07/03/2017

Matrix Algebra
Let’s now move on to revise some basic concepts of Matrix Algebra
which we’ll need to use very soon when we will be dealing with the
Stiffness Method.
What is a MATRIX?

A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers.

Matrix [A] has m rows and n columns.

So, we can saythat [A] is a mXn matrix,
or has an order of mXn.
NOTE: „mXn„is read „m by n‟.

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ALJABAR MATRIK

Sistim persamaan simultan: Susunan matriks:

ax+by+cz=m a b c x m
dx+ey+fz =n d e f y = n
gx+hy+iz =p g h i z p

4x - y =0 4 -1 0 x 0
2x+5y-3z =0 2 5 -3 y = 0
y+ z =1 0 1 1 z 1

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ALJABAR MATRIK
SIMBOL UMUM MATRIKS:
a11 a12 ... a1n
a21 a22 ... a2n
[A]mxn = [aij]mxn = ... ... ... ...
A : nama matrik am1 am2 ... amn
m : jumlah baris
n : jumlah kolom mxn : Ordo atau ukuran matriks

aij : elemen matrik A pada baris ke i (i = 1 s/d m) kolom ke j (j = 1 s/d n)

ALJABAR MATRIK
BENTUK BENTUK MATRIKS:
Matrik Persegi: 4 -1 0
matrik dengan m > 1 dan n > 1 serta m ≠ n [A]2x3 =
2 5 -3
1 2 3
Matrik Bujur Sangkar:
matrik dengan m = n [A]3x3 = 4 5 6
7 8 9

Matrik Baris:
matrik dengan m = 1 dan n > 1 A 1x4 = 1 3 5 7

Matrik Kolom: 1
matrik dengan m > 1 dan n = 1 {A}3x1 = 7
9

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ALJABAR MATRIK
JENIS MATRIKS:
Matrik Kosong (nol): [0]mxn 0 0 0
matrik dengan aij = 0
0 0 0

Matrik Diagonal: 1 0 0 0
matrik bujur sangkar dengan 0 3 0 0
aij = 0 pada i ≠ j 0 0 5 0
0 0 0 2

Matrik Satuan/Unit/Identitas: 1 0 0 0
matrik bujur sangkar dengan [I]mxn 0 1 0 0
aij = 0 pada i ≠ j dan 0 0 1 0
aij = 1 pada i = j 0 0 0 1

Matrik Simetri: 1 2 3
matrik bujur sangkar dengan 2 0 5
aij = aji 3 5 7

ALJABAR MATRIK
JENIS MATRIKS:

Matrik Skew-simetri: 1 -2 -3
matrik bujur sangkar dengan 2 0 5
aij = - aji 3 -5 7

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ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Penjumlahan [A]mxn + [B]pxq = [C]sxt

[aij]mxn + [bij]pxq = [cij]sxt dimana cij = aij + bij
syarat: ukuran matrik sama → m = p dan n = q
sehingga s = m = p dan t = n = q
sifat: ~ kumulatif → [A] + [B] = [B] + [A]
~ asosiatif → [A] + [B] + [C] = ([A] + [B]) + [C] = [A] + ([B] + [C])
= ([A] + [C]) + [B]

ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Perkalian dengan skalar: [A]mxn x k = [D]mxn

[aij]mxn x k = [dij]sxt dimana dij = k aij

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Soal 1

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Soal 2 (skalar + addition)

ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Perkalian dengan matriks: [A]mxn x [B]pxq

Syarat : p = n → [A]mxn x [B]nxq = [C]mxq

[aij]mxn x [bjk]nxq = [cik]mxq

n
dengan cik = ∑ aij bjk
j=1
sifat: [A][B] ≠ [B][A]
[A]([B]+[C]) = [A][B]+[A][C]
([A]+[B])[C] = [A][C]+[B][C]
[A]([B][C]) = ([A][B])[C]

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ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Perkalian dengan matriks: [A]mxn x [B]pxq

Syarat : p = n → [A]mxn x [B]nxq = [C]mxq

[aij]mxn x [bjk]nxq = [cik]mxq

n
dengan cik = ∑ aij bjk
j=1
-1 -2 -3 -4
1 2 3
-5 -6 7 8
4 5 6
2x3 9 10 11 12 3x4

1(-1)+2(-5)+3(9) 1(-2)+2(-6)+3(10) 1(-3)+2(7)+3(11) 1(-4)+2(8)+3(12)

=
4(-1)+5(-5)+6(9) 4(-2)+5(-6)+6(10) 4(-3)+5(7)+6(11) 4(-4)+5(8)+6(12)

16 16 44 48
=
25 22 89 96
2x4

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ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Transpose matriks:
Transpose matrik [A]mxn adalah: [A]mxn
T
= [B]nxm
dengan aij = bji dan i = 1, 2, ..., m serta j = 1, 2, ..., n

sifat: ([A]T) T = [A]

(k [A]T) T = k [A]T
([A]+[B]) T = [A] T + [B] T
([A][B]) T = [A] T [B] T

Jika: [A] = [A]T maka [A] adalah matrik simetris

[A] = - [A]T maka [A] adalah matrik anti-simetris
- [A] [A]T = [B] maka [B] adalah matrik simetris

ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Determinan:
Determinan [A] = |A | dengan syarat [A] matrik bujur sangkar
Untuk matrik berukuran 2 x2 dan 3x3 dapat diperoleh dengan metode:

a11 a12
[A] = → |A | = a11 a22 - a12 a21
a21 a22

b11 b12 b13

[B] = b21 b22 b23 → |B | = b11 b22 b33 + b12 b23 b31 + b13 b21 b32
b31 b32 b33 - b13 b22 b31 - b12 b21 b33 - b11 b23 b32

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Another methods

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ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Determinan:
Metode Kofaktor-Minor:
b11 b12 b13
[B] = b21 b22 b23
b31 b32 b33

→ |B | = + b11 (b22 b33 - b23 b32) - b12 (b21 b33 - b23 b31 ) + b13 (b21 b32 - b22 b31 )
minor b11 minor b12 minor b13

kofaktor untuk bij : Mij = (-1)i+j

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HOW ABOUT DETERMINAT OF

4 X 4 MATRIX?

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ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Invers Matrik:
[A] adalah matrik bujur sangkar, invers matrik [A] = [A]-1
dengan syarat |A | ≠ 0
sifat: jika [A] dan [B] matrik bujur sangkar, dan [I] matrik identitas,
maka [A] invers dari [B] dan [B] invers dari [A]
[A][B] = [I] = [B][A]

sifat: jika [A] dan [B] matrik bujur sangkar, dan [I] matrik identitas,
maka [A] invers dari [B] dan [B] invers dari [A]
[A][B] = [I] = [B][A]

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ALJABAR MATRIK
OPERASI MATRIKS:

Invers Matrik: Metode Gauss-Jordan

3 2 0 1 0 0 1 2/3 0 1/3 0 0
Baris I /3
-1 -2 4 0 1 0 ―――→ -1 -2 4 0 1 0
2 -1 -3 0 0 1 2 -1 -3 0 0 1
1 2/3 0 1/3 0 0 1 2/3 0 0
1/3 0
Baris II + I Baris II x (- 3/4)
―――→ 0 - 4/3 4 1/3 1 0 ―――→ 0 1 -3 - 1/4 - 3/4 0
Baris III - 2xI
0 - 7/3 -3 - 2/3 0 1 0 - 7/3 -3 - 2/3 0 1
1 2/3 0 1/3 0 0 1 0 2 1/2 1/2 0
Baris III + 7/3 II Baris III / (-10)
―――→ 0 1 -3 - 1/4 - 3/4 0 ―――→ 0 1 -3 - 1/4 - 3/4 0
Baris I - 2/3 II
0 0 -10 - 5/4 - 7/4 1 0 0 1 1/8 7/40 - 1/10
1 0 0 1/4 3/20 1/5 1/4 3/20 1/5
Baris I - 2 III
―――→ 0 1 0 - 1/8 - 9/40 - 3/10 ―→ - 1/8 - 9/40 - 3/10 = [A]-1
Baris II + 3 III
0 0 1 1/8 7/40 - 1/10 1/8 7/40 - 1/10

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GAUSS METHOD

 a11 a12 a13 b1  a11 a12 a13 b1 

  
a21 a22 a23 b2   0 a22 a23 b'2 
a31 a32 a33 b3   0 0 a33 b' '3 

x3 = b3'' / a33
''

(
x2 = b2' − a23
' '
x3 / a22 )
x1 = (b1 − a12 x2 − a13 x3 ) / a11

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GAUSS-JORDAN

a11 a12 a13 b1  1 0 0 b1* 

  
a21 a22 a23 b2  0 1 0 b 2* 
a31 a32 a33 b3  0 0 1 b3* 

 x1 = b 1* 
 
 x2 = b 2* 
 1 = b 3* 


CHOLESKY METHOD
 b1 x1 + c1 x2 = d1 
a x + b x + c x = d 2 
 2 1 2 2 2 3

 a3 x2 + b3 x3 + c3 x4 = d3 
 
 . . . . . = .
 ai xi −1 + bi xi + ci xi +1 = di 
 
 . . . = .
 . . = .
 
 a n xn−1 + bn xn = d n 

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