Chapter 7:

Cognition

Group 2
Antonio, Aviles, Enaje,
Estrellado, Santos, Tan
 Brand of psychology that
COGNITIVE examines thinking, knowing,
PSYCHOLOGY understanding, problem
solving and making decisions.

2
Thinking

“What’s on your
mind?”
 What is thinking?

▪ Mental activity that happens in the

brain when we process information,
organizing , understanding and
communicating it to others
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SYSTEM 1 SYSTEM 2

▪ Quick decisions and ▪ Slow, analytical,and

quick cognitive rule based
shortcuts ▪ Dependent on formal
▪ Innate abilities and educational
personal experiences experience
▪ Ex. What brand of ▪ Ex. Which college to
pencil to use during go
the exam

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 Mental Images

▪ Representation that stand in for objects

or events and have a picturelike quality

▪ Representation of sensory experiences

that are stored in memory and can be
retrieved for use
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Kosslyn’s Fictional Island

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Activity

Hilong
Talilong
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Mental rotation
● Mentally rotating images.
● It takes time, like how we rotate physical objects
● Backwards from memory
Mental Image Actual Image
▪ Areas of cortex ▪ Eyes to visual cortex
associated with
stored knowledge to
the “mind’s eye”

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 NOTE

▪ Sensory input activates visual cortex

more than that of memory input
▪ Visual imagery is a subset of visual
perception
▪ Greater similarity in frontal and parietal
region than temporal and occipital.

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 CONCEPTS
● Ideas that represent a class or category of objects,
events, or activites.
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FORMAL NATURAL

▪ Strict definitions ▪ Not a result of strict

rules
▪ Quite rigid
▪ Real experiences
▪ Specific rules or
features ▪ Fuzzy

▪ Well defined
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Prototype
● Closely matches the defining characteristics of the
concept
● We tend to look at potential examples of a
concept then compare to a prototype
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Schema
● Mental generalization about objects, places,
events, and people
Scripts
● Kind of schema that involves a familiar sequence
of activities
Activity

ABCD
Problem-Solving and
Decision-Making Strategies
 Problem Solving
- occurs when a goal must be reached by
thinking and behaving in certain ways
- one aspect of decision making
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 TRIAL AND ERROR
- A. K. A. mechanical solutions
- Trying one solution after another
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Image source:
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Trial and Error

- Social Media
- Mathematics
- Rote [learned set
of rules]

Image Source:
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cle_thumb/real-impact-social-media-article.jpg
https://www.unomaha.edu/college-of-arts-and-scien
ces/mathematics/_files/images/maths-ftr.jpg

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 ALGORITHMS
- Step-by-step procedures for solving
certain types of problems.
35 - A type of rote solution
Image source:
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9.png
Algorithms

- Mathematics
- Library
- Programming
- Kitchen

Image Source: https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/example-algorithm-flowchart.png

36 https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiGofqp
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 HEURISTICS
- A. K. A. “rule of thumb”
- simple rule that is intended to apply to
37 many situations
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Algorithms

Representative Heuristics
- Categorizing objects
- May create or sustain stereotypes
Availability Heuristics
- Estimation of frequency
Working Backward - from the goal
Subgoals
- Breaking down goals into subgoals
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 Do you
remember any
“Aha!” moments
in your life?
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 INSIGHTS
- When a solution to a problem seems
to come suddenly to mind.
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Image source:
https://www.inventorsdigest.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Aha.png
Problems with Problem
Solving and Decision
Making
 FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
- Thinking about the object only in terms
of its typical uses
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Image source:
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R4ZP99PHbAhUO3o8KHQ0YCUkQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=http%3A%2F%2Fjesusgilhernandez.com%2F2013%2F0
1%2F06%2Ffunctional-fixedness%2F&psig=AOvVaw2IvpIbaUthQbtOTZSMG67B&ust=1530122513672623
 MENTAL SETS
- Tendency for people to persist in using
problem-solving patterns that have
worked for them before

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 CONFIRMATION BIAS
- Tendency to search for evidence that
fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any
evidence to the contrary.

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Image source:
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Creativity
 Creativity
- Coming up with entirely new ways of
looking at the problem or unusual,
inventive solutions
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 CONVERGENT THINKING
- Problem is seen with only one answer
by using previous knowledge and logic

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Image source:
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 DIVERGENT THINKING
- Starts at one point and then comes up
with many different ideas

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Image source:
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Divergent Thinking

▪ Brainstorming
▪ Keeping a journal
▪ Free writing
▪ Mind or subject mapping

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Intelligence

“Is smart in a bird the same

thing we mean when we
say a human is smart?”
Theories of Intelligence
Spearman’s G Factor

● Charles Spearman
(1904)
● G Factor - general
intelligence
● S Factor - specific
intelligence

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Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
 Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory

Analytic Creative Practical

The ability to break The ability to deal The ability to use

down problems into with new and information to get
components different concepts along with life

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Measuring Intelligence
 Binet’s Mental Ability Test

▪ Alfred Binet
suggested that
the key element
in determining a
child’s ability to
think is his
MENTAL AGE

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 Stanford-Binet and IQ

▪ Allows testers to compare intelligence levels of

people of different age groups
▪ Mental Age -average age at which children could
successfully answer a particular level of question
▪ Chronological Age- number of years since birth

IQ = MA/CA x 100

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 The Wechsler Tests

▪ David Wechsler
▪ Series of tests designed for specific age
groups
▪ The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
▪ 4 Specific Cognitive Domains
▪ verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning,
working memory, processing speed

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Test Construction: Good
Test? Bad Test?
 Reliability
- Refers to the test producing consistent
results each time it is given to the same
individual or group

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 Validity
- Degree to which the test actually measures
what it’s suppose to measure
- Ecological Validity - extent that an obtained
score accurately reflects the intended skill in
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real-life situations
 Standardization of Tests
- Process of giving the test to a large group of
people that represents the kind of people for
whom the test is designed for.
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 Norms
- Scores from the standardization group
- The standards against which all others who take
the test would be compared to
- Normal curve
- Standard Deviation

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 IQ tests and Cultural Bias
- Not everyone comes from the same “world”
- Different culture or even different economic
situation
- It is very difficult to design an intelligence test that
is completely free from cultural bias

64 Image
source:https://culturalbiasinstandardizedtesting.weebly.com/uploads/1/5/7/3/15
733852/7532003.jpg?462
 Usefulness of IQ Tests
● Predicting Academic Success and Job
Performance

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eader.jpg
 Usefulness of IQ Tests
● Important Role in Neuropsychology

66 Image
source:http://www.carolinasneuro.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/bigstock-Concept-of-
human-intelligence-101512457.jpg
 Neuropsychology on Brain Injuries
● Traumatic Brain Injury(TBI)- occurs when an
external force injures the brain and may have
permanent damage
Effects: difficulty thinking, speech disturbances, memory
problems, reduced attention span, headaches, sleep disturbances
mood swing and personality changes
67 Image
Source:https://firstaidforlife.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/traumatic-brain-injury-02.
jpg
● Mild Traumatic brain injury or concussion-
impairment of brain from minutes to hours
following a head injury
Effects: loss of consciousness for up to 30 mins, “seeing stars,”
headache, dizziness, sometimes vomiting and sometimes
amnesia
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Athletes
- Repeated concussions and long term effects of head
injuries may not be evident until many years after.
69 Image
source:https://usatmmajunkie.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/mac-danzig-6.j
pg
Military
- “Signature wound” that is suffered by a substantial
number of veterans from that particular war
- Wound maybe physical or psychological in nature
- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
- Mild Traumatic brain injuries from high intensity
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combat and blast mechanisms
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Extremes of Intelligence
Another use of IQ tests is to help identify people who
differ from those of average intelligence by a greater
degree.

71 Image
source:https://cdn.education.com/files/static/slideshow/reference/Mild
IntellectualDisabilities/intellectual-disabilities-language_350x440.jpg
Intellectual Disability
- Deficits in mental abilities
- Adaptive behavior is severely below a level appropriate
from the person’s age
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

● Determines if a person is
diagnosed with mental retardation
and it’s level of severity.
● Changed on its 5th Edition (DSM -
5)
○ Based on deficits of intellectual
functioning (Three domains)
■ Conceptual
■ Social
■ Practical
● Removed the age criteria for the
symptoms of mental retardation

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 Terman’s Termites

● •created the ground

breaking studies
regarding “geniuses”
○ Socially awkard
○ Weak
○ Prone to mental
illneses

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 Terman’s Termites

● Gifted Children
Grown Up (Freeman,
2001)
○ “Achievers” - grow
up unhappy.

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 Emotional Intelligence

● The accurate
awareness of and
ability to mange
one’s own emotions.
● Some people who do
well in school don’t
do well in real-world
situations.
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 Emotional Intelligence

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 Nature VS Nurture

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 Nature VS Nurture
(Twin and Adoption)

● Identical Twins
○ Share the
same genetic
inheritance.
● Fraternal Twins
○ Different eggs
fertilized by
different
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sperms
 Nature VS Nurture

● Flynn effect
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○ Increase of IQ
 Nature VS Nurture

● Flynn effect
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○ Increase of IQ
 The Bell Curve

Heritability is the proportion of this total variation

between
82 individuals in a given population due to genetic
variation.
Language
 Thanks!
94
Open Forum

Any questions?
Quiz

Please prepare ¼
sheet of paper.
Quiz

Please prepare ¼
sheet of paper.
Number 1

What is the mental activity that goes on in

brain when a person is processing
information?

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Number 2

These are concepts people form as a

result of experiences with the concepts in
the real world. What is this?

A. Formal concepts
B. Informal concepts
C. Natural concepts
D. Unnatural concepts
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Number 3

What type of solving problem strategy

will always give you results with a correct
solution, if there is to be found?

A. Algorithm
B. Heuristic
C. Wood algorithm
D. Trial and error
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Number 4

Having new ways of looking at the

problem, this thinking is called _________.

A. Secret
B. Creativity
C. Convergent thinking
D. Thinking out loud

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Number 5

One type of barrier to problem solving is

the tendency to search for evidence that
fits your beliefs while ignoring evidence to
the contrary. What is this?

102
Number 6

Which of the following is NOT related to

the other three when measuring
intelligence?

A. Stanford-Binet and IQ
B. Wundt Test
C. Wechsler Tests
D. Binet's Mental Ability Test
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Number 7

True or false. According to Sternberg’s

triarchic theory, practical intelligence is the
ability to use information to get along in
life. It is also describe as “street smarts”.

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Number 8

The smallest unit/s of meaning within a

language is called _______.

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Number 9

True or false. Intellectual disability is

formerly known as mental retardation or
developmentally delayed.

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Number 10

It is the system of rules governing

structure and use of language. What is it?

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 End
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