bring up the Output
Window to see the messages in detail.
– One warning is related to element shape checking not being performed,

but this can be ignored since shape testing has already been done in the
meshing phase in Mechanical.
– Th other
The th warning
i notest that
th t 3 integration
i t ti points
i t through
th h the
th thickness
thi k
of shells may not give accurate results, so the number of integration
points has been increased to 5.
7 Click on [Yes] to proceed
7.

Workshop 3
8. Another warning will appear. Click on [Yes] to initiate the solution.

• The second warning appears after Mechanical APDL does a material
check. Reviewing the contents of the Output Window and looking for
th last
the l t occurrence off the
th word d *** WARNING G *** will
ill show
h that
th t this
thi
warning message is related to some elements not having material
properties associated with them. The surface effect elements that are
present in the model are used to apply
p pp y pressure
p loads – since theyy do
not represent a physical structure, they have no material properties, so
this warning message can be safely ignored.
• After the solution completes, click on [Close] to close the notification
dialog box, but do not click on anything else.

Workshop 3
• The previous step only solved the first step, and it should be a
relatively fast solution.
• Creep analyses are time-dependent analyses. For this pipe model, an
internal pressure of 0.25 MPa is applied. The first step is used to
establish initial conditions (e.g., stress). The simulation time is set
very low (1e-6) so as not to influence the time-dependent creep
effects.
ff
• Once this initial step is completed, we will now solve the analysis
until time=28000 seconds for the second Step.
– Mechanical APDL treats consecutive “solves” as continuation of steps.
– If, on the other hand, the user clicks on “Preprocessor” or “General
Postproc” in the Main Menu, the user is ‘leaving’ the Solution processor.
When a user returns to the Solution processor to solve
solve, a new analysis
will be assumed (solving Step 1) unless the user performs a restart.

Workshop 3
… Solve Second Step Training Manual
1. “Main Menu > Solution > Analysis Type > Sol’n Controls”
– In the “Time Control” section, specify “Time at end of loadstep” to be
“28000”
– Set “Automatic time stepping” to “On”
– With “Time increment” selected, enter “1e-6” for both “Time step size”
and “Minimum time step” while “Maximum time step” is “1000”
– (D not close
(Do l the
h di
dialog
l box
b yet))

Workshop 3
2. Select the “Nonlinear” tab in the Solution Controls dialog box.

Click on “Include strain rate effect” to turn creep effects on.
3. Click on [OK] to close the Solution Controls dialog box

Workshop 3
4. “Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS”

• Review the text window with the solution summary. Note that the “Load
Step Number” is now “2”. The ending time and timestep settings should
b consistent
be i t t with
ith what
h t was input
i t earlier.
li
• Close the text window, then click on [OK] to initiate the solution. A
warning will appear (check the Output Window to see that this is related
to material properties not being defined for some elements – this
warning can be safely ignored), and click on [Yes] to continue
• The solution may take 3-10 minutes, depending on the hardware used.
While the solution is running, please read the next slides. (When the
solution is completed, the [Close] button can be clicked to remove the
notification dialog box.)

Workshop 3
• The initial and minimum timestep is set to “1e-6” for this example to
be consistent with the first Step of 1e-6. The user can elect to use a
bigger initial timestep. However, in creep problems, it is usually the
initial timesteps where the creep strain rate is high – there is a term
proportional to σC2 as shown earlier, and as creep strains develop,
the stress relaxes. Hence, earlier time values may have greater
significance so having an initial timestep that is small will capture
significance,
the change in creep strain rate more accurately.
• If a timestep of 1e-6 is used with an ending time of 28000, that would
involve an extraordinary number of timesteps to complete.
complete
Automatic time-stepping is turned on to allow Mechanical APDL to
increase the timestep, as needed.
• Saving results every 3 timesteps had been specified earlier
earlier, so this
setting will still be in effect.
• Creep effects are not turned on by default even if the material
properties are defined
defined, so that will be done next
next.

Workshop 3
• During solution, the force and moment residuals from the Newton-
Raphson iterations will be plotted on the screen.
– This is the same output as “Force Convergence” and “Moment
Convergence” in Mechanical, under the “Solution Information” branch
• The solution takes over 300 iterations to solve
– As will be seen shortly, this is a creep buckling problem. During the
solution, large creep strains are encountered near the end time, so
smaller timesteps are required to accurately predict the deflections.

Workshop 3
… General Postprocessor Training Manual
1. To review the results available, select “Main Menu > General

Postproc > Read Results > By Pick”
• Note that there are 39 result sets available (every 3rd timestep was
saved). Select the last result set, click [Read], then [Close].

Workshop 3
2. Plot creep strains via “Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot Results
> Contour Plot > Element Solu”
– In the “Contour Element Solution Data” dialog box, select “Element
Solution > Creep Strain > von Mises creep strain” and click [OK]
– Equivalent APDL command is PLESOL,EPCR,EQV

Workshop 3
3. Because surface effect elements exist on top of shell elements,

only SHELL181 elements should be selected. Use “Utility Menu >
Select > Entities …”, then fill out the widget as shown below.
• Click on [Apply], then [Replot] to replot the creep strains
• APDL Command is ESEL,S,ENAME,,181

Workshop 3
• In Mechanical APDL, nodal solution represents averaged stress

results, along with nodal DOF results (e.g., displacements). On the
other hand, element solution is unaveraged stress/strain results.
– This is similar to the “Use Average” option in the Details view for contour
results in Mechanical
•PLNSOL or PLESOL plot contour results. A helpful reminder of this
syntax
t iis “PLot
“PL t Nodal/Element
N d l/El t SOLution”.
SOL ti ”
– The first argument is the type of result, and the second is the component
– PLNSOL,S,EQV plots nodal solution of EQuiValent Stress (“S”=sigma)
– PLESOL,EPCR,EQV plots element solution of EQuiValent CReep strain
(“EP”=epsilon).
– See the Commands Reference for syntax on PLESOL and PLNSOL.
PLVECT for vector plotting is also available
available, and PRESOL/PRNSOL list
(PRint) the values.
– Chapter 7 “The General Postprocessor (POST1)” of the Basic Analysis
Guide is also a g
good reference for postprocessing
p p g in Mechanical APDL

Workshop 3
4. In the Command Prompt, type “HELP,SHELL181”. The online help

for SHELL181 will appear. Scroll to the bottom to Table 181.2
– Notice that the ‘average thickness’ has a name called “THICK”

Workshop 3
5. Scroll down further to Table 181.3. Look for the occurrence of

“THICK”. It is indicated by “Item=SMISC” and “E=17”

Workshop 3
• There are results which may be element-specific. For example, the

current “thickness” of an element would only be applicable for shell
elements, not solid or beam elements. These element-specific output
are stored in summable and non-summable miscellaneous data.
(“NMISC” = non-summable miscellaneous data, “SMISC” = summable
miscellaneous data)
• Review
R i the
h Element
El Reference
R f f a particular
for i l element
l type to (a)
( ) see
what type of output is available and (b) determine how to retrieve that
data, if the result is element-specific
– IIn this
thi example,
l Table
T bl 181.2
181 2 showed
h d what
h t kinds
ki d off output
t t data
d t are
available. The last column with a “Y” indicates this output is available in
the results file for postprocessing
– Table 181.3
181 3 shows how to retrieve element-specific results
results. The current,
current
average thickness of the shell elements are output using “SMISC,17”

Workshop 3
6. Plot shell thicknesses via “Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot
Results > Contour Plot > Element Solu”
– In the “Contour Element Solution Data” dialog box, select “Element
Solution > Miscellaneous Items > Summable data (SMISC,1)”
– When prompted, enter “17” for the sequenc number. Click on [OK] twice
– Equivalent APDL command is PLESOL,SMISC,17

Workshop 3
• The resulting plot of shell thickness is shown below. Note that the
initial thickness was 10 mm – thickness increases in some regions
due to the negative applied pressure. With large deflection effects
turned on, the change in thickness is calculated based on
incompressibility considerations.

Workshop 3
7. Plot z-displacement via “Main Menu > General Postproc > Plot
Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu”
– In the “Contour Nodal Solution Data” dialog box, select “Nodal Solution
> DOF Solution > Z-Component of displacement”
– Equivalent APDL command is PLNSOL,U,Z

Workshop 3
8. To retrieve the minimum z-displacement as a parameter, use “Utility

menu > Parameters > Get Scalar Data…”
– Select “Results Data” from the left column and “Global measures” from
the right area. Click on [OK] to continue
– In the next dialog box, select “DOF solution” on the right, then “UZ” on
the left. Type “Min_Deflection” in the text area, and change the pull-
down menu to “Minimum
Minimum value
value”. Click on [OK]
– Equivalent APDL commands are NSORT,U,Z followed by
*GET,Min_Deflection,SORT,,MIN

Workshop 3
• Notice in the Output Window that the following is displayed:
• The previous step automatically retrieved the minimum z-deflection

from the selected nodes and assigned the value to a parameter
(variable) called “Min_Deflection”
• The usefulness of APDL parameters will be discussed later, but this
is an introduction to the APDL *GET
GET command,
command which allows users to
retrieve information about the model or results automatically.

Workshop 3
9. In the Command prompt, type the following:

*get,Min_UZ_Node,sort,,imin
and hit the Enter key when done.
Look at the Output Window, and notice that the parameter

“MIN_UZ_NODE” has been assigned a value of 1406. This means
that node number 1406 has the minimum z-deflection
z-deflection, reported
earlier as -53.5.
• Note that if differences in the meshing algorithm may make the node
number ID and values different from above.

Workshop 3
… Time-History Postprocessor Training Manual
• The plot of deflection at the node with the largest –z displacement

may be of interest.
• In the next section, the z-deflection as a function of time will be
plotted in the Time-History Postprocessor

Workshop 3
1. Select “Main Menu > TimeHist Postproc”. The Time-History

Variable Viewer should appear, as shown below:

Workshop 3
2. Click on the “Add Data” icon in the Variable Viewer
3. Select “Nodal Solution > DOF Solution > Z-Component of

displacement” and click on [OK]

Workshop 3
4. In the “Picker” dialog box, type “min_uz_node” in the text area. Be

sure to hit the Enter key. The node should then be highlighted on
the screen.
• Hint: If the Time History Variable Viewer is obstructing the view, click on
the “Variable List” and “Calculator” titles to collapse those sections.

Workshop 3
5. After the Enter key is pressed, the Picker should indicate 1 node
selected, and the Graphics window will show that node highlighted.
Click on [OK] on the picker to continue.

Workshop 3
6. If the Variable List was collapsed, click on the title bar to expand it
again, as shown below. With the “UZ_2” item highlighted, click on
the “Graph Data” icon to plot z-displacement as a function of time

Workshop 3
• The plot of deflection vs. time indicates that, as time increases past
24000 seconds, the deflection quickly increases dramatically,
indicating geometric instability (creep buckling):

Workshop 3
7. Use “Utility menu > File > Exit …” to exit Mechanical APDL
– You can save the database or exit without saving. The Mechanical APDL
data is no longer required for the rest of this exercise.

Workshop 3
… Creep Analysis in Mechanical Training Manual
• Everything that was performed in Mechanical APDL can actually be

accomplished with the use of Commands objects. This will be
discussed in the next section.

Workshop 3
1. Return to the Workbench Project Schematic.

2. Double-click on cell A7 – the “Results” cell of the “Creep Analysis,
Solved in Mechanical” system.

Workshop 3
3. Expand the “Geometry > Surface Body” branches. Note the

Commands object named “Material Properties”
• Look at the contents of the file. This defines the section properties
(optional) as well as adds the creep material properties (required)

Workshop 3
• The steps manually performed earlier can be incorporated directly in

the Mechanical model.
– APDL commands are case-insensitive. Also, APDL commands only
require the first 4 letters, as long as those first 4 letters are unique.
– There is a term called “MATID” used in this Command object. This is a
parameter that substitutes the actual material ID for that part. Hence, if
we have an assembly with many parts parts, we do not have to know the actual
material ID for each part but just use the parameter “MATID” whenever an
ID number input is required in an APDL command argument
– The pparameters “ARG1” and “ARG2” are special.p Note in the Details view
that a user can specify the value for ARG1 and ARG2. These values are
then substituted wherever ARG1 and ARG2 are used in the Commands
object.

Workshop 3
4. Review the “Analysis Settings” branch

– The specification of ending time and timesteps that were performed in
Mechanical APDL can also be done directly in Mechanical

Workshop 3
5. Select the “Turn on Creep Effects from Step 2” branch

– Earlier, creep effects were turned on in load step 2 in Mechanical APDL.
This is done with the RATE,ON command
– The Details view shows that this command will only be active in Step 2

Workshop 3
6. Select the “Save all (creep) results every 3 timesteps” branch

– Refer back to earlier steps in this workshop – when the log file was
annotated with our comments, the same commands are used here to
save results
lt every 3 ti
timesteps,
t also
l ensuring
i creep strains
t i are stored
t d
(creep strains are not stored by Mechanical by default)

Workshop 3
7. Review the results of the “Direction Deformation” branch. The

reported z-deflections should match the earlier results reviewed in
Mechanical APDL.

Workshop 3
8. Review the “Equivalent Creep Strain” branch.

• This is a user-defined result. Notice in the Details view that
“Expression” is “EPCREQV”, the same notation used earlier in
M h i l APDL ((without
Mechanical ith t th
the comma). ) UUnaveraged d results
lt are shown
h
and should match with results reviewed earlier in Mechanical APDL

Workshop 3
9. Select the “Solution” branch. From the context toolbar, add “User
Defined Result”

Workshop 3
10. In the Details view of the newly-added “User Defined Result”

branch, enter “SMISC17” for “Expression” and change “Use
Average” to “No”. Right-click and “Evaluate Results” to see the
thickness off shells, similar to what was done in Mechanical APDL:

Workshop 3
• The use of parameters and APDL commands allows users to

incorporate additional, advanced features such as creep, to a
Mechanical analysis.
• The use of “User Defined Results” in Mechanical also exposes many
types of results that can be postprocessed directly in Mechanical
• However, it is very helpful to the user to understand how the process
in Mechanical APDL works.
– Understanding how Mechanical APDL references element attributes is
important to incorporating advanced material models or element options
– Verification of the mesh, such as composite layer or element coordinate
system orientation, may need to be performed in Mechanical APDL
– Postprocessing of esoteric results may not be available in Mechanical’s
“User Defined Results” and may need to be done in Mechanical APDL.
APDL
– Moreover, if elements were added in Mechanical APDL, the
postprocessing would need to be done in Mechanical APDL as well.
• This concludes the present workshop


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Workshop 3

ANSYS Mechanical Advanced

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• An analysis of a half-symmetric of a pipe junction will be performed

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• In this workshop, the following will be covered:

• Informative text in this workshop is preceded by bullet point whereas

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

1. Launch ANSYS Workbench 12.0

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

3. To open the Mechanical model, double-click on the “Setup” cell of

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• In the next steps, the following will be performed in Mechanical

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

1. Return to the Workbench Project Schematic

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

4. Right-click on the cell C5 (“Analysis” cell of “Mechanical APDL”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

The pipe structure is

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

7. Review the section properties for the shell elements by selecting

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• Some comments on shell sections:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

8. Select “Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols …”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• The element coordinate system and boundary conditions will be

The default element coordinate

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

10. Select “Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Symbols …”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• The Norton law is a very simple creep law, as shown below:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

• Understanding which APDL commands correspond to the actions the

– By taking advantage of comments, one can type a comment in the

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

1. In the Command Prompt, type “! Start of changing solution

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

4. In the Command Prompt, type “! End of changing solution

5. “Utility menu > List > Files > Log File …”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

6. “Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

– One warning is related to element shape checking not being performed,

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

8. Another warning will appear. Click on [Yes] to initiate the solution.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

2. Select the “Nonlinear” tab in the Solution Controls dialog box.

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

4. “Main Menu > Solution > Solve > Current LS”

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

1. To review the results available, select “Main Menu > General

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary June 2009