Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ميكانيك تحليلي
ميكانيك تحليلي
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ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ
ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ
ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ
ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ
ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ
ﺃ .ﺩ .ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺳﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺃ.ﺩ .ﺃﲪﺪ ﺷﻔﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﺸﺎﻧﻲ
ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ
1430- 1429ﻫـ
2009- 2008ﻡ
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ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ
ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ:ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ
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ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ:ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
47 – 10
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ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ، ﺃﻗﻮﺍﺱ ﺑﻮﺍﺻﻮﻥ، ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ: ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
ﺟﺎﻛﻮﺑﻲ،ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ
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78 3.1018
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89 – 22
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ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻯء ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ: ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ
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122 – – 31
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ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﻃﻴﺴﻲ:ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ
ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ
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268 – 67
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ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ
ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
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320 ﻣﻠﺤﻖ
337 ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ
346 ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ
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ﺍﻟــﻤــﻘــﺪﻣــﺔ
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ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ﺸﺭﺤﻨﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﻯﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﺎﻴﺭﺍﺕ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ
ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ...
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ،ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻜﻬﺭﻁﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ،ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﻨﺘﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﺄﻋﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﺒﺴﻁﺔ
ﻋﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﻨﺘﻲ
ﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻴﺩﺭﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻴﺔ.
ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻯﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ،ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻯﺀ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ.
ﻨﺄﻤل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻁﻼﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺯﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﺒﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺨﻠﻕ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﻡ ﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺤل ﻤﺴﺎﺌل
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺴﺭ ﻭﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ.
ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻨﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻤﻼﺌﻨﺎ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻻﻴﺒﺨﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﻤﻼﺤﻅﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﻟﻬﻡ
ﺠﺯﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻤﺘﻨﺎﻥ.
ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ
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ﺃ -ﺤﺭﺓ :ﻻﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ .ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ
ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺠﺎﺫﺏ ،ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻗﻭﻯ.
ﺏ -ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ :ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ.
ﺝ -ﻤﻘﻴﺩﺓ :ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ،ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ
ﻤﻼﻤﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ،ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺜل ﻗﻭﻯ ﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺨﻴﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل
ﺴﻁﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﻙ ﻭﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ.
ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴﻘل ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ
ﺃﺴﻬل.
ﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ )ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ( ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ؟ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ
ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ.
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ
ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ Nﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
)f (x 1 , y 1 , z 1 , x 1 , y 1 , z1 ....x N , y N , z N , x N , y N , z N , t ) 0 (1.1
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ﻋﺩﺩ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ. )(i 1,2,..., N ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻗﺩ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﺩﺓ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻨﺠﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ
ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
C1 )(1.4
ﻭﻴﻘﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ
ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﹰ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (1.2aﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ .3-1=2ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ
ﺒﺎﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) (1.2aﻭ ) (1.4ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ 3-2=1ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻻﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻼﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻻﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ .ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻀﻊ ﻗﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ
ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺈﺠﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ
C 2ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﺤﺘﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻬﺎ
) M(a, C1 , C 2ﻭﻻﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ:
ﺃ -ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ Nﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻁﻠﻴﻕ ،ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ
ﺒـ 3Nﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﻭﻻﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻷﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻭ ،3Nﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒـ k
ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ .3N-k=s
ﺏ -ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻴﻕ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ
) M3 (x 3, y3 , z 3 ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻨﻘﻁ ﻤﻨﻪ ) ، M 2 ( x 2 , y 2 , z 2 ) ، M1 ( x1 , y1 , z1
)ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺜﻼﺙ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ
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ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺴﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ[ x ( c), y( c), z (c )] :
ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ. )(, , ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ cﻭ
ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ M iﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ
) ( x i , y i , z iﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ
ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﻁ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ) ( x i , y i , z iﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ
ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻴﻕ ﻫﻭ ﺴﺕ ﻓﻘﻁ.
ﺝ -ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺘﺕ
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ .ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺒﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ
ﺃﻭﻟﺭ.
ﺩ -ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ
ﺤﻭل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ. ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ )x (C), y(C
ﻫـ -ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻫﻲ
ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ .
ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﺇﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻻﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺨﻼﻓﺎﹰ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻻﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻕ
ﺒﻨﺎﺒﺽ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺎﹰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ،ﺃﻤﺎ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺄﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
-2ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ:
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻨﻭﺠﺯﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺃ -ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ:
-ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ :ﻻﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻼﺕ.
-ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻀﻊ ﻗﻴﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ.
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ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ )(1.4)،(1.2a)،(1.2
ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ:
2 2 2
x y a 0 )(1.5a
ﺃﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ:
Const. )(1.5b
ﻓﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﻴﻥ.
ﺏ -ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ:
-ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )ﺜﺎﺒﺕ( :ﻻﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ.
-ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﺤﻭل )ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ( :ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ.
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل
ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺨﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﹰ .ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻀﻤﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ) (1.2ﻭ ) (1.4ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻨﻭﺍﺴﺎﹰ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺎﹰ ﺸﻜل ) (1.1ﻴﻤﺭ ﺨﻴﻁ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻜﺭﺓ
ﻭﻴﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻁ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ) (vﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻪ ﻫﻲ:
0 vt )(1.6
ﺤﻴﺙ 0ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﺤﻭل ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ
ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻁﺭﻑ ﺤﺒل ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺘﻨﻘﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.1
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ﺝ -ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺭﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ:
-ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺤﺭﺭ ) ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ( :ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ.
ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ
ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﻻﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻷﻱ
ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ.
-ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﻘﻴﺩ )ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ( :ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ ﻤﺜﺎل
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻙ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻑ ﻤﻊ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺘﻪ.
ﺩ -ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ:
-ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻲ ) :(Holonomicﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﻪ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ ،ﻓﺎﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (1.5bﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻲ.
-ﻻﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻲ ) :(Nonholonomicﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ،ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ).(1.5a
ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻲ ﻓﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺩﻭﻻﺒﺎﹰ ﻴﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻼﺯﻤﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻕ ) ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ( ﺸﻜل ).(1.2
ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻴﻥ ) y(cﻭ ).x(c
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.2
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ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
y (c ) 0 )(1.7a
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ:
y(c ) Const. )(1.7b
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﺎﻥ ) (1.7a,bﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺃﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ
ﺒﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﺤﺔ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﻜﺭﺓ
ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ ) (aﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻬﺎ:
ri a )(1.8a
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻜﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻀﻊ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ:
ri a )(1.8b
ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ. )(i 1,2,..., N ﺤﻴﺙ
-3ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻓﱰﺍﺿﻲ :
ﻨﻜﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ
ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ) rﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
( drﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻓﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ )ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ(:
f (x, y, z , t ) C )(1.9
ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﹰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺎﹰ rﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ ) (x , y, zﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ tﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ) (1.9ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
f ( x x, y y, z z , t ) C )(1.10a
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ:
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f f f
f ( x, y, z ) x y z C )(1.10b
x y z
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
f f f
x y z f .d r 0 )(1.11a
x y z
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ rﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻅﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ).(1.9
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺤﺭﺭﺍﹰ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻔﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ
ﻭﻻﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (1.11aﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ )(1.10b
C Cﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻋﻭﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ) (1.11aﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
f . r C )(1.11b
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ d rﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ F
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ،ﻓﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﺸﺭ ) (1.10aﺒﻔﺭﺽ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل d rﻭﻟﻴﺱ . rﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ.
f f f f
dx dy dz dt 0 )(1.12a
x y z t
ﺃﻭ:
f
.d r dt 0 )(1.12b
t
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ) (1.11aﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﻻﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ) (1.9ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ
ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﹰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺎﹰ rﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ . d r
ﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ Nﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ) (i 1,..., N ) ( x i , y i , z iﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒـ kﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻲ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ
ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ:
f (.... x i , y i , z i ,...., t ) C )( 1,2,..., k )(1.13
ﻭﻟﻨﻌﻁ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ) M i (x i , y i , z iﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﹰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺎﹰ riﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
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f (...x i x i , y i y i , z i z i ,..., t ) 0 )(1.14
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ:
N
i f . ri 0 )(1.15
i 0
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ kﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ .ﺃﻤﺎ
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ:
N f
i .f .d r1 t
dt 0 )(1.16
i 1
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺤﺭﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ
) (1.15ﻭ ) C (1.16ﻭ dC ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻨﻰ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ،ﻗﺒل ﺨﺘﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل
ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل ،ﻓﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ dﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ:
) z f ( x, y, t )(1.17
ﻓﺈﻥ:
f f
z x y )(1.18
x y
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.3
ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ Mﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ) . M (, , z
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ
xoyﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
z=0
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ Mﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ∆ ﻓﻬﻲ
ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ﺃﻱ:
t 0
ﻭﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ rﻓﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ , , zﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
0 , z 0 , 0
d rﺴﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ،ﻷﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻫﻭ:
d dt 0 , dz 0 , d 0
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ) e ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ
(ﻭﻫﻲ dﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ) e ﻤﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ (ﻭﻫﻲ . d
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻜل ﻤﻥ rﻭ ) drﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ (ﻋﻠﻰ
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (1.3ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ 3-2=1ﻭﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ) ( t
ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
-4ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻓﱰﺍﺿﻲ – ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ:
ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ F
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ) ، M (x, y, zﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
A F . r Fx x Fy y Fz z )(1.19
dr ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل
ﺒـ . rﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ
Fﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ Mﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ:
A ( F ) F . )(1.20
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ:
dA ( F ) F .d r F d F d Fd F dt )(1.21
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻬﻭ:
A ( R ) R . r )(1.22
ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻨﻘﻭل ﺇﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل
ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ.
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ:
ﺃ -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻻﺯﻤﺕ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﺎﹰ ﺼﻘﻴﻼﹰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻨﺎﻅﻤﻲ ﺩﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻅﻡ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ R . rﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺼﻘﻴﻼﹰ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻻﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ
ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ )ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ( ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺸﻥ
ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﹰ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ.
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ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ
ﺼﻘﻴﻼﹰ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ.
ﺏ -ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺼﻘﻴل ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ozﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ u
ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل.
ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻲ:
z ut z ut 0
z 0 , dz u.dt 0
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻴﺘﺠﻪ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ozﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ:
A R . r Rz 0
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل:
dA R . dr R .dz Rudt 0 )(1.23
ﺝ -ﻫل ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل (1.2ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ؟
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ pﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻼﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻨﺎﻅﻤﻴﺔ Nﻭﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ) Tﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ( ﺘﺅﻤﻥ ﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ )ﺭﺍﺠﻊ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .(1.2
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻬﻲ y(c ) aﺤﻴﺙ aﻫﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ
ﺃﻤﺎﻋﻤل ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻬﻭ:
A R . r TPT NPN )(1.24
ﻭﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺏ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﻼﺯﻤﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﺈﻥ . PN 0ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
PT 0ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Pﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻵﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ .ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ
ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ
Pﺘﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺯﺤﻠﻕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ . PT 0
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ﺩ -ﻋﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ .ﻫل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ؟
ﺸﻜل ).(1.4
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.4
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ro 0ﻷﻥ oﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﺭﻀﺎﹰ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺎﹰ.
ﻫـ -ﺘﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﻋﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺸﻜل ).(1.5
-ﻫل ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ؟
-ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ )ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ(؟
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،Pﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ،ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﻟﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل:
A R . P 0 )(1.26
ﻓﺎﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.5
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ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ
ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ .ﺃﺜﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ) x (C), y(Cﻭﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ .ﻭﻓﻲ
ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ:
OC OP PC' C' C )(1.27a
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻨﻁﺒﺎﻕ ' Cﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ
PC' aﺤﻴﺙ aﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ 2h
ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺈﺴﻘﺎﻁ ) (1.27aﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ oy , oxﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (1.5ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
x (C) a sin a cos h sin
)(1.27b
y(C) a cos a sin h cos
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﻭ ) ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل(.
-5ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﱰﺍﺿﻴﺔ:
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ،ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
-ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ ﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
N
A Fi . ri 0 )(1.28
i 1
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ﺍﻟﱪﻫﺎﻥ:
ﺃ -ﻟﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ:
N
. Fi .ri
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ 0
i 1
ﺇﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻜﻜل ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ M iﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻘﻭﺘﻴﻥ:
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ F iﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ R iﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ .ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
Fi R i 0
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺒـ riﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺒـ iﻨﺠﺩ:
N
(Fi R i ). ri 0 )(1.29
i 1
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻱ:
N
R i . ri 0
i 1
N
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ. Fi . rt ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ 0
i 1
N
ﻭﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ Fi . rt ﺏ -ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ :ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ 0
i 1
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ.
ﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻘﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺽ ﻓﻨﻘﻭل ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺇﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ
ﻨﻘﻁﻬﺎ M iﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fiﻭﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﻋﻤﻼﹰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﹰ . Fi . dri 0ﻭﻗﺩ
ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﹰ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺎﹰ riﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ dri
)ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ (3ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ Fi . ri 0ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ
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N
ﺨﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺽ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ Fi .riﻭﻫﺫﺍ
ﻨﺠﺩ 0 :
i 1
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ.
ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺼ ﺒﺢ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ) (1.28ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ
ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘ ﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻨﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ؟
ﺘﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
N
ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) (1.29ﻨﺠﺩ: R i . ri ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﹰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ 0
i 1
N
Fi .ri 0 )(1.30
i 1
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﺭﺓ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﻥ )(1.29
ﻭ ) (1.30ﺒﺸﺭﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻫﻭ:
N
Fi . ri 0
i 1
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻟﻼﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﺤﺔ ﻟﻸﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ.
ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺐ ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ:
-6
ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ
)ﺠﺴﻴﻡ( ﻭﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ.
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ Mﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ )ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﻘﻴﺩ(:
f ( x, y, z ) 0
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ،(1.11aﻭﻟﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﺭﺏ ) (1.11aﺒﻤﻀﺭﻭﺏ
ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ) ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ( ﻭﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺸﺭﻁ
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
)F . r f . r 0 (1.31
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ﺃﻭ:
f f f
Fx .x Fy y Fz z x y z ) 0
x y z
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
f f f
(Fx ))x (Fy )y (Fz )z 0 (1.32
x y z
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻘﻭل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل
ﻜل ﻤﻥ z , y, xﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ
ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ).(1.11a
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ f . r 0
ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ (ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﺯﻉ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ
ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﺍﺱ )ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ( ﻓﻲ ) (1.32ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
f
Fz ) 0 (1.33
z
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ y, xﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺃﻤﺜﺎﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ) (1.33ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ:
f f
Fx 0 , Fy ) 0 (1.34
x y
ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (1.33ﻭ ) (1.34ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻫﻴل ﻫﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ
) ( x, y, zﻭ ﻤﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ.
ﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻥﹴ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ:
)f i ( x, y, z ) 0 , (i 1 , 2) (1.35
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ:
f i f i f i
x y )z 0 (1.36
x y z
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ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ) (1.28ﻭﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) (1.36ﺒﻌﺩ
ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺒـ ) iﻤﻀﺭﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﻴﻥ( ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﺃﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
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ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
)R f grad f (1.40
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل.
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
(1.41) R 1f1 2f 2
ﻓﻜﺄﻨﻨﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﻨﺎ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ )ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ:
ﺍﻷﻭل 1f1ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ 2 f 2ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ.
-7ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺐ ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ – ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ )ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ(:
ﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﻤﺎﺴﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ Nﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ
ﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ).(1.13
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ M iﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻜﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ
) (1.41ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
k
R i 11f1 2 1f 2 .... k i f k i f )(1.42
1
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ:
f
Xi a 0
x i
f
Yi a 0 )(1.43
y i
f
Zi a 0
z i
ﺤﻴﺙ ) (X i , Yi , Z iﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ، M iﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﻴل ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ 3N kﻤﺠﻬﻭﻻﹰ .ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ
ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﻴل ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ kﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
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ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) ( x i , y i , zi ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ) (3N k
(i 1,2,..., N i )M iﻭ kﻤﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ . ( 1,2,..., k )
ﻴﺴﻬل ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ )ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل(
ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ M iﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ Wiﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻘﻭﻯ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ
Fiﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ R iﻤﻌﻁﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (1.42ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
)m i . Wi Fi i f (1.44
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ:
f
mi x i Xi
x i
f
m i yi Yi ) (1.45
y i
f
m i z i Zi
z i
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ
ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ
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ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺝ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺤﺎﺴﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺤل
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﻴل.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻﻨﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻗل ﻭﻫﻭ ) ) (3N kﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺴﻬل ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺴﻨﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ.
ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ً ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ:
-8
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ
ﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (1.45ﺒـ dz i , dyi , dx iﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﻨﺠﻤﻊ
ﺒـ iﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻁﺭﻓﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺭﻑ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
N N
) (m i x i dx i m i y i dyi m i z i dzi ) (X i dx i Yi dyi Zi dzi
i 1 i 1
N f f f
(1.47) dx i dyi dz i
x i yi z i
i 1
ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
dx
i dy i dz i d 1 N 2 2 2
) i i dt i dt i dt dt 2 m i ( x i y i z i
m x y z
i i 1
d 1 2
dt 2 i
)mi v i dT (1.48
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fi
ﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ :V
)(1.49
V V V
X dxi i Yi dyi Z i dz i dx i dy i dz i dV
i x i y i z i
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ )ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ) (1.16ﺒﻌﺩ ﻀﺭﺒﻬﺎ ﺒـ ﻭﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ
ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
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f f f
x i y i z i i i
dx dy dz f . dr
i i i i i
f
)dt (1.50
t
ﻭﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ) (1.50) – (1.48ﻓﻲ ) (1.47ﻨﺠﺩ:
f
dT dV )dt (1.51
t
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ )ﻻﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ( ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ) (1.51ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
)d (T V ) 0 T V E Const. (1.52
ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﳊﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﻲ
-9
ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﱰﺍﺿﻴﺔ:
-1ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
-2ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ )ﻟﻭﺼﻑ( ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ
ﻓﻲ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ .ﻭﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ
ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﻁ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ .ﻭﻟﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ:
ﺃ -ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﻻﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻷﻱ
ﺃﺭﺒﻁﺔ ،ﻫﻲ ﺜﻼﺙ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ
ﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ .oxyzﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ oxﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ
)ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل( ﺜﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ oyﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ )ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ( ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ozﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ )ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ
ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ( ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒـ zﻭ y
ﻭ xﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻜﺎﺭﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
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) Fi . ri 0 F . r 0 Fx x Fy y Fz z 0 (1.53
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﻜل ﻤﻥ xﻭ yﻭ
zﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻷﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ .ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻌﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ.
ﺏ -ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻜﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ
f ( x, y, z ) 0ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ ﺇﻟﻰ ) (2ﻓﻘﻁ ﻷﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ) ( x, y, z
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻜﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻫﻤﺎ:
f 1 ( x , y, z) 0 , f 2 ( x, y, z ) 0 )(1.54
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ) xﺃﻭ yﺃﻭ (zﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﻥ.
ﺝ -ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (1.3ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻼﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻭ
ﻭﺴﺒﺏ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ )ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ،(ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ
ﻜﻜل ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ∆ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ∆ )ﺃﻱ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ (ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﺎﻥ
ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻼﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻭ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺩ -ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )) (1.6ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﻔﺼل( ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﻉ ) oAﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ (ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺘﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻭﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ Oﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﺱ B
)ﺃﻱ (xﻷﻥ xﻭ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ).(2
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ﻫـ -ﻋﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺜﻘﻠﻬﺎ .ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ
ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ؟
ﺇﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ
ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ Cﻫﻨﺎ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﻤﺎ )) x(Cﻭ ) (y(Cﻻﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻑ
ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻜل ) ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ
ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ )ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ (ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻜﻜل
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ) x(Cﻭ ) y(Cﻭ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ Oﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻜﻔﻲ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ
ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺤﻭل Oﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻜﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ.
-3ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﹰ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (1.28ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﺔ )ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ( ﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺒﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ.
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ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.6
ﺍﳊﻞ:
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ A
ﻭ Bﺒﺎﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻫﻤﺎ ) B( x, yﻭ )) A(, ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل( .ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻬﻲ:
)y 0 , a (1
ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻜﻜل ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺒﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ .ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻥ:
)x a cos cos const. (2
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ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻀﻔﻨﺎ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل :
a2
a sin sin cos 1
2
sin 2 )(3
ﻨﺒﺩل ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ) (3ﻓﻲ ) (2ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
a2
x a cos l 1 )sin 2 Const. (4
2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ
ﻫﻭ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ:
) 0 , y 0 , 0 (5
ﺃﻤﺎ xﻓﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ) (4ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
a2
sin cos
x a sin ) (6
2
a
1 sin 2
2
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) y( C) a sin a sin a cos h sin (3
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.7
ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺘﺒﻌﻨﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ) (9ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل P3ﻟﻥ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﺓ Cﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻜﻜل ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﺎ
ﺤﺭﻴﺔ.
ﺴﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﻥ ﻟﻬﻤﺎ :ﻫﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل P3ﺃﻱ y Bﻭﻫﺒﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Dﺃﻱ . y Dﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ
ﻓﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Eﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﺃﻤﺎ
ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ Cﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ
ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ .ﻭﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Dﺒﺎﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ y Dﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﺓ ، Aﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ،ﻓﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻨﻌ ﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل B
ﺒﺎﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ y Bﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺴﺘﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ.
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Eﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﺓ Cﻴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Dﻭﺃﻥ
ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﺓ Cﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺭﺓ Aﻴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻬﺒﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Bﻓﺴﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ
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ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺘﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ). (6 4 2
ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺘﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺒﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﺃ -ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ.
ﺏ -ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ.
ﺝ -ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﺍﻷﻭل.
ﺩ -ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ.
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ 6-4=2ﻜﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ.
ﻟﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻵﻥ ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ
ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Bﻴﺠﺭ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Dﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﹴ ﻤﺎﺌل ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ:
P1 sin y D P2yD P1 sin y B P2 sin y B P4 sin y B P3y B 0
)(1
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ:
P2 P1 sin )(2
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ:
)(P1 P2 P4 ) sin P3 (3
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ sin ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ) (2ﻓﻲ ) (3ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل P3ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺅﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ:
P
) P3 2 (P1 P2 P4
P1
-4ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻙ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ aﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﹴ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﺸﻜل ) .(1.8ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘ ﺔ
) F k BMﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل( ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ.
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(1.8) ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
: ﺍﳊﻞ
:ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻫﻭ
Fi . ri 0 (1)
i
:ﻨﺴﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ
FT rT PT rT 0 (2)
: ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ.ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻅﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ
FT F cos k.2a sin . cos ak sin (3)
2 2 2
PT P cos( ) P cos (4)
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-5ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ Mﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻙ ﻟﻭﻟﺒﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ:
ﻭﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ،ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﺒﺽ ﻁﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ
2
ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻫﻲ F m OMﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺴ ﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ M
ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ.
-6ﻴﺘﻡ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺜﻘل Pﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ Fﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﺭﺍﻉ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﺸﻜل
) (1.9ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺼﺎﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﺨﻁﻭﺘﻬﺎ bﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ )ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ(.
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺘﻴﻥ :ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺔ Fﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ Pﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ
ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.9
-7ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺏ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ.
-8ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺘﻴﻥ Fﻭ Pﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (1.10ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺫﺭﻉ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ABﺜﺎﺒﺕ.
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ﺸﻜل )(1.10
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.11
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-11ﻤﺴﺩﺱ ABCDEFﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺘﺔ ﺃﻀﻼﻉ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ
ﻁﻭل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ aﻭﺜﻘﻠﻪ Pﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻠﻊ EDﻗﻭﺓ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺩﺱ
ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ .ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.12
-12ﻜﺘﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ
ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺘﺎﻥ ﺒﺨﻴﻁ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) Aﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻴﻥ(.
ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ.
-13ﺃﻋﺩ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻁ ﺒﺨﻴﻁ ﻤﺭﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ
ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺜﻘﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻭﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ . F2 , F1
-14ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻙ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ABﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﹴ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ Fﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Aﺸﻜل ).(1.13
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.13
-15ﺃﻋﺩ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ) (4ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺓ . F k AM
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(1.14
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-1ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.
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ﻣـﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟـﺤـﺮﻛـﺔ
ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﺤل ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ
ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ .ﻭﺴﻨﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻌﻰ ﻓﻨﺭﻯ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل.
- 10ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﻜﻲ( ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﱰﺍﺿﻴﺔ )ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺩﺍﳌﺒﲑ -ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ(:
ﻟﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ M iﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ
) (1.44ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺒـ riﻭﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺒـ iﻓﻨﺤﺼل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
N N
i i i . ri R i . ri 0
F m W )(2.1
i 1 i 1
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻻﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺭﻤﺯﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ m i Wiﺒـ ) J iﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )(2.1
ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
N N
m W
i i i i (Fi J i ). ri 0
F . r )(2.2
i 1 i 1
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
).x i Yi m i y i y i Z m i z i z i 0 (2.3
X i m i x i
ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺭ-ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻼﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
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"ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ ﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ
ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ( ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ".
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.3ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻨﻘﻭل ﺇﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ zi , y i , x iﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ
ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒـ kﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ
).(1.15
ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ،ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ M
ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.3ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﺃﻱ ) ( x, y, zﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ xﻭ yﻭ zﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.3ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
X mx 0 , Y my 0 , Z mz 0
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ m W Fﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ.
ﻟﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.2ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﺒ ﺎﹰ
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.1ﺃﻥ:
N
F m W . r 0
i i i i )(2.4
i 1
ﻭﺒﺩﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) (2.4) ،(2.2ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ ﻟﻼﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ:
N
Fi m i Wi . ri 0 )(2.5
i 1
"ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ
)ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺌﻌﺔ( ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﹰ.
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ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺄﺨﺫﻭﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﺘﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ
ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ )ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻊ .(6
- 11ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻤﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻤﺔ:
ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ Nﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟـ
kﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﹰ ﻤﻘﻴﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﹰ nﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ q j
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x a sin q1 cos q 2 , y a sin q1 sin q 2 , z a cos q1
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺒﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺩﻭﻤﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ:
x 2 y 2 z 2 a 2 a 2 sin 2 cos 2 a 2 sin 2 sin 2 a 2 cos 2 a 2 0
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺘﻁﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺭﻯ.
ﺃﻭ:
x i x i ( q1, q 2 ,..., q n , t ), y i y i (q1, q 2 ,..., q n , t ),
) . z i z i (q1, q 2 ,..., q n , t )(2.7
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ.
vi ri
)(2.9
q j q j
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- 12ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ:
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ "ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ" ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ
ﻟﻼﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ) (2.2ﺇﻟﻰ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻩ
ﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﺤﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ riﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
n
ri
ri q j )(2.10
j1 q j
N
ﻓﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل: ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ Fi . ri
i
N N
ri
r
Fi . ri F i . )q j Fi . i q j Q j q j (2.11
i 1 i j q j j i q j j
ﺤﻴﺙ Q jﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
r
Q j Fi . i , ) ( j 1,2,..., n )(2.12
i
q j
ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ.
N
ﻨﻜﺘﺏ: ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﻱ m i Wi . ri
i 1
n
d v i ri d ri d ri
) v i . q v i . dt q q j (2.13
Wi . ri . q j
j dt q j j dt j j
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ riﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ q jﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ،ﻀﻤﻥ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﻴﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
d d ri v i
ri )(2.14
dt q j q j dt q j
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d vi v
Wi . ri v i . i
v i . q q j )(2.15
j dt q j j j
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺒـ miﺜﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺒـ iﻤﻥ 1ﺤﺘﻰ ) Nﻜل ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ(
ﻨﺠﺩ:
d vi v
m i Wi . ri ) dtm i v i . m i v i . i q j (2.16
i j i q i i q i
ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻫﻭ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ . q jﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
n
d T T
dt q Q j q j 0 )(2.19
j 1 q j j
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ q jﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل q j
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ q jﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ . q j
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ) (2.19ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
d T T
Qj )(2.20
dt q q j
j
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- 13ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ:
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ) (2.20ﺸﻜﻼﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﻬل
ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﹰ ،ﺴﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ.
ﻨﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ Fiﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ M iﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ) Vﻭﺫﻟﻙ
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻜﻤﻭﻨﻴﺔ( ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ . Fi grad i Vﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ Q jﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ) (2.12ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
r r
Q j Fi . i grad i V. i
i
q i i
q j
V x i V y i V z i V
)(2.21
x i q i y i q j z i q j q j
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
)d T (T V
0 )(2.22
dt q q j
j
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻻﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻀﻊ
V
q j
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.22ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
) d (T V ) (T V
0 )(2.23
dt q q j
j
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ﻟﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺒـ Lﻟﻠﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ) (T-Vﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
LTV )(2.24
ﺜﻡ ﻨﺒﺩل T Vﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.23ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺁﺨﺭ
ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
d L L
0 )(2.25
dt q q j
j
ﺤﻴﺙ Q jﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ
'
ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻓﻌﺎل ﺃﻭ ﺘﻭﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ.
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ).(2.20
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ﺏ -ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ:(2.25) :
-ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ.
-ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﺜﻡ
ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ q jﻭ . q j
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L V L V L V
Fx , Fy , Fz
x x y y x z
(2.26) ( ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ2.25) ﻨﺸﻜل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ
.ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ
: ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔq j ﻭq j ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ- 15
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ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺃﻥ T2ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ T1
ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ T0ﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ
ﺼﻔﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.8ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ
ri
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ T T2ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ 0
t
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ . q j
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ q kﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻓﺈﻥ 0 :
L
q k
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ) (2.26ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
d L L
0 Const. )(2.32
dt q
q k
k
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﻭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻋﺩﺩﹰﺍ Sﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل
ﻋﻠﻰ Sﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ.
ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ q kﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻨﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
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-2ﻟﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2.25ﺒـ q jﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﺒـ jﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ
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ﻭﺴﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ.
- 3ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻓﻲ ) (2.37ﻓﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ V
ﻻﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ q jﻻﻏﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
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ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
- 1ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ m 2ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﻪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ m1ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ .ox
ﺁ -ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
ﺏ -ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )(2.1
ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﻴﻥ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
:xﻓﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ M1ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ .ox
:ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻴﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ M1M 2ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻭل ﺸﻜل ).(2.1
ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﻻﺒﺩ
ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ M 2ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
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OM 2 OM1 M1M 2 (1)
:ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
x 2 x sin x 2 x cos .
(2)
y 2 cos y 2 sin .
1
1
T2 m 2 x 22 y 22 m 2 x 2 2 2 2 x cos
2 2
( 3)
1 2
T1 m1x (4)
2
:ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ
V F . dr mgy 2 m 2 g cos (5)
:ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ
L T1 T2 V
1 1 (6)
(m1 m 2 ) x 2 m 2 (l 2 2 2 x cos ) m 2 g cos
2 2
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻉ-ﺏ
: ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩx ﻭ ﻭﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔx ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ
(7)
L L
(m1 m 2 )x m 2 cos , 0
x x
L L
m 2 2 m 2 x cos , m 2 x sin m 2 g sin
:ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
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(8)
d
dt
m1 m 2 x m 2 cos 0 (m1 m 2 ) x m 2 cos 0
d
dt
m 2 2 m 2 x cos m 2 g sin m 2x sin 0
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﻨﺎ ﺸﺭﻭﻁﺎﹰ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻓﻲ
.(8) ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺤﻴﺙx ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ
:ﻨﺠﺩ
m 2
x cos (9)
m1 m 2
: ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔm 2 2 ﺜﻡ ﻨﻌﻭﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ
d m 2 cos 2 g m 2
sin 2 sin cos 0 ( 10)
dt m1 m 2 m1 m 2
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- 2ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ Fﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ
ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ .oz
ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﺴﻨﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ) (2.20ﻓﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ
ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ oxyzﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ OXYZﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ
ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ OZﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ،ozﺃﻤﺎ xﻭ yﻓﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ Xﻭ Y
ﻁﺒﻘ ﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
)x X cos Y sin , y X sin Y cos , z Z, t (1
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺸﺘﻕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
x X cos Y sin X sin Y cos )(2
y X sin Y cos X cos Y sin )(3
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x y X Y X Y 2(XY YX )
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ :T
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
T m x y z m X Y X Y
2 2
2
) 2(XY YX ) Z , (
)(4
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T T
mY mX , m 2 Y mX (8)
Y Y
T T
mZ , 0 (9)
Z Z
( ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ9) ( ﻭ8) ( ﻭ7) ( ﻭ6) ﻭﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
:ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
mX m 2 X 2m Y'FX (10)
2
mY m Y 2mX FY (11)
mZ FZ (12)
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
:(ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ
m Wr F J e J c (13)
:ﺤﻴﺙ
J e m W e m W 0 OM ( OM
2 2
m OM OM m OM (14)
: ﻓﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻴﻥJ C ﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺔ
I J K
J c 2 m v r O O (15)
X Y Z
( ﺘﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ15) ( ﻭ14) ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥJ c ﻭJ e ﻭﺒﺘﺒﺩﻴل
( ﻭ10) ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕOXYZ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ
.( ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ12) ( ﻭ11)
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- 3ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻨﻅﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﺯﻡ ، ﻭﺯﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻜﺭﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻡ N ،M
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ P1ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺫﺭﺍﻋﻴﻥ OMﻭ ONﻁﻭل ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،aﺃﻤﺎ
ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ Bﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ P2ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺯﻟﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﺒﻭﻁﺔ ﺒﻨﺎﺒﺽ ﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ، B0ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ B
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )(2.2
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ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﺴﻨﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗ ﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (2.20ﻟﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ
ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﺜﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ.
ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ ) (r, , ﺤﻴﺙ
. r aﻭﻴﺴﻬل ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Nﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل(
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ) N(a , , ), M (a , , ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ .
ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ:
1
T 2 m1a 2 2 2 sin 2 m1a 2 2 2 sin 2
2
)(1
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ Bﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻥ:
OB z ( B) 2 cos )(2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺤﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻘﺔ Bﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ : m 2
v(B) z (B) 2 sin
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻴﻥ :ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺤﺎﺒﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
1 1
Tt (B) )mv2 (B) 4m 2 sin 2 2 2m 2 2 sin 2 (3
2 2
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ozﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
1 2
I
2
1 2
T(B) Tt (B) Trot (B) 2m 2 2 sin 2 I )(4
2
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻡ ﻓﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
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ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺜﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻜﺘل M
ﻭ Nﻭ Bﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺸﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺒﺽ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻡ ،ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤل
ﺍﻷﺜﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﻓﻬﻭ:
A1 P1 . M P1 . N P2 . B 2P1z z (M ) P2z z (B)
) 2P1z( N ) P2 z (B )(6
ﺤﻴﺙ:
z ( M ) a cos , z ( B) 2 cCos
z( M ) a sin , z( B) 2 sin )(7
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ) (6ﻨﺠﺩ:
) A1 2P1a sin 2P2 sSin 2( P1a P2 ) sin (8
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 2 ﻭ ) z(Bﻫﻭ ﺭﺍﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Bﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﻭ
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 2 cos ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
) 2 2 cos 2(1 cos )(9
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ:
)F C 2C (1 cos )(10
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻓﻬﻭ:
)A 2 F . r Fz z (B) 2C (1 cos )(2 sin
4C 2 (1 cos ) sin . )(11
ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
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A 3 )(12
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ :ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺜﻘﺎل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺒﺽ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ:
A A1 A 2 A 3 2 P1a P2 2C 2 (1 cos ) sin
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
Q 2 P1a P2 2C 2 (1 cos ) sin )(13
Q )(14
ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻨﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ )(5
ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
T
2 m1a 2 2m 2 2 sin 2 ,
T
) 2 I 2m1a 2 sin 2 ( 15
T T
m1a 2 2 sin 2 2m 2 2 2 sin 2, 0 )( 16
ﻭﻤﻥ ) (13ﻭ ) (14ﻭ ) (15ﻭ ) (16ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
d
dt
2m1a 2 2m 2 2 sin 2 m1a 2 2 sin 2 2m 2 2 2 sin 2
2 P1a P2 2C 2 (1 cos ) sin )(17
d
dt
I 2m a 1
2
sin 2 ' )(18
- 5ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﺤﻨﺔ qﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻴﺘﺠﻪ
ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﻫﻭ m gﻓﺎﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻟﻪ ﺜﻡ
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻪ .ﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﻭ . g
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- 6ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ
ﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﺤﻭﺭﻩ ozﻭﺭﺃﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺃﺴﻪ.
ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
- 7ﺃﻋﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻜﺭﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ a
)ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻱ(.
- 8ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﻁﻲ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺒﻜل ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
2 2 2 x 2
x x x y
a ) L(x , x ) e 2x e e dy
0
1 t 2 2 2
b) L( x, x , t ) e x x
2
2 2
- 9ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ:
m x
V (x )
2
ﺁ -ﻫل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ؟ ﻭﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ؟
ﺏ -ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ.
ﺝ -ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﺍﻟﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ.
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- 11ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﹴ ﻻﻤﺘﻨﺎﻫﻲ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ L zﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﻴﻥ Py , Pxﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﻨﺘﻴﻥ.
ﺷﻜﻞ )(2.3
- 13ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺠﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ kxﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
b) F a t a ) F F0 Const.
t
c ) F F0e d ) F F0e t cos t
)ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ :ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (2.20ﻭﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻟﺔ(.
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ﺷﻜﻞ )(2.4
- 16ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ
ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﺯﻡ Mﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ) (2.20ﻭ ).(2.25
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- 18ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ،ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ mﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﹴ ﻤﺎﺌل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ .ﺍﺨﺘﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (2.20ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺱ.
- 19ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ Oﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ
ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
2 2
F mk OM mk r
ﺁ -ﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﻪ.
ﺏ -ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ.
- 22ﺨﻴﻁ ﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻘﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻓﻪ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ 2mﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ 4m
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻴﺘﺼل ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺒﻜﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ
mﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺨﻴﻁ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ 2mﻭ 11mﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺸﻜل ) .(2.5ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )(2.5
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L
pj )(3.2
q j
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dg df udx xdu udx vdy udx xdu
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
)dg vdy xdu (3.3
ﺤﻴﺙ:
g g
x , v )(3.4
u y
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻋﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ gﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﻴﻥ vﻭ .x
ﻭﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ Xﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ Sﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ pﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
dX TdS Vdp
ﺤﻴﺙ:
X X
T , V
S p
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ G
)ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺠﻴﺒﺱ( ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
G X TS
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
dG SdT Vdp
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
G G
S , V )(3.5
T p
ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﻓﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ( ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
L
H (p j , q i , t ) ) q L (q i , q j , t
j
q j
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ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (3.2ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ nﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ،ﺜﻡ
ﻨﻔﺎﻀل Hﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
L L L
dH p jdq j q j dp j dq j dq j )(3.7
j q j q j t
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- 18ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (3.10ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ؟
-1ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (3.6ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻲ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ . q j , p j
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﺍﳊﻞ :
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L p
mr p r r r
m
r
L p
mr 2 p (3.14)
mr 2
L p
mr 2 sin p
mr 2 sin 2
( ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻲ3.13) ( ﻓﻲ3.14) ﻨﺒﺩل
:ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
1 2 p
2 p 2
(3.15) H pr V (r, , )
2m r 2
r 2
Sin 2
( ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ3.10) ﻭﻴﺴﻬل ﺍﻵﻥ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ
:ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
H p r
r p r mr
p r m
H pr 2
(3.16)
2
p mr
p mr
H p 2 2
p mr sin
p mr 2 sin 2
:ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ
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H 1 2 p 2 V
p r p pr
r mr 3 sin 2 r
2
H p cos V
)(3.17 p 0
mr 2 sin 2
H V
p p
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺕ ) (3.16ﻭ )(3.17
ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ ) V (r, , ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺸﻜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻗﻭﻯ ﻜﻤﻭﻨﻲ ﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ،ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﺒـ ) V( rﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺒـ ) ، V ( rﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ 0
V V
0,
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
(3.18) p mr 2 sin 2 Const.
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ:
L L
0 Const.
'
ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﹰ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻜﺎﺭﺘﻴﺔ ) ( x, y, zﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﻀﻊ
ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ:
1 2 2 2
(3.19) L m(x y z )) V (x , y, z
2
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻓﻬﻭ:
1
(3.20) H ) (p 2x p 2y p 2z ) V (x , y, z
2m
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:ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ
H p x
x p x mx
p x m
H p y
y p y my (3.21)
p y m
H p z
z p z mz
p z m
:ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ
H V V
px p x Fx mx
x x x
H V V
(3.22) py py Fy my
y y y
H V V
pz p z Fz mz
z z z
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ
.ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
: ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ- 19
( ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ2.25) ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ-ﺃ
: ﻓﻨﺠﺩj ﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﺒـq j ( ﻭﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒـQ j 0) ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ
'
n n
d L L
q . dt q q q j (3.23)
j
j1 j j 1 j
:ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
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d L dL L
qj
dt j q j dt t
ﺃﻭ:
d L dH L V
(3.25) q j L
dt q dt t t
j
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ.
ﺏ -ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ،ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ،ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ Eﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ Eﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﻻﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ) T T2ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ( ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
L T
)(3.26
qj
q j 2T
q j q j
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ:
n
L
H )q L 2T (T V ) T V E (3.27
j
j 1 q j
ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ )ﺍﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ( .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ q jﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ )ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ q j
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- 20ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ – ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺭﺍﻭﺙ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺭﺍﻭﺙ:
Cyclic Coordinates, Routh Function, Routh Equations:
ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ) M (r, ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ:
1 2 2 2
(3.28) L T V m(r r ) ) V(r
2
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻡ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ
ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
L 2
) mr Const. (3.29
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻻﺘﺤﻭﻱ
ﻭﻻ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻲ ،rﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ
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n n S
R R R
R q q j q
q j C j
jS 1 j jS 1 j j C j
n S n
L L L S S
) q j q j q j j j C jq j (3.33
q q q C q
jS1 j j1 j jS 1 j j j1
n n
d R R
q j q j )(3.37
dt q j j s 1 q j
j s 1
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n
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ
R
q j
j s 1 q j
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
d n R dR R
dt j s 1 q j
qj
dt
t
ﺃﻭ:
d n R R
)(3.39 q j R
dt j s 1 q j t
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺭﺍﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻤﻥ ) (3.39ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل
ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
n
R
)(3.40 q R Const.
j
j s 1 q j
ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺸﺭﺡ
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ.
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ) f (p j , q i , tﻭﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ
ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ:
n
df f f f
)(3.41 pj qj
dt j1 P j q j t
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ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ) (3.10ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
n
df f H f H f f
)(3.42 H , f
dt j 1 q j p j p j q j t t
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p x H p x
H, p x H
H
V
Fx
p j q j q j p j x x
:ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
H , p Fx i Fy j Fz k F
ﻭﻫﻲp Const. ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲH, p 0 ﻴﻜﻭﻥF ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
.ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻫﻭ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔL ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ-ﺏ
:[ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔH,L] ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ
H , L
H , L i
x H , L j
y H , L z k (3.46)
:ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ
L x H L x
H, L x H
( j 1, 2, 3 x, y, z )
j
p j q j q j p j
:ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺩﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ
H, L x V z V y (rxV) x (rxF) x M x
y z
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
H, L z M z , H, L y M y
:ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
H , L M (3.47)
ﻭﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ، ﻫﻭ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡM ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲH , L ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ،ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ
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ﻓﺎﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ) ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ( ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ.
ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ
ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ H, p k ﻭ H, q k ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
H p k H p k
H, p k p j kj p k
j
p j q j q j p j j
)(3.48
q k H q k
H, q k H
q j kj q k
j p j q j q j p j j
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ.
ﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ ) (3.43ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ f1و f 2ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ p jﻭ q jﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
f1 f 2 f1 f 2
f1, f 2
)(3.49
j
p j q j q j p j
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ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ،ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﻬﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ) (3.43ﻟﻴﺸﻤل ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ fﺒﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ fﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ
ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
f1 , f 2 qu i f1 , f 2 i f1 f 2 f 2 f1 )(3.55
ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ f1 , f 2 ﻤﺒﺩل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﻴﻥ .ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﻫﺎﻴﻨﺯﺒﺭﻍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
d p i d x i
H , p , H , x )(3.56a
dt dt
ﺤﻴﺙ p ، Hﻭ xﻫﻲ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ xﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻨﺠﺩ:
d L i i
H, L H L L H )(3.56b
dt
ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺜﺭ L
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﻨﺎﹰ ) ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﻨﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻪ.
- 22ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻛﻮﺑﻲHamilton – Jakobi Equation :
ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺘﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ .ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ )ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ
ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ N ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ( ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
(i 1,...., N) x i , y i , z iﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﺒـ 3Nﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ .ﻟﻨﺸﻜل ﻓﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ (E 3N 1 )3N 1ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﺇﻥ
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ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺒﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ t ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﻀﻊ
) M(x1 , y1 , z1,...., x N , y N , z N , tﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ tﻓﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) M (x1 , y1 , z1 ,...., x N , y N , z N , tﻭﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ M
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺘﻴﻥ tﻭ tﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﹰ ' MMﺘﻤﺜل ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻭﻀﻌﺎﹰ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
'
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(3.1) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ
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ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ) (3.1ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ) (3.61ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
S p jq j )(3.62
j
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ):S (3.57
dS
L )(3.64
dt
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺘﺎﺒﻌ ﺎﹰ
ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ:
dS S S S
qj p j q j )(3.65
dt q j t t
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل Sﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ) ،(3.63ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
S S S S
; H q1 , q 2 ,..., q n , ,..., ,t 0 )(3.67
t q1 q 2 q n
2
S
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ p 2j ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﺨﻁﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ
q1
ﻋﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ.
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ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) (3.65ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل Sﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ
ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ) ،(3.66ﺃﻥ: ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل
S
t
n dq j
dS
H p j )(3.68
dt j 1
dt
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ – ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ
ﻜﻤﻭﻥ ) . V (x, y, z , t
ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ:
1 2 2 2
H T V ) m(x y z ) V (x , y, z, t
2
1
) (p 2x p 2y p 2z ) V (x, y, z, t
2m
ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل P jﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (3.63ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
S S S
px , py , pz
x y z
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
2
S 1 S
2 2
S S
V (x , y, z, t ) 0
t 2m x y z
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
2 2 2
S 1 S 1 S 1 S
V (r, , , t ) 0
t 2m r 2 2 2
r r Sin
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ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ:
2 2 2
S 1 S 1 S S
H (, , z , t ) 0
t 2m 2 z
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ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ) (3.10ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺴﺒﻕ
ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ jﻤﻥ ) (3.70ﻭﻨﺴﺎﻭﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺜﺎﺒﺕ
ﺁﺨﺭ jﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ:
S
) j ( j 1, 2, ..., n) (3.71
j
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ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (3.74) ، (3,75ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ
ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ:
H
q k )(k 1, 2, ..., n ) (3.76a
p k
ﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ.
ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (3.63ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
2S n
2S
)q k p j (3.77
q j .t k 1q jq k
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ) (3.67ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ) q jﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ q jﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻀﻤﻥ p jﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
S
q j
ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻟـ ( q jﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
2S n
H p k H
0
tq j k 1p k q j q j
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
2S n p H
q k k )(3.78
tq j k 1 q j q j
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ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ p jﻭ q jﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ،ﺘﺸﻜل ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺒﺩل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻓﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ p jﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل Sﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ q jﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ –
ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ )ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ) (3.70ﺜﻡ ﻨﺸﺘﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤل
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ jﻭﻨﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺒﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ jﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ ،nﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ، q jﺒﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ q jﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ
ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ jﻭ ) jﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ( ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ – ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ.
- 24ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻳﻨﺸﺘﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ – ﺟﺎﻛﻮﺑﻲ:
ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻨﻴﺸﺘﻴﻥ ﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ -ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻓﺭﺽ ﺍﻴﻨﺸﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺩﻱ E nﺫﻱ nﺒﻌﺩﺍﹰ
ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ q jﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ )(3.10
ﺩﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻓﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ p jﻫﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺒﻊ ﻟـ q jﻭﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ Hﻭﺘﺸﻜل
ﺤﻘﻼﹰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ p jﻤﻌﺭﻓﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ . E nﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟـ p j
ﻴﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ p ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺤﻘل ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻓﺎﻋﺎﺕ
) S(q1 , q 2 ,..., q nﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ p Sﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ rot p 0ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
p j p i S
, pj )(3.81
q i q j q j
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ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ) (3.80ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل
dq
dt
ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ:
p j n p i H H
0
t i 1
q j p i q j
2
ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻲ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻫﻭ
s
q jt
ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ q jﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺃﻭ:
S
H 0
q j t
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
S
) H 0 (3.82
t
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ – ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (3.71ﺒﺎﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ) (3.82ﺠﺯﺌﻴ ﺎﹰ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ) jﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ( ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
2S H p i 2S n dq
i 2S
t j i
p i j t j i 1 dt t j
n dq
S
i ) 0 (3.83
t i 1 dt q i j
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- 25ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ – ﺟﺎﻛﻮﺑﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ:
ﻟﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻟﻠﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﻌل ﻤﺼﻐﺭ )ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﻌل ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ( ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
S S(t ) Ldt (T V )dt (2T E)dt W Et
ﺤﻴﺙ Wﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﻌل ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ
ﻻﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺼﺭﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ:
dW 2Tdt mx x dt my y dt mz z dt
)p x dx p y dy p z dz (3.85
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻀﻠﻨﺎ Wﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ:
W W W W
dW dx dy dz dt )(3.86
x y z t
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﻴﺤﻭﻱ ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ) (3.85ﻤﻊ ) (3.86ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ 0
W
t
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ Wﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (3.85ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
p grad W W )(3.87
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ pﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ T V E 0ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
1
grad W 2 V E 0 )(3.88
2m
)ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ grad S grad Wﻷﻥ Eﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ( .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ – ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻻﺤﻅﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ) (3.84ﺃﻥ E
S
t
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻨﻀﻊ ) (3.88ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
1
grad S(t )2 V S 0 )(3.89
2m t
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ.
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,V 0 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺤﺭﺍﹰ ) , p Const.
.( E Const.
ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل Sﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
) p . r Et S(t ) W Et p x dx p y dy p z dz Et (3.90
ﻭﺴﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﺎﺘﻘﺩﻡ ،ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل S
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﺤﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
2 2
k 0 )(3.91
ﻫﻭ ﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻻﺒﻼﺱ ﻭ kﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ
2
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p2
(H E) V E 0 )(3.93
2m
ﻭﺴﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ ) (3.92cﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻨﺤﺴﺏ
ﺤﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ pﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ
ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ p i :ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
2
P p p p(i ) p i i j k
x y z
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ:
p 2 2 2 i. 2S (grad S) 2
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ) (3.93ﻭﺤﺫﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ-ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
2
1 2 S
(grad S) V E i 0 )(3.94
2m 2m
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (3.94ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺸﺭﻭﺩﻴﻨﻐﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺫﻓﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ – ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (3.94ﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ .ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻵﻥ :ﻤﺘﻰ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺫﻑ؟
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻤﻥ ) (3.94ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ )ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ( ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
2 2
(grad S) / S / )(3.95
ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ،ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺈﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ .ﻭﺒﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ ﻴﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﻼﻨﻙ .
ﻟﻨﻌﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ) (3.95ﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ Sﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
2
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ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺅﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ) (3.95ﺇﻟﻰ:
div p 1 )(3.96
P2
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻨﺠﺩ:
d
dp p d
1 )(3.97
p 2 dx dx dx
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﻀﻌﻨﺎ:
V
F Fx (grad V) x )(3.100
x
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- 26ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻻﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ:
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺨﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺒﺈﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ
ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻫﺎﺌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺯ
ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ
ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﺒﻼﺯﻤﺎ( ...ﺍﻟﺦ .ﻜﻴﻑ ﻨﺘﻌﺎﻤل "ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺎﹰ" ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل؟ ﻜﻴﻑ
ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ؟
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺠﻤﻼﹰ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ
)ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ( ﺃﻭ ،ﺒﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ q j
ﻭﻋﺩﺩﺍﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ p jﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺫﻱ 2nﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﹰ
) (E 2nﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ .ﺇﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ
Nﺠﺴﻴﻡ ،ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﺎ tﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ q j
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ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﻨﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﹰ ﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤل ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻟﺤﻅﺔ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻜﻜل ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﻜﻼﹰ
ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ .ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ
ﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﻌﺏ ﺠﺩ ﺍﹰ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺴﻠﻔﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ .ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ )!(.
ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ q j , p jﻭﻤﺎﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ .ﻭﺒﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﺤﺠﻤ ﺎﹰ
ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻴﺎﹰ pqﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) . M(p j , q jﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ،tﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﹰ
ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺨﻼل ﺯﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻑ ،ﻟﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﺒـ t
ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ pqﺨﻼل ﻜل
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ T ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .Tﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ
t
T
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ . Pqﻟﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ
Wﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
t
W lim )(3.101
T
T
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل )ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل( ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﺩﻓﺎﻋﺎﹰ
ﻭﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺼﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ q j dq j , p j dp jﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
dW (p1 , p 2 ,..., p n , q1 , q 2 ,..., q n )dp1 ,..., dp n , dq1,..., dq n
) ( p, q)dp.dq (3.102
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ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ) (p1 ,.., p n , q1 ,..., q nﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺍﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟ ﺘﺤﺎﺹ )ﺃﻭ ،ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ،ﺘﺎﺒﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻉ( ،ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺭﻤﺯﻨﺎ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ dpdq
ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻨﺎ ) (p, qﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ) (p1 ,..., p n , q1,..., q nﺇﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺃﻥ ﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻭﻀﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
(p, q)dp.dq 1 )(3.103
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻟـ pﻭ .q
ﻭﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ .
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻉ ) (p, qﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺠﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ،ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ
ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺘﻪ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ) f (p, qﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
f (p, q) f (p, q).(p, q )dp.dq )(3.104
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ fﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ
ﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ.
- 27ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﻮﻓﻴﻞ:
ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻨﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻐﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ
ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩ ﺍﹰ .ﻭﻟﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ A1, A 2 ,....ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻅﺎﺕ t 1, t 2 ,...ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ Aiﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤ ﻊ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ .ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻﻨﺄﺨﺫ
ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺨﻼل ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ؟
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻜﻜل ﺘﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ A1, A 2 ,....ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ .t
ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ A1, A 2 ,....ﺨﻼل ﺯﻤﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ ، tﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل
ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺴﺘﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺘﻤﺎﻤ ﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ
،tﻭﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
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ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ "ﻏﺎﺯ" ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ A1, A 2 ,....ﺩﻭﺭ
ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ،ﺜﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻲ:
div(v) 0 )(3.105
t
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ vﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
0
t
div ( v ) 0 )(3.106
ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ vﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺫﻱ 2nﺒﻌﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺭﻕ:
2n
div (. v ) ) (v j )(3.107
j 1
x j
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ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻨﻬ ﺎ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ،ﻻﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ
ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻲ ) (p, qﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ.
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ﲤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ
:ﺤﻴﺙ
d d
x y, y x, p x m x m x
dt dt
d
m ( y) p y ; p y p x (2)
dt
:ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
f f f f
f y x py p y 0 (3)
x y p x Py
:ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ
L z L z
L z xp y yp x py , y.... (4)
x Px
:( ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ3) ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ
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f L z f L z f L z f L z
f
p x x p y y x p x y p y
. L z , f 0 L z , f 0 :ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
.ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ
H q j L q j
qi p j q i
p i pi
i q j p i
.ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ
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c / p/
H( p , r ) )(1
) n( p , r
ﺤﻴﺙ cﻫﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻭ nﻗﺭﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ.
ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ:
ﺇﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻨﺴﺒﻭﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
)H p 2 c 2 m 2 c 4 V(q
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ )ﻓﻭﺘﻭﻥ( ﻭﻓﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ
ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺀ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ n( p , r ) 1ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ:
H pc
ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ) (1ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ:
) H c p 2x p 2y p 2z / n( p , r
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
H cp x c / p / n
x ....
p x n 2 p x
n / p/
ﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
H cp c / p / n
r )(2
n/p/ n2
p p
ﻨﺸﺘﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ xﻭ yﻭ zﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
cp n
p )(3
n2
r
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ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺘﻪ u
p
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ )ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ( ﻫﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ n 1ﻭ u
p
. r' v C
- 5ﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻋﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ mﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻨﺎﺒﺽ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺘﻪ
kﺸﻜل ) (3.2ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﹴ ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺒﺽ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ .ﺍﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )(3.2
- 7ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺴﻠﻙ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻩ Oﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺤﻭل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ A
ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻴﻁﻪ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ pﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻙ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ.
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ.
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- 8ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺴﻠﻙ ﺩﺍﺌﺭ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ aﻭﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ m2ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻴﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ
ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ pﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ mﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ
ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
12 p 2
H p mga cos
2 2
2ma 1 sin
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ Opﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻙ.
- 12ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ A i , A jﺤﻴﺙ:
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1 2 1
A1 ) (x p 2x y 2 p 2y ), A 2 (xy p x p y
4 2
) A 4 x 2 y 2 p 2x p 2y , A 3 xp y ypx
- 15ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻗﻭﺍﺱ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ f , a L ﺤﻴﺙ fﺃﻱ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ aﺜﺎﺒﺕ L ،ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ.
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ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻯء ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ
Variation Principles
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ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ E n 1ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
~
)q j (t ) q j (t ) q j (t ) q j ( t ) j ( t ) (4.1
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(4.1
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﺎﻥ Aﻭ Bﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ E n 1ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺘﻴﻥ t 1ﻭ t 2ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻻﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ A
ﻭ .Bﻭﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻵﻥ ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ E 3N 1؟
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ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ Aﻭ Bﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ E 3N 1
ﻫﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ،Sﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
t2
*
)S L (q j , q j , t )dt (4.2
t1
* -ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻳﻨﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ – ﺟﺎﻛﻮﰊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﻛﻨﺎﻩ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎﹰ ،t
ﺃﻣﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎﻩ t 2ﻭﻟﻴﺲ tﻛﻲ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ ) ،(4.3ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻪ.
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ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ Sﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ q jﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
t 2
d L L
dt q dt 0 )(4.7
t 1 q j j
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺃﻱ ﻟﺤﻅﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ t 1ﻭ t 2ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ) (t t 2 t 1ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻜﻤل .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
d L L
0 )(4.8
dt q q j
j
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
) S' S f (t B , q jB ) f ( t A , q jA )(4.11
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﻔﺎﻀﻠﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ:
) n f ( t , q ) f (t A , q jA
)(4.12
B jB
S' S q jB q jA
j 1
q jB q jA
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺎﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) (4.3ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ' S Sﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
'd L' L
0 ) ( j 1, 2, ..., n )(4.13
dt q q j
j
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ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻻﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )(4.13
ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ،ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ
ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻜﻲ( ﻟﻼﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ
ﺩﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺭ-ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ )ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ( .ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ:
N
n N
ri
F
1 m i W i . ri q j Fi m i Wi . ) 0 (4.14
i 1 j1 i 1 q j
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﺠﺩ:
n T d T
q Q j j Q 'j
q j dt q j
0 )(4.15a
j1
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ ): (Q j 0
'
t2 n
L d L
j q j dt q j dt
q )(4.15b
t 1 j1
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﻤﻥ ) (4.15aﻫﻭ ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ Lﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
S L.dt 0 )(4.16
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ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ:
t2 t t2
d 2 dPj
P j .q j .dt Pj q j .dt Pj q j q j )dt (4.19
t1
dt t1 t1
dt
ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ
):(4.18
t2 n
H H
)(4.20
q j q
P j P j
q
q dt 0
j
t 1 j 1 j j
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻜﻤل ،ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
n H
q P P H q 0 )(4.21
j P j j q j
j 1 j j
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ) (4.21ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻼﻥ P jو q jﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
H H
)(4.22
qj , ) P j , ( j 1, 2,..., n
P j q j
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ﻭﻫﻭ ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ qﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭل )ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ( .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻴﻘﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻬﺎ ) (4.23ﻭﺃﻥ
dq
q
dt
ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﻅل ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ )ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل .(4.2ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭل ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻋﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (4.1ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
) ( t ) q q~ q ( t )(4.25
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(4.2
ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ qﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
d
)(4.26
~ q
q q
dt
ﺴﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ qﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭل tﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ~tﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
)(4.27
~ ~
) t t (t ), t t t (t
ﺤﻴﺙ ) (tﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌ ﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺸﻜل ) (4.3ﺃﻥ
ﺘﻐﻴﺭ qﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟـ ) tﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ( ﻫﻭ:
)(4.28
q q q t
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(4.3
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺭﻯ ،ﻤﺅﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ :ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ q
d dt
q q q t q )(4.29
dt dt
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ qﻤﻥ ) (4.28ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ:
)(4.30
q q q t
ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ t ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ 0 ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ q
dt d
dt dt
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ) (4.27ﺒﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
- 31ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻣﻮﺑﲑﺗﻮﻱ – ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ )ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺃﻭﻟﺮ – ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ(:
ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟﻔﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻷﻥ ﻤﻭﺒﻴﺭﺘﻭﻱ ﺼﺎﻏﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ
) (1744ﻭﺴﻤﺎﻩ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﻭﻁﺒﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ ﺒﺭﻫﻨﻪ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﻤﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ.
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ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﻨﺎ ﻋﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﻌل ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ
Wﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ) (4.2ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻭﻨﻀﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
t1 t2
S L.dt (T V)dt
't t1
ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) (3.84ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
t2 t2 N
)(4.32
2
W 2Tdt mi v i dt
t1 t1 i 1
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻫﻭ ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ Eﺃﻱ:
E (T V ) 0 )(4.35
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ) (4.34ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺠﺫﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ) ﻭﻟﻴﺱ (ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ
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ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) .(4.35ﺇﻥ Vﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ؛ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ T
ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ .ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ A
ﻭ Bﻷﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎ ﻷﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ.
ﻭﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ :E
1
)(4.36
2
E )a (q)q V (q
2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) : q (t
dq 2
)(4.37
q E V(q )
dt )a ( q
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ) V(qﻫﻭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ )ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ(
ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ
ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎ Mﻓﺈﻥ Vﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
dq
dt
ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ )ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ( ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ M
ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻘﻭل ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎ.
ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ Wﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ).(4.33
W S Et 2 Et 1 S Et 2 )(4.38
ﻷﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ Aﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ) (t1 0ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻥ
ﺘﺼل ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ Bﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ t 2ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ؛ ﻓﻜل ﻤﺴﺎﺭ
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻟﻪ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ،ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) (4.28ﻨﺠﺩ:
S S S t 2 S Lt 2 S (T V )t 2
S (T E T)t 2 )(4.39
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ) (4.38ﻨﺠﺩ:
W S 2Tt 2 )(4.40
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺤﺴﺎﺏ Sﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻬﺎ ) (4.2ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
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t2 n t2 n
T V T
S q dt
q j .dt (4.41)
q j q j j
t 1 j 1 t 1 j 1 q j
(4.42)
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ،ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ
t 1 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎA )ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ2Tt 2 ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺇﺫﺍ ( ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫt 2 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔB ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺼل ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ2Tt 1 0 ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
: ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔS ( ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ4.41) ﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ
t2 n
d T T V
S q .dt 2Tt 2 (4.43)
i 1
dt q
q j q j j
t1 j
:( ﻓﻨﺠﺩ4.40) ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲS ﻨﺒﺩل ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ
t2 n
d t T V
W q .dt 0 (4.44)
dt q q j
t1 j 1 q j j j
: ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔt ﻭq j ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
d T T V
, (i 1, 2,...., n ) (4.45)
dt q q j q j
j
- 125 -
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- 32ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ:
ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺼﻴﻎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ؛ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻭﺒﺭﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﺁﺨﺭ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
t2 t2 t2
W 2Tdt 2
m i v i dt m i v i . v i dt )(4.46
t1 t1 i t1 i
t2 n
m i vi . d i
t 1 i 1
ﺤﻴﺙ / di /ﻫﻭ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ .ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ Aﻭ
Bﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺘﻴﻥ t 1ﻭ t 2ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ
. E 3N 1
ﻋﺒﺭ ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
2
N d N
12 )(4.47
2 2
2T m i v m i i
i m .d i i
i 1 i 1 dt dt i
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1 1
)(4.50
T
2
a ijq i q j
2 a ijdq i dq j
2dt
ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻋﻭﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ )) (4.49ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ( q jﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
B
W 2E V(q1 , q 2 ,.., q n a ijdq i dq j )(4.51
A ij
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ )ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺭﻭﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﺓ( ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺍﺨﺭﺍﺝ Eﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺜﻡ ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ . W 0ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟـ :W
B N B n
)(4.52
2
W m i d i a ijdq i dq j
A i 1 A i, j 1
ﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺇﻻ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻁﻭل ﻗﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺫﻱ nﺒﻌﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻱ
dﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺠﺩ:
2
B
W d )(4.53
A
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺅﻭل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ
ﻗﻭﻯ )ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﺔ )ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻔﺼل( ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ) .(4.34ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﺹ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ
ﻤﻭﻴﺭﺘﻭﻱ -ﺠﺎﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻨﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ
ﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﺔ )ﺃﻗﺼﺭ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ( ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺫﻱ nﺒﻌﺩﺍﹰ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﺔ
ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻻﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ.
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
n n
2(E V) a ijdq i dq j b ijdqi dq j )(4.54
i 1 i 1
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ﺤﻴﺙ:
b ij 2(E V )a ij )(4.55
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﻌل ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
B n
W b ijdq i dq j )(4.56
A i, j 1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ "ﺭﻴﻤﺎﻨﻲ" ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
n
)(4.57
2
d b ijdq i dq j
i, j 1
ﻟﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻭﻤﺒﺩﺃ "ﻓﺭﻤﺎ" ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ
ﻴﺴﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺃﻗﺼﺭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ Aﻭ) Bﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ
ﺼﻐﺭﻯ( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
B B
d 1
t AB dt n (x , y, z )d )(4.58
v C
A A
ﺤﻴﺙ nﻗﺭﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ C ،ﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺀ.
ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ،ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍﹰ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺜﻼﺜﻲ .ﺇﻥ ﻤﺭﺒ ﻊ
ﻫﻭ: dt ﺯﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺘﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﻁﻭل
d dx dy dzﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻭ:
2 2 2 2
B B
)2m(E V)d (4.59
2 2 2
W 2m(E V) dx dy dz
A A
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ) (4.58ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺭﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ:
) n C1 E V( x, y, z )(4.60
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1
.M 2 L1T ﺤﻴﺙ C1ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺘﻘﺎﺒل
ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ.
-33ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺮ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ )ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻏﻮﺹ(:
ﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ،ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﺘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﻻﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ.
ﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻏﻭﺹ ﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭ ) (Compulsionﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ
ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ Fi
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(4.4
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M i Ai v i )(4.61
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ Fiﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻷﻱ
ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Biﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
F 2
M i Bi v i i )(4.62
m i
ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ Fiﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ
ﻓﺴﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Biﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
1 2
M i C i vi w i )(4.63
2
ﺤﻴﺙ Wi riﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ Fiﻭﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ . R iﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ،
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ Bi Ciﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
1 Fi
Bi C i M i C i M i Bi ri )(4.64
2 mi
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻏﻭﺹ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ؛ ﻓﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ M iﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
2
1 Fi
ZWi m i ri )(4.65
2 mi
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻬﻭ:
2
N
1 Fi
ZWi m i ri
)(4.66
i 1 2 mi
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ﺃﻭ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ:
2 2
1 N X i y z
) y i z i (4.67
ZW x m
2 i 1 i i m i i m i
i
ﻴﻨﺹ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻏﻭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ ﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻻﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ
ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (4.66ﺃﺼﻐﺭﻴﺎﹰ:
ZW 0 )(4.68
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ
ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﻐﻭﺼﻲ )ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻏﻭﺹ( ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ:
ri v i 0 , Fi 0 , ri 0 )(4.69
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
N
ZW Fi m i ri . ri 0 )(4.70a
i 1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺎﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻜﺎﺭﺘﻴﺔ:
N
X i m i x i x i Yi m i y i y i Zi m i z i z i 0
i 1
)(4.70b
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺜﻘﻴل ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘ ﻭﹴ
ﻴﻤﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ .
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(4.5
ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺜﻘﻴل ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺎﺌل ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺩﻭﻥ
ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﻨﺤﺩﺭ ﺒﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ . W1 g sin
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ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻏﻮﺹ:
- 34
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ Nﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ) ( x i , y i , z iﻭﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ.
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ )ﻻﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻴﻭﺩ( ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ
) (b4.70ﻭﻫﻲ:
) Fi m i Wi (i 1, 2,..., N )(4.71
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺒـ kﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻲ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ:
)f (...., x i , y i , z i ,...t ) 0 , ( 1, 2, ..., k )(4.72
ﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﹰ ﻻﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺎﹰ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ:
) ....x i , y i , z i ,...., x i , y i , z i ,..., t 0, ( 1, 2,..., ) (4.73
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ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ) (4.76ﻭ ) (4.77ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺏ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ )ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺏ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ( ﻭﻨﺠﻤﻌﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ) (4.74ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
N k
f
X i m x
i i
x x i
x i 1
i 1 1 i
i
f
)z i 0 (4.78
Z
i m z
i i
z i 1
z i
1
ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل
)ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل(.
- 35ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ )ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ(:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺅﻟﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ Nﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺨﺎﻀﻌﺔ ﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻫﻭﻟﻭﻨﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ
ﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ
ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
1
)(4.79
2
T
2 i
m i .v i
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ﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ) i (i , i , iﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ) ri ( x i , y i , z iﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
mi mi mi mi
i ri i x i i yi , i )z i (4.80
m m m m
ﺤﻴﺙ mﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ) (m miﻭﻟﻨﺸﻜل ﻓﻀﺎﺀﺍﹰ
ﻟ ﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ E 3N ﺍﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺎﹰ
) . (1 , 1 , 1.... N , N , Nﺍﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺩ
ﺒﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ Mﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻜﺕ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ Mﺘﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ
E 3Nﺘﻤﺜل ﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﺎ .ﺇﻥ ﻁﻭل ﻗﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
N N
)(4.81
2 2 2 2 2
d d i di d i d i
i 1 i 1
N 2
d i
2
1 )(4.82
i 1 d
ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ :
N 2
d i d i
2 .
2
0 )(4.83
i 1
d d
2
d i d i
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ 2
ﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ
d d
d 2
ﻫﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ E 3Nﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
d
2
d d
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2 2 2 2
N d 2
d 2 d 2 2
1 N d i
i
)(4.84
2 i i
K 2 2
2 2 2
R i 1 d d d i 1 d
ﺼﺎﻍ ﻫﺭﺘﺯ ﻤﺒﺩﺃﻩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ
ﺍﻷﻭل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ vﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ
E 3Nﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﺱ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﺼﻐﺭﻴ ﺎﹰ )ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻘﻭﺱ ﺃﺼﻐﺭﻱ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ(.
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ) (4.79ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ
ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ) (4.81ﻋﻠﻰ
2
dt
ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
2 N 2
d d i
)(4.85
2
v 2
dt i 1 dt
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ):(4.79
2
mi 2 d 2
2T
)(4.86
2
vi i v Const.
m m dt
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،Mﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ،t
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺴﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ.
ﻤﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻏﻭﺹ ﻭﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺭﺘﺯ؟
ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
1 N
)(4.87
2
ZW
2 i 1
m i ri
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
2
2
ZW 1 d i
)(4.88
m 2 dt 2
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4
v ﻓﻨﺠﺩ :ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ):(4.84 ﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (4.88ﻋﻠﻰ
d
4
dt
2
d 2
i
2
dt 2
ZW 1 N 1 d i 1 2
2 K )(4.89
4 2 4 2 i 1 d 2
mv i 1 d
dt
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
1
ZW mv 4 K 2 )(4.90
2
ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ vﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ) (4.90ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻼﹰ ﻏﻭﺼﻴﺎﹰ:
4
1
)(4.91
4 2
ZW mv K 0
2
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺭﺘﺯ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻏﻭﺹ.
- 36ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺟﻮﺭﺩﻥ:
ﻴﻨﺹ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺠﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺌﻌﺔ Fi m i Wi ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ، v iﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ،
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
N
i 1 . v i 0
F m Wi )(4.92
i 1
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ:
ri ri Wi Fi 0, ri v i 0 )(4.93
ﻟﻨﺘﺴﺎﺀل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل :ﻫل ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻯﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ؟
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺃﻥ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ
)ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﺭ – ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ( ﻭﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺠﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻭﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻏﻭﺹ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀل
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ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ؛ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭل؛ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻭﻁ:
Fi Wi ri v i 0 , ri 0 )(4.94
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻀﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻭﻁ :(4.94
N
i i i . ri 0
F m W )(4.95
i 1
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
N
i i i . ri 0
F m W )(4.96
i 1
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻀﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
N
i i i . v i 0
F m W )(4.97
i 1
ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ) (4.93ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺠﻭﺭﺩﻥ.
ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻀﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
N
Fi m i Wi . ri 0 )(4.98
i 1
ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ:
Fi ri ri 0 , ri 0 )(4.99
ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻏﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
N
Fi m i Wi . ri 0
i 1
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- 37ﺍﳋﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﺩﻳﺰﻳﺔ:
ﺃ -ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﹰ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺎﹰ ﺒﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻻﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ
Aﻭ Bﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻲ ) . ( x, y, z , tﻭﺴﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﺭ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺴﻨﺤل ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ،
) B( x 2 , y 2 ) , A(x1 , y1ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ) xoyﺸﻜل (4.6ﻭﺴﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) y f (xﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(4.6
B
J f ( y, y' , x)dx )(4.101
A
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ﺤﻴﺙ 0ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻤﺎ ) (xﻓﻬﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ
ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ Aﻭ Bﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل )(4.101
ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
B
J() f ( y, x, ), y' ( x, ), x dx )(4.103
A
ﺜﻡ ﻨﻔﺎﻀل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﻨﻀﻊ ): J(
B
f y f y'
J() dx 0 )(4.104
y y'
A
ﻨﺴﺘﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺠﺯﺌﺔ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
B B B
f d f f d y f d
) y' dx ydx (4.105
B
y y dx y' dx dx
'y A 'dx y
A A A
ﻨﺒﺩل ﻓﻲ ) ،(4.104ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ،ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
B
f d f
J() y y dx 0
y dx y'
A
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺩﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻜﻤل:
f d f
y 0
y dx y '
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ yﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
d f f
0 )(4.106
dx y' y
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ )ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻱ( ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇ ﻟﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ.
ﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
ﻴﺩﺨل ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻁﺎﺭ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ،Sﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) f (y, y' , xﺒﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ
) L(q, q , tﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
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ﺏ -ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﺼﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ .ﻓﻬل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘ ﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ؟
ﺇﻥ ﻁﻭل ﻗﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﻫﻭ:
2 2 2 2
d dx dy (1 y '2 )dx
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
d (1 y '2 )dx )(4.107
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
1 y ' 2 dx
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) . B(x 2 , y 2ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ.
ﺝ -ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﺴﻠﺔ:
ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺩ ﻤﺜﺎ ﻻﹰ ﻫﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ
ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﺔ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺼﺎﻨﻌﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻭﺍﺭﻴﺦ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ
ﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻡ؛ ﻓﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ
ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ .ﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ.
ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻁﻭل ﻗﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ) (4.107ﺜﻡ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ) dﺸﻜل (4.7ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(4.7
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ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (4.106ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺸﺘﻕ :f
f f 'xy
0,
y 'y '2
1 y
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
'xy
a
'2
1 y
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
dy a
y'
dx 2 2
x a
ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻨﺠﺩ:
dx x
y a a arc ch b
2 2 a
x a
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ:
yb
x a ch )(4.112
a
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﺴﻠﺔ ).(catenary
ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﻥ aﻭ bﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (4.112ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ Aﻭ Bﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﻬﻤﺎ.
ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺷﻴﺴﺘﻮﺷﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺮ ﺯﻣﻨﺎ ً )ﺍﻷﻗﺰﻥ( )(Brachistochron
ﺩ-
ﻤﺎﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺜﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ
)ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ( ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺃﻗل ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻗﻭﺱ ABﻤﻨﻪ؟ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤل
ﺒﺭﻨﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺒﺭﺍﺸﻴﺴﺘﻭﺸﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ
ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ "ﺒﺭﺍﺨﻴﺴﺘﻭﺱ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺭ
)ﺍﻷﻗل( ﻭ"ﺨﺭﻭﻨﻭﺱ" ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ
ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ "ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﺭ ﺯﻤﻨﺎﹰ" ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻨﺤﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ
ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ "ﺍﻷﻗﺯﻥ" ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ .ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ
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ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (4.106ﺘﻘﺒل ﺘﻜﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ fﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭل x
ﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ .ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒـ 'yﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
d f f
'y y' 0
'dx y y
" yﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ: ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻁﺭﺡ
f
'y
d f f f
"y' y y' 0 )(4.113a
'dx y' y y
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ fﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭل xﺒﺸﻜل ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ f y(x ), y' (x )ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺤﻭل .xﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻤﺠﻨﺎ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
d f
y'f 0 )(4.113b
'dx y
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ:
f
y'f Const. )(4.114
'y
ﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺯﻥ ،ﻓﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻨﺴﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ
ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ Mﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ )ﺸﻜل .(4.8
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(4.8
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻗﻭﺱ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ dﻫﻭ:
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d 1 y '2
dt dx
v 2gy
:AB ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻗﻭﺱ
d 1 y '2
t dx
v 2gy
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C sin cos d
dy 2 2
dx C sin 2 d
2
ctg ctg
2 2
ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻨﺠﺩ:
C C
x (1 cos )d ( sin ) C1
2 2
ﻭﺒﺎﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﺠﻌل C1 0ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺯﻥ
ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
C C
x )( sin ), y (1 cos )(4.116
2 2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺴﻴﻜﻠﻭﺌﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ،ﺍﻟﻤﺤل ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ
ﺘﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ.
ﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ؛ ﻓﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺴﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ Fﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ ) V (x, y, zﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ
ﺘﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺃﻗل ﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻨﺠﺩ:
2
v E V(x, y, z)
m
ﺇﻥ ﻁﻭل ﻗﻭﺱ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻭ:
2 2 2
d dx dy dz 1 y 'x2 z 'x2 dx
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺱ ABﻓﻬﻭ:
d 1 y 'x2 z 'x2
t dx )(4.117
v 2
E V(x, y, z)
m
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
'2 '2
1 yx zx
f (y, y' , z, z ' , x ) )(4.118
E V(x , y, z)
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ﻭﻹﻜﻤﺎل ﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ Vﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ.
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺅﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻤل ) (4.117ﻭﺴﻨﺤﺼل
ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) y( xﻭ ) z (xﺸﺒﻴﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (4.106ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭل ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ xﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ .t
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ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
L L V
Pj , Fj )(5.1
q j q j
q j
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ﻓﻬل ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
v2 q
L mc 2 1 q ) (A . v )(5.4a
c2 c
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺘﻴﻥ )(5.3؟
ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻨﺸﺘﻕ Lﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ:
x 2 y2 z 2 q
L mc 2 1 q(x, y, z ) ) (A x x A y y A z z
c2 c
)(5.4b
ﻨﺸﺘﻕ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ xﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
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ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ Lﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ x , y, zﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ
ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ: ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ
L L L L
, ,
x y z
dr
L q
q grad ) grad ( A . v )(5.7
c
r
ﻭﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
)(A) v (v ) A A rot v v rot A grad ( A . v ) (A . v ) (5.8
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ gradﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻻﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ
ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
L
q grad ( v . grad ) A v B )(5.9
r
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ )ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ(:
d A A A x A y A z A
) ( v .grad ) A (5.10
dt t dx t y t z t t
ﻭﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ ( v .grad )Aﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ) (5.9ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ:
L q dA A q
q grad ( v B) )(5.11
c dt t c
r
1 q d A q d A
q E ( v B ) F
c c dt c dt
ﺇﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻻﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻴﻌﻁﻰ
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻷﻱ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ )ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ(.
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (5.4aﻴﺤﻘﻕ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺘﻴﻥ ) (5.1ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ.
ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ v c؟ ﻟﻼﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻨﻨﺸﺭ Lﺒﻘﻭﻯ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
v
c
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1
2 2
v q mv 2 q
L mc 2 1 A . v q q A . v (5.12)
c 2 c 2 c
. ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ mC ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ
2
- 152 -
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ﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ) (5.14ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
2
(H q) 2 q
m2c2 P A
c2 c
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
2
q
(5.13b) H m c P A c 2 q
2 4
c
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺃﻗل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
2
q
P A
c 1 q
H mc 2 1 q mc 2 1 p A q
2 2 2 2 c
m c 2m c
2
q
P A
c
mc 2 ) q (5.16
2m
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ.
- 40ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ:
ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ،ﻗﺒل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻜﻬﺭﻁﻴﺴﻲ ،ﺃﻥ
ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
dP d
)mu F ( 1, 2, 3, 4 )(5.17
dt dt 0
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ mﻫﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻭ dt 0ﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ،ﺃﻤﺎ u ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ) ( x, y, z, ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ:
vx vy vz ic
ux , uy , uz , u )(5.18
2 2 2 2
v v v v
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
c c c c2
ﻭ vﻫﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ.
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ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ) (5.17ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ) :ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ .(ox
dPx 1 d mv x
)(5.19a Fx
dt 0 v 2 dt v2
1 1
c2 c2
ﺤﻴﺙ Fxﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ oxﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ.
ﻟﻜﻥ ﻨﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻨﻀﻊ ) (a5.19ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
d mv x v2
Fx 1 )(5.19b
dt v 2 c2
1
c2
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ:
v2
Fx Fx 1
c2
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل Fxﺇﻟﻰ Fxﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ v cﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﻀﻊ ).(b5.19
d mv x
) Fx (5.19c
dt v 2
1
c2
ﻭﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ (5.19c ) ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ oxﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ.
ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ.
d mv y d mvz d icm v2
Fy , Fz , F 1 )(5.20
dt v 2 dt v 2 dt v 2 c2
1 1 1
2 2
c c c2
ﻭﻻﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻤﺎﻴﻘﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ
ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ) ( 5.18ﺒـ u
ﻭﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﺒـ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
dmu
u dt 0
) F .u Fx u x Fy u y Fz u z F u 0 (5.21a
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ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ )ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ( ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ
ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ:
Fx u x Fy v y Fz v z ic
F ) 0 (5.21b
v2 v2 v2 v 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2
c c c c2
ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻱ F . vﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
) i (F . v
F )(5.22
c v2
1
c2
)(5.20 ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ Fﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ) (5.22ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
d mc 2 dA
F . v )(5.23
dt v2 dt
1
c2
ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ )ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺔ(. ﺤﻴﺙ
dA
dt
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﺴﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ،Eﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ:
mc 2
E E kin m( v) c 2 )(5.24
2
v
1
c2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺇﻴﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻨﻴﺔ m
ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ . v
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (5.24ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )(E
ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ Pﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ) (5.18ﺒﻌﺩ
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ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺒﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ mﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ Pﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ:
mv
P )(5.25
2
v
1
c2
v2
ﻤﻥ ) (5.24ﻭ ) (5.25ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ 1 ﻭﺒﺤﺫﻑ
c2
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
E
P )v (5.26
c2
- 41ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ:
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ﻴﺘﺠﻪ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ oxﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) (5.20ﻭ
v2
(: )) (5.23ﺒﺎﻫﻤﺎل
c2
dPx dmv x dPy dP d mc 2 dE
Fx , Fy , z Fz , ) F . v (5.27
dt dt dt dt dt v2 dt
1
c2
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ F q ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ Fx q x , Fy Fz 0 :ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺠﺩ:
dE dx
F . v Fx v x Fy v y Fz v z q x )(5.28
dt dt
ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻨﺴﺘﻜﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
)t 0, x 0 y 0 z 0 0, Px Pz 0, Py P0 0 (5.29
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ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻹﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ P0ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ E 0ﻀﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻨﺠﺩ:
E 0 P02 c 2 m 2 c 4 )(5.30
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q x
ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ )ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻷﻥ c ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ y
cP0
ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ( ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺠﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﻲ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل E 0
ﺒـ mc2ﻭ P0ﺒـ mv02ﺃﻥ:
E0 q 2 2 xy 2 q
x 1
x 1
x y2 )(5.36
q x 2 2 2
c py mv 0
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﻰﺀ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻁﺒ ﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ
ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )ﺤﻘل ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ( ﻫﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻗﻁﻊ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﻰﺀ.
ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺍﹰ )ﻻﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ(
ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ؟ ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ) (xﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻤﻭﻥ ). ( x
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ):(5.27
d dx d dE dx dx
q . q F . v q x q grad )(5.37
dx dt dt dt dt dt
ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل ﻨﺠﺩ:
)E q Const. E 0 q 0 (5.38
1
E E E 0 mc 2 ) 1 q( 0 ) qV (5.39
v2
1 2
c
ﺤﻴﺙ Vﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻀﻌﻴﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ E 0ﺇﻟﻰ .E
ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ) (5.39ﻓﻨﺠﺩ
ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ:
q 2V2
mc 4 2qV
q 2 V 2 2qmc 2 V mc 2
vc
(qV mc 2 ) 2 2 4 qV
2
m c 1
mc 2
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qV
1
2qV 2mc 2 )(5.40
m 2
qV
1
mc 2
ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺔ ﻨﻤﻴﺯ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ:
-1ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ E qVﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ mc2ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ
) (5.40ﺃﻥ:
1
)(5.41
2
mv qV
2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ.
ﺏ -ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ (qV mc2 )mc2ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ
):(5.40
qV
2qV 2mc 2 2qV mc 2
v c )(5.42
m q2 V2 m 2qV
m 2 c4
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ qﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ) ( x
ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ.
- 42ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻞ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ : B
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل Bﻤ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻭﻴﺘﺠﻪ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ozﻭﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (5.2ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ) (5.20ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
d mv x dPx q q
) (v B) x v y B (5.43
dt v2 dt c c
1
c2
dPy q dPz dE q
v x B, 0, )v B . v 0 (5.44
dt c dt dt c
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ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ Eﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ) (E E 0ﻭﺃﻥ
. v z (v z ) 0ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ozﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ .xoy
ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (5.26ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ:
dPx d E0 q
)v x v y B (5.45
dt dt c 2 c
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
1 dv x qcB
)(5.46
v y dt E0
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2
v xy
)(5.52
2 2
(x x 0 ) (y y0 )
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ Eﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ E mc2ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ:
qcB qB
)(5.53
E 0 mC
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻠﻭﺘﺭﻭﻥ( ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻭﻻﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ
ﻭﻻﺒﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻐﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) ،(5.50ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺴﺭﻴﻊ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺒﺘﻤﺭﻴﺭﻩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﻭﻴﻔﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﻴﻥ )ﺸﻜل D1 (5.1ﻭ D 2ﻤﻔﺭﻏﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻜل ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﺭﺹ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﻘل ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻭﻴﻔﻴﻥ .ﻭﺘﻜﺭﺭ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﻉ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺄً ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
qcB
E0
ﻻﺘﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ .ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻜﺭﻭﺘﺭﻭﻥ )(Synchrotron
ﻭﻻﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻷﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻨﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ.
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(5.1
- 43ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﺔ:
ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻁﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ .ﻭﻴﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﺫﻨﺏ
ﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ "ﻟﺅﻟﺅﺓ" ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻔﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﻘﺭﺍﺽ
ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﺼﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻁﺎﻡ ﻨﻴﺯﻙ ﻫﺎﺌل ﺒﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﺫ 65ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺴﻨﺔ .ﻓﻬل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﺼﺎﺭﻭﺥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺭﻑ
ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺯﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻴﺯﻴل ﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﺼﻁﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺭﺽ؟
ﺴﻨﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ، Fﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ
ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ )ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻗل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ( Fﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯﺍﹰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﻭﺩ
ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺭﻱ.
ﻭﺴﻨﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﻪ ﺤﺠﻡ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ.
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ:
f ( , , ,....) 0 )(5.54
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ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻁﻔﻴﻑ )ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ
ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ) . f ( , ......ﻟﻨﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ
) ( 0 , 0 , 0 ,...ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
f f
f ( , ,...) f 0 ...
0 0
2f 2f
) ... (5.55
2
2
0 0
ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ) (5.54ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ )ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ
ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ( ﻭﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻗل ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ،ﺒﺎﺩﺌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺜﺎل
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻗﻤﺭ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
r
a )(5.56
2
2 rv
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻏﻭﺹ r ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ
ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ،vﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﻋﻠﻰ aﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ T؟
: ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ
a
v
2 2
a 2r v 2a v
)(5.57
v (2 rv 2 ) 2
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻁﻔﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ aﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ
.v
ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ ﻨﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ:
3 3
a a 2 3 2
T 2 2 a
2 1
r g 2
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ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
5 3 2
3aTv T T a 2 3 1 2 2a v
6a 2 2 v . a . )(5.58
v a v 1 2
2
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)(5.63
2
r0 r0 0 0
2
r0
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
)(5.64
2
r0 0
2
r0
ﻭﻤﻥ ) (5.62ﻭ ) (5.64ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
) 3 0 r 2r0 0 0 (5.65
2
r
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﻭﺡ:
d 2
)(5.66
, (r ) 0 2r r 0
dt
ﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
) 0 (5.67
2r0 0 r0 0 2 0 r 2r0 0 r r0
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)(5.71
r0 2 0 r v
)(5.72
2
r 0 r 2 0 v
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ rﺒﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ:
2 v
r )(1 cos 0 t ) (5.73
0
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(5.2
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ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ﻫﻭ
2v
0
:( ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ5.57) ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ
2 3
a 2a v 0 2r
a v v 0 0 v
v 0
:(5.64) ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل
2 v
a (5.74)
0
.ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ
(5.71) ( ﻓﻲ5.73) ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥr ( ﻨﺒﺩل )ﺃﻱ ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ
:ﻓﻨﺠﺩ
v
(3 4 cos 0 t ) (5.75)
r0
: ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔﻭﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ
T0 T
3v
2 ( 0 )dt 0 T T
r 0
0 0
T0 T
4v
Cos 0 tdt (5.76)
r0
0
:ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ 2 ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ
0T0
3v 3v
T (5.77)
T0 0T 0 T
r0 0
r0 0
:( ﻓﻨﺠﺩ5.76) ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ
T t 0 t
4 v 4v
r0 cos 0 tdt r sin 0 t
0 0 0 0
4v
r0 0
sin (T
0 0 T) 4v
r0 0
sin 0 t vT (5.78)
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ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺼﻐﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻬﻤﻠﻪ.
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ).(5.77
ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻊ ) (5.58ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ:
3aT0 v 3r0 T0 r0 0 3vT0
T v )(5.58b
3 2
r0 0 r0 0
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ) (5.77ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﳏﻠﻮﻝ:
ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ aﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ 0ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻗﻭل ،ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻓﺎﹰ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ .
ﺍﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ .ﺍﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩ ﺍﹰ ). ( 1
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(5.3
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ﺍﳊﻞ:
ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺱ )ﺸﻜل (5.3ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ
) M (r, , ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
1
L TV m(r 2 r 2 2 r sin 2 2 ) mgz
2
1
(5.79) ma 2 ( 2 2 sin 2 ) mga cos
2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
)(5.82
q
(4 cos 0 sin 0 tg 0 ) 0 )(5.84
a
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ ) ﺃﻱ ( ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭﻩ
ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
1
g 2
(4 cos 0 sin 0 tg 0 )(5.85
a
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ 1ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل cos 0ﺒـ 1ﻭ sin 0ﺒـ
0ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ tg 0ﺒـ 0ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ:
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2
g g 0
) (5.86
2
( 4 0 ) 2 1
a a g
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ Tﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
1
2 2
2 2 a 0 a 0
) (5.87
T 1 1
2 g 8 g 8
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﻌﺎﺩل ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ:
2
4 a 0
t1 2 1
)(5.88
g 8
ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ
) (5.80ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ) 0 0ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﻻﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ(:
2
g g 0
)(5.89
0 1
a Cos 0 a 4
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻭﻋﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ t 1ﻫﻲ:
2 2 2
a 0
) (5.90
0 0
1 0 t1 2 1 1 8 21 8
g 4
ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻜﻠﻪ ﺃﻱ 2ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ t 1ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﻗﺩ ﻤﺭﺕ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ )ﺸﻜل .(5.4
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(5.4) ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
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- 172 -
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ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ .ﻭﺴﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ
ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ.
- 44ﻋﺰﻭﻡ ﻭﻣﻀﺎﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺎﻟﺔ Moments and products of Inertia
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ )ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ( Lﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺤﻭل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ O
ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ . ω
ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ miﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ O
ﺒﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ، riﻭﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ﺫ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
(6.2) v i ωx ri
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Oﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
(6.3) L m i ri xv i m i ri x ωxri
i i
ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ،ﻭﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ
ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
2
(6.4) L ω m i ri
m i ri ri .ω
i i
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺘﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ L
ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ . ωﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.4ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ
ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺘﻴﺯﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻜﺎﺭﺘﻴﺔ( ،ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
L x ω x m i y 2 z 2 ω y m i x i y i ω z m i x i z i
i i i i i
(6.5) L y ω x m i y i x i ω y m i x 2 z 2 ω z m i y i z i
i i i i i
L z ω x m i z i x i ω y m i z i y i ω z mi x 2 y 2
i i i i i
ﻭﻟﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ) ،(6.5ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
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I xx m i y 2i z 2i , I xy mi x i y i , I xz mi x i z i
i i i
I yx m i y i x i , I yy m i x 2i z i2 , I yz m i yi z i )(6.6
i i i
I zx m i z i x i , I zy m i z i y i , I zz m i x i2 y i2
i i i
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ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ
ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ Cﺃﻭ ﺤﻭل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
dL j d
(6.12) M j
dt
dt
I jk .ωk
k
1
(6.16) T ω.II.ω
2
- 45ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻃﻠﻴﻖ
Equations of Motion Free Rigid Body:
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻴﻕ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺃﻱ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ
ﺃﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ، Fﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ
ﺼﻠﺏ ﺘﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺴﺘﺔ ﻭﺴﻁﺎﺀ .ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ،ﻓﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
(6.17) MrcM Fxc , y c , z c , θ, φ, ψ
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ﺒﺈﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ XYZﻨﺠﺩ:
(6.18) Mxc Fx , Myc Fy , Mzc Fz
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻭﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ،ﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ
dL ext
Mﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ(. ext
) . M
dt
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ OXYZﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ cxyz
ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(6.1
ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ ، Lﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ،xyzﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
(6.19) L L x i L y j L z k
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ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ )ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ( ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰz,y,x ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ
: ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ،ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ
dL dL x dL y dL z di d j dk
M i j k Lx Ly Lz
dt F dt dt dt dt dt dt
(6.20)
dL di dj dk
Lx Ly Lz
dt M dt dt dt
ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ،(6.20) ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔM ﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻴﺘﻡF ﻭ ﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯxyz ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ
.XYZ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻨﻌﻭﺽ, j , i ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ
k
- 178 -
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ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
dL dL
M ω L )(6.22
dt F dt M
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ω
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ω
ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ .ﻨﺴﻘﻁ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.22ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ cxyzﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ،ﻨﺠﺩ:
dL x
Mx ω y L z ω z L y
dt
dL
(6.23) M y y ω z L x ω x L z
dt
dL z
Mz ω x L y ω y L x
dt
ﺤﻴﺙ Lx ،Ly ،Lzﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ cx ،cy ،czﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ.
- 46ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﺮ:
Principal Axes and Euler's Equations:
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ cxyz
ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ )ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ( ) (principal axesﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺏ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
i jﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل I ij 0 )(6.24
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L1 I11ω1 I1ω1
L 2 I 22 ω 2 I 2 ω 2 )(6.25
L 3 I 33ω 3 I 3 ω3
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.22ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
M1 I1ω 1 I3 I2 ω3ω2
(6.26) M 2 I2ω 2 I1 I3 ω1ω3
M3 I3ω 3 I 2 I1 ω2ω1
ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ ،ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺃﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ،tﻭﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺸﺭﺡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ
ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻗﻀﻴﺏ ﻁﻭﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻴﻪ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻜ لٍ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،m
ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(6.2
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل) :(6.2ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ x1 , x 2 , x 3ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺏ
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ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ zﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ xﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺏ ،ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ:
1 sin
(6.27) ω 2 0
ω 3 ωcosθ
ﺤﻴﺙ θﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺏ )ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ،( zﻨﺠﺩ ﺤﺴﺏ
ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ:
2 2
l l 1
(6.28) I1 I 2 m m ml 2
2 2 2
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) (6.27ﻭ) ،(6.28ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )،(6.26
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
M1 0
1
(6.29) M 2 ml 2 ω 2sinθ cosθ
2
M3 0
، ωﻭﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ.
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ 0
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) ،(6.26ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻴﺔ
) ،(6.24ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺴﻨﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻵﻥ ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺦ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ .ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﺀ ωﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ
Lﻭﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ
ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
(6.30) L Iω
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻫﻭ .Iﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ
ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
̂(6.31) ω ω1x̂ ω 2 ŷ ω 3 z
ﺤﻴﺙ ̂ x̂, ŷ, zﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ x,y,zﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ.
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ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺈﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.30ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ:
L1 Iω1
(6.32) L 2 Iω 2
L 3 Iω3
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
) ،(6.7ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
L1 I11ω1 I12 ω 2 I13ω 3
(6.33) L 2 I 21ω1 I 22 ω 2 I 23 ω 3
L 3 I 31ω1 I 32 ω 2 I 33 ω3
ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) (6.32ﻭ) ،(6.33ﻋﻠﻰ:
I11 I ω1 I12 ω 2 I13 ω3 0
(6.34) I 21ω1 I 22 Iω 2 I 23ω 3 0
I 31ω1 I 32 ω 2 I 33 I ω 3 0
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ )،(6.34ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ
ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
3
(6.35) I ij ω j Iω i i , j x, y , z
j1
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ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ Iﻭﺃﻥ a،b،cﻫﻲ ﻤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺏ
ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ . Iijﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.38ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺤﻠﻭل
ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟـ Iﻫﻲ ﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ،ﻟﺘﻜﻥ . I3 , I 2 , I1
ﺒﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻜل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟـ Iﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) ،(6.34ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻡ
ω1 , ω 2 , ω 3ﺒﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ .ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ
D3 , D 2 , D1ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ، ω3 , ω2 , ω1 :ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ω1 ω11 i ω21 j ω31k
(6.39) ω2 ω21 i ω22 j ω23k
ω3 ω31 i ω32 j ω33k
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ D3 , D 2 , D1ﺃﻭ ω3 , ω2 , ω1ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﺼﻔﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺤﻠﻭﻻﹰ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ).(6.34
ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﺜﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ
ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻓﺈ ﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ
ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ.
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻻﺤﻘﺎﹰ.
- 47ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛﺪﻭﺍﻣﺔ ﺣﺮﺓ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ:
The Earth as a Free Symmetric Top:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻴﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ .ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺸﻜﻼﹰ
ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺎﹰ .ﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺭ ،ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ
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ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ . M ext 0ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ ﺸﻜﻼﹰ
ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﻭل
ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
(6.40) I1 I2 I
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻱ
ﻟﻸﺭﺽ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ
) ،(6.26ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ:
I3 I
ω 1 ω 2ω3 0
I
I I
(6.41) ω 2 3 ω1ω 3 0
I
ω3 0
ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) ،(6.41ﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ
ﺤﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) ،(6.41ﺃﻥ ω3ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ.
(6.42) ω 3 0 ω3 t ω3 0 ω 3
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ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ Ωﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(6.3
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
2π I 2π
(6.46) τ
Ω I3 I ω3
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440ﻴﻭﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﻭﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ،
ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ
ﻤﻥ 10ﻤﺘﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ.
ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻴﻌﻠل ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺭ ﺒـ 300ﻴﻭﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 440ﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ
ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺒل ﺘﺸﻐل ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺠﺯﺀ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ.
- 48ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ – ﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻭﳐﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎء:
Motion of symmetric Rigid Body-Body Cone and space Cone:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ .ﻭﺴﻨﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻜﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﻭﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ) ωﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ( ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
) (x,y,zﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
̂L Iω 1 xˆ ω 2 yˆ I 3ω 3 z
(6.48)
ˆω ω 1xˆ ω 2 yˆ ω 3 z
ﺤﻴﺙ ̂ x̂, ŷ, zﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ،(x,y,z
ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ zﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻭ ̂ Lﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ . L
ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ̂ ω1x̂ ω 2 yﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ) ،(6.48ﻭﻨﻌﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ωﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ Lﻭ ̂: z
L
(6.49) ω ̂L̂ z
I
ﺤﻴﺙ:
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I I
3 ω 3
I
ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.49ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ẑ, L, ωﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ
ﺨﻁﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ Lﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ ̂ ω, zﻴﺩﻭﺭ )ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ(
ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ . Lﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.49ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ ωLﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ Lﻭ ω3ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ̂ zﻏﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
L
ωL
)(6.50 I
ω 3
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ̂ zﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ )ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ( .ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
) ،(6.49ﻭﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
dx̂ dŷ dẑ
ω x̂ , ω ŷ , ̂ ω z
dt dt dt
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ:
dẑ
)(6.51
dt
̂ ẑ ω ẑ ωL L̂ z
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ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ) ωﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ( ،ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ +Ωﻤﻌﺩل ﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )،(6.44
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ.
ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ̂ zﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ Lﻭﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ω
ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) ،(6.51) ،(6.49ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ
ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ .ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜلٍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ Tﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.48ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ Lﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
̂(6.52) L Iωn n̂ I3ω3z
ﺤﻴﺙ:
̂(6.53) ω n n̂ ω1x̂ ω2 y
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ̂ ẑ , nﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺍﻥ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﻴﻥ ωnﻭ
ω3ﻋﻠﻰ:
L2 I 2ω2n I23ω23
)(6.54
2T L.ω Iω2n I3ω32
ﺤﻴﺙ Tﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ.
ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻜلٍ ﻤﻥ L2ﻭ Tﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻥ ω n , ω3ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻴﻥ
ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.48ﺃﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ:
ω ω2n ω23
ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ωﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﺎﹰ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ oz
ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ،Ωﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.5ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ
ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ )ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻱ(
ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ ω.Lﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ Lﺜﺎﺒﺕ
ﺩﻭﻤﺄً ،ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ωﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ω
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ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﺎﹰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻩ . Lﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ
)ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ(.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل) (6.4ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ̂ zﻟﻠﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ̂ nﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ̂ zﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ L,
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ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ:
tanθ I
)(6.56
tanα I3
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ I3 Iﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ αﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ،θﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻘﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(6.5a
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ I3 Iﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ αﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ، θﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﻤﺔ ﻤﻔﻠﻁﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )،(6.5b
a b
اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(6.5ﻣﺨﺮوط اﻟﻔﻀﺎء وﻣﺨﺮوط اﻟﺠﺴﻢ
- 49ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻭﺍﻣﺔ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮﺓ:
The Heavy symmetric Top:
ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ
ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ωﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭ .ﻏﻴﺭ
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ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜلٍ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺴﻠﺱ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ
، , θ , ψﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(6.6
ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ، x1y1z1ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ )ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ( ﻤﺒﺩﺅﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
xyzﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ z 1ﻤﺘﺒﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θ
ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ.x
ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ xﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩ .ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ 'xy z
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ψﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ .zﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ , θ , ψﻨﻅﺎﻡ
ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ' xy zﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ . x1y1z1
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺒل( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺒﻬﻡ
ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺴﻨﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻜﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ.
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ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ،
ﻭﺴﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ , θ , ψ
ﻜﺈﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(6.6
ﻗﺒل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ ﻨﻠﻘﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ.
ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ
ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺴﻡ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻔﺎﻑ ) .(spinﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ
ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻲ ، z 1ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ) .(precessionﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ zﻴﺒﺘﻌﺩ
ﻭﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ، z 1ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻨﺢ )،(nutation
ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻐﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ،ﻫﻭ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﺒﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺜﻘﻠﻬﺎ؟ ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻥ
ﺜﻡ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ.
ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
̂ω ẑ1 θ x̂ ψ z )(6.57
ﺤﻴﺙ ̂ ẑ1, ẑ, ŷ, xﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ) (z1,z, y, xﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ.
ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.6ﺃﻥ:
̂ẑ 1 cosθ ẑ sinθ y )(6.58
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.57ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
̂ω θ x̂ sinθ ŷ ψ cosθ z )(6.59
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) :(6.7ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ
L I θ x̂ I sinθ ŷ I 3 ψ
̂ cosθ z )(6.60
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ﺤﻴﺙ ، I zz I 3ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ωﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ، L
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ:
1 1 2 2 2 1
T
2 2
ω. L I θ sin θ I3 ψ cosθ 2
)(6.61
2
ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ( ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
(6.62) V Mg l cosθ
ﺤﻴﺙ lﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(6.7
ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ Lﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ , ,,ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ، , ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
1 2
2 1
2 2
L T v I θ sin θ I 3 ψ cosθ )(6.63
Mg cosθ
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ و ،ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﺘﺎﻥ
ﻟﻠﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻡ )ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ( ،ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ :
L
(6.64) p
I3
cos I3 3
L
(6.65) p I sin 2 I 3 3 cos
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ )ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ( ،ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ، p Φ 0
ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
(6.66) Isinθ θ I3ω3 2I
p θ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ
L
θ
(6.67) Iθ Mgl I3ω3 I 2cosθ sinθ
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ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ، z 1ﻭﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ
ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻨﺢ .ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺼﺭﻓﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
) ،(6.66ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ .ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) .(6.67ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θﺃﻥ:
I33 4MglIcosθ
(6.68) 1 1
2I cos I32ω32
ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ
ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ،ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ cos 0ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻭﻟﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻡ ، 3ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺍﺠﺤﺔ:
4Mgl Icosθ
ω3 )(6.69
I32
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻡ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﺭﻯ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺼﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻡ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻟـ ، 3ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.68ﻭﺍﻻﻜﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻥ ،ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻴﻥ
ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺫﺭ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ:
Mgl
ωP )(6.70
I3ω3
ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ:
Iω
3 3 )(6.71
Icosθ
ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﻥ ω 3 :ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ،zﻭﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﻥ ω 3 :ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ
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ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ،zﻭﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ Lcosθ I 3ω 3ﻭ
، ﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
L
I
) ، (6.50ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل
ﻋﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ . limω 3 ω 3 min
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻜ لٍ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﻨﺢ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺈﻫﻤﺎل
ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻟﻠﺯﺍﻭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ )،(6.66
) ،(6.67ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
I ω
sinθ 3 3 θ
I
)(6.72
θ Mgl I 3ω 3 sinθ
I I
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ:
I 3 ω3
(6.73) ω L
I
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
sinθ ω L θ )(6.74
θ ω ω sinθ )(6.75
L P
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(6.78) t ω P ω P ω 0 cosω L t
ﻨﻜﺎﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ t ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
ω P ω0
(6.79) t ω P t sinω L t
ωL
ﻭﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ،θﻨﻌﻭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.78ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.74ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
(6.80) θ ωP ω0 sinL t sinθ
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ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻨﺢ ، Lﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﻘﺹ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ . ω Pﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻨﺢ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻋﻜﺴﻴ ﺎﹰ
ﻤﻊ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻨﺢ ، Lﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺘﺭﻨﺢ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ
ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺭﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ .ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺭﻡ )ﻏﺯل( ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻤﺠﻭﻑ
ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﻤﻊ ﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺃﺯﻴﺯ )ﻁﻨﻴﻥ( ﺒﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻨﺢ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) :(6.8ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻨﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟـ ω 0ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻟـ θ
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ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻫﺎ zﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.62ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻋﺯﻡ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
dV
(6.82) M
̂θ̂ Mglsinθx
dθ
،z1ﻭﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ Mﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ
)ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ( ﺤﻭل ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ
ω p ωp ẑ1ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
dL
̂ M Mglsinθ x
dt
dL
ωp xL ωp Lẑ1xẑ
dt
ﺤﻴﺙ ẑ1 ẑ x̂sinθﻭ ، L I3ω 3ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺕ z1ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
mgl
(6.83) ω p
I 3ω 3
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ω 3ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ω Pﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ .ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺃﻋﻁﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﺯﻫﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺼل ﺁﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ
ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ Δ Lﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ،zﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ، L L ΔLﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ
~
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ Zﺒﺸﻜل ﺯﻫﻴﺩ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ .ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﺤﺭﺓ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ
ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻫﺎ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ Lﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ
~
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- 50ﺍﳉﲑﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏThe gyroscope :
ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻩ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻱ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺤﻭل ﺃﻱ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ
ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ
ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.9ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻩ ،A1A2ﻓﺎﻥ
ﺍﻹﻁـــﺎﺭ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ B1B2ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ .G1G2
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) :(6.9ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ
ﺘﺩل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻺﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻺﻁﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺘﻲ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ .ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ
ﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻅل ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺹ
ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ Lﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﻤﺤﻤﻭﻻﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ
.A1A2ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻤﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ )ﻤﻐﺯﻟﻴﺔ(،
ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻨﻘﻁﻪ )ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ( ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ
ﻋﺯﻡ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘل Mﻤﻌﺩﻭﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﹰ،
ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ A1A2ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺩﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ.
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ﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻴﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ
ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ )ﺃﻭ ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻉ ﻫﺩﻑ
ﻤﻌﻴﻥ( ،ﻤﺜل ﻤﻼﺤﺔ ﻭﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻭﺍﺼﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﺫﺍﺌﻑ .........
- 51ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ:
ﺃ -ﺍﳉﲑﻭﺳﻜﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﺮ :ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ
ext
Mﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ: ﻭﺯﻨﻪ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.10ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ
dL
0
dt
L L0ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ 0ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ
ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻴﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ )ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﻤﺜﻼﹰ( ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺭ.
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(6.11
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺠﻴﺭﺴﻜﻭﺏ
ﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﻭﻴﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ 0ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺯﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ.
ext
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﺴﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻱ uM ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.11ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻫﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻴﺩﻭﻡ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫ ﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻻ ﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺭﻨﺢ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ
)ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺭﻨﺤﻴﺔ( ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θﺤﻭل ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ ﻗﺒل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ.
ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻁﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
v ω 2 L u M ext )(6.85
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
M ext
ω )(6.86
L sinθ
ﺤﻴﺙ θﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ Lﻭ . 2
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ﺟـ -ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ
ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫل
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻭﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﺎﹰ ﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﹰ؟ )ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ(
ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺭﺃﺴﻲ )ﺸﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ(
ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ABﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.12ﻭﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ . 2ﻴﻌﻁﻰ M extﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ،(6.85ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻴﺔ 2 , L , M ext
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ M extﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻜلٍ ﻤﻥ 2ﻭ L
ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.12ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﹰ
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ Q,Qﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻠﻘﺘﻲ
ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ Aﻭ ،Bﻭﻭﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻠﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ Aﻭ Bﺒﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻜﺴﺔ ، F , F ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻋﺯﻤﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﻴﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ M extﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.12ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
M g M ext L 2 I1 2 )(6.87
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(6.12
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ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻫﺎ .ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺨﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻴﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻀﺨﻡ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻲ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺘﻪ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ، lﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ F , F ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻠﻘﺘﻲ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ Aﻭ ، B
ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ،(6.87ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ Fﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ 0 :ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(6.13ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
Iω0ω
lF lF IωO ω F )(6.88
l
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(6.13
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺨﺭﺓ ﻜﻜل ،ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻘﻠل ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ
ﺘﻨﻌﻁﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺨﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ) ω2ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ( ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ lﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺒ ﻴﻥ ﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ
ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ .ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(6.88ﺃﻥ Fﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ.
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻠﻌﺏ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ.
ﺩ -ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﲑﻭﺳﻜﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ :ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ
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ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ
ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.
ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ،ﻜﺎﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺘﻭﻤﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻁﻴﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻁﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺴﻨﺨﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺠﻬﺎﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ:
-ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻴﺭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻀﺨﻡ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل
ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ω0ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ
ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ .ﻭﻴﻌﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻤﺎ Mﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺯ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺨﺎﺹ ،ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻁﺎﺭ Dﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ' ωﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ
ﻀﻐﻁﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺒﻴﺎﹰ ) ('N,Nﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻠﻘﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ Aﻭ Bﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
) ،(6.14ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺎﻜﺱ ﻋﺯﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ Mﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ
ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(6.14
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-ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻭﺒﺭﻯ ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺫﺍﺌﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ
ﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺤﺭﻑ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﺒﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻩ ،ﺒﻔﻌل ﺃﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ،ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θﺸﻜل ) ،(6.15ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺭﻭﺴﻜﻭﺏ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ،
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻐﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ A1A2ﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
) ،(6.16ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﹰ ﺨﺎﺼﺎﹰ ،ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺭﺒﻴﺩ ،ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(6.15
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Solved Examples ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﳏﻠﻮﻟﺔ
N N N
Ly mi xi yi ωx mi x2i z2i ω m y z ω
y i i i z
i i i
Ixyωx Iyyωy Iyzωz
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N N N
Lz mi xi zi ωx mi yi zi ωy mi x2i y2i ω z
i i i
Ixzωx Iyzωy Izzωz
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ
: ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ، ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ، σ
L σ r vdτ r ω r dτ
R R
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ. ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ-2
ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ، L ﻋﺯﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﻫﻭ
:ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒـ
1
T ωL -أ
2
1
T
2
Ixx ω2x I yyω2y Izz ω2z 2Ixyωx ωy 2Ixzωxωz 2Iyzωyωz -ب
:ﺍﳊﻞ
. ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ-ﺃ
1 N
1 N
T
2 i
mi v2i mi ri .ri
2 i
1 N
1 N
. ω ri mi ω.ri ω ri
mi ω ri
2 i 2 i
1 N
1
ω. m i ri ω ri ω.L
2 i 2
-ﺏ
1 1
T ω .L
2 2
ω x i ω y j ω zk . L x i L y j L zk
1
2
ωxLx ωyLy ωzLz
1
2
ω x I xx ω x I xy ω y I xz ω z ω y I yx ω x I yy ω y I yz ω z
ω z I zx ω z I zy ω y I zz ω z
1
2
I xx ω 2x I yy ω 2y I zz ω 2z 2I xy ω x ω y 2I xz ω x ω z 2I yz ω y ω z
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I xy I yx , I xz I zx , I yz I zy ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔR ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ ﻭﻤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺏ-3
ﺍﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺯﻭﻡ. I xx , I yy , I zz , I xy , I xz , I yz ﻫﻲxyz ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭα , β , γ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎOA ﻋﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ
: ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ، x،y،z
2 2 2
I I xx cos α I yycos β I zz cos γ 2I xy cosα cosβ
2I xz cosβ cosγ 2I yz cosβ cosγ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ، mi ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔri ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
d i ri xn ﺤﻴﺙmi di2 ﻫﻭOA
:ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ
i j k
ri x n xi yi zi y i cos γ z i cos β i
cos α cos β cos γ
z i cos α x i cos γ j x i cos β y i cos α k
2 2 2
ri n yi cosγ z i cosβ z i cosα x i cosγ
2
x i cosβ y i cosα
yi2 z 2i cos2α x 2i z i2 cos2β x i2 yi2 cos 2γ
- 2x i yi cosα cosβ - 2x i z i cosα cosγ - 2yi z i cosβ cosγ
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ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل miﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
I mid2i mi yi2 z2i cos α m x
2
i
2
i
z2i cos2β
i i i
mi xi2 yi2 cos2γ 2 mi xi yi cosα cosβ
i i
2 mi xi zi cosα cosγ 2 mi yi zi cosβ cosγ
i i
Ixxcos2α Iyycos2β Izzcos2γ
2Ixycosα cosβ 2Ixzcosα cosγ 2Iyzcosβc osγ
-4ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ،ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ
ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ .ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺴﻭﻯ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺜﻘﻠﻪ ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ.
ﺍﳊﻞ:
ﻨﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ
،zﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ، I1 I 2ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺃﻭﻟﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
1 I3 I1 ω 2ω 3 0
I1ω
2 I1 I 3 ω3ω1 0
(1) I1ω
I3ω 3 0
ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ، ω 3 const A :ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ I1ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
ω I
ω 1 3 1 Aω 2 0
I1
)(2
ω I
ω 2 1 31 Aω1 0
I1
ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ) ،(2ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ tﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ،ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
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2
I I
2 3 1 A 2ω 2 0
(3) ω
I1
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ:
)(4
I 3 I1
k A
I1
ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(3ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
2 k 2 ω2 0
ω )(5
ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(5ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ،ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ω 2 Bcoskt Csinkt
ﺤﻴﺙ C, Bﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ،ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ 2 0 :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ، t 0
ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
(6) ω 2 Csinkt
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ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
ω C2 A 2
ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ zﺒﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ﻫﻭ:
I I
)(9
k
f 3 1A
2π 2π
ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ:
I 3A
(1) cosθ
I C 2 I 23 A 2
2
1
ﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ βﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ω 3و ، ωﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ:
ω 3 .ω ω3 . ω cosβ A C 2 A 2 cosβ A 2
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
A
(2) cosβ
C2 A 2
ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) (1ﻭ) ،(2ﺃﻥ:
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I1C C
(3) sinθ , sinβ
2 2 2 2
I C I A
1 3 C A2
2
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ:
I1C C
tanθ , tanβ )(4
I3 A A
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
tanθ I1
)(5
tanβ I 3
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻜﻭﻥ I1 I 3ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ . θ β :ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ Lﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ،
ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻩ ω 3 ω3 e3
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺴﻭﻡ .ﻴﺘﺩﺤﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻏﻲ ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺨﻁ
ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻤﺱ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ .
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ω , ω 3 , Lﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
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e1 e2 e3
ω3 ω 0 0 A
I1Ccoskt I1Csinkt I3A
-AICsinkt ACcoskt
ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﺼل ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
L.ω3 ω
I1Ccoskte1 I1Csinke2 I3Ae3 . AI1Csinke1 AI1Ccoske2
I12AC2sinktcoskt I12AC2sinktcoskt 0
ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ω , ω 3 , Lﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ .ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻓﻲ
ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ
ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ
ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ.
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺌﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ
ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﻷﻥ . I1 I 3
-6ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺯﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ.
ﺍﳊﻞ :ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ xyzﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،0
ﻭﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ xyzﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﻭﺍﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺼﻠﻬﺎ
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻨﻔﺘﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ .0ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ oy , oz , oz
ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ oy , ox , oxﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
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ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ xyzﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ
xyzﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
(1) ω ω1e1 ω 2 e 2 ω3e 3
ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
L I1θ e1 I 2 e 2 I 3 cosθ e 3
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
L I1θ e1 I 2 e 2 I 3 s e 3 )(2
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ. cosθ s :
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜ ﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ،
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ:
dL dL
ωL )(3
dt F dt M
ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ )ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﺯﻡ( ،ﺤﻭل
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ،0ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
MO l e3 mg l e3 mgk
ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺃﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ kﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺕ zﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ:
(5) k cosθ e 3 sinθ e 2
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
(6) MO mgl e 3 k mglsinθ e1
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ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ
dL
MO
dt F
- 216 -
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ﺍﻟــﻤــﺮﻭﻧــﺔ
ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺘﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ .ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ
ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل.
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻋﺩﺩﻱ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ،
ﺒﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ Fﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
Aﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ،
ﻭﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ،ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ = ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل )(7.1
ﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻜل
ﻨﻭﻉ.
.1ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ ) ،(Young's modulusﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ.
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.2ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ) ،(Shear modulusﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻨﺯﻻﻕ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ.
.3ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ) ،(Bulk modulusﻴﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ
ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻤﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل 7.1ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻁﻭل ﻗﻀﻴﺏ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻁﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ΔLﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ F
ﻨﻭﺠﺩ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺏ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ
Fﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ .Aﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ(. )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ΔLﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ Li
ΔL
Li
ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ.
F
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ (7.2) Y A
ΔL
Li
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ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ ﻜﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﻀﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺴﻠﻙ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ
ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ،
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ Yﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fﻟﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ
ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ .ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) ،(7.1ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ،
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ:
أ -ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻁﻭﻴل ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل
ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ.
ب -ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻁﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ.
ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ) ،(7.2ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﻥ.
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) ،(7.1ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻗﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ:
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ Nﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ( ) ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
m2
20x1010 14x1010 35x1010 ﺘﻨﻐﺴﺘﻥ
10 10 10
6x10 8.4x10 20x10 ﻓﻭﻻﺫ
10 10 10
14x10 4.2x10 11x10 ﻨﺤﺎﺱ
10 10 10
6.1x10 3.5x10 9.1x10 ﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺃﺼﻔﺭ
10 10 10
7x10 2.5x10 7x10 ﺃﻟﻤﻨﻴﻭﻡ
10 10
(5-5.5)x10 (2.6- (6.5-7.8)x10 ﺯﺠﺎﺝ
3.2)x1010
(5-5.5)x1010 2.6x1010 5.6x1010 ﻜﻭﺍﺭﺘﺯ
0.21x1010 - -
ﻤﺎﺀ
10
2.81x10 - - ﺯﺌﺒﻕ
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(7.2ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﺭﻥ.
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(7.2ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ
ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ
ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺯﻭﺍل ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﻨﻜﺴﺭ ﺃﻭ
ﻴﺘﺤﻁﻡ.
- 53ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺺ Shear Modulus :
ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻸﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻭﺠﻬﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ
ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(7.3aﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ.
ﻻ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ Fﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ، Aﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
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،ﺤﻴﺙ Δxﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ )ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ
Δx
h
(Fﻭ hﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل(7.3) :
(aﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻗﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻌﺎﻜﺴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺘﺅﺜﺭﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺠﻬﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ (b.ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ.
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- 54ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ Bulk Modulus:
ﻴﺼﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﺠﺯﺌﻲ .ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺃﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(7.4ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﻯ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌل ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺌﻊ .ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻓﻕ
ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل) ،(7.4ﺠﺴﻡ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻀﻐﻁ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﻫﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺔ .
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ΔF
B A Δp )(7.4
ΔV ΔV
Vi Vi
ﺃﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻟﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ Bﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ Pﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ
ﺴﻴﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ Vﺴﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ .ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) ،(7.1ﺇﻥ ﻟﻸﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﺴﻭﺍﺌل
ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻗﺹ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻟﻠﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻗﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺸﺩ.
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:1
ﺘﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺒل ﻁﻭﻟﻪ ،10 mﻗﻭﺓ ﺸﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ 940 Nﻓﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻁﻭﻟﻪ
ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ،0.5 cmﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ :ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒل ،ﻋﻠﻤﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒل
Y 20x10 10 N ﻫﻭ
m2
ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ.
F
Y A A FL i 940N 10m 9.4x10 6 m 2
ΔL YL 10
Li 20x10 N 2 0.005m
m
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺒل ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ،ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ:
A π r2
A 9.4x10 6 m 2
r 1.7x10 3 m
π π
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒل:
d 2r 2 1.7x10 3 m 3.4x10 3 m 3.4mm
ﻣﺜﺎﻝ:2
) 1x10 5 Nﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ
m2
. 2x10 7 Nﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻤﻲ( .ﻭﺘﻨﺯل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻀﻐﻁﻪ
m2
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ، 0.5 m 3 :ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ
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ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺯل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ؟ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
6.1x10 10 N ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﻫﻭ
m2
ﺍﳊﻞ :
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ:
ΔP
B
ΔV
Vi
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ،ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ
ﻫﻭ:
Δp p f p i p f 2x10 7 N
m2
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ:
0.5m 2x10
3 10 N
m 2 1.6x10 -4 m 3
ΔV
6.1x10 10 N
m2
ﺘﺩل ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ.
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ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ
- 55ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻩ:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﻨﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻨﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻨﺔ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺠﻬﺩ ،ﻭﻨﺭﺍﻗﺏ
ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻼﻤﻲ ﻤﺸﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ .ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻬﻼﻤﻲ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ Pﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ، r x, y, z ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ’ Pﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ، r x , y, z ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل
) ،.(5.7ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Pﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ’ Pﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ، uﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
u r r )(7.5
ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ uﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ،Pﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ uﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻪ r
ﺃﻭ ﻟﻺﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ .x،y،z
ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻱ
ﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﹰ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺎﹰ.
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ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ
ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ xﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(7.6
ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ uxﻁﺭﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ ،xﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ:
u x
x
u x e xx x
e xx ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ،ﻭﺴﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﻻﺤﻘﺎﹰ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﻔل ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ
ﻭﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ .exx
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ) ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل( ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ xﻭ uxﻟﻥ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
u x
e xx )(7.6
x
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)(7.6
ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ
ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻻﻨﺯﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻜﻌﻭﺏ )ﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﺩ ﺍﹰ( ﻏﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﻀﻊ ﻷﻱ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ،
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺃﻀﻼﻉ
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ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻻﻨﺯﻴﺎﺤﻲ ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
u x e xy y , u y e yx x
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ:
θ
e xy e yx
2
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻻﻨﺯﻴﺎﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ
eyx ،exyﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ:
u x u y
e xy , e yx )(7.10
y x
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺘﻴﻥ uy ،uxﻤﻌﻴﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
θ θ
ux y , uy x
2 2
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ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ
u x yﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺘﺎﻥ ، ﺘﺸﻭﻴﻪ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺘﺎﻥ
u y
x
ﻭﻤﺘﻌﺎﻜﺴﺘﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
1 u y u x
e xy e yx
2 x
y
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)ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ
.( uﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ eijﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
r x, y, z ﻭﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ . ux, y, z
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻫﻼﻤﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎ،
ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻲ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻴﺵ ﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ
ﻓﺈﻥ:
Δu i e ij ω ij Δx j )(7.14
i
ﺴﻨﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ .eij
- 56ﺗﻨﺴﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ:
ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ.
ﻨﻔﺘﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻭﻙ ﻤﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺃﻱ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ
ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ Sijﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ i
ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ .jﻴﻨﺹ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ Sijﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺨﻁﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻊ ﻜل ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﺠﻬﺎﺩ .ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜلٍ ﻤﻥ
Sﻭ lﺘﺴﻊ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻟﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ 9×9=81ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺘﺎﹰ .ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ
ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ، C ijklﻭﺘﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
Sij C ijk l e kl )(7.16
kl
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ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ C ijklﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻟﻪ ﺸﻜل ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ .ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻜل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ،
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﺯﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻟﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.16ﺃﻥ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺫﺍﻥ
ﻴﻅﻬﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ.
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ Fﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ،xﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ،F=kxﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل
kx 2
. ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻡ ﻹﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ xﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ
2
ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ωﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺯﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﻫﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
1
ω Cijk leijekl
2 ijk l
)(7.17
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤل wﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ωﻋﻠﻰ
ﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ:
1
w C ijk l e ij e kl dv
2 ijk l
)(7.18
ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ .ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤل
ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ uﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل w
ﺼﻐﺭﻯ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻟﻥ ﻨﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ.
ﻗﺩ ﻴﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ؟ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ C ijklﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 81ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﹰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﹰ ،ﻷﻥ Sijﻭ eijﺘﻨﻨﺴﻭﺭﻴﻥ
ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻴﻥ ﻜلٍ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ C ijklﻴﺘﺄﻟﻑ
ﻤﻥ ﺴﺕ ﻭﺜﻼﺜﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ.
ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ωﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
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2
1 C xxxx e xx Cxxxy e xx e xy Cxxxz e xx e xz C xxyxe xx e yx C xxyye xx e yy .....
ω
2 C yyyye 2yy ........
)(7.19
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻫﻭ 81ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ، 90ﻓﺈﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ xﻤﺜل ﻗﺴﺎﻭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ .yﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭﻨﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﻴﻥ xﻭ yﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.19ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻻ
ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
C xxxx C yyyy C zzzz )(7.20
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻟـ Cxxxyﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ .ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ
ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺒﺩل yﺒـ -y
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺸﻲﺀ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ exyﺇﻟﻰ - exyﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ -yﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ .yﻟﻜﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل Cxxxyﺇﻟﻰ ، - Cxxxyﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺄﻥ Cxxxyﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ، - Cxxxyﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ
ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻜلٍِ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺭ.
ﻗﺩ ﻴﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ،Cyyyy=0ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻷﻥ
yﺘﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ yﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ
ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻜﺭﺭ yﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ Cﻓﻲ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﺘﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ yﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ )ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ( .ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ Cﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﻤﻜﺭﺭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﹰ
ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﻤﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻋﺩﺩﺍﹰ ﻓﺭﺩﻴﺎﹰ
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ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل xﻭ .zﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
…… ، Cxyyx ،Cxyxy ،Cxxyyﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻜل xﺒـ yﺃﻭ
ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ )ﺃﻭ zﺒـ xﺍﻟﺦ ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻐﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺭ.
C xxxx Cyyyy Czzzz
C xxyy Cyyxx Cxxzz .... )(7.21
C xyxy Cyxyx Cxzxz ....
ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
2
2 2
1 Cxxxx e xx e yy e zz 2C xxyy e xx e yy e yyzz e zz e xx
(7.22) ω
2 4C xyxy e 2xy e 2yz e 2zx
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ) ﺇﻴﺯﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ( ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺩﺩ C
ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻜﻴﻔﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ : C
C xxxx C xxyy C xyxy )(7.23
ﻴﻤﻜ ﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ
Sijﻤﻊ eijﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺠﻌل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ،
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﺩﺩﻱ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ Sijﻤﻥ eijﻭﺫﻟﻙ
ﻤﻥ ﻀﺭﺏ eijﺒﻌﺩﺩ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ،ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻭﻙ ، Sij const eijﻭﻟﻜﻥ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻠﺤﻕ ﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ δ ijﻤﻀﺭﻭﺒﺎﹰ
ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺨﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ،eijﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻁﻲ ﻟـ e
ﻫﻭ ) ، e jjﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ x2+y2+z2ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺎﹰ(.
ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ Sijﻭ eijﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ )ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ( ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
Sij 2 μ e ij λ e kk δ ij )(7.24
k
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ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ μﻭ λﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﻻﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ .ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ
) (7.24ﻭ ) ،(7.16ﺃﻥ:
C xxyy λ
C xyxy 2μ )(7.25
C xxxx 2μ λ
ﻭﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ،(7.23ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ .ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل
ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ Cﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﻨﻎ Yﻭﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ ،σ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
Y σ
C xxxx 1
1 σ 1 2σ
Y σ
C xxyy )(7.26
1 σ 1 2σ
Y
C xyxy
1 σ
ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ σﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ.
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻼﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺸﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﺤﺩ
ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل lﻤﺜﻼﹰ( ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴل ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ، lﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ
ﻴﻨﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )،(7.8
ﻭﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
d h
d h
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭ hﻭ dﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻼﺕ ،ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ σﻨﺴﺒﺔ
. ﺒﻭﺍﺼﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ
1
2
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل)(7.8
ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻭﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻤﺴﺘﻁﻴﻼﺕ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ.
ﺃﺸﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ،ﻴﺘﻭﺯﻉ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺼﻐﺭﻯ .ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺯﻨﺔ،
ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺠﺯﺀﺍﹰ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ،Aﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ
ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) .(7.9ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﺘﺯﺍﻥ ،ﻓﺈﻥ Fﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺃﻴﻥ ،ﺠﺯﺀ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ، Fintﻭﺠﺯﺀ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ
ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ .fextﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ Fextﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ fextﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ dv
ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ.
Fext f ext dv )(7.27
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل) ،(7.9ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺤﺠﻡ vﺴﻁﺤﻪ A
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ:
f f ext ρ r )(7.30
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.29ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
Fin fdv )(7.31
v
ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ Finﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ Sijﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ
ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ،ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
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ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ، xﻭﻨﺤﻠل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ F1
ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ Fx1 , Fy1 , Fz1ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ
yzﺒـ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(7.10ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ
. s xx , s yx , s zxﻤﺜﻼﹰ:
ΔFy1
s yx
ΔyΔz
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (7.10ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ∆F1ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ yzﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ،x
ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ Fx1 , Fy1, Fz1ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ .
ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﺍﻷﻭل yﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ xﺇﻟﻰ
ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻅﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
Fy1
s yx
ax
ﺤﻴﺙ Δa x ΔyΔzﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ،xﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ.
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ dFx :ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ xﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ
،daﻓﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
dFx S xx n x S xy n y S zx n z da )(7.32
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ﺤﻴﺙ nﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ .daﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ Finﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ xﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ dFxﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ Aﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
) ،(7.32ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.31ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺢ.
S xx n x S xy n y S xz n z da f x dv )(7.33
A v
ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ،
ﻭﺘﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ xﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ Sﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.33ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل
ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ ، S.n ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺩﻓﻕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ Sﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ .Vﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻭﺹ ،ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﺴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.33ﻜﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺤﺠﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀل ،Sﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺤﻘﻕ
ﺒﻐﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل xﻷﻥ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻏﺎﻭﺹ ﻫﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.33ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
S xx S xy S xz
v x y z dv f x dv
v
)(7.34
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ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.24ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ،Sij
1 u i u j
،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ eijﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل
2 x j x i
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
f λ μ .u μ 2 u )(7.36
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺓ fﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل:
f a .u b 2 u
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.36ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ .ﻗﺩ ﻴﺴﺄل ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻟﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺤﺩ ﺜﺎﻟﺙ uﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ؟
ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻀﺭﺏ uﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ 2 u u ﻭﻫﺫﺍ
ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺨﻁﻲ ﻟﺤﺩﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻲ uﻻ ﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﺸﻴﺌﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ .ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺭﻫﻨﺎ
ﻤﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ.
2u
،ρ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻨﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.36ﺒـ
t 2
ﻭﻨﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
2
u
ρ
t 2
λ μ
.u μ 2 u )(7.37
ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺤﺩ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻲ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ،
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺎﹰ ﻟﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ.
ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻟﺤﻘل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻭل
ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
u u1 u 2 )(7.38
ﺤﻴﺙ:
.u1 0 , xu 2 0 )(7.39
ﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻋﻥ u u 1 u 2ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.37ﻋﻠﻰ:
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2
t
ρ
2
u 1 u 2 λ μ
). .u 2 μ 2 u 1 u 2 (7.40
ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺒﺄﺨﺫ ﺘﻔﺭﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ : u1
2
ρ 2 (.u 2 ) λ μ 2 .u 2 μ. 2.u 2
t
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﻴﻥ ﻭ 2ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺝ ﻜﻤﺅﺜﺭ ﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ،
ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
2 u 2
.ρ 2 λ 2μ 2 u 2 0 )(7.41
t
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ xu 2ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ،
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
2u 2
ρ 2 λ 2μ 2u 2 )(7.42
t
ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻟﻸﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ
. C 2 λ 2μ ρﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﻭﺍﺭ u 2ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺼﻔﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ
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ﺴﻁﺢ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻷﻭل:
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ،ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ :ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺩﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺎﹰ .ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﻜﺴﻭﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺴﺎﻁ
ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ،ﻤﺜل ﻭﺴﻁ ﻟﻪ ﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻲ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ
ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺸﻜﺎل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﺜل ﺨﻁﺎﻑ ﺭﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺭﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ..............ﻭﺘﺤل ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻔﻌل ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ،
ﻭﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ،ﺜﻡ ﻨﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ
ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ.
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(7.11
ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(7.12
ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﻥ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻔﺫ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻁﺏ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ
ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ،
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(7.11ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ.
- 58ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﻧﺔ:
ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﻘﻕ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻜل ) ،(7.13ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ
ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺭﻨﺔ .ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻁﺭﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻤﻌﻪ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ
ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺩﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺤﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻨﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺤﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ
ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺝ ،ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻟﻺﺠﻬﺎﺩ
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ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺤﺏ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺭ )ﺍﻟﻁﺒﺎﺸﻴﺭ(.
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ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺫﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻨﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﺩﻴﺔ )ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ( ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻗﻭﻯ
ﻜﻭﻟﻭﻨﻴﺔ) .ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩﺍﹰ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴﺔ
ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻔﻴﺩ(.
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ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﻨﻭﻴﺒﻀﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ،(7.14bﻭﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻜلٍ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ .k1ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ -ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻭﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ
ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ -ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻜلٍ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ .k2
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﻀﻌﺕ ﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻡ ﻴﻭﺼﻑ
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺴﻭﺭ eijﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ، x,y,zﻭﻟﻠﺘﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ، exx , exy , eyy :ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺫﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ).(7.14
u x e xx x e xy y
)(7.44
u y e xy x e yy y
ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ x y 0ﺒﺎﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ 1ﻭﺭﻤﺯ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) .(7.15ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ،aﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
x,yﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺘﻴﻥ ux,uyﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ).(7.2
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) :(7.2ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ux،uy
ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ x ، y ux uy k
1 0 ،0 0 0 -
2 a،0 exxa eyxa k1
3 a،a (exx +e xy) a (eyx +eyy) a k2
4 0،a exya Eyya k1
5 -a ، a (-exx+e xy)a (-eyx+eyy)a k2
6 -a ، 0 -exxa -eyxa k1
7 -a ، -a -(exx+e xy)a -(eyx+eyy)a k2
8 0 ، -a -exya Eyya k1
9 a ،-a (exx-e xy)a (eyx-eyy)a k2
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ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺯﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺒﻀﺎﺕ .ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺤﺎﺼل ﻀﺭﺏ k 2ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻟﺔ ﻜل ﻨﻭﻴﺒﺽ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺒﺽ
ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺘﻴﻥ 1ﻭ 2ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ:
2
k 1 e xx a
)(7.45
2
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ 2ﻓﻲ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ yﻻ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺒﺽ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺘﻴﻥ 1ﻭ ،2ﻭﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﻴﺒﻀﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ ، 3ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ
ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺔ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺫﺭﺓ ﺭﻗﻡ 3ﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ uxﻭ uyﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻱ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
1
u x uy
2
ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻗﻴﻡ ،ux,uyﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
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2
k2 ux uy k 2a 2
e xx e yx e yy 2 )(7.46
2 2 4
ﻴﻠﺯﻡ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ xyﺠﻤﻊ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺜل
ﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.45ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) .(7.46ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ،UO
ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
)(7.47
ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ،1ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.47ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ،xyﻭﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ:
k 2 e 2xx a 2 e 2yy a 2 )(7.48
ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.17ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ،ωﻭﺒﻤﺎ
.ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ،ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻀﺭﺒﻬﺎ ﺒـ
1
2
ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 1 3ﺫﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ωﻭ U0ﻫﻲ:
a
U0
ω 3
2a
ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ،Cijklﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(7.47ﺜﻡ ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺇﻟﻰ ) ،(7.48ﻭﻨﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ
ﺃﻤﺜﺎل eijekkﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻷﻤﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ).(7.17
ﻤﺜﺎل ﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل e 2xxﻭ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ، e 2yyﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
k 1 2k 2 a 2
ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ:
k 1 2k 2
C xxxx C yyyy
a
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ﻭﻨﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﻤﺼﺎﻋﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ .ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺭﻭﺒﻴﻥ exxeyyﻤﻥ ،eyyexxﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺭﻭﺒﻴﻥ
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺠﻭﻉ ﺤﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) .(7.17ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﻋﻨﺩ exxeyyﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (7.47ﺇﻟﻰ ، 2k 2ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
2k 2
C xxyy C yyxx
a
ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺃﻥ ، C xxyy C yyxx :ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ:
k2
C xxyy C yyxx
a
ﻭﻨﺤﺼل ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ:
k2
C xyxy C yxyx
a
ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل xﺃﻭ yﻤﺭﺓ
ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ .ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
k1 2k 2
C xxxx C yyyy
a
k
C xyxy C yxyx 2
a )(7.49
k2
C xxyy C yyxx Cxyyx C yxxy
a
C xxxy C xyyy .......... 0
ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻭﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﻴﻥ k1ﻭ .k2ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ
C xyxy C xxyyﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻭﻓﻕ
ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﺯﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺃﻱ ﻻ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺒﻀﺎﺕ ) ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﻴﺔ(.
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍ ﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ،
ﻭﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) (7.3ﻗﻴﻡ ﺜﻼﺙ ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ .ﻟﻘﺩ
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ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ، C xyxy C xxyyﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻜﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﻨﺎﻩ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ .ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺱ ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﺨﺎﺼﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻨﻭﻴﺒﻀﺎﺕ
ﻤﻥ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺴﻁﻭﺡ ،ﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻟـ ﻓﻠﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻴﺜﻴﻭﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻠﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺩﻴﻭﻡ .......ﻓﻠﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) (7.3ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ Cxxyyﻭ Cxyxyﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ.
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) :(7.3ﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻜﻌﺒﺔ )ﻓﻲ (103N.m2
ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ Cxxxx Cxxyy Cxyxy
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ﻟﻘﺩ ﺴﺎﺩﺕ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ،ﺘﻠﻙ
ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﺘﺅﺜﺭ
ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ .ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻻﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﻫﻤﺕ ﺒﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ﺠﺫﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ
ﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻓﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔﹰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺒﺄﺕ
ﺒﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺼﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺅﻜﺩ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻻﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ.
-60ﲢﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ :
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻟﺤﻅﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻁﻭﻋﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ
ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻨﺴﻤﻴﻪ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﻱ
ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺍﺫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﻬﺘﻡ
ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺽ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ
) (Vﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ) (K1ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ oxﺸﻜل ).(8.1
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Mﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ:
x1 x Vt
)(8.1
y1 y
z1 z
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ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ:
x1 x V , y1 y , z1 z )(8.2
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ozﻭ o1z1ﻭ oyﻭ o1y1
ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻻﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ oxﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ o1x1ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Mﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ . K1ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺸﺘﻘﻘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (8.2ﻤﺭﺓ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﺎﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ:
x1 x , y1 y , z1 z )(8.3
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(8.1
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ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻐﻴﺭﻱ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ
ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻻﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ
ﻤﺎﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ،ﻓﻼﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺒﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
-61ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺩﻭﺑﻠﺮ ،ﺍﻷﺛﲑ ،ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻠﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﻮﺭﱄ :
ﻟﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺸﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﻭﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ،
ﻭﻻﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻻ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻭﺴﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ.
ﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻭﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﺩﻤ ﺎﹰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ
ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻀﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻟﻔﺭﺽ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻭﺴﻁ ﻤﺭﻥ ،ﺴﻤﻭﻩ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ،
ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻌﻠﻠﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﻡ.
ﻭﻗﺎﻟﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻸ ﻜل ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻭﻩ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﻭﻗﺎﺴﻭﺍ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺴﺎﺀل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ) ،ﻁﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ( ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﺤﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﻭﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ.
ﺍﻜﺘﺸﻑ ﺩﻭﺒﻠﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ /1842/ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺤ ﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ
ﺍﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ .ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ
ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ Vﻤﺒﺘﻌﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ
ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ،ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ
ﺴﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﻘﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺼﺒﺢ:
)1' (1 )(8.4
ﻫﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ
V
c
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﻤﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻔﺱ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
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)(8.5
'2
1
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻴﻥ ' 1ﻭ '2ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ:
)(8.6
1
1 1 2 1
1
ﺃﻱ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻬﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ 2ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﻨﺎ
ﺒﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺘﺒﺔ 2ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ؛ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ .ﻭﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ
ﺍﻻﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻥ
ﻀﻭﺌﻴﻴﻥ.
ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ Vﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﻟﻨﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﺒﻌﺎﹰ A
ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﹰ ﻟﻸﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ Bﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ، ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ-ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل )ﺃﻱ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ( ﺸﻜل ) (8.2ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ ﻟﻴﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻻﺤﻅﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺘﻘﻁﻊ ،ﺨﻼل ﺯﻤﻥ ، T1ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﻗﻁﻌﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل Bﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ VT1ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
CT1 VT1
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
T1 )(8.7
CV
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻗﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ T1ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ Vﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ،
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ
ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻌﺫﺭ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ، T1ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ T1ﺒﺯﻤﻥ
ﺁﺨﺭ T2ﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺨﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل Bﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ' BBﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) (8.3ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻡ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ -ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ' ABﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
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2 V 2 T22
T2 )(8.8
c
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
T2 )(8.9
2
V
c 1
c2
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ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺭ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﺒﺩﺍﹰ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻱ
ﻓﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﻥ T1ﻭ T2ﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ.
ﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﻴﺩﺕ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﻠﺴﻭﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻟﻨﻔﺱ
ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺩﻴﺴﺘﻴﺭ 1912 Destaireﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺡ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺯﺩﻭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺠﻤﻴﻥ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻭﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﻴﻥ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﺘﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻗﺴﻨﺎ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﻴﻘﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ .ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻨﺠﺢ ﺒﺎﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺭﻭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺭ،
ﻓﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻡ ﺘﻘﺒل ﻭﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ
ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ.
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-1ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ:
-2ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻟﺤﻅﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ
ﻴﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻻﺘﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ )ﺃﻭ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ
ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ( ﻭﻻﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻋﺙ ﻟﻬﺎ.
ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻟﻸﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻻﺘﺅﺜﺭ
ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ
ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ
ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺎﻓﺔﹰ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ،ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ
ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻟﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ .ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) (8.1ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ
ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﻠﺴﻭﻥ.
ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻟﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺤﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺽ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ.
ﻟﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ
ﺘﻜﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﺤﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ،ﻜﺄﻥ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ .ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻭﻗﻔﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ.
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ﺍﻥ ﻜل ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ
ﻭﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ
ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ.
-63ﲢﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺘﺰ :ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﺎﻥ Kﻭ ' Kﺸﻜل ) (8.5ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺘﺎﻥ
ﺃﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ Vﻭﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) ( x, y, z, tﻭ ) ' ( x ' , y' , z' , t
ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻠﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻱ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻨﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﻥ
ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﻭﺘﻤﺤﻴﺹ ،ﻭﻟﻠﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺴﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ oxﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ
ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ' tﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ 'M
ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻜﺎﺭﺘﻴﺔ ' ، x' , y' , zﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ
ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ) ' (x ' , y' , z' , tﻭﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ) (x, y, z, tﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
Kﻭﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ) (x, y, z, tﻭ ) ' (x ' , y' , z' , tﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ، t t ' 0ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻥ ﺼﺩﺭ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺴﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻬﺎ:
x 2 y2 z2 c2 t 2 0 )(8.10
Z
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(5.8
ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﺴﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ cﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﺃﻱ:
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)x' 2 y' 2 z ' 2 c 2 t ' 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 c 2 t 2 0 (8.11
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ )،(8.10
) (8.11ﻤﺤﻘﻘﺔ ﻭﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺨﻁﻴ ﺎﹰ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﻘﻁ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ.
ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ oxﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺃﻥ:
y' y , z' z )(8.12
ﻭﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ xﻭ ' xﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻤﺒﺩﺀﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ t 0ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻱ x ' 0ﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﺴﺘﺼﺒﺢ x Vt 0
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ) x' ( x Vtﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ
ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺃﻱ:
) x' ( V ) ( x Vt )(8.13
ﺤﻴﺙ ) (Vﻫﻭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ .ﺃﻤﺎ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺔ:
t ' t x )(8.14
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ.
ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل , , ﻨﻌﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ ) (8.14) ، (8.13ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (8.11ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
2 ( x Vt ) 2 y' 2 z ' 2 c 2 ( t x ) 2 x 2 y 2 z 2 c 2 t 2 )(8.15
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
2 c2 2 1
2 2 2 2
V c c 2
)(8.16
2 V c 2 0
ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻫﻴل ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ , , ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
)(8.17
1 V V
,
V 2 c2 V 2
1 c2 1
2
c c2
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ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ) (8.13ﻭ ) (8.14ﻨﺤﺼل ﺃﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ) (8.12ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
V2
t x
x'
x Vt
, y' y , z ' z , t' c2 ) (8.18,a
V2 V2
1 1
c2 c2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﺎﺒل ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ) (8.1ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ.
ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ' Kﺇﻟﻰ Kﺇﺫﺍ ﻻﺤﻅﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ Kﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺇﻟﻰ ' Kﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ -Vﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
V
t ' 'x
x
' x' Vt
, y y' , z z' , t c2 )(8.18,b
V2 V2
1 1
c2 c2
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺘﻲ ﺃﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ) (8.1ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ
ﺃﻥ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺘﻲ ﺃﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ ﻻﺘﻨﻔﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﺩ ﺍﹰ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ
ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ V c
ﺇﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ) (8.1ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻫﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ )(8.18
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ x ' x Vt , t ' t :ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ
V
c
ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺨﺎ ﺼﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ . V c
-64ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲢﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺘﺰ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ :
ﺇﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﹰ ﺠﺫﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ
ﺤﻭل ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻓﻠﻴﺱ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﻴﻥ ﻭﻻﻴﺘﻤﺘﻌﺎﻥ
"ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺩﺍﺴﺔ" ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﻘﺎﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ.
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ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻁﻭل ﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ
ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﻱ
x' 2 x'1ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﺃﻱ ) (x 2 x1ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
x 2 Vt x1 Vt
x' 2 , x'1 )(8.19
2 2
V V
1 1
2
c c2
ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﺡ ﻨﺠﺩ:
x 2 x1
x' 2 x'1 )(8.20
2
V
1
c2
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﻤﺯﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﻁﻭل x' 2 x'1ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ L0ﻭﻟﻠﻁﻭل x 2 x1ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ L
ﻷﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (8.20ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
V2
L L0 1 )(8.21
c2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل L0ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﺍﺫﻥ ﻓﺎﻟﻁﻭل L0ﻴﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
V2
1 : 1 ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ،Kﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ
c2
ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ oxﻻﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺩﻴﻥ yﻭ zﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (8.21ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
V2
V V0 1 )(8.22
c2
ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻡ ﻻﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺘﻘﻠﺹ
ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻫﻲ Lﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻨﻘﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻴﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ.
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ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﻤﺎﺴﺒﻕ ﺘﻌﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﻠﺴﻭﻥ
ﻭﻤﻭﺭﻟﻲ .ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺜﻴﺭ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﻘﻁﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ
ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ 0ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺁﺓ ) M1ﺸﻜل (8.4ﻟﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ
ﺤﻴﺙ V ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻘﻠﺼﺕ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ
V2
1
c2
ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺜﻴﺭ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺫﻫﺎﺒﺎﹰ
2
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻴﺎﺒﺎﹰ ﻫﻭ
V2
1
c2
ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻓﻴﻠﺯﻤﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ) (8.9ﺯﻤﻨﺎﹰ 2T2ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﻭ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺎﻭﻴﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻱ 2
V2
C 1
c2
ﻓﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻟﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﺏ ﺘﺩﺍﺨل.
ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل ﻫﻭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺼﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ
ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺨﻀﻊ ﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ
)ﺍﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ( ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺇﺫ ﻻﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ .ﻭﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺏ )ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻﻴﺘﺸﻭﻩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ( ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻭ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻷﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻪ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻻﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺼﺩﻤﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻴﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻟﺤﻅﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻁﺒﻌﺎﹰ ﻴﺨﺎﻟﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ.
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ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ
ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ t 0 t ' 2 t '1ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ،
ﺤﻴﺙ t ' 2 , t '1ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ) (8.18,bﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
'Vx 'Vx
t'2 t '1
t2 c2 , t1 c2 )(8.24
2 2
V V
1 1
c2 c2
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﻫﻭ t t 2 t1ﺴﻴﺼﺒﺢ:
t 0
t t 2 t1 )(8.25
V2
1
c2
ﻓﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﻻﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ K
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻗﻴﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﺎﺘﻨﺎ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ
ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ Kﺇﻟﻰ ' Kﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ) (8.18,aﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ' tﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
)(8.26
t
t '
2
V
1
c2
ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ،ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻨﺎﺕ ؛ ﻓﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻴﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺒﻭﺯﻴﺘﺭﻭﻥ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ(
ﻭﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻴﻨﻭ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻴﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﺯﻴﺌﻲ ﻨﻴﺘﺭﻴﻨﻭ
ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
e 2
ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ
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ﺯﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻲﺀ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺎﹰ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ
ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل:
s
K
V2
1
c2
ﺤﻴﺙ kﺯﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ Vﻭ sﺯﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ )ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻲﺀ( ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ
s 2 10 6 secﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﻻﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻘﻁﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ xﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
x V 3 108 2 10 6 600 m ) (V c
ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﻁﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ 20 kmﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻔﻜﻙ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺯﻤﻨﺎﹰ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ:
20 10 3
k 7 10 5 sec 50 s
8
3 10
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺨﺫ ﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻫﻤﺎﻟﻪ) ،ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻫﺭﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻙ(.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ:
-1ﻫل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﻭل
ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻗﺒل ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ؟
-2ﻫل ﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل ﻭﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ؟
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺒل ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﺎﻴﻜﻠﺴﻭﻥ
ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ
ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
V
c
ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭل ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ
ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ
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ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﻴﺘﺴﻊ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻟﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺭﻫﻨﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ.
ﻭﻟﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ
ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل ﻭﺘﻤﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﻫﻭ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ.
ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻭﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ
ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺄﻱ ﻭﻫﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻴﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ )ﺴﺭﺍﺒﺎﹰ( ﻭﻟﻜﻥ
ﻻﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺘﻌﻭﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻟﻸﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺯﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫ ﻟﻙ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ
ﻭﻻﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻟﻡ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻟﻠﺴﺅﺍل ،ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺃﻱ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ؟ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻲ
ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﻴﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ.
ﻭﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﻨﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺘﺎﻥ ' Aﻭ Aﺍﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،Kﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﻤﻊ ' ،Kﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ' Aﺴﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
،Kﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺴﻡ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻘﻠﺹ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺴﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﺴﻡ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻨﺎﻗﺹ ' Aﻭﻜﺭﺓ .A
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻌﻜﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﺴﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ Aﺘﺤﻭﻟﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﺴﻡ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻨﺎﻗﺹ
ﻭ ' ،Aﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻌﻪ ،ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻤﻥ
ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺒﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ )ﻭﻜﻤﺎ
ﺘﺭﺍﻨﻲ ﻴﺎﺠﻤﻴل ﺃﺭﺍﻙ( ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ.
-65ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻉ ،ﲢﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ :
ﻴﺴﻬل ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) (8.18,bﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ dxﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
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dx'V dt'
dx , dy dy'
V2
1
c2 (8.27)
V
dt ' dx'
dz dz' , dt c2
c2
ﻓﺈﻥK' ﻫﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔx' ﻭy' ﻭz' ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ
:ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ
dx' dy' dz'
u' x , u' y , u' z (8.28)
dt ' dt ' dt'
: ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥK ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ux
dx
, uy
dy
, uz
dz
(8.29)
dt dt dt
: ﻓﻨﺠﺩdt ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ8.27) ﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ
dx u'x V
ux
dt u'
1 V x
c2
V2
u' y 1
c2
(8.30)
dy
uy
dt u' x
1 V
c2
V2
u' z 1
dz c2
uz
dt u'x
1 V
c2
ﻭﻨﺠﺩ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
: ﺃﻥV c ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
u x u' x V , u y u' y , u z u' z
- 266 -
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ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ،ﻭﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻠﻬﺎ ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
uy
tg )(8.31
ux
ﻭﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺒﺩل u yﻭ u x
ﻭﺘﺩل ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (8.32ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺩﺍﺌﻤ ﺎﹰ
ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﻴﺴﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ؟
-66ﺗﻮﺍﻗﺖ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺘﲔ :
ﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ' tﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜ ﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ :Kﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ x'1ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻓﺎﺼﻠﺘﻬﺎ x' 2ﻭﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺘﺎ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻗﺘﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ .Kﻭﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﺍﻗﺘﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﺴﺘﺒﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻗﺘﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ t 1ﻫﻭ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻁﻰ
ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
'x
t ' V 1
t1 c2
V2
1
c2
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ t 2ﺤﻴﺙ:
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V
t' x' 2
t2 c2
V2
1
c2
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ:
V x' 2 x '1
t t 2 t1 )(8.33
c2 V2
1
c2
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻻﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ
) (x ' 2 x'1ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ .Kﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ x '1 x' 2 :ﻓﺈﻥ t 0ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Vﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﺎﻥ
ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻗﺘﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻁﻼﻕ.
-67ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ –ﺍﺎﻝ -ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ :
ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺸﻭﻴﺵ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻁﻭل
ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻗﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﺫﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻥ؟
ﻟﻌل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ،
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺱ ،ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﺭﺭﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻤﺎﻨﺤﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻤﻥ ﺨﻁﺄ ،ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ
ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ.
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ tﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) ( x, y, zﻭﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ t 1
ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ) (x 1, y1, z1ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
S c 2 ( t1 t )2 ( x1 x )2 ( y1 y) 2 (z1 z )2 )(8.34
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ﻨﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻻﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ Invariantﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل
ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ،ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
S' c 2 ( t '1 t ' )2 ( x'1 x' )2 ( y'1 y' ) 2 (z'1 z ' ) 2 )(8.35
ﺜﻡ ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ' Sﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ) (8.18ﻓﻨﺠﺩ
ﺃﻭﻻﹰ:
2 2 V2
c ( t 1 t ) 2V(x1 x )( t 1 t ) ( x1 x ) 2
2
c 2 ( t '1 t ' )2 c
2
V
1
c2
2 ) ( x1 x )2 V 2 ( t1 t )2 2V( x1 x )( t1 t )(8.36
(x '1 x' )
2
V
1
c2
( y'1 y' ) 2 ( y1 y)2
(z'1 z ' ) 2 (z1 z ) 2
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ) (8.35ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ' S Sﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﻫﻭ ﻻﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ .Physical Invariant
ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎﻴﺅﺨﺫ ،ﻋﻭﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ،Sﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل dSﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ
ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
dS c 2dt 2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 c 2 dt' 2 dx' 2 dy'2 dz' 2 )(8.37
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ) :ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل dﺒـ (
ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ:
c 2 ( t )2 ( x )2 (y)2 z ) 2 )(8.38
ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ' Kﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ:
x' y' z' 0
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ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ' dS dSﻭ ' S Sﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ) (8.37ﺃﻥ:
' c 2 ( t ) 2 (x )2 (y)2 ( z )2 c t )(8.39
ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭ ،ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ
ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ :ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺫﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ
) (8.37ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ
ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ t 0ﻭﺸﺭﻁ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻫﻭ:
)c 2 ( t ) 2 (x ) 2 (y)2 ( z )2 i ( x' ) 2 (y' )2 (z ' ) 2 ( 8.40
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺫﻭﺭﺓ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ.
ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ' Kﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ V
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ Kﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﺎ ) ' (x ' , y' , zﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺘﺎﻥ
ﺒﻔﺭﻕ ﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ، dt 0ﻭﻨﺅﻜﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ 'K
ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ ،ﻭﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل dSﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
)dS dS' c 2 (dt 0 ) 2 (dx' ) 2 (dy' ) 2 (dz' ) 2 c dt 0 (8.41
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
dS
dt 0
c
ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ dSﻭ cﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻻﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﺈﻥ dt 0ﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻻﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ: dS Invariantﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻨﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﻨﺒﺩل
1 2
dt 0 c (dt )2 (dx )2 (dy)2 (dz )2
c
2 2 2
1 dx dy dz v2
dt 1 1 dt
c 2 dt dt dt c2
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v2
t0 1 dt )(8.42
c2
ﺤﻴﺙ vﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ .K
" -68ﻻﺗﻐﲑ" ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﻟﻮﺭﻧﺘﺰ،
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ:
ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ
ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﻨﻔﺴ ﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﺎﻍ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ
ﻻﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ
ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ.
ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﻭﺘﻭﻨﻲ ،ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ،ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ .ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺸﻜﻼﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ
ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺇﺫﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻤﻜﺴﻭﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﻁﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻﺘﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﺃﻱ
ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻻﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻻﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻌﺩﻴل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﻨﺅﻜﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ
ﻗﺩ ﻟﻌﺒﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻫﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ﻭﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ
ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻭل ﻭﺃﺴﻬﻤﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ،ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﺎﻍ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ "ﻻﺘﻐﻴﺭ" ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻟ ﻴﺴﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ،ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ،ﻴﺠﺏ
ﺃﻥ ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻭﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ) ﺍﻴﺯﻭﺘﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ( ﻭﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺼﺎﻍ ﺒﺄﺤﺩ ﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ:
)(8.43
)(8.44
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ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ
ﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻻﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻭ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ
ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ozﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﻲ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ oxﻭ oyﺴﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ:
)x x' cos y' sin , y y' cos x' sin (8.45
ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ ) (8.44ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﻤﺎ
ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ؛ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ:
mW F
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ:
mx Fx , my Fy , mz Fz )(8.46
ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺴﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ) (8.45ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ
ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺎﹰ.
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ،ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
-1ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ.
-2ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ.
-3ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺇﺫ ﻏﻴﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ tﺒـ t tﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ.
-4ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﺒﺩل tﺒـ -tﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﻋﻭﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻻﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ.
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ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ "ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ" ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل dSﻭﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻤﺘﺤﻭﻻﹰ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺎﹰ ﻫﻭ:
i ct )(8.47
ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل dS 2ﻴﺼﺒﺢ:
dS 2 dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 d 2 )(8.48
ﻭﻟﻨﻔﺭﺽ ،ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ
) (x, y, z, tﻓﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﺎ ﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺸﻜﻼﹰ
ﺨﻁﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل dS 2ﻻﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ Kﺘﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ
ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ xﻭ ' xﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨ ﻲ ﺃﻥ zﻭ yﻴﺒﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ
ﻴﻁﺭﺃ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ،xﻓﻠﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﺎﹰ ﺒﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ
) ' (x ' , ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ) (x, ﻭ ) ' (x ' , ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل )ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ).((8.45
x x' cos ' sin , ' cos x' sin )(8.49
ﻭﻫﺎﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﺎﻥ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺘﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﻓﻠﻨﻜﺘﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ x ' 0ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
x ' sin , ' cos )(8.50
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
)(8.51
x x ix i x V
tg i
ic t c t c t c
ﺤﻴﺙ Vﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ ' Kﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺔ Kﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺏ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ sin ﻭ cos ﺇﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ:
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1 1
cos
1 tg 2 V2
1
c2
)(8.52
V
i
sin tg cos c
V2
1
c2
ﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ) (8.49ﺃﻥ:
V2 V
x'i ' ' 'i x
x c , c )(8.53
2
V V2
1 1
c2 c2
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﻭ ' ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ tﻭ ' tﻨﺠﺩ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ )(8.18
ﺃﻱ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ.
-69ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ:
Vectors in four demensions continum
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ
ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل dSﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﺭﺒﻌﺎﺕ
ﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ dz, dy, dxﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ dﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻭﺒﺭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ
ﻟﻭﺭﻴﻨﺘﺯ ﺘﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ.
ﻭﺴﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ
ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ rﻜﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ )( x, y, z,
ﻭﻟﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
r r' )(8.54
ﺇﻥ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ؛ ﻓﺎﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ
' rﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺒﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ ' z' , y' , xﻴﺅﻭل ﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ
ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ' oz' , oy' , oxﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ rﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ z, y, xﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ
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ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ) (Kﻭ )' (Kﺒﺎﺴﻘﺎﻁ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ: 'r ' x ' i' y' j' z ' k ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ
x 11x' 12 y' 13z'
)(8.55
y 21x' 22 y' 23z '
z 31x' 32 y' 33z'
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
x 11 21 31 x '
y 21 22 23 y' )(8.56
z
31 32 33 z'
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺠﻴﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
) (8.54ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﺭ ﺃﻱ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
r r' )(8.57
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻪ rﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺃﻱ
ﺃﻥ:
)| r | x 2 y 2 z 2 x' 2 y' 2 z' 2 | r' | (8.58
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎ ﺕ x, y, zﺒﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ) (8.55ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ )(8.58
ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀﺍﺕ ' z' x ' , y' zﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل z' 2 , y' 2 , x ' 2
ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
3
1 2 0 , 2 3 0 , 3 1 0 )(8.59
1
3
1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 )(8.60
1
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل:
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0 ( )
)(8.61
1 ( )
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
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V
i
1 c
0 0
V2 V 2
1 1
c2 c2
0 1 0 0 )(8.65
0 0 1 0
V
i
c 1
0 0
V2 V 2
1 1
c2 c 2
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻭﻓﺔ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ) ،(8.62ﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﺍﻵﻥ
ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜل ﻤﺘﺠﻪ a ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ
a , a z , a y , a xﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺩﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ rﺃﻱ:
a a )(8.66
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) (x, ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ
ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ:
V
a ' x i a'
ax c , a y a' y
2
V
1
c2
)(8.67
V
a ' i a ' x
a z a' z , a c
V2
1
c2
ﻭﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺭﺒﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ
ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻱ:
a b a . b a b c t e )(8.68
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ﺤﻴﺙ cﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻘﻭل ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ a ﻭ b ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﺅﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ.
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ a ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
a a a x a x a y a y a z a z a a c t e )(8.69
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻻﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒ ﺎﹰ
ﺒﺎﻟﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ.
-70ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺎﻋﻲ :
ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
dr
u )(8.70
dt 0
V2
. dt 0 1 ﺤﻴﺙ rﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘﻪ , z, y, xﻭ dt
c2
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ u ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺘﺒﺩﻴل dt 0ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻨﺠﺩ:
dx dx vx
ux
dt 0 v2 v2
1 dt 1
c2 c2
)(8.71
vy vz ic
uy , uz , u
2 2
v v v2
1 1 1
c2 c2 c2
ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ، v cﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻼﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺠﺩ
ﻤﺎﻨﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻬل ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
2
u ) u u u 2x u 2y u 2z u 2 c 2 ivariant (8.72
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du
W (8.73)
dt 0
: ﻓﻨﺠﺩW ﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ
du x du x dt 1 d vx
Wx
dt 0 dt dt 0 v2 dt v2
1 1
c2 c2
:ﻭﻤﻨﻪ
vx vx ( v .v )
Wx (8.74)
v2 v2 2
1 c 2 (1 )
c2 c2
:ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ
v y vy( v .v )
Wy
v2 v2 2
1 c 2 (1 )
c2 c2 (8.75)
vz vz ( v . v )
Wz
2
v 2 v2 2
1 c (1 )
c2 c2
:ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ
du du
i ( v .v )
(8.76)
dt 1 d ic
W .
dt 0 dt dt 0 v 2 dt c2 c v2 2
1 1 (1 )
c2 c2 c2
( ﺍﺸﺘﻘﺎﻗﺎﹰ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺹ8.72) ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ
:ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ
du y
(8.77)
du x du z du
ux uy uz u 0
dt 0 dt 0 dt 0 dt 0
ﻷﻥ ﺠﺩﺍﺅﻫﻤﺎ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ
. ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ،(8.68) ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ،ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻱ
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ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ
-3ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻭﻡ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ( ﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ
ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻓﺎﻭﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ .0,9 C
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺏ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ
0,9Cﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ .19,3 gr / cm 3
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V
1
' c
V
1
c
ﺏ -ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﺒﻠﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﺎﻨﻴﺔ :ﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ vﻓﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ:
V2
' 1
c2
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ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﻫﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ .ﺍﺤﺴﺏ
ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺼل ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ 6 km / sec
ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ.
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ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ
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ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺍﺤﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻫﻭﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻌﺭﻑ
ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
P m u )(9.1
ﺤﻴﺙ u ﻫﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ )ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) ، ((8.70ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
m vx m vy
Px m u x , Py m u y
v2 v2
1 1
c2
m vz
c 2 )(9.2
imC
Pz m u z , P m u
v2 v 2
1 1
c2 c 2
ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ mv z , mv y , mv xﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ v cﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﻠﻴﺱ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺼﺭﻓﺔ.
-72ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴ ﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ :
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
dp
)mu F ( 1, 2, 3, 4 x, y, z, ) (9.3
d
dt 0 dt 0
ﺤﻴﺙ Fﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺭﺒﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻴﻨﻜﻭﻓﺴﻜﻲ .ﻟﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ oxﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ )(9.3
ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
dp x 1 d mv x
Fx
dt 0 v 2 dt v 2
1 1
2
c c2
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
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v2
)(9.4
d mv x
Fx 1
dt v 2 c2
1
c2
ﺤﻴﺙ Fxﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ oxﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ Fxﻭ ) Fxﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ (oxﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ v cﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ F
ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
v2
Fx Fx 1 )(9.5
c2
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (9.4ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
mv x
)(9.6
d
Fx
dt v 2
1
c2
ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (9.6ﺘﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ
mx Fxﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ . v c
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ oyﻭ ozﻓﺘﻭﻀﻌﺎﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻨﺠﺩ:
mv y mv z
)(9.7
d d
Fy , Fz
dt v2 dt v2
1 1
c2 c2
ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ P ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻠﻲ ﻨﺒﺩل
ﻤﻥ ) (9.2ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
v2
)(9.8
d icm
F 1
dt v 2 c2
1
c2
ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﻀﺭﺏ
ﺜﻡ ﻨﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ):(8.77 u ) (9.3ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺎﹰ
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dmu
u ) F u Fx u x Fy u y Fz u z F u 0 (9.9
dt 0
ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺩﻴﺭ Fﻭ u ﺒﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
vx Fy v y Fz v z
)(9.10
ic
Fx F 0
2 2 2
1
v
1
v
1
v v2
1
c2 c2 c2 c2
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻱ F . v
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ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ،ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ
mc 2
ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺩﻱ ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ
2
v
1
c2
ﻨﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ Eﻫﻨﺎ )ﻭﻟﻴﺱ Tﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ( ﺃﻱ
ﺃﻥ:
mc 2
E )(9.14
2
v
1
c2
ﻟﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﺃﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ Wﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺓ ، Fﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﻀﻊ
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ) (9.6ﻭ ) (9.7ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
mc 2
) F (9.15
d mv m dv v d
dt 2
v2 v 2 dt c dt v2
1 1 1
c2 c2 c2
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
v dE
)(9.16
m dv
F
2 dt 2 dt
v c
1
c2
W ﻭﻨﻀﻌﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ) (9.13ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل: ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
dv
dt
v2
1
c 2 v
W
dv
F 2 ( F . v ) )(9.17
dt m c
F
؛ ﺃﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ Wﻴﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ
m
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ . v c
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-73ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ
ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ :
ﺴﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺭﻓﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ:
ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ mﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) (9.2ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
)(9.18
mv
P
2
v
1
c2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ . v cﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻨﻔﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ mﻗﺩ ﺘﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ
ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺍﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺃﻥ mﻻﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ mﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻻﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﺎﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﻴﻨﻭ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ
ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺘﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ .ﻭﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ :ﺍﻨﺘﺎﺝ
ﺍﻷﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﻴﻠﺴﻭﻥ ﻭﻓﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺯﻴﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﻴﻜﻭﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﹰ ﻓﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﹰ
ﻀﻭﺌﻴﺎﹰ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺭﻫﻨﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎﹰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل
ﺘﺅﻟﻑ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻻﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜل
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل
ﺠﻴﺩ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﺃﻱ ) m m(vﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ
ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
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m
P m( v) v , m( v) )(9.19
2
v
1
c2
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰً
v2
. 1ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺃﻥ ) m(vﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻻﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ
c2
ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻤﻠﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ﺴﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ.
ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.14ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ) (9.2ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
)(9.20
E
F i
c
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ
ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ( .ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.20ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
)(9.21
E
) P (Px , Py , Pz , i
c
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻻﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ )(8.67؛ ﺃﻱ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
'E
P'x V
Px c2 , Py P ' y , Pz P' z
2
V
1
c2 )(9.22
P c E' VP' x
E
i V2
1
c2
ﺤﻴﺙ Vﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ.
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ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ Pﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ
ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ )ﺍﻨﻅﺭ ) ((8.69ﺃﻱ:
E2
invariant P2 Px2 Py2 Pz2 P2 Px2 Py2 Pz2 ) (9.23
2
c
ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻼﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﺒﺩل ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ Pﺒﻘﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
m 2v 2 m2c2
P2 2
2
m2c 2 )(9.24
v v
1 1
c2 c2
ﻟﻨﻌﺩ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭ ﻨﻨﺸﺭ Eﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ v cﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
1
v2 2 v2 mv 2
2
E mc (1 ) mc 2 (1 ....) mc 2 )(9.25
c2 2c 2 2
ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ v 0ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ E 0ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺤﻘل ﻗﻭﻯ ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
E 0 mc 2 0 )(9.26
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ
ﻻﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ،ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ E 0ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ .Rest Energyﻭﻗﺩ
ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻏﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﻫﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻀﻊ ﻷﻱ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻻﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻋﻭﻨﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻙ
ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.14ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﺎ
ﻫﻭ mc2ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺕ mc2ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ) (9.25ﻭﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ . v 0ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻭﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻁﻠﺏ
ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
، v cﻭﻟﻜﻥ ،ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﻙ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺅﻭل
ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﻠﻲ )ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ( ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ) (9.22ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺠﺴﻴﻤ ﹰﺎ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ' vﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ' Kﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ
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ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ (V c ) Vﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ v' cﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ' ،Eﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ
) . (E mc2ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻭﻀﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ mc 2 ) ،(9.25ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ
ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻼﺕ ﻟﻭﺭﻨﺘﺯ ) (9.22ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ:
mc 2
Px P' x V P' x mV )(9.27
c2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ
ﻭﻫﻲ:
v x v' x V
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺠﺎﻫﻠﻨﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ mc2ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ
ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ) (9.22ﺃﻥ P x P' xﻭ v x v' xﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﻘﻭل ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻻﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﻌﻼﹰ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ v
ﻓﺘﻭﻀﻊ ،ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) ،(9.14ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
E m(v )c 2 )(9.28
ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﺎﻥ ) (9.26ﻭ ) (9.28ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻴﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻤﺎ
ﺘﺅﻜﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ mﻁﺎﻗﺔ Eﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﺘﻼﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﻤﺎﻤ ﺎﹰ
ﻭﻤﺘﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﻭﺍﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﻬﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ
ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ﺒﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ،ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ
ﺼﺤﺘﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻﻴﺭﻗﻰ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻙ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﻟﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻟﺔ )ﻻﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ( ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ
ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ:
)(9.29
dE
0 E E0
dt
)(9.30
dP
0 P P0
dt
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ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﺫﺍ
ﻻﺤﻅﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.28ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ E constﻓﺈﻥ m( v) const.
ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ vﻭ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ . m vﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ.
ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﺎﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ E kinﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ Tﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ
ﺤﻴﺙ:
) 1 [ m( v) m]c 2 (9.31
1
E kin E mc 2 mc 2
v2
1 2
c
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ ) (9.14ﻭ ) (9.18ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
E
P v )(9.32
c2
ﺤﻴﺙ Pﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ E ،ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻭ vﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ.
-74ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻻﻏﺮﺍﻧﺞ ﻭﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺎﻣﻠﺘﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ
ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺴﻨﻌﻤﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺸﻜل ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ T Vﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﺸﺘﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺃﻤﺎ
ﻤﺸﺘﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ
ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ oxﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ
ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻭ:
1
L TV ) mx 2 V(x
2
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ﺤﻴﺙ ) V(xﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ:
L L V
mx Px , (grad V ) x Fx
x x x
ﻭﺴﻨﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﻻﻴﺠﺎﺩ Lﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺄﺨﺫ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ:
v2
L mc 2 1 ) V(q j )(9.33
c2
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ Lﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺘﻴﻥ ﻷﻥ:
) (grad V ) j Fj (9.34
L mv L V
P,
q j q j
v v2
1
c2
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ Lﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.33ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻻﻏﺭﺍﻨﺞ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
)(9.35
d L L
0
dt q j q j
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m 2v 2
P 2 Px2 Py2 Pz2
v2
1
c2
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
v2 p2
c2 P 2 m2c2
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ) (9.36ﻨﺤﺼل ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
) H P 2 c 2 m 2 c 4 V( q j )(9.37
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﻜﻤﻭﻨﻴﺔ.
ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ P mcﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ
ﻭﻀﻊ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻫﺎﻤﻠﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
H Pc )(9.38
ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ )ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ(
ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ aultra-relativisticﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴﻬﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
) (9.38ﻫﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ
ﻭﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ.
-75ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ -ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ :
ﻟﻡ ﺘﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﺔ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ
ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻯﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺴﻨﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
Elementary ﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ
.Particles
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ﺁ -ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ:
ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﻀﻊ ﺸﺭﻭﻁﺎﹰ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ mﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﺫﻭﻯ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ
m1ﻭ . m 2ﻭﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺜﻘل
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ )ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ(.
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ
، Pﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻭﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ):(9.2
E2
I P2 m2c 2
2
c
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
P 2 c 2 E 2 m 2 c 4 )(9.39
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺭﻤﺯﻨﺎ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﺒـ P1ﻭ ) P2ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ( ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﻱ:
P1 P2 0
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ E1ﻭ E 2ﻫﻤﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﻴﻥ ،ﺜﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ) (9.39ﻨﺠـﺩ
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
(P1 P2 ) 2 c 2 (E1 E 2 ) 2 m 2 c 4
ﺃﻭ:
mc 2 E1 E 2 )(9.40
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻓﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ:
E(1) E (kin
)1
m1c 2 , E ( 2) E(kin
)2
m 2c 2 )(9.41
ﻓﺈﻥ ) (9.40ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
mc 2 (m1 m 2 )c 2 E (kin
)1
E (kin
)2
)(9.42
E(1ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻥ E kinﻭ kin
) )(2
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mc 2 (m1 m 2 )c 2 m m1 m 2 )(9.43
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ
ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻤﻪ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ
ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﻨﺎ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ m m1 m 2ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺭﻑ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ
ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﻴﻥ m1ﻭ m 2ﺩﺍﺨل
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ،mﻭﻴﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻜﺴﺎﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ
. E(2
E kinﻭ kin
) )(1
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ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ Xﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ mﻭﺘﺤﻭﻱ Zﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎ ﻭ Aﻨﻭﻜﻠﻭﻨﺎﹰ )ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ
ﻨﺘﺭﻭﻥ( ﻭ A-Zﻨﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻜﻠﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﻅل ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻭﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ.
ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻜﻜل ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ mc2ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻜل
ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ mic 2 ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻜﻠﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل miﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻻ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻱ:
mc 2 m i c 2 )(9.47
ﺍﻥ ﺸﺭﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻬﻭ:
mi c 2 mc2 )(9.48
ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
mc 2 m i c 2 mc 2
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺎﹰ ﻓﻼﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ
ﺇﻻ ﺒﺎﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻘﺫﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ .ﻭﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ:
m m i m )(9.49
ﻨﻘﺹ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ،ﻭﻨﺅﻜﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁ ) (9.47ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜﺎﻑ ﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ
ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻜﻠﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻲ jﺃﻱ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ mﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ m1ﻭ m 2ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
)J J1 J 2 , Z1 Z 2 Z , A A 1 A 2 (9.50
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ﻭ Jﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ (i 1,2) i ﺤﻴﺙ jiﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﺴﻡ ،ﻭ Aﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻜﻠﻭﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭ Zﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ.
ﻟﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺴﺒﻕ:
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ Be 84ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ m 8,00785 a.u.mﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ:
m i 4 1,008123 4 1,00893 8,0682121 m
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻜﻠﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻤﺎ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﻲ ﻫﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻜلٍ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ 4,0039ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ:
m i 2 40039 8,00780 a.u.m
Be 84ﻗﻠﻘﺔ m i mﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺘﺭ ﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺭﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﻲ ﻫﻴﻠﻴﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻁﻭﻋﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﻟﻰ . 2He 42ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﻨﻅﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻟﻠﻬﻠﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻭ Be 94ﻭﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻤﻪ ﻷﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻨﻭﺍﺓ Be 94ﺘﻜﻭﻥ mi m ﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺩﺍﺌﻤ ﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ
ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ ﻭﻻﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺃﺒﺩ ﺍﹰ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺄﻟﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ.
ﺝ -ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ:
ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل:
AB C D )(9.51
ﻭﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻟﺫﺍ
ﻨﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
E(kin
)A
M A C 2 E (kin
)B
m B C 2 E (kin
)C
m C C 2 E(kin
)D
) m D c 2 (9.52
ﻭﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ Qﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:
Q (M A M B ) (M C M D )C 2 )(9.53
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ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ
E (kin
)B
ﻋﻨﻪ .ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓﹰ ﺒﻘﺫﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ Bﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ 0
ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺔ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺘﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺘﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ Qﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.52ﻭﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻪ
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.53ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ.
ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻱ:
Li 73 H11 2He 42 )(9.54
ﺇﻥ ﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺘﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ،ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ
ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ:
m(Li 73 ) 7,01822 a.u.m , m( H11 ) 1,00812 a.u.m
ﻭﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ 8,02634 a.u.mﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل
ﻓﻬﻲ:
2m(He 22 ) 2 4,0039 8,0078 a.u.m
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ m 0,0185 a.u.m :ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻪ:
E mc 2 17,2 MeV )(9.55
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
1aum 1,66 10 24 g. 1 eV 10 6 MeV 1,602 10 12 erg
ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻴﺱ ﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ؛ ﻷﻥ
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ mﺘﺨﺘﻔﻲ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ.
ﺩ -ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ :ﻟﻘﺩ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﻤﻨﻪ .ﻭﻟﻥ
ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﺴﻬﺎﺏ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ .ﻭﺴﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ
ﺒﺎﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺤﻔﻅ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺴﻨﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻭ . ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ
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ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻭ ﻭ ) 0ﻤﺸﺤﻭﻨﺔ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻨﺎﺕ
ﻭﺴﻠﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻤﻌﺘﺩﻟﺔ( ﻭﺃﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻭﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 273ﻤﺭﺓ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ
ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﻠﺒﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻗﺕ ﻗﺼﻴﺭ ﺠﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻻﺩﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﻋﻤﺭﻩ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ . 2,6 10 8 secﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩل ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 264ﻤﺭﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ 207ﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻜﻥ
ﻋﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ . 2 10 6 sec
ﻟﻨﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﻴﻨﻭ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
)(9.56
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﻴﻨﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﺒﺩﻭ ،ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ
ﻜﺎﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻﻴﺅﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ،ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ
ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺘﺭﻴﻨﻭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺕ ﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﺎﺫﺍ
ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ
ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ | P || P | Pﺜﻡ ﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ:
m C 2 E E E kin m c 2 P2c 2 m 2 c 2
)(9.57
2
E kin m c P2 c 2 m 2 c 4
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(m c 2 m c 2 ) 2 ( E kin ) 2 2E kin ( m c 2 m c 2 )
( E kin ) 2 2m c 2 E kin m 2 c 4
ﻭﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ E kinﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ m ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ
E kinﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺩﻭﻤﺎﹰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ m 0ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ.
ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺯﻭﻥ 0ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﺩل ﺍﻟﻰ ﺠﺴ ﻴﻤﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ )ﻓﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﻥ(
ﺸﻜل ) (9.1ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
0 )(9.59
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻴﻨﺎﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻟﻭﺤﻅﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﻴﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﻁﻠﻘﺎﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ
ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ.
ﺸﻜل )(9.1
ﻭﺴﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ )ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ cﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ )،v(c
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ﻭﺘﺘﻡ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﺴﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ
ﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
I m 2 c 4 ( P1 P2 ) 2 c 2 ( E1 E 2 )2 )(9.60
ﺤﻴﺙ E 2 , E1, P2 , P1ﻫﻲ ﻜﻤﻴﺘﺎ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﻁﺎﻗﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ،pcﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺒﺩﻴل ﻓﻲ ) (9.60ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
m 2 c 4 ( p1 p 2 )2 c 2 (p1 p 2 )2 c 2
)(9.61
2
2 2
2p1p 2 c (1 cos ) 4p1p 2 c sin
2
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﻴﻥ .ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ:
mc 2
)(9.62
sin
2 2 E1E 2
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘﺎﹰ ﺠﻴﺩﺍﹰ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ.
-76ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ :
ﺴﻨﻬﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻭﻻﻴﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﺩﻤﺔ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ.
ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ pﻭﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﺼﻁﺩﺍﻤﻪ
ﺒﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ ،mﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ
ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ p1ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ
ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ) pﺸﻜل p2 ﻤﺎ .ﻭﻴﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ
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،(9.2ﻭﻟﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺍﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺒﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ p1ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ )ﻭﻫﻭ
ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺩﺀ(.
ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ:
p p1 p 2 )(9.63
mc 2 E E1 E 2 )(9.64
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(9.2
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ﻭﺒﺘﺭﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ p1ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ )(9.67
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﻜﻨ ﺎﹰ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
2 4 2
E (kin
)1
2mp c cos
)(9.69
2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2
( p c c ( mc ) p c cos
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ: 0 ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ
p 2c 2
(E (kin
)1
)max 2mc 2 )(9.70
2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2
( p c c ( mc ) p c
ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ.
-1ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺒﺭﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﹰ
ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻀﻊ . mﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﺴﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ
ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ pc c 2ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻤﻥ ) (9.70ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
p 2c 2
(E (kin
)1
)max 2mc 2 )(9.71
2mc 2 pc 2 c 4
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻘﻘﺕ ،ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺎﺴﺒﻕ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
2c4
pc c2
2 m
mc
E(1ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.71ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ kin
)
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
(E (kin
)1
)max p c E )(9.72
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ.
ﺏ -ﺍﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺨﻔﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ )ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ( ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ
ﺜﻘﻴل ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺃﻱ mﻭﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ pc c 2ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ
) (9.70ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﻗﺒل
ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﹰ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
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p2c2
(E (kin
)1
)max 2mc 2
)(9.73
2mc 2 pc m 2 c 4
ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ،ﺃﻥ pc mc2ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ﺫ ﻤﻥ
) (9.73ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
E(kin
)1
pc E )(9.74
ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﻤﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ،ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﹰ ،ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺄﺨﺫ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ.
-77ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﺘﻮﻥCompton Effect :
ﺍﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻫﻭ
ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻜﻭﻤﺒﺘﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ
E1 E(kinﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ
)1
E pcﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﹰ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ mc 2
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ E 2 p 2 cﺸﻜل ).(9.3
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(9.3
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ﻟﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ،ﻟﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻲ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
E E 2 E(1)
kin )(9.75
p p1 p 2 )(9.76
ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ:
p12 p 2 p 22 2pp 2 cos ) (9.77,a
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﺫﻱ
E
p ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ . E 2ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ
E
, p2 2
c c
ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل:
E 2E E 2 cos
)(9.77b
E
p12 ( ) 2 ( 2 ) 2
c c c2
ﻭﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ) (9.67ﻨﺤﻭل ) (9.77bﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل:
(E (kin
1) 2
) 2m e c 2 E(kin
)1
E 2 E 22 2EE 2 cos )(9.78
E(1ﻤﻥ
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺘﺕ E 2ﺒﺤﺫﻑ kin
)
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h
0,0242 A
m ec
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﻜﻭﻤﺒﺘﻭﻥ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺃﻥ . max 2
ﻭﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﺼﻁﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻥ
) (9.75ﻭ ) (9.79ﻓﻨﺠﺩ:
)E(1 cos
E(kin
)1
E E2 E )(9.81
) m c c 2 (1 cos
ﺜﻡ ﻗﺴﻤﻨﺎ ﺤﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺒﺩﻟﻨﺎ Eﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻬﺎ
hc
m e c 2ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
)(9.82
) (1 cos
E (kin
)1
E
) (1 cos
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ~ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ
ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ.
ﺘﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ) (9.82ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ،
ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻁﻭل ﻤﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ A
)ﺃﻱ ) ( (7000 4000 0,042 A ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) (9.82ﻭﺴﻴﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ
ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.82ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﺄﺸﻌﺔ ﺭﻭﻨﺘﺠﻥ ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻲ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻥ
ﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ
ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻻﺘﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻑ
ﺘﺸﺘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻡ.
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ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ
ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴ ﺔ.
-78ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ :
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﺤﺩ
ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﻟﺏ
ﻭﺍﺤﺩ )ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ( ،ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ؟ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل
ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ( ﻭﻫل ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل
ﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﺘﺠﺭﻯ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ؟ ﻟﻘﺩ ﻓﻜﺭ ﺃﻨﻴﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﺕ
ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻟﻤﺤﺔ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ.
ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﺍﺴﻤﻬﺎ ،ﺍﻻ ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍﹰ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺴﻨﺔ 1905ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻬﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺠﻤل
ﺍﻟﻼﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﻀﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﺘﺎﻥ:
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﻴﺠﺏ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻲ
ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ
ﻓﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ.
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ :ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻟﻤﺭﺍﻗﺏ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻐﻠﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺤﻘل ﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ
ﺘﺠﺴﻴﺩ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺒﺭﻫﻥ
ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ:
ﺘﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻁﻠﺔ miﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﺘﺴﺒﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ Fﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
F mi W )(9.83
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ﻭﺘﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ m gﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ Mﺤﺴﺏ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ
ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻭﻫﻭ:
Mm g
Fg f )(9.84
r2
ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﻴﺴﻘﻁ ﺴﻘﻭﻁﺎﹰ ﺤﺭﺍﹰ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻭﻁﺒﻘﻨﺎ
ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺒﺩﻴل Mﺒﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭ rﺒﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ
ﻭﺴﻴﻜﺘﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻋﺎﹰ gﻴﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.83ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
mg
)(9.85
F M
g f earth
mi 2 mi
rearth
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻲ gﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻁ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺩل
mg
ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻔﻌل ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ
mi
ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺒﺨﻁﺄ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻻﻴﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ .10 10
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺠﻬﺎﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ
ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺴﻭﻯ ﻋﺎﻤل ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﻯ
ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻬﻴﺭﺓ . E mc2ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﺘﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜل ﻁﺎﻗﺔ Eﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ
E
c2
ﻁﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ )ﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ( ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ h
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﺩل
h
2
ﺒﺎﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭﻩ ،ﻓﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﻤﺭﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ
ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟـ ) (9.84ﻓﻼﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ،
ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ
ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺴﻭﻓﺎﹰ ﻜﻠﻴﺎﹰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺤﺩﺙ
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ﻋﺎﻡ 1919ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻘﻭﺍ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴ ﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ " 1,75ﻟﻸﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ.
ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻨﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺒﺎﻋﻲ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﻨﺎ ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ .ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ
ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎﹰ ﺍﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺃﻱ
ﺤﻘل ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻴل ﺍﻟﻘﻭل ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻻﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻻﺍﻗﻠﻴﺩﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻟﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎﹰ ﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺘﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻻﻗﻠﻴﺩﻱ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﻌﻨﺎ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ
ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻡ .ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﻴﻥ oxﻭ .otﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺯﺍﻤ ﺎﹰ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ،ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺩﺭﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻻ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻨﻤﺎ
ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺨﻁﻴﻥ ﺠﻴﻭﺩﻴﺯﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺴﻭﻤﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﻓﺭﺍﻏﻲ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺤﺙ
ﺃﻴﻨﺸﺘﺎﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﻀﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺭﻴﻤﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻤﺤﺩﺏ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ
.180ﻭﻟﻥ ﻨﺨﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﻨﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻻﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ،
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻴﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻫﻲ ﻤﺎﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺠﻤل ﻏﻭﺹ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺸﻜﻼﹰ ﻤﻭﺤﺩ ﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻴﺤﺩﺩﻫﺎ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﻼﺍﻗﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﺨﻭﺍﺼﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ
ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ.
-79ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ:
ﺁ -ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﻭﻜﺏ ﻋﻁﺎﺭﺩ :ﺩﺭﺴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل
ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍﹰ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﻙ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﻭﺒﺭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﻭل
ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻫﻲ ﻗﻁﻭﻉ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺤﺭﻗﻴﻬﺎ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ ﻭﻻﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺎﻟﻑ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ
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ﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﻜﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻭﺍﻗﻌﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ . L 0ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻭﻜﺏ ﻋﻁﺎﺭﺩ ،ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ 414ﺩﻭﺭﺓ
ﺤﻭل ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﺨﻼل 100ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﺭﻀﻲ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺭﺠﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ") 574ﺸﻜل .(9.4ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻓﻔﺭﻀﻭﺍ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻭﻜﺏ ﻋﻁﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻜﻭﺍﻜﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺎﻻﻀﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻓﻭﺠﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻻﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ " 531ﺃﻱ ﺒﻔﺭﻕ ﻗﺩﺭﻩ ".43
ﻭﻟﻤﺎ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻨﻴﺸﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل
ﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﹰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﻴﺩﻥ ﺒﺩﻻﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻨﻲ ﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻤﺎ:
d 2
)(9.86
d
u 3u 2 , u2 c
2 2 dS
d c
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ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )(9.4
ﺏ -ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ:
ﻟﻘﺩ ﺘﻨﺒﺄﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺄﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل
ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺠﺫﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺸﺩﺘﻪ ﺃﺼﻐﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻘل ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ t 0ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺩﻗﺎﺕ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻻﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭﺓ
ﺒﺄﻱ ﺤﻘل ﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ tﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﺠﺫﺏ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ
ﻜﺘﻠﺔ mﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ Rﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
)(9.87
t0
t
M
1 2f
R
ﺤﻴﺙ fﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﻟﻠﻜﺘﻠﺔ .Mﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﹰ ﻓﻲ
ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ) ( ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺠﻡ ﻤﺎ ،ﻜﺎﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ،ﺍﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻜﺏ ﻤﺜل
1
T
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺯﻴﺎﺤﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻭﻴﺒﺭﻫﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ
ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎﻴﻠﻲ:
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ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ hﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺠﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ Mﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻩ .R
، m ﺃﻤﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﻫﻲ
h
2
ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻓﻬﻲ ،ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎﹰ.
)(9.88
fMm fMh
V F . dr
h
c2R
ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺒﻌﺎﺜﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ:
)(9.89
fMh fM
E h h(1 )
c2R c2 R
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﺼﻭﻟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻜﻭﻜﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ '
ﻓﻬﻲ ') hﺒﺎﻫﻤﺎل ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ(
ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺩﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ:
f'M
h ' h(1 )
c2R
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ:
)(9.90
' fM
1
c2R
ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ:ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺃﻱ
' ' fM
1 )(9.91
c2R
ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻗﺹ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﺔ ﻭﻴﻨﺯﺍﺡ 0 ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻲ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻵﺘﻲ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﺒﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺨﺫﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ
ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ: ﻭﺤﺴﺒﻨﺎ
6,67 10 11 1,99 10 30
) 2,12 10 6 (9.92
fM
2 8 2 8
c R (3.10 ) 6.4 10
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺴﺒﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﻀﺭ ) ( 5000 A ﻓﻭﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ
0,01 A ﻭﻫﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺨﻁ
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ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﺒﻠﺭ .ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺒﺩﺍل
ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺱ ﺒﻨﺠﻡ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ" ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺭﻱ "ﺭﻓﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻡ )ﻤﺜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ ﺤﺩﺍﹰ
M
R
) (Sompanion of Syiusﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺘﺼل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ،1,5 108 kg / m 3ﺃﻱ ﻜﺘﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺘﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ (150 kgﻓﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ
ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺎﹰ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺯﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭ،
ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ " ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ" ﻤﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ،20 mﺍﺫ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ، mgﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻁﺒﻘﻨﺎ
ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ:
g
)(9.93
h
h ' h mg g h(1 )
2
c c2
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺘﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻭ ' ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ
20 mﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ:
g 9,8 20
2,2 10 15
2 8 2
c ) (3 10
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺜﺒﺘﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﺩﻉ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﹰ ﻟﻠﺸﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ.
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ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ
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v cMﻭ Vﻫﻲ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
v cMﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻨﺠﺩ:
v v cM 4 3
v cM C
c 2cM 7
1
c2
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﺎﹰ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (9.31ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
m
E kin [ m( v) M ]c 2 m 6 mc 2
48
1
49
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ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
-10ﻴﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻪ mﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﺴﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ m1ﻭ . m 2
ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﻴﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺍﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻨﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ.
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ACCELERATED COORDINATE SYSTEMS
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ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜلٍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﺎﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ) xyzﺍﻟﻼﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ) XYZﺍﻟﻌﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ(.
ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺤ ﺮﻙ
Velocity and Acceleration in Moving System Coordinates
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ rﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ xyz
ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
r x i y j zk )(1
ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺸـﺎﻫﺩ ﻴﻘـﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ xyz
ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ:
dr dx dy dz
V i j k x i y j zk )(2
dt M dt dt dt
ﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ Mﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴـﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼـﻭل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (2ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ
ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
dV dx dy dz
a i j k x i yj zk )(3
dt M
dt dt dt
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dr dx dy dz di dj dk
V F
F
i j k x y z
dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
dr di dj dk di dj dk
x y z V x y z
dt M dt dt dt M dt dt dt
)(4
ﻴﺩل ﺍﻟﺭﻤﺯ Fﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘـﺔ .ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻨﺤﺴـﺏ
ﻤﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺤﺩﺓ k , j , iﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ﻭﻨﻌﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) .(4ﺒﻤـﺎ
ﺃﻥ k , j , iﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﺘﺠـﻪ ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﻓـﻲ
ﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠـﻪ i ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ .ﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﻕ
di
dt
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ k , jﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
di
a1 j a 2 k )(5
dt
ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠـﺩ:
dj
a3k a 4 i )(6
dt
dk
a5i a6 j )(7
dt
ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ. ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ a 1 , a 2 ,....., a 6 ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ
ﻨﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ، i . j 0 :ﺒﺎﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ:
dj di
i j 0 )(8
dt dt
ﺒﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (5ﺴﻠﻤﻴﺎﹰ ﺒـ jﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ) (6ﺒـ iﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ:
dj
i a4
dt )(9
di
j a1
dt
ﻭﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼـﻭل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﻤﻥ ) (8ﻭ ) (9ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ a4=-a1 :
ﺃﻥ a5=- a2 :ﻭ .a6=-a3ﻭﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ (7)، (6) ، (5) :ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
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di
a1 j a 2k )(10
dt
dj
a3k a1i )(11
dt
dk
a2i a3 j )(12
dt
ﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺠﺎﻫﻴل ،a1،a2،a3ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺤـل ﺍﻟﻤﻌـﺎﺩﻻﺕ
ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﻀﺭﺏ ﻁﺭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (10ﺒـ xﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (11ﺒـ y
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (12ﺒـ zﻭﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ،ﻴﻜﻭﻥ:
di dj dk
x y z a 1 y a 2 z i a 1x a 3 z j a 2 x a 3 y k
dt dt dt
)(13
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
di dj dk
x y z a 1 y a 2 z i
dt dt dt
a 1 x a 3 z j a 2 x a 3 y k
i j k i j k
a3 a 2 a1 ω1 ω2 ω3 ωΧ r
x y z x y z
)(14
ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺒﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ.
ω ω1 i ω2 j ω3k ﺤﻴﺙ:
ω1 a 3, ω 2 a 2, ω 3 a1 ﻭﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ:
ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ) (14ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (4ﻨﺤﺼل ﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴـﺭﻋﺔ
ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
dr
vF ωxr )(15
dt M
ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ωΧ rﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ
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ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ tﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ Pﻭﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫـﺎ
.rﻭﻨﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅـﺔ tﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ.،ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤـﺎﻭﺭ
ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻤﻀﺎﻓﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﺃﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﻲ ﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ .ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ωﻓﻲ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ r
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ.
ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ً ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ :
Acceleration in Fixed System Coordinates:
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺒـﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ
ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ:
2
d r d dr d dr
a 2
ωΧ r
d t F
dt F dt F dt F dt M
d dr dr
ωΧ r ωΧ ωΧ r
dt M dt M dt M
d2 r
aF 2 2ωΧ r ω Χ r ωΧ ωΧ r )(16
dt M
d2 r
a 2ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻭﻀـﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁـﺔ P ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ
dt F
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ω Χ ω Χ r ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘـﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺴـﺎﺭﻉ
ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺏ ﻟﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ(
2 ω Χ rﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﻡ )ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻜﻭﺭﻴﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ( ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ tﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ :
Axis Systems Moving in General:
ﺍﻓﺘﺭﻀﺘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ xyzﻭ XYZﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔـﺱ
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل .Oﻨﻔﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺃﺼل ﻤﺸـﺘﺭﻜﺔ ،ﺃﻥ Rﻫـﻭ
ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ O/ﺃﺼل ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻭﻋﺔ ، xyzﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺘﺎ Rو
Rﺘﺭﻤﺯﺍﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل
O/ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ،Oﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ:
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ:
dr1 dR dr
V ωΧ r )(17
dt dt dt M
ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ:
d 2 r1 d 2 r dr d 2R
2 ωx ωxr 2ωx ω x r 2 )(18
dt 2 dt dt d t
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d2r
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻨﻴﻭﺘﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ F m 2ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ
dt
ﻻﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻀﺭﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ.
d2r d 2R
m 2 F m ωx ωxr 2ωx r ω x r 2
dt dt
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ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (21ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴـﺔ ﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ
ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ xyzﻭﺃﻥ ω.Fcf 0ﻻﻥ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻤل ﻟﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ، ωﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ωﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ) zﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ( ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ).(3
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ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ The Motion on the Earth :
ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﺨﺘﻴـﺎﺭ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ
ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻲ S/ﻴـﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴـﺭﻋﺔ
ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ωﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻁﺎﻟﻴﺔ SIﻭﻟﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔـﺱ ﻨﻘﻁـﺔ ﺍﻷﺼـل
)ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ( CMﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )،(4
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dr d r
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ R Eﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺜﺎﺒـﺕ ،ﻓـﺎﻥ ، ﺒﺎﻻﺴـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ )،(27
dt dt
ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(26ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ mﻫﻲ:
d r
2
m 2 F mg m ωx ωx R E r 2ωxv
dt
)(28
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﻨﺼﻑ ﻗﻁﺭﻫﺎ R Eﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔﹰً ﻤﻊ
rﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤﺎل ، rﻭﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﻡ Sﺒﺸـﻜل
ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ:
d2r
m 2 F mg m ωx ωxR E 2ωxv
dt
)(29
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻓﺎﻥ ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ gﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟـﻪ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ
ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻭﻟﻜﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺨﻼﻑ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻴﺴـﺕ
ﻜﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﹰ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻵﺨﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﻐﻴـﺭ gﻤـﻥ
ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻓﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺠﺴﻡ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴـﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
d 2r
) (v=0ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺯﻥ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ 2 0ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ )(29
dt
ﺃﻥ:
F m g ωx ωxR E )(30
ﺒﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ:
g eff
g ωx ωxR E )(31
ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺠﻬﺘـﻪ ﻋﻜـﺱ ﺠﻬـﺔ
ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ، Fﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀـﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
ωx ωxR E ω 2 R E sinθ )(32
ﺤﻴﺙ θﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ωﻭﻤﺘﺠـﻪ ﻨﺼـﻑ ﻗﻁـﺭ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ . R Eﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺤﻭل ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ:
2π 2π rad
ω 0.727x10 4 )(33
τ 24x3600 sec
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ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) (32ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴـﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ:
ω 2 R E sinθ 0.727x10 4 6.371x10 sinθ 0.03sinθ sm
2 3
2
)(34
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻗل 0.3 0 0ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ،gﻭﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺤـﺩ
ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﻫﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀـﺢ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) .(5
ﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎل geffﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ) ،(29ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﻁﺢ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ:
d r
2
m 2
F mg eff 2mωxv )(35
dt
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺌﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤـﺩﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ zﺤﺎﻤل ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺠﻪ geffﺒﺤﻴﺙ:
g eff g eff ez )(36
ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ yﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎل ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ xﻓﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻤﺒـﻴﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ) .(5ﻭﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ωﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺘـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
ω 0 i ωsinθ j ωcosθk )(37
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ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻭﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ،(37ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜﻭﺭﻴﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
Fcor 2mωxv )(38
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ:
Fcor 2mω v y cosθ v z sinθ i v x cosθ j v x sinθk )(39
ﻭﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜﻭﺭﻴﻭﻟﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺘﺠـﺎﻩ ﺤﺭﻜﺘـﻪ .ﻓﻔـﻲ
، 0 θ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ θﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎل
π
2
ﺍﻨﺤﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻪ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ:
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻭﺭﻴﺔ .ﻴﻤﻜـﻥ
ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻀﺭﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ mﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻵﺘﻲ:
d2r
dt
m 2 F - m ω Χ r - 2m ω ΧV - mωΧ ω Χ r )(41
ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ωﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺤﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻓﺄﻥ ، ω 0ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ
ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺼﻭﺭﺓ
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d2r
m 2 F 2m ΧV mωΧωΧ r
dt
)(42
ﺤﻴﺙ:
ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜﻭﺭﻴﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ. 2m V
m r ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ.
mr ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ Examples
-1ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ xyzﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ XYZﻟﻬﻤـﺎ
ﻨﻔﺱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل .ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ xyzﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ XYZﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
ω 2t i - t 2 j 2t 4kﺤﻴﺙ tﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ .ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ ،tﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ xyzﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
r t 2 i 6t j 4t 3 4 k
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ t=1sﻜلٍ ﻤﻥ:
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ. أ-
ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ. ب-
ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻜﻭﺭﻴﻭ ﻟﻴﺱ. ت-
ﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ. ث-
ﺍﻟﺤل:
أ -ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻅﺔ tﻫﻲ:
dr
V M
2t i - 6 j 12t 2 k )(1
dt
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ t=1sﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ.
V 2 i - 6 j 12k
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( ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻟﻠـﺯﻤﻥ1) ﻹﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ ﻨﺸﺘﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ
:ﻓﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ
a 2 i 24tk (2)
: ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱt=1 s ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ
a 2 i 24k
: ﻤﻥt ﺘﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺯﻤﻥ-ب
dr
V F
ωΧ r (3)
dt M
dr
vF
dt M
ω Χ r 2 i - 6 j 12k
2
2t i - t j 2t 4 k Χ t 2 1 i - 6t j 4t 3 k
:(3) ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺭﻗﻡt=1s ﻭﻋﻨﺩ
i j k
V 2 i - 6 j 12k 2 - 1 6 30 i - 16 j k (4)
1 -6 4
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ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ rﻤﺘﺠﻪ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ،ﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ
xyzﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﻤﻥ tﺒﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ:
r sint i cost j e t k
ﺃﻭﺠﺩ :
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ.
dr
أ-
dt
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ.
dr
ب-
dt
d2r
2ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ. ت-
dt
d2r
2ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ. ث-
dt
-3ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ xyzﺒﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﺯﺍﻭﻴـﺔ ω 5 i 4 j 10kﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ
ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ XYZﻤﺜﺒﺘﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﺼل .ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻤﺜﺒـﺕ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ xyzﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) (-2,1,3ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴﺭﺍﻫـﺎ ﻤﺸـﺎﻫﺩ ﻤﺜﺒـﺕ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ .XYZ
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:ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﻴﺔ -أ
dr
V 3 i 2j
dt M
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i j k i j k
a 2k sint cost 0 2 cost sint 0
3t 1 2t 5 3 2 0
i j k
2 cost sint 0
5sint 5cost 2t.cost 3t 1sint
a 2k 5cost i 5sint j
2t.sint 3t 1cost k 2 2cost 3sint k
2tcost.sin t 3t 1sin 2 t i
2t.cos 2 t 3t 1sint.cost j 5cos 2 t 5sin 2 t k
a 2k 5cost i 5sint j 2tsint k 3tcostk costk 4costk 6sint k
2tcost.sint i 3tsin 2t i sin 2t i 2tcos 2 t j 3tsint.cos t j 5k
a 5cost 2tsint.cos t 3tsin 2 t sin 2 t i
5sint 2tcos 2 t 3tsint.cos t j
2 2tsint 3tcost cost 4cost 6sint 5k
a 5cost 2tsint.cost 3tsin2t sin2t i 5sint 2tcos2t 3tsint.cost j
2tsint 3tcost 5cost 6sint 3k
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ﻋﺮﺑﻲ- ﺇﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ
-A-
Absorbance
Active Force
Addition of Velocities
Amplitude
Amplitude of Vibration
Amplitude of Simple Harmonic
Motion
Analytical Mechanics
Angular Momentum=moment of
Momentum
Anti-Rolling
Aperiodic
Arm of Couple=Moment Arm
Asymptotical
Asymptotical
Atom
Attraction (Gravitational)
Attractive Force
Axis
-B-
Balance (Spring)
Ballistica
Binormal
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