CDM 4th Feb 2016 Svnit

Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT.
4/2/2016 1
FLOW OF PRESENTATION
Earthquake :Architecture and civil
Earthquakes phenomena with scenario at different places
Main point kept in mind: Building design
Architecture & Civil Engineering
Role of Civil Engineer
Role of Architect
Combined duty of civil engineer & architect: Before & After

earthquake
Repair, Rehabilitation and Rettrofitting
Conclusion
References
2
Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 3
What is an
earthquake?
An earthquake is a sudden
release of energy due to
shifts in the earth’s plates
that has been stored in the
rocks beneath the earth’s
surface which causes a
trembling or shaking of the
ground. The energy that is
released from the ruptured
rock travels in waves which
are known as seismic waves.
There are two types of

seismic waves; body waves
which travel through the
interior of Earth and surface
waves which travel on Earth's
surface. The two body waves
are primary waves (p-waves)
and secondary waves (s- Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 4
http://www.vibrationdata.com/earthquakes/kobe.htm

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/2006/01/18_resumption.shtml
Northridge Earthquake Southern California 1994

•www.forceborne.com/FBW/Tech/fault_line_chart.htm
World Earthquake Fault Lines

Plate Tectonics
A spreading boundary is where the tectonic plates are separating. These
are places where volcanic activity is at a premium because the crust is
being torn open (as in splitting and cracking, like an egg breaking open).
New crust is forming when molten lava from deep down oozes out of the
cracks where the plates are coming apart .

A converging boundary is when one plate (usually the lighter
continental crust) rides up over the top of the other it's called a
subduction zone - because one plate margin is being subducted
under the other.
Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016

13
www.scieds.com
This residential and commerial building sank more than three feet into
the partially liquefied soil.
Photo credit: Reinsurance Company, Munich Germany
www.scieds.com 14
Liquefaction is a type of ground failure in which water saturated
sediment turns from a solid to a liquid as a result of shaking, often
caused by an earthquake or even a volcanic eruption. In order for the
liquefaction to occur the sand grains must be fine grain sand that are
not closely packed together nor must it be held but some sort of
cohesion. The intense shaking causes the strength of the soil to become
weak and the sand and water begin to flow.
Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 www.scieds.com 15
Adapazari, Turkey, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake
A major cause of damage

was liquefaction of the
recent alluvial deposits
that underlaid large
portions of the city. The
result was excessive
settlements and bearing
capacity failures for
countless buildings, most
of which were supported
on shallow foundations.
This new building was not
yet occupied at the time of
the earthquake. Again, the
bearing failure of its mat
foundation was related to
its relatively large height-
to-width ratio.
www.scieds.com
16
 Architects design buildings and structures. They advise
individuals, property owners and developers, community groups,
local authorities and commercial organizations on the design and
construction of new buildings, the reuse of existing buildings and
the spaces which surround them.
 Architects work closely with other members of the construction

industryincluding engineers, builders, surveyors, local authority
planners and building control officers. Much of their time is spent
visiting sites assessing the feasibility of a project, inspecting
building work or managing the construction process.
 They will also spend time researching old records and drawings,
and testing new ideas and constructiontechniques. Society looks
to architects to define new and better ways of living and working,
to develop innovative ways of using existing buildings and
creating new ones. Architects can be extremely influential as well
as admired for their imagination and creative skills.

 Structural engineering's combine their knowledge
of science and design making as they construct
better framework for buildings and other structures
to safely resist natural and made-made forces.
 They are involved in physical testing, mathematical

modeling, computer simulation all of which
support decisions that Aid in the creation and
maintenance of safe and economical structures.

 Earthquake engineers are
concerned with creating
earthquakes resistant designs
and construction techniques to
build of all kinds of bridges,
roads and buildings.
 Earthquake engineers are
faced with many uncertainties
and must be smart in their
decisions in developing safe
solutions to challenging
problems. They rely on state-
of-the-art technology,
materials science, laboratory
testing and field monitoring.
www.sciencedaily.com
http://nisee.berkeley.edu/elibrary/getpkg?id=GoddenD50-69

World’s Tallest Bridge Millau, France 2004
www.transport.polymtl.ca
San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge reconstruction, USA begun 2002
www.transportation1.org
High-Speed Magnetic Levitation Rail Line Shanghai, China 2004
Engineers chose a hybrid girder design that combined the rigidity, noise
absorption, and low cost of concrete with the precision manufacturing
offered by steel. The system’s reinforced-concrete support piers are
designed to withstand the seismic forces of earthquakes measuring
up to 7.5 on the Richter scale.
www.pubs.asce.org
Nepal Develops Earthquake Resistant Architecture
A plan for safer houses in rural areas
Nepal has a history of being devastated by major earthquakes every 75

to 100 years, with the first recorded as early as 1255 AD. In 1934 Nepal
experienced a deadly earthquake that resulted in the death of 8,500
people and destruction of 20 percent of valley structures, at a time when
the population was far less than at present. Seismologists are predicting
the occurrence of a large earthquake of this kind in the near future,
which is likely to be most intense in the urban core.

 Ninety percent of Nepalese houses are made of
stone and unfired bricks. The Structural Engineers
in Nepal are retrofitting current structures for
about $25/home.
 By creating a one-meter square grid of punched

holes in the stone wall covered with a 10cm mesh
of bamboo on the inside and outside the homes
become earthquake resistant.
 This net is Secured to the wall by means of12-

gauge Gabion wire, (a form of riprap contained in a
wire cage that is very useful in erosion control.),
which is inserted through the holes and fastened
strongly. It is covered with a stucco of mud, which
is used in rural areas in order to ensure longer life
for the bamboo mesh.

http://www.archidev.org/article.php3?id_article=1027
Homes and building construction was older built with heavy
tile roofs that collapsed

http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html

http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/effects-kobe.html
30
Poorly constructed buildings caused thousands of deaths
http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqshow/647003_06.htm
Damage to the Intercontinental Hotel during Mexico City's 1985
earthquake was severe even though the building was relatively new
32
Building Design
After the earthquake in Mexico City, Mexican officials adopted a new design that can protect the buildings
from earthquakes. This design was developed by some engineers at the University of California at Berkeley.
Looking at the diagram below you can see that the braces form an X which are anchored in concrete blocks at
the base and on the roof of the building.
In diagram A we have conventional steel bracing. Under the stress of the earthquake one of the braces
collapses under the stress. If all the braces begging to snap then the structural integrity of the building fails.
Now in diagram B, the engineers at Berkely used a hydraulic jack to pull or stretch the rods. Once the rods are
prestressed they can now be anchored to the base and to the roof of the building. The braces now have some
room to contract thereby strengthening the structural integrity of the building.
34
most houses were wooden and did not collapse
www.survival1.com/
35
Problems for Building Structures when Seismic Waves pass
For tall buildings the top may sway in the opposite direction as the base
Buildings in close proximity with one another may collide do to differing phase
motions.
Changing types of wave motion cause damage.
Buildings with different resonant frequencies will be affected differently by passing

seismic waves depending on the wave frequency.
http://www.mines.utah.edu/~schuster/gg103/res/resonance.html
http://www.scarborough.k12.me.us/wis/teachers/dtewhey/webquest/nature/earthquake_images.htm

 Many homes were damaged because of old
construction- unreinforced bricks and
mortar
 Many building and homes were built on
were unconsolidated flood plain
sedimentary land (In contrast, nearby
sections of the city experienced only minor
damage. These areas contain sturdy wood
frame houses built on relatively stable
marine terraces.)

•http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/
Collapsed brickwork from a corner apartment building, Marina

District.


Oakland Bridge failure

Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head,
AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 45
AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 51
 Reinforcement corrosion
 Carbonation
 Sulfate attack
 Salt weathering
 Alkali-aggregate reactivity
 Cracking of concrete
 Acid attack
 Damage due to fire
 Attack due to micro-organisms

 Preparation (preparatory desk work)
 Preliminary investigation (visual inspection
and appraisal)
 Detailed investigation (data collection, field
measurements, condition survey, sample
collection, testing of samples, analysis and
evaluation)
 Conclusion and recommendations

 No repair
 Repair
◦ Cosmetic
◦ Partial
◦ Total
 Partial repair or total replacement

 Masonry structures: Pinning for arch ring
separation, concrete fill of spandrel walls,
crack injection, etc.
 Concrete structures: Surface protection,

protection of steel reinforcement, etc.
 Steel structures: repair of corrosion, cracks,

distortion, etc.
 Wrought and cast iron: stiffening, stitching,

etc.

Physical Chemical & Structural Construction
Effects Electrochemical Effects Effects
Effects
Micro cracks at Design Formwork
the interface loads movement
between Alkali-Aggregate
aggregate and Reaction
Creep Construction
matrix movement
Sulphate
Plastic Shrinkage Attack
Accidental Vibration
Subsidence Corrosion of overload

reinforcement
Drying Shrinkage Settlement
Thermal
expansion/contraction Fatigue
External temperature
variation Deflection
Internal temperature
gradient
Frost & Freeze -

thaw damage Cracking

Compatibility of
Repair Material
with substrate
Dimensional Chemical Permeability Electrochemical
Drying Shrinkage
Thermal
expansion
Creep
Modulus of
elasticity

Durability
Resistance to
cracking
Cost
Mechanical
Properties
Material
Aesthetics
Availability
Constructability

2. Uses & Classification of NDT
A. Uses of N.D.T.
 Quality of pre-cast or in-situ construction
 Assessment of uniformity or homogeneity of the extent of concrete
 Location and assessment of the extent of cracks, voids and

honeycombs
 Monitoring progressive changes in the condition of reinforcement in

the concrete
 Increasing the confidence level of certain destructive tests
 Confirmation of location of suspected distress or deterioration due to

overloading fatigue and chemicals attack.
 Assessment of potential durability.
 Assessing weather forms can be safely removed, curing discontinued,

loads imposed etc.
Classification of NDT methods of concrete
1. Surface hardness method: The fact that concrete hardens
with increase in age, the measurement of hardness of
surface may indicate the strength of concrete. Various
methods and equipments are devised to measure harness
of concrete surface. William testing pistol, frank spring
hammer and Einbeck pendulum hammer are some of the
devices for measuring surface hardness.
2. Rebound test: The rebound hammer test measures the
elastic rebound of concrete and is primarily used for
estimation of concrete strength and for comparative
investigations.
3. Penetration and pull out test techniques:
These include the use of the Simbi hammer, Split pins,
the Windsor probe, and the pullout test. These measure the
penetration and the pullout resistance of concrete and are
used for (Shear) strength estimations, but they can also be
used for comparative studies.
4. Dynamic or Vibration Test: These include resonant
frequency and the mechanical sonic and ultrasonic pulse
velocity measurements methods. These are used to
evaluate durability and uniformity of concrete and to
estimate its strength and elastic properties.

CROSS SECTION
REBOUND HAMMER SHOWING OPERATING

PRINCIPLE

ULTRA SONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST EQUIPMENT

a) Techniques of Measuring Pulse Velocity through Concrete
There are three ways of measuring pulse velocity through
concrete.
T T: Transmitter R: Receiver
◦◦ ◦ ◦ ◦◦◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦◦ ◦
◦◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
R R T
DIRECT TRANS,ISSION
◦ ◦ ◦◦ ◦◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦◦
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦◦◦◦◦◦
◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
SURFACE TRANSMISSION
T ◦ ◦ ◦◦ ◦ ◦
◦◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦
◦ ◦ ◦
R SEMI-DIRECT TRANSMISSION 68
 B. Repair Materials
 1. SBR (styrene butadiene rubber)
 DESCRIPTION
 It is a polymer based on styrene butadiene
rubber,
 USES
 • For structural rehabilitations.
 • For waterproofing treatment.
 • For floor, screeds, & topping.
 • For concrete repairs.

ADVANTAGES
 Excellent adhesive to reinforcement &
concrete.
 Increased flexural strength.
 Increased tensile strength.
 Compressive strength comparable to that of
concrete.
 Reduced shrinkage.
 Reduced water permeability.
 Improved chemical resistance.

 2. ACRYLIC POLYMER MODIFIER FOR CEMENTITIOUS
COMPOSITE (APM)
 "APM" is a white liquid Acrylic Polymer admixture for
waterproof coating, bonding agent, repair-mass-in-fill
and non shrink polymer cement grout system.
 USES
 "APM" is recommended for use in the following areas of
application.
 Waterproof and damp-proof coating in the form of
cement slurry/cement mortar.
 As a bonding agent on cold/construction joints.
 Concrete repair as a patching mortar.
 Protective layer for cementitious surface.
 Injection into concrete/rock structures in the form of
cement slurry.
 As a mortar or slurry coating for better resistant to
chemical attack.

 3. MICROCONCRETE
 Mainly recommend for the repair of
damaged concrete structures.
 Consumption: 2Kg Microconcrete
produce 1 lit. Green concrete.
 Water/Powder Ratio- 0.12
 Compressive Strength: Around 15 in
24 hours.

 4. EPOXY (For Injection Grouting)
 Moisture Insensitive Injection ResinDescription
 It is an epoxy based solvent free moisture
insensitive liquid. It has been developed to
meet special requirement of concrete repair
particularly in damp, wet and under water
condition. After mixing, the liquid is injected
into cracks in concrete where it cures to a
rigid, high strength material. In case of
moisture problems, it is used as a primer for
epoxy flooring/coating systems. It is
recommended.

4. EPOXY (continue….)
 For pressure grouting of damp and wet cracks

 As a grouting liquid for the adhesion of
concrete and still under water
 As a primer for flooring / coating systems
 It provides the following beneficial properties:
 High strength despite hardening under water
 Cures without shrinkage
 Excellent adhesion to cement substrate even
under salt water and moisture

Grouting by Pressure
Crack Injection system
Pump

Epoxy Injection Gunitting or shotcrete

 If steel is physically attached to a piece of zinc and they are both
placed in an electrolyte, then the zinc will form all the anode and
the steel will only form the cathode .
 The result of this will be that all the corrosion reaction will occur
to the zinc which will be consumed and a balancing reduction
reaction will occur to the steel which will not be affected by its
immersion in the electrolyte.
 A TECHNIQUE TO CONTROL THE CORROSION OF A
METAL SURFACE BY MAKING THAT SURFACE THE
CATHODE OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL – NACE RP –
0169

 The pre-stressing tendons are placed on the outside of the physical
cross section (mostly in concrete) of the structure.
 The forces exerted by the pre-stressing tendons are only
transferred to the structure at the anchorages and at deflectors.
 External post-tensioning, can be used to improve the performance
of any kind of beam bridge like timber, reinforced concrete, pre-
stressed concrete, steel or composite.
78
 Visual inspection
 De-bonding
 Monitoring chloride and moisture content
 Measurement of carbonation depth
 Assessing reinforcement corrosion
◦ Resistivity
◦ Corrosion potentials
◦ Corrosion rate

 Restoring a structure from a damaged condition to the
functional condition can be termed as rehabilitation.
 Rehabilitation includes
1. To assess the damage
2. Determine the feasibility of repair
3. Decide the best method to be used
for repair
4. Prepare a scheme for reconstruction
5. Consult with the local authority
6. Schedule the sequence of operations
7. Prepare a scheme for propping and
bracing including a schedule of prop loads
8. Specify the extent of repair work in detail.

1. Rehabilitation by Repairing
2. Rehabilitation by Strengthening

 Dry Pack Method
 Preplaced Aggregate Method
 Concrete Replacement Method
 Shortcrete and Gunite
 Epoxy Mortar Injection

 Strengthening with Reinforcement
 Strengthening by External Prestressing
 Strengthening by Externally Bonded Steel Plates

 Rubber bearing
 Lead-rubber bearing
 Sliding bearing

Installment of foundation
Existing condition
reinforcement

AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 103
Expansion & thickening of
roots creating concentration
of stress at joints & weak
locations such as openings
The long horizontal crack resulted due to deflection of slab and lifting
up of edge of the slab, combined with horizontal movement in the slab
due to shrinkage.

This Cracks are due to pull exerted on the wall by the slab because of drying shrinkage
and thermal contraction this pull results in bending of the wall which causes cracking
at a weak section, that is, at the lintel or sill level of the window openings. Such cracks
generally occurs when windows and room spans are very large. This cracks can be
avoided by providing slip joints at slab supports on the walls.
Thickness of plaster is
to much high & silt
content is also Very
High

AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 107
Longer opening &
less bearing &
deteriorated lintel
load capacity
exposes diagonal
crack which is
widened towards
corner wall
edge.

Vertical crack under
window occur when
wall have large window
opening & little wall
space on both side of
opening. Difference in
stress due to more stress
in wall portion
adjoining to window &
less stressed portion
under sill of window
results in crack.
Cantilever
Chajja not
having main
bars on upper
face
11
Structural cracks mainly occur due to:
a) Defective design and defective load assumptions and
perception of behavior of the structure.
b) In correct assessment of bearing capacity of foundation
soil and soil properly.
c) Defective detailing of joints of components like roof
with brick wall corner joints of walls
d) Defective detailing of structural detailing of steel
reinforcement.
e) Lack of quality control during construction.

 Structural cracks
◦ due to incorrect design
◦ faulty construction
◦ Overloading
 Non Structural cracks
◦ Moisture changes
◦ Thermal movement
◦ Elastic deformation
◦ Creep
◦ Chemical reaction
◦ Foundation movement and settlement of soil
◦ Vegetation

Building materials expand on absorbing moisture
and shrink on drying. These are generally
reversible. Shrinkage in concrete or mortar
depends on a number of factors
 Cement concrete: Richer the mix greater is the
drying shrinkage.
 Water content: More water in mix induces
greater shrinkage
 Aggregates : Large aggregates with good grading
has less shrinkage for same workability as less
water is used

 Curing: If proper curing starts as soon as initial
set has taken place and continued for 7 to 10 days
shrinkage is comparatively less
 Excessive fines: More fines in aggregate requires
more water for same workability and hence more
shrinkage.
 Temperature: Concrete made in hot weather
needs more water for same workability see Fig – 8
and hence results in more shrinkage.
 Temperature: Concrete made in hot weather
needs more water for same workability hence
results in more shrinkage.

Repairing cracks
 In order to determine whether the cracks are

active or dormant, periodic observations are done
utilizing various types of telltales
 by placing a mark at the end of the crack
 a pin or a toothpick is lightly wedged into the
crack and it falls out if there is any extension of
the defect

 A strip of notched tape works similarly :
Movement is indicated by tearing of the tape
 The device using a typical vernier caliper is the most
satisfactory of all.
Both extension and compression are indicated
 If more accurate readings are desired, extensometers
can be used
 Where extreme accuracy is required resistance strain
gauges can be glued across the crack

Methods of repairing cracks
1. Bonding with epoxies
 Cracks in concrete may be bonded by the

injection of epoxy bonding compounds under
pressure
 Usual practice is to
 drill into the crack from the face of the
concrete at several locations

 inject water or a solvent to flush out the defect
 allow the surface to dry
 surface-seal the cracks between the injection points
 inject the epoxy until it flows out of the adjacent

sections of the crack or begins to bulge out the surface seals

 Usually the epoxy is injected through holes of about ¾
inch in diameter and ¾ inch deep at 6 to 12 inches
centers
 Smaller spacing is used for finer cracks
 The limitation of this method is that unless the

crack is dormant or the cause of cracking is removed
and thereby the crack is made dormant, it will probably
recur, possibly somewhere else in the structure

 Also, this technique is not applicable if the defects
are actively leaking to the extent that they cannot
be dried out, or where the cracks are numerous
2. Routing and sealing
• This method involves enlarging the crack along its

exposed face and filling and sealing it with a
suitable material

 The routing operation
 placing the sealant
 This is a method where thorough water tightness

of the joint is not required and where appearance is
not important

3. Stitching
 Concrete can be stitched by iron or steel dogs

 A series of stitches of different lengths should be
used
 bend bars into the shape of a broad flat bottomed
letter U between 1 foot and 3 feet long and with
ends about 6 inches long
 The stitching should be on the side, which is
opening up first

 if necessary, strengthen adjacent areas of the
construction to take the additional stress
 the stitching dogs should be of variable length
and/or orientation and so located that the tension
transmitted across the crack does not devolve on a
single plane of the section, but is spread out over
an area
 In order to resist shear along the crack, it is
necessary to use diagonal stitching
 The lengths of dogs are random so that the anchor
points do not form a plane of weakness

4. External stressing
 cracks can be closed by inducing a compressive

force, sufficient to overcome the tension and to
provide a residual compression
 The principle is very similar to stitching, except
that the stitches are tensioned; rather than plain
bar dogs which apply no closing force to the
crack
 Some form of abutment is needed for providing
an anchorage for the prestressing wires or rods

5. Grouting
 same manner as the injection of an epoxy

 cleaning the concrete along the crack
 installing built-up seats at intervals along the
crack
 sealing the crack between the seats with a cement
paint or grout
 flushing the crack to clean it and test the seal;
and then grouting the whole

Before Grouting After Grouting

6. Blanketing
 similar to routing and sealing

 applicable for sealing active as well as dormant
cracks
 Preparing the chase is the first step
 Usually the chase is cut square
 The bottom should be chipped as smooth to
facilitate breaking the bond between sealant and
concrete

 The sides of the chase should be prepared to
provide a good bond with the sealant material
 The first consideration in the selection of sealant
materials is the amount of movement anticipated
 and the extremes of temperature at which such
movements will occur
 elastic sealants
 mastic sealants
 mortar-plugged joints

7. Use of overlays
 Sealing of an active crack by use of an

overlay requires that the overlay be
extensible and not flexible alone
 Accordingly, an overlay which is flexible

but not extensible, ie. can be bent but
cannot be stretched, will not seal a
crack that is active

 Gravel is typically used for roofs
 concrete or brick are used where fill is to

be placed against the overlay
 An asphalt block pavement also works

well where the area is subjected to heavy
traffic

Repairing spalling and disintegration
 In the repair of a structure showing spalling and

disintegration, it is usual to find that there have
been substantial losses of section and/or
pronounced corrosion of the reinforcement
 Both are matters of concern from a structural

viewpoint, and repair generally involves some
urgency and some requirement for restoration of
lost strength

Type of Structure Movement of Joints
a RCC roof slab Provide 20 to 25 mm wide, joint at 10 to 20 M

apart
b Supports for RCC slabs 4 Provide slip joint between slab and bearing wall.
to 6M length
c RCC framed structure, Provide 25 to 40 mm wide expansion Joints at

other load and bearing 30 to 45 M interval
structure
d Junction between old and Provide vertical slip joints.

new structure
e Compound walls Expansion joint 5 to 8mm wide at 5to 8M interval

and change of direction.
f Concrete pavement Provide 20 to 25mm wide joints at 25m to 40m

interval with control joints at 5 to 8m. In cross
direction control joints have to be provided at 3
to 5 m intervals.
g Chajja Provide expansion joint 5 to 8mm wide at 4 to 6
M interval.
h RCC Railing Provide expansion joints 5 to 8mm wide at 6 to

9m interval.

 IS 13935
To upgrade the earthquake resistance up to the level of the level of the
present day codes by appropriate techniques.
 CEB 1995
Concepts including strengthening, repairing and
remoulding.
 Newman , 2001
It is an upgrading of certain building system, such as mechanical,
electrical, or structural, to improve performance, function or
appearance.
 Retrofitting means structural strengthening of a

building, whether or not an earthquake has occurred.

 Existing Weak Unsafe Buildings – Damageability grades G3 to
G5
 Buildings not designed to codes
 Upgrading of code based seismic design forces
 Upgrading of seismic zone
 Deterioration of strength on aging of the structure
 Modification of the existing structures affecting its strength
adversely
 Change in the use of the building increasing the floor loads.
 Higher cost of re-building than that of strengthening or
retrofitting,
 Preservation of historical architecture, and
 Maintaining functional social and cultural environment.
All such buildings needs to be upgraded by Retrofitting.

 Performance based objective
 Building performance level

i) Structural stability
ii) Life Safety
iii) Immediate occupancy
iv) Operational  Basic
safety
objective
 Earthquake level
i) Serviceability earthquake
ii) Design basis earthquake
iii)Maximum credible earthquake

 Evaluation
• Structural analysis
- Linear static (seismic coefficient method)
- Linear dynamic (response spectrum or time-history
analysis)
- Nonlinear static (pushover analysis)
- Nonlinear dynamic (nonlinear time-history analysis)
• Decision to retrofit
• Selection and design of the retrofit strategy
• Verification of the retrofit strategy
• Structural analysis
• Construction
• Monitoring

Attributes for better performance (IS
1893:2002)
• Simple and regular configuration
• Adequate lateral strength
• Adequate lateral stiffness
• Adequate ductility
• Integral action

New Shear-walls

 Drift control, May solve irregularity problems,
Design according to new codes, Foundations
Steel Bracing (with/out dissipation devices)


 Very effective
 Connection between bracing and concrete very
peculiar
Jacketing (Steel, RC, FRC)

 Element strength and deformation capacity (local)
 Joints

Retrofitting techniques.
Global Local
Adding new shear

Jacketing of beams
wall
Adding infill wall Jacketing of column
Adding bracing Jacketing of beam-

column joints
Adding wing
wall/Buttress Strengthening
individual footing
Wall thickening
Mass reduction
Supplemental
damping and Base
isolation
• Most popular method for strengthening of building columns
• Purpose for jacketing:
1. To increase concrete confinement
2. To increase shear strength
3. To increase flexural strength
• Increases strength and ductility.
• Adequate connection of new and old concrete.
• Additional longitudinal bars to be continuous through the
slab. Bars to be anchored to foundation.
• Replacement of buckled or yielded bars.
• Additional ties as per seismic detailing.
• Column size is increased.
• Placement of ties at joint is difficult.

Damaged RC columns of the open ground story during the
Bhuj 2001 earthquake which were jacketed.
Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, 15
AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 5
15
Short-term solution to the seismic vulnerability of an open
ground story building after the 2001 Bhuj earthquake: note the open
bays in the ground story in-filled with new masonry walls (photo: C.V.R.
Murty).
CONCRETE JACKETS
FRP WRAPPING
CORRUGATED STEEL JACKETS
RC FILLETS

Short-term solution to the seismic vulnerability of an open
ground story building after the 2001 Bhuj earthquake: note the open
bays in the ground story in-filled with new masonry walls (photo: C.V.R.
Murty).
 From the experiments it is found that FRP with N arrangement definitely
provides a good solution of retrofitting of the beam.
 It is observed that the N arrangement shifts the flexural crack away from
flexural region and hence the contact between FRP and concrete remains
intact. Hence, debonding phenomenon is not observed.
 Beams with the T arrangement, debonding phenomenon are observed

while beams with N arrangement, full composite action are observed.
 It is visualized that the failure mode of debonding of FRP, reduces the

effectiveness of FRP by not utilizing the strength of FRP.
 Flexural load carrying capacity of initially strengthened beams with the T

arrangement of FRP increase by 82% than control beam, while with the N
arrangement of FRP, it increase by 113%.
 Flexural load carrying capacity of retrofitted beams (preload level 40%)
with the T arrangement of FRP increase by 80% than control beam, while
with the N arrangement of FRP, it increase by 104%.
 Flexural load carrying capacity of retrofitted beams (preload level of
90%) with the T arrangement of FRP increase by 66% than control beam,
while with the N arrangement of FRP, it increase by 92%.

AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 4
 Hence, it is found from the failure pattern of beams
that the N proposed arrangement of FRP on
retrofitted beam is more effective by avoiding mid
span debonding phenomenon.
 Toughness of beams increase by 43% of initially
strengthened beam with the N arrangement of FRP
than the T arrangement. Toughness of beams
increase by 31% of the retrofitted beam (preload level
40%) with the N arrangement of FRP than the T
arrangement. Toughness of beams increase by 29%
of the retrofitted beam (preload level 90%) with the N
arrangement of FRP than the T arrangement.
 Hence it is clear from toughness criteria that, the N
proposed arrangement of FRP is more effective on
retrofitted beam.
 Results of FE modeling using ATENA software
provides the best simulation of retrofitted beam with
FRP.
16
 Displacement based ductility indices increases to 2% for initially
strengthened beams with the N arrangement of FRP but energy based
ductility indices decreases to 13% compared to the control beam.
Displacement based ductility indices increases to 26% for retrofitted
beam (preload level 40%) with the N arrangement of FRP but, energy
based ductility indices marginally decreases to 3% compared to the
control beam.
 Displacement and energy based ductility indices increase to 60% and
26% respectively, for retrofitted beam (preload level 90%) with the N
arrangement of FRP compared to the control beam. Initially strengthened
beams with the N arrangement of FRP, displacement and energy based
ductility indices increase to 32% and 29% respectively, than the beams
with the T arrangement of FRP.
 Retrofitted beam at 40% of the preload level with the N arrangement,
displacement and energy based ductility indices increase to 45% and 24%
respectively, than the beam with the T arrangement of FRP. Retrofitted
beam at 90% of the preload level with the N arrangement, displacement
and energy based ductility indices increase to 28% and 22% respectively,
than the beam with the T arrangement of FRP.

AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 6
 Wikipedia
 www.google.com
 Handbook on repair and rehabilitation of
structure
 3R:Magazine
 Ph D Thesis of Mr. K B Parikh of Applied
Mechanics Department, SVNIT.
 Textbook of repair and rehabilitation of
structures
 Own consultancy practice & Experience

AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 8

CDM 4th Feb 2016 Svnit

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Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT.

Earthquakes phenomena with scenario at different places

Main point kept in mind: Building design

Architecture & Civil Engineering

Role of Civil Engineer

Combined duty of civil engineer & architect: Before & After

Repair, Rehabilitation and Rettrofitting

There are two types of

Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 8

Northridge Earthquake Southern California 1994

World Earthquake Fault Lines

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Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 12

Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016

A major cause of damage

 Architects work closely with other members of the construction

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 They are involved in physical testing, mathematical

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Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 20

Nepal has a history of being devastated by major earthquakes every 75

Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 25

 By creating a one-meter square grid of punched

 This net is Secured to the wall by means of12-

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Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 28

Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 29

Changing types of wave motion cause damage.

Buildings with different resonant frequencies will be affected differently by passing

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Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 38

Collapsed brickwork from a corner apartment building, Marina

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Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 40

Oakland Bridge failure

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Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 58

 Concrete structures: Surface protection,

 Steel structures: repair of corrosion, cracks,

 Wrought and cast iron: stiffening, stitching,

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Subsidence Corrosion of overload

Frost & Freeze -

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Dimensional Chemical Permeability Electrochemical

Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 61

Dr C D Modhera, Prof & Head, AMD, SVNIT. 4/2/2016 62

 Assessment of uniformity or homogeneity of the extent of concrete

 Location and assessment of the extent of cracks, voids and

 Monitoring progressive changes in the condition of reinforcement in

 Increasing the confidence level of certain destructive tests

 Confirmation of location of suspected distress or deterioration due to

 Assessment of potential durability.

 Assessing weather forms can be safely removed, curing discontinued,

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REBOUND HAMMER SHOWING OPERATING

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