LTE Optimization Guideline: Section-5

LTE Optimization Guideline
RNO Consultant : Ray Khastur

Version: V 1.0 (20151028)
Section-5
www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to ：
 Know Drive Test Tools, Site Audit Check.
 Know definition of RSRP and how to calculate RSRP transmit power for different Bandwidth.
 Know definition of SINR and impact of traffic in different traffic usage, and understand how to improve
SINR in some Drive Test Result.
 Know how LTE do Cell Search and Reselection Process and Procedure.
 Know how LTE Scheduling Procedure.
 Know some SON Feature and the function.
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Contents
 1.Overview
 2.RSRP Introduction
 3.SINR Introduction
 4.Cell Search & Cell Reselection
 5.LTE Scheduling
 6.LTE SON Feature

Overview

Drive Test Peripheral
LTE Dongle
Notebook
GPS

Daily Pre Check DT Tools
Configuration
To make sure
Drivetest result
showing better
performance.
Each time DT
Team will go to
field, they have to
Samsung send tools
Galaxy J5
Mf90
configuration by
Samsung
email.
Galaxy Note 4

On Site Hardware
MIMO Antenna
BBU : Baseband Unit
RRU : Radio Remote Unit

Site Audit Report
Compass Tilt Meter
View View
In this part show details of Electrical

site location Tilt Meter
View
Panoramic
View
In this part show details Hardware Parameter

Value.
Make sure all data taken with correct way to
prevent wrong measurement.

RSRP Introduction

RSRP (Reference Signal Receive Power)
RSRE Power = Psingle port-10*log(12*Nrb)+10*log(1+Pb)

Where ; PSingle Port = PRRU - 10*log(Nport)
Pb is Power Bosting
Psingle port = 49-10*log(4)
= 43 dBm
= 20Watt
ρB/ ρA Impact on Radio Network
Performance: A larger value of Pb
PB Single 2 or 4 results in a larger increase in
Antenna Port Antenna Port ReferenceSignalPwr, better
channel estimation performance,
and better PDSCH demodulation
0 1 5/4 performance, but it also leads to
1 4/5 1 lower transmit power of the PDSCH
(type B) and thus increases
2 3/5 ¾
3 2/5 ½

RSRP Cont’d
• Power Boosting for RS
Bandwidth PB PRS ( dBm)

10M 1 18.2
 P =1 by default
B
15M 1 16.4
20M 1 15.2
• RS Power for 20MHz
= 43 – 10*log(100*12) + 10*log10(PB+1) = 15.2dBm

Why RSRP Level lower than other Receive Power
(2G/3G)
Items GSM UMTS LTE
43 43 43 RSRP is the received signal

(e)NodeB power per Tx (dBm)
0.2 5 20
strength over 15KHz bandwidth
Bandwidth (MHz)
while bandwidth of RSCP is
Number of RB N/A N/A 100 5MHz
BCCH Power/ CPICH power 43 33 15.2

/RS power per RE (dBm)
CL (dB) 120 120 120 Only 1/6 REs is used for RS transmission
within one RB and hence the total
-77 -87 -104.8 received RS power is
Rx Lev/RSCP/RSRP (dBm)
10*log10(100*12*1/6) = 23dB higher than
RSRP
Received RS signal strength -81.8
over whole bandwidth
RSRP of LTE is much smaller than RSCP of UMTS under same radio environment

Recommendation Value
PB PA
0 0
1 -3
2 -4.77
3 -6

SINR Introduction

SINR (Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio)

If there are 100 UE in a
cell (100RB) in the same
scheduled to use PRB,
each user will got 1 PRB.
More less UE got PRB
more high Tx Power will
be send from the UE.
Which causing UL
Interference increased
also.

More smaller PRB scheduled for one UE in busy hour, will make power transmit will more high which
causing Noise Figure increase for entire cell and impact to SINR. More high PRB Utilization will causing
high probability of collision PRB on the cell edge which contribute to more degradation on cell edge.
X : Available PRB on overlapped area
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~ ~ 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~ ~ 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
x x x
x x x
x x x

PCI Mod 3 – RS shift among neighbor
cells
 Frequency domain location of the RS is determined by value of PCI mod 3
 If RS is shifted, then it will help for better performance under low load
RS location vs PCI mod 3:

SINR Comparison
Afternoon 16:00 Midnight 02:00

SINR Comparison

CQI Comparison

CQI Comparison

DL Throughput Comparison
During Low Utilization of DL PRB on Cell Level give benefit for single UE can get
higher DL PRB which is related to the Higher DL Throughput.

DL Throughput Comparison
During Low Utilization of DL PRB on Cell Level give benefit for single UE can get
higher DL PRB which is related to the Higher DL Throughput.

CQI to MCS
CQI stands for Channel Quality Indicator. As the name implies, it is
an indicator carrying the information on how good/bad the
communication channel quality is. This CQI is for HSDPA. (LTE
also has CQI for its own purpose).
CQI is the information that UE sends to the network and practically

it implies the following two
i) Current Communication Channel Quality is this-and-that..
ii) I (UE) wants to get the data with this-and-that transport block
size, which in turn can be directly converted into throughput

LTE Cell Search & Cell Reselection

MIB & SIB Information

RNTI
 One of the other numbers which you would very frequently come accross is RNTI. RNTI stands for Radio Network
Temporary Identifier.
 As the name implies, it is a kind of Identification number. Normally we use indentification number to differntiate one thing
from all other similar things. For example, your driver's license number let you identify yourself from all other drivers.
Social Security number do the same thing as well.
 Getting more specifically into LTE, this RNTI is used to indentify one specific radio channel from other radio channel and
one user from another user. As you may recall, in WCDMA is a RNTI concept which is carried as part of MAC header to
deferentiate one user to another while in communication state. and in WCDMA case it used special channelization code to
deferentiate one radio channel from the other.
Types of RNTI
 P-RNTI : It stands for Paging RNTI. Used for Paging Message.
 SI-RNTI : It stands for System Information RNTI. Used for transmission of SIB messages
 RA-RNTI : It stands for Random Access RNTI. Used for PRACH Response.
 C-RNTI : It stands for Cell RNTI. Used for the transmission to a specific UE after RACH.
 T-CRNTI : It stands for Temporary C-RNTI. Mainly used during RACH
 SPS-C-RNTI : It stands for Semi persistance Scheduling C-RNTI
 TPC-PUCCH-RNTI : It stands for Transmit Power Control-Physical Uplink Control Channel-RNTI
 TPC-PUSCH-RNTI : It stands for Transmit Power Control-Physical Uplink Shared Channel-RNTI
 M-RNTI : It stands for MBMS RNTI

Signaling Radio Bearer
 SRB0 is for RRC messages using the CCCH logical channel;

 SRB1 is for RRC messages (which may include a piggybacked NAS
message) as well as for NAS messages prior to the establishment of
SRB2, all using DCCH logical channel;
 SRB2 is for RRC messages which include logged measurement
information as well as for NAS messages, all using DCCH logical
channel. SRB2 has a lower-priority than SRB1 and is always configured
by E-UTRAN after security activation.

SRB Mapping
 MasterInformationBlock  RRCConnectionSetupComplete  UEInformationRequest
- Signalling radio bearer: N/A - Signalling radio bearer: SRB1 - Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: TM - RLC-SAP: AM - RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: BCCH - Logical channel: DCCH - Logical channel: DCCH
- Direction: E-UTRAN to UE - Direction: UE to E-UTRAN - Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
 SystemInformationBlockType1  RRCConnectionReconfiguration  DLInformationTransfer

- Signalling radio bearer: N/A - Signalling radio bearer: SRB1 - Signalling radio bearer: SRB2 or
- RLC-SAP: AM SRB1 (only if SRB2 not established
- RLC-SAP: TM
yet. If SRB2 is suspended, E-
- Logical channel: BCCH - Logical channel: DCCH
UTRAN does not send this message
- Direction: E-UTRAN to UE - Direction: E-UTRAN to UE until SRB2 is resumed.)
- RLC-SAP: AM
 RRCConnectionRequest  MeasurementReport
- Logical channel: DCCH
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB0 - Signalling radio bearer: SRB1 - Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
- RLC-SAP: TM - RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: CCCH - Logical channel: DCCH  Paging
- Direction: UE to E-UTRAN - Direction: UE to E-UTRAN
- Signalling radio bearer: N/A
- RLC-SAP: TM
 RRCConnectionSetup  MobilityFromEUTRACommand - Logical channel: PCCH
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB0 - Signalling radio bearer: SRB1 - Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
- RLC-SAP: TM - RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: CCCH - Logical channel: DCCH
- Direction: E-UTRAN to UE - Direction: E-UTRAN to UE
 UECapabilityEnquiry
- Signalling radio bearer: SRB1
- RLC-SAP: AM
- Logical channel: DCCH
- Direction: E-UTRAN to UE

LTE Cell Search & Uplink
Synchronization
 In LTE User Equipment (UE) must be able to do cell search, initial synchronization and random access procedure for
downlink and uplink access. To perform cell search, and initial synchronization, two synchronization signals, Primary
Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), are periodically transmitted from the base
station in the LTE system. Using these two signals and making use of the properties of Zadoff-Chu (ZC) and Pseudo-
Noise (PN) sequence, the mobile unit will determine on which of the available cell sites it should lock into and it acquires
time and frequency synchronization. After UE will do random access procedure using Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH). An appropriate design of PRACH preamble is essential to provide frequent enough random access
opportunities and an accurate UE synchronization estimation to adapt to different cell ranges and network conditions
without using unnecessary resources. This paper presents the complete LTE access procedure and more about PRACH
implementation and detection. Then the performance of the PRACH synchronization procedure under different parameter
settings is compared in a typical scenario of LTE.

PRACH TDD & FDD
 Random Access Channel (RACH)
 RACH procedure begins with a preamble (PRACH)
 PRACH resources assigned by eNB within PUSCH region
 PRACH preamble fits into 6 PRBs
• Sufficient for timing estimation
• Invariant with bandwidth for low complexity
• Zadoff Chu sequence
• Excellent correlation properties
– Zero correlation zone for different cyclic shifts
• Flat frequency spectrum
• Different sequences provided first by different cyclic shifts, then by different root sequences
 Multiple PRACH formats suitable for different cell sizes

PRACH Types
Typical 'Contention Based' RACH Procedure is as follows : Typical 'Contention Free' RACH Procedure is as follows :
i) UE --> NW : RACH Preamble (RA-RNTI, indication for L2/L3 i) UE <--NW : RACH Preamble (PRACH) Assignment
message size) ii) UE --> NW : RACH Preamble (RA-RNTI, indication for L2/L3 message
ii) UE <-- NW : Random Access Response (Timing Advance, T_C- size)
RNTI, UL grant for L2/L3 message) iii) UE <--NW : Random Access Response (Timing Advance, C-RNTI, UL
iii) UE --> NW : L2/L3 message grant for L2/L3 message)
iv) Message for early contention resolution

PRACH Performance
 Monitoring Principles
 The physical random access channel (PRACH) transmits preambles during random access procedures. Preamble is classified into c ontention
preamble and non-contention preamble. Contention preambles are used in the following scenarios: initial connection establishment,
reestablishment, handover, downlink data transmission for UEs in the out -of-synchronization state, and uplink data transmission for UEs in the out-
of-synchronization state. Non-contention preambles are used in two scenarios: handover and downlink data transmission for UEs in the out-of-
synchronization state. Therefore, PRACH performance can be measured using the following factors:
 Conflict probability for contention-based preambles: The more frequently the contention-based access is performed, the higher
probability that the preambles are conflicted. When the conflict probability reaches a certain extent, the access delay incre ases,
severely affecting user experience.
 Assignment success rate for dedicated preambles: The assignment success rate for dedicated preambles decreases with the increase
of non-contention-based accesses. When the success rate decreases to a certain extent, the handover delay increases, affecting user
experience.
 Monitoring Methods
 Conflict probability for contention-based preambles = L.RA.UeRaInfoRspWithCon. Num / L.RA.UeRaInfoRsp.Num x 100%
 Assignment success rate for dedicated preambles = L.RA.Dedicate.PreambleAssign.Num / L.RA.Dedicate.PreambleReq.Num x100%
 whereL.RA.UeRaInfoRspWithCon.Num indicates number of times the UEInformationResponse message in which contentionDetected IE value is
TRUE is received, that is, the number of times the conflicting UEInformationResponse message is received.
 L.RA.UeRaInfoRsp.Num indicates the number of times the UEInformationResponse message containing RACH information is received.
 L.RA.Dedicate.PreambleAssign.Num indicates the number of times the non-connection-based preambles are assigned.
 L.RA.Dedicate.PreambleReq.Num indicates the number of times the non-contention-based preamble is requested.
 Suggested Measures
 If the conflict probability for contention-based preambles reaches or exceeds 5% for X days (three days by default) in a week, enable the
RACH adjustment algorithm by running the command MOD CELLALGOSWITCH: LocalCellId=x, RachAlgoSwitch=RachAdjSwitch-1.
 If the assignment success rate for dedicated preambles is less than 99% for X days (three days by default) in a week, enable the RACH
resource adjustment algorithm and reuse of dedicated PRACH preambles between UEs by running the command MOD CELLALGOSWITCH:
LocalCellId=x, RachAlgoSwitch=RachAdjSwitch-1, RachAlgoSwitch=MaksIdxSwitch-1;.

PLMN Selection
 When a UE is powered on or moves from a
 coverage hole to a coverage area, the UE first selects the last
RPLMN and attempts to register
 with that PLMN. If a UE has registered successfully with a PLMN,
the UE shows the selected
 PLMN on its screen, and now it can receive service from an
operator. If the last RPLMN is
 unavailable or registration on this PLMN fails, another PLMN can
be automatically or manually
 selected based on the priorities of PLMNs stored in the USIM.

Uplink Data Transmission
Scheduling - Persistent Scheduling
There are a couple of Data Transmission Scheduling Scheme
in LTE. The most simple in terms of algorithm would be the
persisent scheduling. In this scheduling mode, Network send
'Grant' in DCI Format 0 for every subframe.
i) Network send the first data on DL PDSCH and PDCCH

which has DCI format 1 for DL Data Decoding and DCI format
0 for UL Grant. (If there is no downlink data to be transmitted,
network transmits only DPCCH with DCI format 0 without any
DPSCH data)
ii) UE decode PCFICH to figure CFI value.
iii) UE decode PDCCH and get the information on DCI format
1
iv) Based on DCI format 1, UE decode DL data.
v) UE decode the information on DCI format 0 from PDCCH
vi) UE send ACK/NAK for DL data through UCI (UCI will be
carried by PUCCH)
vii) UE check the Grant field.
viii) If Grant is allowed, UE transmit the uplink data through
PUSCH
ix) Network decode PUSCH data and send ACK/NACK via
PHICH
x) UE decode PHICH and retransmit the data if PHICH
carries NACK

Uplink Data Transmission Scheduling - Non
Persistent Scheduling
In Persistent Scheduling mode, UE can send the
data to Network anytime since Network is sending UL
Grant all the time. But what if Network does not send
UL Grant all the time ? In this case, UE has ASK the
network to send UL Grant (DCI 0). If network send
UL Grant, then UE can send UL data as allowed by
the UL Grant.
Overall procedure is as follows :
i) UE send SR (Scehduling Request) on PUCCH

ii) Network send UL Grant (DCI 0) on PDCCH
iii) UE decode DCI 0 and transmit PUSCH based on
the RBs specified by DCI 0
iv) Network decode the PUSCH
v) Network send ACK/NACK on PHICH
vi) If Network send NACK, go to step i)

Connection Management
UE State
RRC_CONNECTED RRC_IDLE MODE
Inter Freq Cell

Intra Freq Cell
Reselection
Reselection
In this PPT only discussed about

ACTIVE SLEEP INTRA FREQUENCY and INTER FREQUENCY
With Equal Priority
DRX

Cell Selection Criteria
 During cell selection, a UE selects an E-UTRAN cell that meets the cell selection criteria. The
 UE can camp on a cell only when the RSRP and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) of
 the cell are greater than the values of the CellSel.Qrxlevmin and CellSel.Qqualmin parameters,
 respectively.
 A UE selects an E-UTRAN cell to camp on when the cell meets both of the following conditions:
 Srxlev > 0
 Squal > 0
 where:
 Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas - (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - Pcompensation
 Squal = Qqualmeas - (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)
 The variables in the previous formulas are described as follows:
 l Qrxlevmeas: measured received signal level (that is, measured RSRP), expressed in dBm.
 l Qrxlevmin: minimum required received signal level configured on the eNodeB, expressed
 in dBm.
 l Qrxlevminoffset: offset to the value of Qrxlevmin. In cell selection, this offset is considered
 when the UE in a VPLMN attempts to camp on a cell in a higher-priority PLMN.
 l Pcompensation: max (PMax - UE Maximum Output Power, 0), expressed in dB.
 – PMax: maximum transmit power (expressed in dBm) of the UE during uplink
 transmission.
 – UE Maximum Output Power: maximum output power (expressed in dBm) of the UE.
 l Qqualmeas: measured received signal quality (that is, measured RSRQ), expressed in dB.
 l Qqualmin: minimum required received signal quality configured on the eNodeB, expressed
 in dB.
 l QQualminoffset: offset to Qqualmin. In cell selection, this offset is considered when the
 UE in a VPLMN attempts to camp on a cell in a higher-priority PLMN.

Cell Reselection Trigger (Intra
Frequency)
-60 RSRP
-70 -70
SIntraSearch = 29 (2dB)
= 58 dB
-80 Srxlev < SintraSearch
RSRP + 128 < 58
RSRP < -70
-90
Cell will implement the
SIntraSearch
Intra Freq Search if:

-100 -70 >RSRP> -128
-110
-120
-128 (Srxlevel)
-130
-140 Time Domain

Cell Reselection Trigger

40
Cell Reselection Trigger (Equal
Priority) Intra & Inter
RSRP
-90
-92
Qhyst = 4 dB
CellQoffset = 0 dB
TRESELEUTRAN = 1 s
-94
R_s=Qmeas,s + Qhyst
-96
-98
TRESELEUTRAN
-100
-102
-104
R_n=Qmeas,n - CellQoffset
-106 Time Domain
Cell Reselection Trigger

Cell Reselection with Default Value
(Equal Priority)
RSRP
-90 Note: Please see on the Full Screen Mode
-92 Qhyst = 4 dB
CellQoffset = 0 dB
TRESELEUTRAN = 1 s
-94
R_n R_s=Qmeas,s + Qhyst

-96
-98
R_s
-100
-102 TRESELEUTRAN
-104
R_n=Qmeas,n - CellQoffset
-106 Time Domain
Conclusion : With default value, with Serving cell RSRP quite strong, Cell Reselection Trigger
UE can do cell reselection after elapsed from Timer
Paging
The purpose of paging is to transmit paging information to a UE in idle mode or to inform all
UEs in the EMM-REGISTERED state about a system information change. A paging procedure
can be initiated by either an MME or an eNodeB.
When an MME initiates a paging procedure, the paging message contains a tracking area list
(TAL) for the concerned UE. In all the cells within the TAs on the list, the eNodeBs transmit
the paging message over the paging control channel (PCCH) to page the UE. To increase the
probability that the UE successfully receives the message, the eNodeBs send the paging message
over the radio interface a number of times specified by the PCCHCFG.PagingSentNum
parameter. The paging message contains the domain information and UE identity. The domain
information indicates the origin of paging, and the UE identity may be the S-temporary mobile
subscriber identity (S-TMSI) or international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) of the UE.
When system information changes, the eNodeB transmits a paging message to notify all UEs in
the EMM-REGISTERED state in the cell and transmits the updated system information in the
next modification period. To ensure that all of these UEs receive the system information, the
eNodeB transmits the paging message on all possible occasions in discontinuous reception
(DRX) cycles.

Paging One TAL = One TAC
 One TAL is same with one TAC, with this design when the Internet S-GW MME
UE in idle condition then move to another TAC it will be
generate TAU to report MME where is last position for this
TAU
UE. When there is downlink packet data need to be
deliver for that UE, MME can easily to find latest position.
TAU Procedure TAC 2

The tracking area update (TAU) procedure is triggered if one of the follow ing
conditions is met:
 The UE detects that the current TA does not exist in the TA list on the UE- TAC 1 TAC 4
registered netw ork.
 It is a periodic TAU.
 The TAU procedure is triggered during a handover procedure. TAC 3
 On an EPS netw ork, the basic unit of location management is TA List. A TA List
consists of one or multiple TAs. A TA list prevents a UE from initiating the TAU
procedure frequently. In USN1.1, a TA is regarded as a TA List by default.

Paging One TAL = Multiple TAC
 One TAL contains multiple TAC, with this design when UE Internet S-GW MME
in idle condition move to different TAC under one TAL
there is no TAU. When MME want to deliver downlink
Under
UE move
One TAL
to
packet data for that UE MME will send to latest TAC new
no need
TAL need
TAU
where the UE located. If the UE is unreachable MME will TAU
try to paging another TAC under one TAL until found. This
TAL 1
design will take a time compare with the previous design. TAC 2
TAC 1 TAC 4
TAC 3
Last TAC is 8
but UE move to
TAL 2 TAC 7, MME
TAC 6
w ill try paging
another TAC
under TAL2
TAC 5 TAC 8
TAC 7

LTE Scheduling

List Scheduling on LTE HUAWEI

Priority of DL Scheduling

Control Plane DL Scheduling
During scheduling in each subframe, control-plane messages are preferentially scheduled before user-plane data. Control-plane
information consists of common control information and dedicated control information.
 Common Control Information

Common control information includes broadcast messages such as SIB1 and SIB2, and paging
messages. SIB is short for system information block. Scheduling common control information
uses QPSK and low coding rates for reliable transmission.
3GPP specifications define three downlink allocation modes:
l Resource allocation of type 0
Resource allocation of type 2 is used to allocate resources to common control information. In
resource allocations of type 2, the allocations are classified into distributed virtual resource block
(DVRB) allocations and localized virtual resource block (LVRB) allocations.
The following describes DVRB allocations and LVRB allocations:
l DVRB allocation applies to the non-contiguous allocation of resource blocks and increases
the coverage of common control information. However, the system resources occupied by
common control information increases, resulting in a decrease in the UE throughput.
l LVRB allocation applies to the contiguous allocation of resource blocks and decreases the
amount of system resources occupied by common control information, which increases the
UE throughput. However, the coverage of common control information decreases.
LVRB allocations are currently used.
 Dedicated Control Information
 Dedicated control information includes random access (RA) response and the information
 carried on signaling radio bearer (SRB) 0, SRB1, and SRB2.

HARQ Retransmission
HARQ retransmissions cannot be performed for a UE in any of the following
scenarios:
 l The UE is in a measurement gap or enters a measurement gap when it
sends an HARQACK.
 l The UE enters sleep time in DRX and the HARQ operating status is
discontinuous
 transmission (DTX).
 l The UE is not synchronized with the eNodeB or a radio link failure (RLF)
occurs.
 HARQ retransmissions are scheduled after control-plane messages. The
scheduling priorities of different HARQ retransmissions are determined by
the wait time. A longer wait time indicates

SPS Scheduling
 As the importance of supporting
voice in LTE networks (VoLTE)
increases, concerns arise
regarding the number of
simultaneous voice calls that can
be handled. One of the primary
constraints is the amount of
capacity on the Physical Downlink
Control Channel (PDCCH). As a
quick review, the PDCCH carries
all allocation information for both
the downlink and uplink shared
channels, PDSCH and PUSCH
respectively. Each allocation is
carried as Downlink Control  Since the PDCCH is limited size
Information (DCI) and the size of (generally, 3 OFDM symbol
the DCI depends upon several times), there is a limit as to how
factors including whether it is for many DCIs can be carried in a
uplink or downlink allocation. subframe (1 ms). This can in-turn
limit the number of UEs which can
receive an allocation for that
subframe when using dynamic
scheduling (a 1:1 PDCCH-to-
PxSCH method.

SPS Scheduling Cont’d
 In order to support more
allocations, without increasing the
size of the PDCCH, we can use
semi-persistent scheduling (SPS).
With SPS, the UE is pre-
configured by the eNB with an
SPS-RNTI (allocation ID) and a
periodicity. Once pre-configured, if
the UE were to receive an
allocation (DL / UL) using the
SPS-RNTI (instead of the typical
C-RNTI), then this one allocation
would repeat according to the pre-
configured periodicity.

SPS Scheduling Cont’d
 During SPS, certain things remain
fixed for each allocation : RB
assignments, Modulation and
Coding Scheme, etc. Because of
this, if the radio link conditions
change, a new allocation will have
to be sent (PDCCH). Also, any
incremental redundancy (HARQ
subsequent transmissions) will be
separately scheduled using
dynamic scheduling. Also, to
avoid wasting resources when a
data transfer is completed, there
are several mechanisms for
deactivating SPS (explicit,
inactivity timer, etc.).
 So, with SPS which is well suited
to periodic communication like
voice, we can support many more
allocations with the same PDCCH
resource. This can allow more
simultaneous VoLTE calls.

Resource Allocation on LTE
Reading various LTE specification, you will see many terms
which seems to be related to resource allocation but looks
very confusing. At least you have to clearly understand the
following units.
i) Resource Element(RE) : The smallest unit made up of 1
symbol x 1 subcarrier.
ii) Resource Element Group (REG) : a group of 4
consecutive resource elements. (resource elements for
reference signal is not included in REG)
iii) Control Channel Element (CCE) : a group of 9
consective REG
iv) Aggregation Level - a group of 'L' CCEs. (L can be
1,2,4,8)
v) RB (Resource Block) : I think everybody would know
what this is. This is a unit of 84 resource elements which is
12 subcarrier by 7 symbols (This is with normal Cylic Prefix
which is used in most of the LTE deployment. If it is with
Extended Cyclic Prefix, the number of symbols within a
subframe become 6 and the number of resource elements
in a single RB become 72).
vi) RBG (Resource Block Group) : This is a unit comprised
of multiple RBs. How many RBs within one RBG differs
depending on the system bandwidth.

PDCCH Allocation on LTE

LTE SON Feature

MRO
 As mobile telecommunications technologies advance, networks continue to grow and
 incorporate multiple radio access technologies (RATs), resulting in complicated
network
 maintenance. To simplify maintenance, an LTE system must support self-organizing
network
 (SON) technology. MRO is used for self-optimization in an SON.
 MRO collects handover performance statistics for different scenarios, identifies
abnormal
 handover scenarios, and optimizes the mobility-related parameter settings. MRO
helps to reduce
 the number of handover failures and service drops caused by premature and
delayed handovers,
 handovers to wrong cells, or ping-pong handovers to achieve better resource
utilization and
 improve user experience.
 In this document, the triggering quantity and reporting quantity used in handover
measurements
 for MRO are based on reference signal received power (RSRP).

MRO Cont’d
 The eNodeB identifies

premature handovers,
delayed handovers,
handovers to wrong
cells, and
 ping-pong handovers,
and counts the number
of each type of abnormal
handovers.

MIMO
MIMO is developed to provide doubled and more spectral efficiency. As an extension of singleinput
single-output (SISO), MIMO uses multiple antennas at the transmitter and/or receiver in
combination with some signal processing techniques. Generally speaking, single-input multipleoutput
(SIMO), multiple-input single-output (MISO), and beamforming also belong to the
MIMO category.

MIMO Cont’d

ICIC
Adaptive ICIC: Improve 30% Cell Edge Throughput
Cell edge interference lead Adaptive ICIC: eCoordinator
to low throughput
Frequency: reuse=1
Frequency: reuse=3
 Adaptive ICIC switch on / off

 Support cell edge frequency
reuse (1, 1/3, 1/6).
Low 30%
High improved
Low Cell Edge Cell Edge
Interference Throughput
Cell Edge
Interference
Cell Edge
Throughput
Unique cell edge frequency reuse 6 in telecom
industry

ICIC RSRP Comparison
CCU Power Reduction with ICIC

ICIC Cont’d
CEU (-1.77 dB) CCU (-6 dB)
Mod1
Mod2
Mod3
From the graph we can see on

ICIC there is power control on cell
edge more have high transmit
power than cell center to
differentiate between cell edge into
3 frequency. This theory proven
from the previous slide.

ICIC SINR Comparison
Afternoon 16:00 (Default) Afternoon 16:00 (Mod3 ON) Afternoon 16:00 (ICIC)

ICIC SINR Comparison
8.06 % improvement
There are significant
improvement of SINR
>0dB when static ICIC
implemented on the
cell where the DL
PRB Utilization above
70%, which is good to
mitigate poor SINR
issue during busy
hour
ICIC is a technology that collaborates with power control and media access control (MAC)
scheduling technologies to mitigate inter-cell interference. ICIC divides the entire system
band into three frequency bands and uses different frequency bands at the edge of
neighboring cells. CEUs, which cause high interference or may be sensitive to interference,
are preferentially scheduled in the cell edge bands to mitigate inter-cell interference. The
interference mitigation enhances the network coverage and improves the CEU throughput.

ANR Classification
 Based on neighbor relations, ANR is classified into intra-RAT ANR and

inter-RAT ANR.
 Based on the methods of measuring neighboring cells, ANR is classified
into event-triggered ANR and fast ANR (also known as periodic ANR).

ANR Feature Benefit and influence
 Benefit
- ANR is a self-optimization function. It automatically maintains the integrity and
effectiveness of neighbor cell lists (NCLs) and neighbor relation tables (NRTs) to
increase handover success rates and improve network performance. In addition, ANR
does not require manual intervention, which reduces the costs of network planning and
optimization.
- Event ANR
- Find the missing neighbor cells when handover measurement is reported, handover success rate
and call drop rate can be improved.
- Fast ANR
- Choose some UE to measure neighbor cells and report periodically, the neighbor cell relations can
be convergent more faster.

ANR Feature Benefit and influence
 Influence
- Event ANR
- CGI report process will introduces extra delays in handovers of the UEs that meet the handover
conditions.
- Fast ANR
- In fast ANR processes, UE will report PCI periodically and read CGI when the neighbor cell is
unknown.
- In intra-frequency scene, periodical PCI reporting does not impact system performance, whereas
CGI reading interrupts UE services.
- In inter-frequency and inter-RAT scene, periodical PCI reporting impacts UE throughput, and CGI
reading interrupts UE services.

Relation between ANR and others
Relation between ANR and others

 Intra-RAT ANR
- Intra-RAT ANR needs UE to support Long DRX cycle and ANR-related
measurement. If ANR measurements need to be performed, a temporary dedicated
DRX cycle needs to be configured for the UE. During this cycle, the UE obtains the
CGIs of neighboring cells in dormancy periods.
- Intra-RAT ANR has an impact on Feature PCI Collision Detection & Self-
Optimization. When neighboring cell information changes because of intra-RAT
ANR, PCI conflict detection is triggered.
 Inter-RAT ANR
- Inter-RAT ANR needs UE to support Long DRX cycle and ANR-related
measurement. If ANR measurements need to be performed, a temporary dedicated
DRX cycle needs to be configured for the UE.

ANR Cont’d (LTE Identifier)
ECGI : E-Utran Cell Global Identifier

End of Section

LTE Optimization Guideline: Section-5

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LTE Optimization Guideline

RNO Consultant : Ray Khastur

www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to ：

 Know Drive Test Tools, Site Audit Check.

SINR in some Drive Test Result.

 Know how LTE Scheduling Procedure.

 Know some SON Feature and the function.

Page 2 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

 4.Cell Search & Cell Reselection

 6.LTE SON Feature

Page 3 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Page 4 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Page 5 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Page 6 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

BBU : Baseband Unit

RRU : Radio Remote Unit

Page 7 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

In this part show details of Electrical

In this part show details Hardware Parameter

Page 8 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Page 9 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

RSRE Power = Psingle port-10*log(12*Nrb)+10*log(1+Pb)

Page 10 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

• Power Boosting for RS

Bandwidth PB PRS ( dBm)

Page 11 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Items GSM UMTS LTE

43 43 43 RSRP is the received signal

BCCH Power/ CPICH power 43 33 15.2

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X : Available PRB on overlapped area

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RS location vs PCI mod 3:

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Afternoon 16:00 Midnight 02:00

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www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

Afternoon 16:00 Midnight 02:00

www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

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CQI is the information that UE sends to the network and practically

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 SRB0 is for RRC messages using the CCCH logical channel;

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 SystemInformationBlockType1  RRCConnectionReconfiguration  DLInformationTransfer

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i) Network send the first data on DL PDSCH and PDCCH

Page 36 www.DigiTrainee.com Company Confidential

RSRE Power = Psingle port-10log(12Nrb)+10*log(1+Pb)