Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology

ISSN: 0169-4243 (Print) 1568-5616 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tast20

Compressive behavior of post-heated circular CFST

short columns externally strengthened with CFRP
sheets

Kai Wang, Yu Chen, Jun Wan, Shaohua Han & Lican Liao

To cite this article: Kai Wang, Yu Chen, Jun Wan, Shaohua Han & Lican Liao (2018)
Compressive behavior of post-heated circular CFST short columns externally strengthened
with CFRP sheets, Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 32:8, 833-853, DOI:
10.1080/01694243.2017.1387218

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2017.1387218

Published online: 09 Oct 2017.

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Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 2018
VOL. 32, NO. 8, 833–853
https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2017.1387218

Compressive behavior of post-heated circular CFST short

columns externally strengthened with CFRP sheets
Kai Wang, Yu Chen, Jun Wan, Shaohua Han and Lican Liao
School of Urban Construction, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Due to the increasing usage of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) Received 3 October 2016
members in structural engineering, there will be more chances of Revised 27 September 2017
fire hazards on these structures in the near future. Externally bonding Accepted 28 September 2017
carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites has emerged as KEYWORDS
a popular method for repairing damaged steel-reinforced concrete Circular concrete-filled
members. However, limited research is available to evaluate the steel tube; short columns;
behavior of CFRP strengthened CFST members. This paper presents temperature; CFRP sheets;
the results of an experimental investigation on the compressive ultimate strength; simplified
behavior of the post-heated circular CFST short columns externally formulae
strengthened with CFRP sheets. A total of twenty-one specimens are
tested to investigate the influence of temperature and the number
of CFRP layers on the mechanical behavior of repaired specimens.
The ultimate strength is obtained from monotone static tests. The
extensometer technique based on gauge strain is used to measure
strains of electric gauges glued to the external surface of specimens.
The results indicate that the increase in the number of CFRP layers
leads to a significant change in the mechanical properties of post-
heated CFST columns. Furthermore, it is shown that increases
in the number of CFRP layers remarkably enhance the ultimate
strength and initial stiffness of specimens subjected to the same
heat treatments, while deteriorate the ductility. Based on extensive
experimental analysis, simplified formulae are proposed to estimate
the compressive ultimate strength of all specimens tested, providing
reasonably good correlation with the experimental results. Besides,
the proposed formulae are compared with some existing empirical
models, and validity of the proposed formulae is evaluated.

1. Introduction
Worldwide interest in the use of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) in civil engineering appli-
cations has increased significantly in recent years due to its advantages, such as high strength,
good ductility and fast construction [1]. However, in the case of fire hazards, the properties
of CFST structures deteriorate quickly, resulting in rapid loss of strength and stiffness. It is
well established that the fire bore the primary responsibility in the tragic event of the colos-
sal World Trade Center in September 2001 in New York, USA [2,3]. With the increasing
application of CFST columns in engineering practice, extensive studies have been carried

CONTACT  Yu Chen  kinkingingin@163.com

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
834   K. WANG ET AL.

CFRP sheets

L
Steel tube

Concrete

t t
D D

Figure 1. Definition of symbols for circular CFST short columns externally strengthened with CFRP sheets.

out on CFST columns under fire conditions such as fire resistance tests, numerical models
and different simplified methods for the fire performance of CFST columns [4,5]. The
results clearly show that the effect of axial loading level and the high temperature exposure
is more significant on the stiffness of the CFST columns than on their residual strength.
Lie et al. [6–9] conducted a series of experiments to study the fire resistance of concrete
filled circle and square hollow section columns filled with plain concrete and bar-reinforced
concrete. Han et al. [10] experimentally and theoretically investigated the behavior of rec-
tangular normal CFST stub columns after exposure to high temperatures. They revealed
that the higher the temperature is, the greater the loss of section capacity shows. Abbas et
al. [11] studied the post-heating response of concrete-filled circular steel columns, and the
test results indicated that the annealing is slightly better than water quenching in cooling
post-fire columns.
In recent years, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials have shown great
potential as materials for reinforced concrete structures. Xiao et al. [12] proposed CFRP
as an additional confinement material for CFST columns to control the local buckling
of the steel tube and to confine the concrete in the potential plastic hinge regions of the
CFST column. The results of axial compressive tests and seismic loading tests demon-
strated that the additional FRP confinement provides excellent seismic performance.
Extensive experimental and analytical researches [13–16] have been conducted in recent
years on behavior of undamaged CFST short columns strengthened with CFRP sheets.
The results manifested that CFRP wrapping can delay the development of local buck-
ling deformation of the steel tube and improve the load carrying capacity. Ganesh and
Sundarraja [17] investigated the behaviour of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) short
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   835

(a) T=600ć (b) T=800ć

(c) T=1000ć (d) T=1100ć

Figure 2. Appearance of CFST specimens after exposure to different temperatures.

columns externally reinforced using CFRP strips composite. Results revealed that axial
deformation control and load bearing capacity of the confined columns increase as the
836   K. WANG ET AL.

(a) Mode I (b) Mode II

(c) Mode III (d) Mode IV

Figure 3. Typical failure modes.

number of CFRP layers increases. Besides, the load bearing capacity mainly depends
upon the proper spacing between the CFRP strips. Wei et al. [18] conducted an exper-
iment on the performance of circular concrete-filled fiber-reinforced polymer-steel
composite tube columns under axial compression. The test results illustrated that local
buckling of the steel tube can be suppressed and even prevented effectively with fib-
er-reinforced polymer strengthening. Zhang and Zhang [19] conducted an experimental
investigation of four types of composite concrete-filled steel tube columns reinforced
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   837

Figure 4. Axial load vs. vertical displacement curves of specimens

by different confining materials, and carbon fiber reinforced polymer was found to
have the most benefit for the repair and retrofit of concrete-filled steel tube structures.
When a CFST short column is exposed to devastating fire for a long period of time, its
strength reduces considerably. A survey of the available literature shows that externally
bonding CFRP sheets is an effective technique to restore and enhance strength and stiff-
ness of fire-damaged CFST short columns. Tao and Han [20] investigated the behavior of
fire-exposed circular and square CFST columns repaired by unidirectional CFRP com-
posites. They found that the strength enhancement from CFRP confinement decreases
with the increase of eccentricity or slenderness ratio. Tao et al. [21] performed an exper-
iment on the dynamic behavior of fire-damaged circular and square CFST long columns
repaired by unidirectional CFRP composites. The results indicated that the ultimate lateral
strength, flexural stiffness and ductility can be enhanced to some extent due to the CFRP
confinement effect. Tao and Han [22] studied the compressive and flexural behaviour of
CFRP-repaired concrete-filled steel tubes after exposure to fire. The results showed that
the CFRP jackets enhance the load-bearing capacity of the short columns effectively, and
other appropriate repair measures should be taken to repair severely fire-damaged CFST
beams, or those members subjected to comparatively large bending. To sum up, none of
the above experimental works explicitly investigated the failure mode, ductility and initial
stiffness of strengthened CFST specimens, depending on the number of CFRP layers and
high temperature. In addition, simplified formulae based on extensive experimental results
have not been established for the compressive ultimate strength of post-heated circular
CFST columns externally strengthened with CFRP sheets.
838   K. WANG ET AL.

Figure 5. Axial load vs. strain distribution curves of specimens exposed to 800 °C.

The focus of this article is to investigate the strengthening effect and study the compres-
sive behavior of post-heated circular CFST short columns externally strengthened with
CFRP sheets. The parameter study examines the effect of design variables such as tempera-
ture and the number of CFRP layers. The paper presents the ultimate strength, ductility, axial
stiffness and failure mechanism under compressive loading. Besides, simplified formulae
are proposed to predict the ultimate strength of post-heated circular CFST short columns
externally strengthened with CFRP sheets, and validity of the formulae is evaluated.
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   839

Figure 6. Axial load vs. strain distribution curves of specimens exposed to 1000 °C.

2.  Experimental program

In this work, a total of twenty-one circular CFST short columns were cast to have a cross
section with 250 mm in height and 89 mm in diameter. These specimens are divided as
follows:
840   K. WANG ET AL.

1.4
Ks 1.4 Ks C-T600 C-T800
C-F0 C-F1
1.3 1.3
C-F2 C-F3 C-T1000 C-T1100
1.2 C-F4 1.2

1.1
Cyan and
1.1
black color
1.0 1.0

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.6 0.6
600 700 800 900 1000 1100 0 1 2 3 4
F/layers
(a) Ks versus T curves (b) Ks versus F curves

Figure 7. Effects of the exposure temperature (T) and the number of CFRP layers (F) on strength ratio (Ks).

Figure 8. Ultimate strength vs. temperature curves of specimens with different numbers of CFRP layers.

• One CFST specimen left untreated at ambient temperature (20 ± 2 °C);

• Four CFST specimens subjected to various temperature levels of 600, 800, 1000 and
1100 °C, and without CFRP strengthening;
• Sixteen CFST specimens externally strengthened with different numbers of CFRP
layers (one, two, three and four), after being subjected to various temperature levels
of 600, 800, 1000 and 1100 °C.
In the experimental program, two experimental variables were defined as important:
temperature (20, 600, 800, 1000 and 1100 °C) and the number of CFRP layers (zero, one, two,
three and four). The objective was to determine how different temperatures would affect the
composite columns and check the reinforcing efficiency of the CFRP wraps. Table 1 illus-
trates a summary of test specimens and considered variables. Figure 1 shows the definition
of symbols for post-heated circular CFST short columns externally strengthened with CFRP
sheets, where D and L are the diameter and the height of the steel tube respectively, and t is
the steel wall thickness. The specimen designation is labeled according to the cross-section
type, temperature, and the number of CFRP layers. For example, the label ‘C-T600-F1’
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   841

with three parts separated by hyphens is defined as follows: the notation ‘C’ indicates the
circular cross section, the second part ‘T600’ denotes the temperature the CFST specimens
suffered is 600 °C, the following expression ‘F1’ means the number of CFRP layers is one.

2.1. Materials
2.1.1.  Circular steel tube
All circular steel tubes with the wall thickness of 4.0 mm were fabricated by using Chinese
Standard Q235 steel (nominal yield stress fy = 235 MPa). To determine the steel material
properties, four tension coupons labeled CST-1, CST-2, CST-3, CST-4 were cut from a
randomly selected steel tube, with dimensions in accordance with the Chinese standard
GB2975 [23]. The tension coupons were manufactured by a MTS displacement controlled
testing machine, and the average thickness value for the four tension coupons was 2.8 mm.
Table 2 shows the tensile yield strength (fy), ultimate tensile strength (fu), Young’s modulus
(ES), elongation after fracture (εf ), as well as Poisson’s ratio (ν) for each tension coupon.

2.1.2.  Concrete mix

The concrete mix was designed according to Specification for Mix Proportion of Ordinary
Concrete (JGJ55-2011) [24], and the mix proportion was water: cement: sand: gravel = 0.38:
1: 1.11: 2.72. The mix proportion was optimized to produce a concrete with a 28-day com-
pressive strength of 30 MPa. From the batch, three 150 mm concrete cubes labeled C-1,
C-2, C-3 were cast and cured in conditions similar to the CFST specimens. The average
compressive cube strength (fcu) at 28 days is 32.7 MPa, as illustrated in Table 3.

2.1.3.  CFRP sheets and adhesives

The carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is the type of FTS-C1-30 carbon fiber sheet
with a thickness of 0.167 mm and a weight of 300 g/m2. The mechanical properties of the

Table 1. Summary of test specimens.

Groups Specimens T (℃) F NUT (kN)
Ⅰ C-T20-F0 20 0 640.95
Ⅱ C-T600-F0 600 0 539.40
C-T800-F0 800 0 517.10
C-T1000-F0 1000 0 387.15
C-T1100-F0 1100 0 450.50
Ⅲ C-T600-F1 800 1 650.95
C-T600-F2 800 2 783.20
C-T600-F3 800 3 762.45
C-T600-F4 800 4 876.05
C-T800-F1 800 1 568.55
C-T800-F2 1000 2 546.50
C-T800-F3 1000 3 654.15
C-T800-F4 1000 4 743.75
C-T1000-F1 1000 1 493.45
C-T1000-F2 1000 2 554.85
C-T1000-F3 1100 3 671.6
C-T1000-F4 1100 4 718.05
C-T1100-F1 1100 1 478.85
C-T1100-F2 1100 2 519.75
C-T1100-F3 1100 3 613.75
C-T1100-F4 1100 4 740.55
842   K. WANG ET AL.

Table 2. Properties of the steel tube.

Tensile coupons ES (GPa) fy (MPa) fu (MPa) εf (%) ν
CST-1 205 298 350 22.63 0.28
CST-2 198 275 330 23.78 0.27
CST-3 206 278 340 29.37 0.31
CST-4 209 310 365 28.26 0.32
Mean value 204.5 290.25 346.25 26.01 0.295

Table 3. Properties of the concrete.

Compressive cube strength Average value
Nominal concrete strength (MPa) Specimens fcu (MPa) fcu (MPa)
30 C-1 31.2 32.7
C-2 33.4
C-3 33.6

CFRP sheets were determined by carrying out tensile tests on thin patch of carbon samples.
According to the tensile tests, the tensile strength, elastic modulus, and tensile strain at
fracture are 3550 MPa, 235.0 GPa, 0.45%, respectively, as given in Table 4. In manufacturing
the composite columns, a two-part YZJ-CQ epoxy resin was used as the structural adhesive
to impregnate and bond the fiber sheets.

2.2.  Preparation of specimens

After the ordinary concrete was mixed, it was subsequently filled in the steel tubes with
250 mm in height and 89 mm in diameter, and the twenty-one CFST specimens were con-
served at a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C for 45 days. At this stage, the specimens underwent an
operation using wrapping of CFRP sheets, after being subjected to a heat treatment using
a special electric furnace [25].

2.2.1.  Heating procedures

The twenty-one CFST specimens were divided into four groups (five specimens per group),
except one CFST specimen left untreated at ambient temperature. The specimens in each
of these four groups were subjected to various temperature levels of 600, 800, 1000 and
1100 °C for one hour, to ensure that the temperatures across the whole section were dis-
tributed evenly. The heat treatments were conducted in a small electric furnace having a
maximum temperature of 1100 °C and capable of containing two specimens at a time. The
temperature described above was taken as the temperature of the furnace chamber. At the
end of the heating period, the furnace was switched off and the post-heated CFST speci-
mens were removed from the furnace. Then the post-heated specimens were kept in a dry
condition at ambient temperature in the laboratory. These procedures were conducted at
the Structure Engineering key laboratory in Jingzhou, HuBei Province, and were strictly
performed according to Fire-Resistance Tests-Elements of Building Construction-Part 8:
Specific Requirements for Non-Load bearing Vertical Separating Elements (GB/T 9978.8-
2008) [26].
Figure 2 shows the appearance of the CFST specimens after exposure to 600, 800, 1000
and 1100 °C for one hour, respectively. It can be found that neither distortion nor convexity
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   843

Table 4. Mechanical properties of the CFRP sheets.

Ultimate tensile Modulus of elasticity Ultimate tensile Nominal thickness
strength (MPa) (GPa) strain (%) (mm) Weight (g/m2)
3550 235.0 0.45 0.167 300

occurred to the post-heated CFST specimens. However, the appearance of the CFST speci-
mens varied as the temperature changed. Furthermore, the surface colors of the specimens
after exposure to temperatures of 600 and 800 °C were brick red, cyan and black. While
oxide layers were found to peel off on the external surface of the specimens after exposure
to temperatures of 1000 and 1100 °C. These observations were also confirmed by other
researchers [27].

2.2.2.  CFRP reinforcement

The surface preparation is of primary importance and calls for care [28]. Prior to bonding
the post-heated specimens with CFRP sheets, the specimen surface was scrupulously pol-
ished and degreased so that the contaminating particles were fully removed. The structural
adhesive was prepared in accordance to the instructed ratio, and the mixing ratio was 3:1
of component A (resin) and component B (hardener) by weight. Then they were mixed and
applied to the specimen surface by using a proper roller brush. Besides, ­multi-directional
CFRP sheets with desired dimensions were wrapped around the specimen with the main
fibers oriented around the hoop dimension. With the finished end of the fiber sheet, over-
lapping its starting end by 10 mm to ensure circumferential continuity. To squeeze out excess
adhesive and to eliminate air and voids, a sufficient pressure was applied on the specimen
surface. Subsequently, a thin plastic film was wrapped around the external surface of the
specimens to ensure a tight wrap and prevent debonding between CFRP sheets and the post-
heated CFST columns. The strengthening schemes were strictly performed in accordance
with the Technical Code for Infrastructure Application of FRP Composites (GB50608-2010)
[29]. Therefore, the adhesive was fully absorbed into the gaps and a very reliable bonding
between post-heated CFST columns and CFRP sheets was obtained.

2.3.  Test setup and axial compression tests

The compression testing machine is an electro-hydraulic servo universal testing machine
with the ultimate capacity of 1000 kN, fabricated by Jinan Tian Hua Test Instrument Co,
Ltd. The machine mainly consists of two ball screws with high-precision, along with two
vertical shafts, for the adjustment of the top plate. Besides, the bottom plate was set up to
a vertically moving deck which was established on the rigid floor. A professional tool ‘Max
Test’ software was utilized to process and record the axial shortening data of the specimens.
The extensometer technique based on gauge strain was used to measure strains of electric
gauges glued to the surface of steel tube and CFRP sheet, and the strain data were recorded
at regular intervals during the tests by the registration system called ‘DH3816’. Therefore,
the required data were subsequently accessible.
Before testing, two locations with the interval of 90° at mid-height of the specimens
were selected to position strain gauges, and a total of eight strain gauges were used for each
specimen. All specimens were loaded under monotonic uniaxial loads up to failure using
844   K. WANG ET AL.

the 1000 kN testing machine. Besides, when axial displacement exceeded a ­predetermined
limit (i.e. 40 mm, 16% of the specimen’s height was selected), the axial load was removed
[8]. The values of the axial load and the corresponding displacement were recorded simul-
taneously. The loading rate was approximately 0.10 kN/s. With force control, each load
interval was less than 1/10 of the estimated ultimate strength, and each load interval was
maintained for about 2 to 3  min. In actual control, the load interval was continuously
adjusted according to the feedback of the axial shorting data provided by the ‘Max Test’
software. Finally, the deformation progress, failure mode and ultimate strength of each
specimen were fully recorded.

3.  Experimental results and discussion

3.1.  Failure modes
All repaired specimens experienced rupture of CFRP sheet and buckling of steel tube.
Based on the location of buckling and the rupture degree of CFRP sheet, four distinct
failure modes were identified, illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3(a) shows failure mode I. It
can be seen that, local buckling of the steel tube occurred near the top and the bottom, and
outward buckling occurred at the mid-height of the steel tube. Besides, decarburized layer
and oxide layer started to peel off heavily as the maximum temperature ascended. From
failure mode II, in Figure 3(b), apart from outward buckling at the mid-height of the steel
tube, CFRP sheets ruptured in a sudden and explosive manner, developed seriously along
the height of specimens. This phenomenon was accentuated when the temperature or the
number of CFRP layers decreased. From failure mode III, in Figure 3(c), an ‘elephant foot’
phenomenon along 1/3 of the specimen height occurred, accompanied with a slight rupture
of CFRP sheets. This phenomenon was accentuated when the temperature decreased or the
number of CFRP layers increased, which could provide a stronger confinement to the post-
heated CFST specimens. From failure mode IV, in Figure 3(d), a noticeable phenomenon
of ‘elephant foot’ along 1/3 of the specimen height occurred, accompanied with a brutal
rupture of CFRP sheets. This phenomenon was accentuated when the temperature and the
number of CFRP layers increased.

3.2.  Axial load-vertical displacement curves

The axial load (P) vs. vertical displacement (Δ) curves of all specimens are plotted in Figure
4. Figures 4(a)–(c) and 6(d) stand for P–Δ curves of specimens subjected to various temper-
ature levels of 600, 800, 1000 and 1100 °C. All curves show an initial slope up to a point of
inflection, followed by a large zone of plastic deformation. Each curve consists of an elastic
stage, an elastic-plastic stage and a plastic stage, in which the vertical displacements were
obtained from the readings of internal displacement transducers of the testing machine.
The experimental ultimate strength (NUT ), enhancement percentage of ultimate strength,
failure mode, initial stiffness (ki), vertical displacement (Δy) corresponding to the yield
load, vertical displacement (Δu) corresponding to the ultimate load and ductility ratio (Δu/
Δy) are all summarized in Table 5. The vertical displacement corresponding to the yield
load was obtained by using secant of the axial load vs. vertical deformation curve passing
through the point at which the axial load reaches 75% of the ultimate strength (0.75Pmax).
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   845

Initial stiffness is the resistance of a body in elastic stage to deformation by an applied force,
and can be expressed as K = P/Δ. In the paper, the axial load P was selected as 40% of the
recorded ultimate strength, and had been confirmed previously by other researchers [30],
Δ was selected as the corresponding vertical deformation of specimens in the elastic stage.
The results indicated that for specimens without CFRP strengthening, the initial stiffness,
ductility, and ultimate strength decrease remarkably with the increase of temperature. While
for specimens with the same number of CFRP layers, the initial stiffness and ductility
decrease significantly and the ultimate strength declines slowly as temperature ascends.
For specimens subjected to the same heat treatments (600, 800, and 1000 °C), the initial
stiffness increases slightly with the increase of the number of CFRP layers. And when the
temperature comes to 1100 °C, the initial stiffness decreases enormously. While for spec-
imens subjected to the same heat treatments (600, 800, 1000, and 1100 °C), the ultimate
strength is enhanced significantly, and the ductility deteriorated with the increase of the
number of CFRP layers. Besides, for specimens externally strengthened with four layers of
CFRP, after being subjected to various temperature levels of 600, 800, 1000, and 1100 °C,
the experimental ultimate strength has an distinctive improvement of 62.41, 43.83, 85.47,
and 64.38% (Enhancement percentage A) respectively, compared with that of specimens
without CFRP strengthening, after being subjected to the same heat treatments, as shown
in Table 5. What’s more, the strength enhancement (Enhancement percentage B), compared
with that of the specimen without heat treatment and CFRP strengthening (C-T20-F0), is
also presented for all specimens in Table 5. The enhanced structural behavior of the repaired
specimens can be attributed to the ‘composite action’ between CFRP sheets and post-heated
CFST short columns.

Table 5. Test results of specimens.

Enhance- Enhance-
ment ment
percentage percentage Failure
Groups Specimens NUT (kN) A (%) B (%) Δy (mm) Δu/Δy ki (kN/m) mode
Ⅰ C-T20-F0 640.95 – 0 4.21 9.49 143.65 Mode Ⅰ
Ⅱ C-T600-F0 539.40 – –15.84 5.27 7.59 148.80 Mode Ⅰ
C-T800-F0 517.10 – –19.32 8.14 4.91 85.93 Mode Ⅰ
C-T1000-F0 387.15 – –39.60 6.89 5.80 137.40 Mode Ⅰ
C-T1100-F0 450.50 – –29.71 9.49 4.21 145.91 ModeⅠ
Ⅲ C-T600-F1 650.95 20.68 1.56 4.23 9.46 169.32 Mode Ⅱ
C-T600-F2 783.20 45.20 22.19 5.89 6.79 163.12 Mode Ⅲ
C-T600-F3 762.45 41.35 18.96 5.69 7.03 62.68 Mode Ⅳ
C-T600-F4 876.05 62.41 36.68 6.88 5.81 148.00 Mode Ⅲ
C-T800-F1 568.55 9.95 –11.30 7.96 5.03 136.52 Mode Ⅱ
C-T800-F2 546.50 5.69 –14.74 8.23 4.86 166.22 Mode Ⅳ
C-T800-F3 654.15 26.50 2.06 9.38 4.26 185.51 Mode Ⅱ
C-T800-F4 743.75 43.83 16.04 11.91 3.36 157.41 Mode Ⅳ
C-T1000-F1 493.45 27.46 –23.01 9.95 4.02 119.04 Mode Ⅱ
C-T1000-F2 554.85 43.32 –13.43 9.79 4.09 133.03 Mode Ⅱ
C-T1000-F3 671.60 73.47 4.78 12.52 3.19 128.24 Mode Ⅱ
C-T1000-F4 718.05 85.47 12.03 13.68 2.92 114.02 Mode Ⅱ
C-T1100-F1 478.85 6.29 –25.29 7.55 5.30 126.01 Mode Ⅱ
C-T1100-F2 519.75 15.37 –18.91 7.26 5.51 79.48 Mode Ⅱ
C-T1100-F3 613.75 36.24 –4.24 8.32 4.81 76.43 Mode Ⅳ
C-T1100-F4 740.55 64.38 15.54 9.62 4.16 71.27 Mode Ⅲ
Notes: A represents strength enhancement of specimens wrapped with the same number of CFRP layers, after being sub-
jected to different temperatures, compared with that of specimens without CFRP strengthening, after being subjected
to the same heat treatments. B represents strength enhancement of specimens, compared with that of the specimen
without heat treatment and CFRP strengthening.
846   K. WANG ET AL.

3.3.  Axial load-strain distribution curves

Figures 5 and 6 display the axial load vs. strain distribution curves of specimens externally
strengthened with different numbers of CFRP layers, after being exposed to 800 and 1000 °C,
respectively. The vertical axis represents the axial load, and the horizontal axis represents
the strain (ε). A positive value indicates transverse strain and a negative value indicates
longitudinal strain. The strain increases slightly with axial load linearly by and large within
elastic range, when it comes to elastic-plastic stage and plastic stage, a remarkable increase
appears in strain as the load ascends due to the rupture of CFRP sheets. The results in
Figures 5 and 6 demonstrated that, at the same load levels, the strains obtained from the
measuring points on the CFRP surface are generally smaller than those obtained from the
measuring points on the external surface of steel tube. These can be explained by the fact
that the post-heated CFST specimens have an excellent deformation resistance after being
strengthened with CFRP sheets.
All strains of measuring points on the external surface of steel tubes go into the plas-
tic range in the ultimate stage. It can be concluded that, for specimens subjected to the
same heat treatments, the longitudinal and transverse strains of measuring points on the
external surface of steel tube decrease as the number of CFRP layers increases. Likewise,
for specimens externally strengthened with the same number of CFRP layers, the plastic
longitudinal and transverse strains of measuring points on the external surface of steel tube
increase, while the strains of measuring points on the CFRP surface decrease as the high
temperature increases.

3.4.  Effects of temperature and the number of CFRP layers

According to the work conducted by Yang et al. [27], the strength ratio Ks is also used to
quantify the strength enhancement of the post-heated CFST specimens externally strength-
ened with CFRP sheets. It is expressed as:

Ks = NUT ∕NU20 (1)

where, NUT is the experimental ultimate strength of post-heated circular CFST short col-
umns externally strengthened with CFRP sheets, and N20 U is the experimental ultimate
strength of circular CFST short columns without heat treatment and CFRP strengthening.
Figure 7(a) shows the temperature (T) effect on strength ratio (Ks) when the ultimate
strength is attained. It can be seen that, in general, the values of Ks decrease considerably
with the increase of T as accumulative damage is caused due to a higher temperature.
Besides, for specimens without CFRP strengthening, the values of Ks are generally below
1.0, and remain basically unchanged as the temperature ascends from 600 to 800 °C, but
decrease significantly as the temperature ascends from 800 to 1100 °C. Furthermore, for
specimens with CFRP strengthening, the values of Ks decrease sharply as the temperature
ascends from 600 to 800 °C. However, when the temperature ascends from 800 to 1100 °C,
the values of Ks decline smoothly.
Figure 7(b) shows the effect of the number of CFRP layers (F) on strength ratio (Ks) when
the ultimate strength is attained. It can be seen that, for specimens with CFRP strengthen-
ing, the values of Ks increase by and large with the increase of F as a better confinement is
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   847

produced for post-heated specimens, especially when the number of CFRP layers is less than
three. Besides, when the number of CFRP layers is more than three, the values of Ks ascend
smoothly. Figure 8 shows the ultimate strength vs. temperature curves of specimens with
different numbers of CFRP layers. It can be seen that, for specimens subjected to the same
heat treatments, the confinement caused by CFRP strengthening can significantly increase
the ultimate strength but with different degrees depending on the number of CFRP layers
specimens wrapped.

4.  Simplified formulae

Based on the extensive experimental analysis, it was found that the calculated ultimate
strength (Nu) of the CFRP strengthened specimens was determined by the comprehensive
corrected coefficient Kr, which was mainly affected by the number of CFRP layers (F) and
the high temperature (T). Thus the calculated ultimate strength is achieved by Equation (2):
Nu = Kr × Nu0 (2)
where, Nu0 is the calculated ultimate strength of CFST specimens without heat treatment
and CFRP strengthening. The value of Nu0 in Equation (2) can be determined by using the
following equations [31,32],

Nu0 = Asc × fscy (3)

fscy = (1.14 + 1.02𝜉) × fck (4)

Asc = As + Ac (5)

𝜉 = 𝛼 × fy ∕fck (6)

in which, As is the cross-sectional area of steel tube, Ac is the cross-sectional area of con-
crete, fy is the yield stress of steel tube, fck is the compressive strength of concrete, and is
determined as 67% of the compressive strength (fcu) of cubic blocks.
Based on the equations above, the calculated ultimate strength of the specimen C-T20-F0
is 613.16 kN. Based on the Equation (2) above, β and γ are introduced, and the compre-
hensive corrected coefficient Kr is thus achieved by Equation (7),
Kr = G(𝛽) × G(𝛾) (7)
where, G(β) is the function of β, G(γ) is the function of γ. β is the dimensionless CFRP
layers coefficient, and γ is the dimensionless temperature-coefficient. The definition of β
and γ are shown as follows:

Afrp × ffrp T
𝛽= ,𝛾 = (8)
Asc × fscy T0
848   K. WANG ET AL.

where, T is the high temperature, T0 is the temperature of 20  °C. Asc and Afrp are the
cross-sectional area of CFST short columns and the cross-sectional area of CFRP sheets
attached on the external surface of post-heated CFST specimens. ffrp is the tensile strength
of CFRP sheets in the hoop direction, fscy is the compressive strength of the circular CFST
short columns.
Finally, simplified formulae of G (β) and G (γ) are extracted from correlation and regres-
sion analysis, done by using IBM SPSS Statistics 19 software. And the two equations are
expressed as follows:
G(𝛽) = 1.032 × e0.242𝛽 (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 1.080) (9)

(10)
[ ]
G(𝛾) = 0.86 × 1.246 − 0.079 × log(20𝛾) (1 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 55)

Similarly, simplified formulae of H (β) and H (γ) are extracted as follows:

KS� = H(𝛽) × H(𝛾) (11)

H(𝛽) = 0.135𝛽 3 − 0.176𝛽 2 + 0.137𝛽 + 1.052 (0 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 1.080) (12)

(13)
( )
H(𝛾) = 0.85 × 1.11 − 0.045 log 𝛾 (1 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 55)

Summary of the calculated and experimental ultimate strength is presented in Table 6.

Summary of the calculated and experimental strength ratio is presented in Table 7. Statistical
results of Nu/NUT and KS′/Ks are shown in Table 8. The second column presents the ratios
of predicted to experimental axial strengths of the test specimens, and the third column

Table 6. Summary of the calculated and experimental ultimate strength.

Groups Specimens T (℃) F Afrp (mm2) γ β Ks NUP (kN) NUT (kN) NUP/NUT
Ⅰ C-T20-F0 20 0 0 1 0 1.000 613.16 640.95 0.957
Ⅱ C-T600-F0 600 0 0 30 0 0.842 558.83 539.40 1.036
C-T800-F0 800 0 0 40 0 0.807 553.45 517.10 1.070
C-T1000-F0 1000 0 0 50 0 0.604 549.29 387.15 1.418
C-T1100-F0 1100 0 0 55 0 0.703 547.51 450.50 1.215
Ⅲ C-T600-F1 600 1 46.67 30 0.270 1.016 596.57 650.95 0.916
C-T600-F2 600 2 93.34 30 0.540 1.222 636.87 783.20 0.813
C-T600-F3 600 3 140.01 30 0.810 1.190 679.89 762.45 0.892
C-T600-F4 600 4 186.68 30 1.080 1.367 725.82 876.05 0.829
C-T800-F1 800 1 46.67 40 0.270 0.887 590.84 568.55 1.039
C-T800-F2 800 2 93.34 40 0.540 0.853 630.75 546.50 1.154
C-T800-F3 800 3 140.01 40 0.810 1.021 673.36 654.15 1.029
C-T800-F4 800 4 186.68 40 1.080 1.160 718.84 743.75 0.967
C-T1000-F1 1000 1 46.67 50 0.270 0.770 586.39 493.45 1.189
C-T1000-F2 1000 2 93.34 50 0.540 0.866 626.00 554.85 1.128
C-T1000-F3 1000 3 140.01 50 0.810 1.048 668.29 671.6 0.995
C-T1000-F4 1000 4 186.68 50 1.080 1.120 713.43 718.05 0.994
C-T1100-F1 1100 1 46.67 55 0.270 0.747 584.49 478.85 1.221
C-T1100-F2 1100 2 93.34 55 0.540 0.811 623.97 519.75 1.201
C-T1100-F3 1100 3 140.01 55 0.810 0.958 666.12 613.75 1.085
C-T1100-F4 1100 4 186.68 55 1.080 1.155 711.12 740.55 0.960
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   849

Table 7. Summary of the calculated and experimental strength ratio.

Groups Specimens T (°C) F Afrp (mm2) γ β NUT (kN) Ks KS′ KS′/Ks
Ⅰ C-T20-F0 20 0 0 1 0 640.95 1.000 0.993 0.993
C-T600-F0 600 0 0 30 0 539.40 0.842 0.933 1.109
C-T800-F0 800 0 0 40 0 517.10 0.807 0.928 1.151
C-T1000-F0 1000 0 0 50 0 387.15 0.604 0.924 1.530
C-T1100-F0 1100 0 0 55 0 450.50 0.703 0.923 1.313
Ⅲ C-T600-F1 600 1 46.67 30 0.270 650.95 1.016 0.891 0.878
C-T600-F2 600 2 93.34 30 0.540 783.20 1.222 0.841 0.688
C-T600-F3 600 3 140.01 30 0.810 762.45 1.190 0.796 0.669
C-T600-F4 600 4 186.68 30 1.080 876.05 1.367 0.771 0.564
C-T800-F1 800 1 46.67 40 0.270 568.55 0.887 0.886 0.999
C-T800-F2 800 2 93.34 40 0.540 546.50 0.853 0.836 0.981
C-T800-F3 800 3 140.01 40 0.810 654.15 1.021 0.792 0.776
C-T800-F4 800 4 186.68 40 1.080 743.75 1.160 0.766 0.661
C-T1000-F1 1000 1 46.67 50 0.270 493.45 0.770 0.883 1.147
C-T1000-F2 1000 2 93.34 50 0.540 554.85 0.866 0.833 0.962
C-T1000-F3 1000 3 140.01 50 0.810 671.6 1.048 0.788 0.752
C-T1000-F4 1000 4 186.68 50 1.080 718.05 1.120 0.763 0.681
C-T1100-F1 1100 1 46.67 55 0.270 478.85 0.747 0.881 1.179
C-T1100-F2 1100 2 93.34 55 0.540 519.75 0.811 0.831 1.025
C-T1100-F3 1100 3 140.01 55 0.810 613.75 0.958 0.787 0.822
C-T1100-F4 1100 4 186.68 55 1.080 740.55 1.155 0.762 0.659

Table 8. Comparison of the calculated and experimental ultimate strength and strength ratio.
P T ′
21 specimens Comparison of NU and NU Comparison of KS and Ks
Max 1.221 1.530
1110.857
Min 0.813 0.564
Mean 1.033 0.930
D (x) 0.014 0.059

Table 9. Comparisons of the predicted and experimental ultimate strengths of specimens in literature
review.
T
Groups Specimens D (mm) ts (mm) tfrp (mm) T (°C) F fcu NU NUP NUP/NUT
Wei et al. [8] C-0-3.0 133 3.0 0 20 0 31.2 1153 1008 0.875
C-C1-3.0 133 3.0 0.111 20 1 31.2 1451 1056 0.728
C-C2-3.0 133 3.0 0.222 20 2 31.2 1555 1105 0.711
C-C0-4.5 133 4.5 0 20 0 34.7 1568 1346 0.859
C-C1-4.5 133 4.5 0.111 20 1 34.7 1806 1393 0.771
C-C2-4.5 133 4.5 0.222 20 2 34.7 1963 1442 0.735
C-0-6.0 133 6.0 00 20 0 34.7 1798 1649 0.917
C-C1-6.0 133 6.0 0.111 20 1 34.7 1876 1695 0.904
C-C2-6.0 133 6.0 0.222 20 2 34.7 2312 1744 0.754
C-0-7.5 133 7.5 0 20 0 34.7 2249 1975 0.878
C-C1-7.5 133 7.5 0.111 20 1 34.7 2091 2022 0.967
C-C2-7.5 133 7.5 0.222 20 2 34.7 2363 2070 0.876
Tao et al. [22] CSC 150 3.0 0 20 0 75 1915 1699 0.887
CSCF-1 150 3.0 0.170 1100 1 75 1020 1905 1.867
CSCF-2 150 3.0 0.340 1100 2 75 1560 1977 1.267
Comparison of Max 1.867
NUP and NUT Min 0.711
Mean 0.840
D (x) 0.079
850   K. WANG ET AL.

presents the ratios of predicted to experimental strengths of the test specimens. It can be
observed that the calculated ultimate strength derived from the aforementioned simplified
formulae are sufficiently accurate, compared with the experimental results. What’s more,
simplified formulae above are used to analyze the experimental results of Wei et al. [8] and
Tao et al. [22], which are shown in Table 9. As can be seen, Equations (2–10) can be used to
accurately predict the experimental ultimate strength of the specimens from Wei et al. [8],
but overestimates the ultimate strength of the specimens from Tao et al. [22]. The reason
may be attributed to the fact that these specimens were exposed to high temperatures for
a long period of time (i.e. 3 h). Therefore, further research on CFRP strengthening post-
heated CFST members with a longer fire duration needs to be carried out.

5. Conclusions
This article studied the compressive behavior of post-heated circular CFST short columns
externally strengthened with CFRP sheets. Based on the experimental results discussed in
the article, the following conclusions can be drawn:
(1) Failure mode varies as the exposure temperature and the number of CFRP layers
change. In general, decarburized layer and oxide layer started to peel off heavily as
the maximum temperature ascends, the rupture of CFRP sheets gets progressively
serious as the number of CFRP layers decreases.
(2) Initial stiffness of specimens with the same number of CFRP layers decreases
remarkably as the exposure temperature increases.
(3) When specimens are subjected to the same heat treatments, the ultimate strength
and stiffness are enhanced significantly with the increase of the number of CFRP
layers, while the ductility deteriorated. The distinctive improvement of the ultimate
strength can be attributed to the ‘composite action’ between CFRP sheets and post-
heated CFST specimens.
(4) All strains of measuring points on the external surface of steel tubes go into the
plastic range in the ultimate stage.
(5) At the same load levels, the strains obtained from the measuring points on CFRP
surface are generally smaller than that obtained from the measuring points on the
external surface of steel tubes. This can be explained by the fact that the post-heated
CFST specimens have an excellent deformation resistance after being strengthened
with CFRP sheets.
(6) The values of strength ratio decrease considerably with the increase of the expo-
sure temperature, as accumulative damage is caused due to a higher temperature
exposure. For specimens with CFRP strengthening, the values of strength ratio
increase by and large with the increase of the number of CFRP layers as a better
confinement is produced for post-heated specimens.
(7) The simplified formulae are proposed to predict the ultimate strength of post-heated
circular CFST short columns externally strengthened with CFRP sheets. The for-
mulae can accurately predict the strength of specimens within 1 h of fire duration.
However, it overestimates that of specimens with a longer period of time. Therefore,
there is further research needed to develop a more accurate design approach when
a longer fire duration is applied on circular CFST columns.
 JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   851

Nomenclature

CFST  Concrete-filled steel tube

CFRP  Carbon fiber reinforced polymer
D  Diameter of circular steel tube
t  Wall thickness of circular steel tube
tfrp  Thickness of CFRP sheets
L  Height of CFST columns
fu  Ultimate tensile stress of circular steel tube
fy  Tensile yield stress of circular steel tube
ffrp  Tensile strength of CFRP sheets in the hoop direction
fscy  Compressive strength of circular CFST short columns
fcu  Concrete cube strength
ES  Young’s modulus of circular steel tube
εf  Elongation after fracture
v  Poisson’s ratio
T  Temperature circular CFST short columns suffered
F  The number of CFRP layers post-heated CFST specimens wrapped
P  Axial load
Δ  Vertical displacement
Δy  Vertical displacement corresponding to the yield load
Δu  Vertical displacement corresponding to the ultimate load
Δu/Δy  Ductility ratio
NU   Experimental ultimate strength of post-heated circular CFST short col-
T

umns externally strengthened with CFRP sheets

NU20  Experimental ultimate strength of circular CFST short columns without
heat treatment and CFRP wrapping
Nu0  Calculated ultimate strength of circular CFST short columns without heat
treatment and CFRP wrapping
NUP   Calculated ultimate strength of post-heated circular CFST short columns
externally strengthened with CFRP sheets using the formulae proposed
ε  Strain
Ks  Experimental strength ratio
KS′  Calculated strength ratio
Kr  Comprehensive corrected coefficient
Ac  Cross-sectional area of concrete
As  Cross-sectional area of steel tube
Asc  Cross-sectional area of concrete-filled steel tube
Afrp  Cross-sectional area of CFRP sheets
β  Dimensionless CFRP layers coefficient
γ  Dimensionless temperature coefficient
G (β)  Function of β
G (γ)  Function of γ
H (β)  Function of β
H (γ)  Function of γ
852   K. WANG ET AL.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

Funding
This research work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant num-
ber 51478047], [grant number 51778066]; Hubei Province Outstanding Youth Science Foundation
of China [grant number 2017CFA070].

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