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lesions are more difficult to repair and may require The indications for this surgery will be based on
.
intramuscular neurotization Lesions of the musculo - anatomopathological lesions, emphasizing that
cutaneous nerve may be repaired with good results using nerve surgery must always be done first, but that
.
a nerve graft Lesions of the axillary nerve may be seen secondarily or in parallel, palliative interventions
.
associated with lesions of the rotator cuff The treatment may be discussed.
varies according to the age and condition of the patient
Specific clinical pictures should be studied
and according to the condition of the cuff muscles and
according to the anatomic-pathological lesions and
tendons: in a young patient with avulsion of the
tendons from bone, cuff reinsertion is indicated ; in an
three main chapters can be individualized:
older patient, the cuff must be evaluated by MRI or - the paralytic shoulder as part of the lesions
arthroscan, and repair is indicated unless the cuff tear supraclavicular nerves of the brachial plexus,
is not amenable to surgery or there is fatty degeneration - the paralytic shoulder in the context of retro- and
of the muscles. infra-clavicular lesions of the brachial plexus and
Palliative surgery may be indicated in cases seen late especially of the truncal nerve lesions of the
or after failed attempts at nerve repair. In cases with terminal branches of the plexus, namely the axillary
isolated paralysis of the deltoid, transfer of the trapezius nerve, the supra-scapular nerve and the muscular-
to the proximal humerus or of the long head of the cutaneous nerve ,
triceps to the acromion may he performed depending - the paralytic shoulder in the context of isolated
on whether active elbow flexion is associated with ante - lesions of the nerves participating in the shoulder
.
or rétropulsion of the humerus In cases of deltoid
function, spinal nerve (trapezius) and Charles Bell's
paralysis with paralysis of the external rotators, one
of these transfers may be associated with transfer of nerve (large serrated)
the teres major and latissimus dorsi to the insertion The monograph on traumatic paralysis
of the infraspinatus. of the adult brachial plexus, J. Y. Alnot and
A. Narakas (7, 8) has gathered the opinion of many
III. Paralytic shoulder with isolated lesions of the authors and has reviewed the indications and the
results of this difficult surgery (11, 12, 26).
accessory or long thoracic nerves.
I. Paralytic shoulder in supraclavicular nerve injury
The accessory nerve is vulnerable and often incurs of the adult brachial plexus
iatrogenic lesions. Excellent results may be obtained The current evolution has been towards the repair
by direct suture or nerve graft. In cases seen late or of nerve damage and the goal is to restore the best
after failure of repair, palliative operations may be possible function knowing that the recovery of the
indicated, such as transfer of the levator scapulae or
bending of the elbow passes first, followed by the
rhomboid muscle. Paralysis of the serratus anterior due
function of the shoulder.
to lesion of the long thoracic nerve may occur following
forceful movements or overloading of the shoulder Without going back to the respective indications in
(haversack paralysis), in throwing sports or rugby. the C5-C6-C7-C8-T1 total paralysis or in the C5-
Spontaneous recovery often occurs but is usually slow C6 or C5-C6-C7 partial paralysis it is necessary to
(12-18 months). Palliative surgery may be considered recall several points concerning the shoulder as part
for cases seen late without recovery, with winging of of the overall plan nervous repair.
the scapula. Transfer of the pectoralis major or minor This nerve repair must be done every
has been advocated ; transfer of the latissimus dorsi whenever possible:
or teres major has also been advocated associated with - on the supra-scapular nerve and the nerve
scapulopexia, which is the author’s preferred treatment. axillary
Acta Orthopædica Belgica, Vol. 65 - 1 - 1999
The functional results are the result of muscle In 24% of cases, there is a root avulsion of all the
reinnervation and in the repairs of the single roots and only neurotization on the
supra-scapular nerve, the abduction antepulsion musculocutaneous nerve is possible. No nerve
is rarely greater than 40-50 degrees. repair surgery can be performed for the shoulder
and palliative procedures will be discussed later
The recovery of an active external rotation is after recovery of active elbow flexion.
very important to clear the arm of the thorax,
allowing a better positioning and a better In other cases where there are one or two
bending of the elbow. graftable roots C5 or C5-C6 (Figure 1), the
option is not to disperse the fibers and perform a
This flexion of the elbow is the first function to graft on the anterior part of the first primary
restore and it should be noted that it contributes trunk and if possible on the posterior part of the
to the stabilization of the shoulder by the long first primary trunk in the case of two roots
portion of the biceps.
transplantable. This graft on the posterior part
The assessment of shoulder function is difficult of the first primary trunk participates in the
in this context of radicular paralysis, but overall, resuscitation of the shoulder and it is also
it will be necessary to assess, on the one hand necessary to graft the suprascapular nerve by
the stabilization of the shoulder and on the other performing direct suture neurotization from the
hand, the recovery of certain active movements. terminal part of the spinal nerve.
Thus, we can say that we have obtained: The results in the literature and in our
- a good result, if the shoulder is stable, with an experience show that in 82% of cases a recovery
active mobility in external rotation of at least 30 of the active flexion of the M3 + -M4 elbow is
degrees and an active elevation in the frontal or obtained and in 60% of cases a recovery of the
sagittal plane of 40 degrees. external rotation abduction at the level of
- a fairly good result, if the shoulder is stable of the shoulder.
with active mobility in elevation in the frontal or The use of the terminal part of the spinal nerve
sagittal plane of at least 40 degrees, but without with respect to the branches going to the upper
or with very little active external rotation. and middle bundles of the trapezius does not
- a useful result, if the shoulder is only stabilized alter the function of this muscle, as several
without active mobility by differentiating, studies by Allieu, Alnot and Narakas have shown
however, the active stabilization by recovery of (7); on the other hand these results are better
the supraspinatus and infraspinal muscles at M2 than a suprascapular nerve transplant from C5.
or a stabilization occurring only actively when b) Palliative surgery
flexing the elbow with therefore lower
subluxation reduction by The first goal in the treatment of brachial plexus
palsy is to resuscitate the flexion of the elbow, but
the long portion of the biceps. A possible this elbow flexion can only be done properly if
stiffening should also be specified, the shoulder is stable with active external
rotation allowing
participating in passive stabilization.
- a failure, if the shoulder is not stabilized.
L’ÉPAULE PARALYTIQUE DE L’ADULTE 13
Ce Ce
Stabilization of the shoulder is ensured mainly
by 3 muscles, the supraspinatus, the deltoid and
s.s the long portion of the biceps; the active external
ÜJ XC 7
*¥ Ci
Ce ¥ Ce
rotation is ensured by the sub-spinous and the
small round..
G.P.
A
'A YGP
r kf kf
/
R ?
0 * R
* Other elements come into play depending on the
MC M MC
associated lesions and sequelae of fractures or
Capsular retraction can stabilize passively
Fig. 1 a et 1 b
the shoulder emphasizing here that rehabilitation
This paralytic shoulder, whose function will always
be limited, must never seek to recover passive
mobility beyond 80 degrees of antepulsion and 30 to
Spinal Plexus cervical
40 degrees of external rotation. Palliative surgery at
the level of the shoulder finds its indications in the
failures of the nervous surgery, but also in
complement of this one and various situations can be
presented.-
C4
Spinal
¥ Cs
- the upper limb has paralysis
»
Cs
P-
MC
M
xt
D3
D
Ds
4
Fig. 1 c Fig. 1 d
Fig 1: .
- 1 a and 1 b. - Total paralysis with C7-C8-T1 avulsion and putting no repair by graft from
possibility of grafts from C5-C6 depending on the size and
appearance of the roots associated with spinal neurotization
- - upper scapular. If this size and this aspect are the root and where the neurotizations have failed.
- satisfactory, it is possible to bridge the posterior The shoulder is paralytic without any active muscle
- of the first primary trunk. outside the trapezius and large serratus with obvious
- - l: total paralysis with C6-C7-C8-T1 avulsion and grafts instability.
- from C5 associated with spinal neurotization - The injured person has a dangling upper limb,
- upper scapular.
insensitive and annoying, and the weight of the
- - 1 d: total paralysis with avulsion of all the roots. The only
possibility is neurotization directly on the musculo- upper limb results in a lower subluxation of the
cutaneous. shoulder with functional discomfort and
pains in the scapular girdle.
The problem of the conservation of this limb arises,
but experience shows that very few wounded (0.5
to 1%) require an amputation which will then be
made in the lower third of the humerus, associated
with an arthrodesis of the 'shoulder.
It must be emphasized that this amputation will not
solve the problem of possible painful phenomena
and that the injured must be warned. In the
majority of cases, the injured person wishes to keep
his or her upper limb and the question is
to know if the shoulder should be stabilized while Soejbjerg in 1988 (28) to treat lower shoulder
it dislocations with transposition of the acromial-
coracoid ligament acromial insertion on the
there is no bending of the elbow. trochin.
Of course, striving for spontaneous capsular The modification that we propose is the transfer of
retraction stabilization and a helical splint stage the coracoid insertion with the adjoining part of the
should be attempted. coracoid on the trochin which reduces the lower
If this splint is effective, stabilization of the subluxation and positions the shoulder in slight
shoulder by arthrodesis may be useful provided external rotation with a
that the large serrated muscle is present. benefit when flexing the elbow.
- paralytic upper limb with recovery
• the shoulder is stabilized by the recovery of
from elbow flexion to M3 + 4
supraspinatus muscle and long biceps with so
The problem of the shoulder will arise depending
on the recovery or not of certain periarticular an active antépulsion at 30 or 40 degrees.
muscles. Two scenarios arise depending on whether the
* the shoulder is paralytic without any muscle injured person has recovered an active external
rotation or not.
active outside the trapezium and the large
serrated, In cases where there is no active rotation, bending
of the elbow is done by scraping the chest and the
instability is evident with lower subluxation and arm must be released to allow better flexion.
the weight of the upper limb causes functional
discomfort and pain. The derotation osteotomy of the humerus is an
excellent intervention and greatly enhances the
Should stabilize the shoulder:
recovery of the elbow flexors.
* by arthrodesis, the position of which must be
It is necessary to derail 30 to 40 degrees, so that the
perfectly adjusted. elbow and forearm do not scrape the chest during
This arthrodesis should allow the movements of active bending movements while maintaining the
the scapulothoracic to proceed with their possibility of putting the arm on the chest and
maximum amplitude in the most useful area. abdomen.
The patient whose forearm and hand are In cases where there is active external rotation, no
additional indication is necessary.
The paralytic must be able to put his hand in his
pocket or put it on a table so as to hold an object 2. In C5-C6 and C5-C6-C7 paralysis
and he must be able to squeeze an object against The prognosis is dominated by the need to recover
the thorax, especially if the grand pectoralis has a useful elbow and shoulder to allow the best use
recovered. of the hand which is no longer, as in the previous
The ideal position, the scapula being in cases, paralyzed but normal or partially reached.
anatomical position, corresponds, in general, to a
position of the humerus at 20 degrees of flexion, (a) The indication of nerve repair must be given
30 degrees of abduction and 30 degrees of early (2, 10, 22) because it is very often root
internal rotation. lesions or primary trunks in the scalenic region
with possibilities for nerve repair and obtaining
The approach is superior with a longitudinal satisfactory functional results.
trans-deltoidal incision which gives an excellent
day on the articular cavity and the synthesis is Depending on the number of graftable roots,
then ensured by 3 screws or by a plate or by an level of breakage and appearance and size
external fixator and screws.
* by ligamentoplasty if the injured person wishes
maintain passive mobility in rotation.
A ligamentoplasty using the acro-ligament
mio-coracoid was described by Ovesen and
Cs .
In C5-C6-C7 paralysis, flexion of
/ Ce
elbow was recovered only in 86% of cases by this
s.s
n nerve surgery or muscle transfer and at the
X s s houlder neurotization surgery
C8 y,
of the suprascapular nerve gives identical results.
R
MC M
%
MC M n C5-C6 paralysis. The shoulder is a real
problem in these
Partial ralysies with however 60% of results
satisfactory by neurotization.
Fig. 2 a Fig. 2 b
In other cases, it will be necessary to move towards
palliative interventions:
Spinal
C4
Spinal
- - arthrodesis whose indications are enough
S
<T CA
- rare,
Cs
% Cs
+ Transfert - - Or derotation osteotomy that can be associated
% flexion coude
Ce
R S' R
MÇ M MC M
The technique described by L'Episcopo in
1939(24) consists in transferring both the tendon of
thelarge round and dorsal large postero-
Fig. 2 c Fig. 2 d external,but this technique often only limits the
internal rotation and acts only by tenodesis effect.
Fig. 2 : That's why we associate itat a derotation osteotomy of
20 to 30 degreesand fixing the muscles on the insertion
of the under -
- 2a and 2b: C5-C6 paralysis with possibility of - 2d: C5-C6 paralysis with avulsion of these two roots.
grafting into Elbow flexion is restored by muscle transfer
depending on the size and appearance of the roots. associated with neurotization of the spinal nerve on
If this size and appearance are satisfactory, it is the superior scapular nerve.
possible
to bridge the posterior part of the first primary trunk.
- 2 c: C5-C6 paralysis with a single graftable root
and graft on the anterior part of the first primary
trunk associated with neurotization of the spinal
nerve on the superior scapular nerve.
thorny.a) treatment in C5-C6 and C5-C6-C7
paralysis must therefore combine nerve surgery
and palliative surgery with results, in theseems,
very satisfactory on the bending of the elbow.The
shoulder poses, on the other hand, a real problem
and it is necessary, by multiple neurotizations and
palliative interventions, to recover the best
possible function.
IL The paralytic shoulder in the context of axillary nerve. They noted that, depending on the
retro- and infra-clavicular lesions of the trauma, the anatomo-pathological lesions could
brachial plexus and in the context of truncular range from grade 2 to grade 5 of Sun.
nerve lesions of the terminal branches, axillary derland and that in many cases was occurring
nerve, supra-scapular nerve and musculo-
spontaneous recovery.
cutaneous nerve
Other authors [Coene and Narakas (19), Petrucci et
A. THE PARALYTIC SHOULDER IN THE al (29), Sedel (32)] have subsequently reported
their experience; Alnot and Liverneaux (6) have, in
FRAMEWORK a recent article, reviewed this problem.
RETRO- AND INFRA-CLAVICULAR
The whole diagnostic problem can be summed up
LESIONS in two pitfalls to be avoided: to disregard a rupture
or to disregard a spontaneous recovery.
If, in traumatic palsy of the brachial plexus, To ignore a break is not unusual since in about
75% of the pathological lesions are root lesions 11% of cases, the wounded have a shoulder of
by supraclavicular lesions, 25% are retro- and almost normal mobility apart from a decrease in
strength.
infra-clavicular lesions (1).
Trauma is diverse and nerve damage is often This is the result of the particular physiology of the
muscles of the cuff and explains the relative
associated with osteoarticular lesions of the frequency of the lack of knowledge or the delay in
scapular girdle. diagnosis, but does not justify any surgical
As for the nerve lesions, they sit at the level of abstention.
the secondary trunks behind and behind the Indeed, in addition to the loss of strength, the risk
clavicle and pose difficult diagnostic and of rupture by overworking of the muscles of the
therapeutic problems. legitimate headdress in these young subjects, the
nerve repair within a period of 6 to 9 months.
Secondary posterior trunk involvement is the
most common (50% of cases) with all degrees of Ignorance of spontaneous recovery
severity. pulled to unnecessary surgery. In
These lesions of the posterior lateral trunk are Indeed, especially in dislocations of the shoulder,
associated in 30% of cases with lesions of the spontaneous recovery occurs in 75 to 80% of
antero-external secondary trunk. cases, sometimes late and electromyography is
As for the lesions of the anterolateral secondary essential studying the three bundles of the deltoid,
specifying that recovery begins with the posterior
trunk, they are much rarer, exceptionally beam.
isolated and exist in the total lesions with However 6 to 9 months is a long time and it would
rupture of all the trunks. be desirable to operate sooner and current studies
Nerve repair must be done early and will with MRI can, perhaps, allow by showing a
depend on the anatomic-pathological lesions. neuroma of interruption, to decide in a faster time.
Indeed, if the procedure is more than one year after
With regard to the shoulder, the lesions are the initial accident, the chances of recovering after
those of the axillary nerve in the context of the nerve transplantation, a force at M5 without
posterior trunk lesion very often associated with muscular fatigability are less, but on the other
hand, the reduction of the operating delay risks
lesion of the suprascapular nerve. 'lead to abusive surgical explorations on nerves
Palliative surgery will only be considered that can spontaneously recover between 6 to 9
secondarily depending on the case. months, which is why most statistics mention
interventions around the 6th month.
B. THE PARALYTIC SHOULDER IN THE
FRAMEWORK OF NERVOUS LESIONS OF
THE TERMINAL BRANCHES, NERVE
AXILLARY, NERVE
SUPRA-SCAPULAR AND MUSCULO-SKIN
NERVE
- in the isolated lesions of the axillary nerve, with - if it is a relatively young patient who has bone
rupture in the region of Velpeau's square hole, the disinsertion of the muscles of the cap, the indication
surgical procedure by two ways first, one delto- of reintegration is formal.
pectoral and the other posterior to the posterior - if it is an older patient, over the age of fifty, an
edge of the deltoid allows to realize a nerve
transplant and to obtain good (M4) or very good arthro-scanner or an MRI can assess the condition of
(M5) results in more than 65% of cases and a 22% the muscles of the cap and the importance of the
average result (M3). rupture . If this rupture is reinsertion, with muscles in
- - In axillary nerve lesions associated with stages O or I (Bernageau (17), we proceed to a
suprascapular nerve lesions, the shoulder is reinsertion then we follow the evolution of the axillary
paralytic and the repair of both nerves is desirable. nerve.If the rupture is not re-insertable with muscles
- The difficulties sit on the supra-scapular nerve at stages 3 or 4 (amount of fat greater than or equal to
which can be broken at different stages either in
the coracoid notch, or more distally at the level of the amount of muscle) there is no indication to
its terminal branches. intervene on the muscles of the cap if the patient did
- A third approach is necessary and the possible not present disorders before the accident and it is
graft repair in proximal fractures becomes more hoped to recover the state previous, either by
random during distal tearing and in some cases spontaneous recovery of the nerve
intramuscular neurotization is required. axillary, or by subsequent nerve graft.
- - the associated rupture of the musculocutaneous
nerve does not pose, in general, no repair problem
with very satisfactory results by nerve graft. A. PALLIATIVE SURGERY
- - finally, lesion of the axillary nerve may be
associated with The lesions of the axillary nerve should not be ignored
- not to other nerve damage but especially in young subjects and the nerve surgery is
- to rotator cuff lesions. the treatment of choice facilitated by the oligo-
- These lesions greatly aggravate the prognosis, first fascicular structure of the nerve, by its constitution
because they occur in older patients whose nerve predominant in motor fibers and by the proximity of
recovery potential is weakened and then because
they add to the paralysis of the deltoid muscle an the effectors.
attack of other muscles of the shoulder. However, there are some failures or patients seen late
- The association with a rupture either existing or for which a palliative surgery is indicated.
concomitant of the supraspinous muscle which is In the case where the only deltoid is paralyzed, two
then ineffective results in a poor functional result. muscular transfers can be proposed, either the transfer
- Our attitude towards an associated headdress break of the trapezium on the upper end
- to axillary nerve injury depends on the condition
of the humerus according to Bateman (15, 16), that is
- of the rotator cuff.
- In general, these are valid patients who do not the trans-
- feeling no trouble before the accident. Filling the long portion of the triceps according to
- Two scenarios then arise depending on the age Sloaman.
- of The indications depend on the surgeons' preferences,
the patient:
but in our experience, we must judge according to the
existence or not of an active retropulsion of the
humerus during the flexion of the elbow.
If the bending of the elbow is done with some
Active antepulsion, Bateman's trapezium transfer
seems to be a good indication (14, 23).
Léo Mayer (25) described the main intervention
vines and the technique has been modified by Lange
In the same way, the insertions of the rhomboid of regressive but with a long delay, a year or
the small upper and posterior serratus are 18 months because of the length of the nerve.
tightened so as to avoid the tilting of the scapula There is no mention of nerve exploration at an early
with, according to the authors, acceptable results stage, and it is difficult to form an opinion on this
by decreasing the fall of the scapula and by subject, and no one at this time can say what are the
improving the abduction of the shoulder. indications for neurolysis or repair of this nerve
A. THE PARALYSIS OF CHARLES BELL'S except for iatrogenic lesions, especially during
NERVE ganglion dissection or costoclavicular parade
(NERF OF THE LARGE DENTELÉ) surgery (12, 18).
Nevertheless, a certain number of patients do not
The involvement of Charles Bell's nerve with recover and are seen a year or a year and a half after
paralysis of the large serrated muscle is a rare
the onset of paralysis. Palliative surgery is indicated
pathology and the pathogenic hypotheses have not
in view of functional disorders with shoulder blade
been proven.
detachment during antepulsion movements,
The nerve of Charles Bell which is perpendicular
to the roots of the brachial plexus is, as a rule, not limitation of mobility and decrease
reached in the lesion mechanisms of the of strength associated with pain in the effort (6).
paraplegia of the brachial plexus, but on the other Muscle transplants are intended to get as close as
hand, it is sensitive to the lowering movements of possible to the normal physiology of the large
the megnon. shoulder, thwarted antepulsion or serrated muscle, but in practice, the active character
exaggerated retropulsion. of the transplant is quickly lost by the effect of
All movements that brutally reproduce lowering passive tenodesis, by functional deficiency of the
the stump of the shoulder or carrying heavy loads transfer of a muscle. in an already unbalanced
on the shoulder (paralysis of the knapsack) or shoulder or because of the problems of the insertion
pulling downwards by heavy loads carried at of the transfer, its direction and its moment of
arm's length are likely to damage this nerve. action.
Certain repetitive and daily actions can cause The transfer of the pectoralis major was proposed,
nerve damage and several publications concern by diverting one of its bundles extended by a graft
the sportsman (9) with a risk in sports that require directly on the large dentate, like Tubby (15) or on
armament thrown by a retropulsion followed by a the spinal edge of the scapula. In 1987, Iceton and
rapid antepultion, such as tennis, javelin, weight, Harris (42) reported 15
thrusts on the shoulder, like rugby. cases treated by the transfer of the sternal portion of
Multiple physiopathogenic hypotheses have been the pectoralis major extended by a strip of fascia
developed and, alongside inflammatory and viral
lata and fixed in transosseous level of the tip of the
theories, the traumatic or microtraumatic theory is
scapula with, overall, satisfactory results in 9 cases.
that which is retained with a truncular lesion of
the nerve by elongation (4, 7, 8,
The transfer of the small breastplate was described
16). by Chavez in 1951 and the entire distal insertion of
Charles Bell's nerve can not support more than the muscle is diverted to the lower angle of the
10% of its length of rest and two lesions are scapula. Vastamaki in 1984 reported 6 cases with 5
particularly suspected, on the one hand, between good results (17).
the scalene muscles and on the other hand, at the The transfer of the dorsal dorsal reported by Dikson
level of the and Lange and the transfer of the large round
the 2nd coast pass. described by Hass are part of mixed interventions
Anyway, it's very often about lesions because very often they are associated with
types I or II of Sunderland, usually scapulopexy.
Scapulopexy (5, 14) is the most
Acta Orthopædica Belgica, Vol. 65 - 1 - 1999
20 J. Y. ALNOT
du plexus brachial. Monographie de la Société Française 33. Brientini J.M., Vichard P. H. Isolated paralysis of the
de Chirurgie de la Main. Expansion Scientifique Fran- large serrated muscle. Memoirs of the Academy, Masson,
çaise, Paris, 2ème Ed., 1995, 21, 231-239. Paris, 1988, 114, 338-343.
1. Coene L. N., Narakas A. O. Surgical management 34. Bunch W. H. Scapulo-thoracic fusion. Minnesota Med.,
of axillary nerve lesions. Peripheral nerve repair and
rege- neration. Livana Press, 1986, 3, 47-65. 1973, 237, 17-23.
2. Cofield R. H., Briggs B. T. Glenohumeral 35. Fery A., Melvinport, Morrey B. F., Hawkins R. J.
arthrodesis, operative and long-term functional results. Surgery of the shoulder of treatment of anterior serratus
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3. Comtet J. J., Herzberg G., Naasan I. A. paralysis. Surg. of the Shoulder, Year Book, 1990, 325-329.
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Hand. Clin., 1989, 5, 1, 1-14. Rev.
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G. Duchenne-Erb Palsy : experience with direct
surgery. Clin. Orthop, 1988, 237, 17-23. 37. Foo C. L., Pannier S., Canae B. The paralysis of the
5. Karev A. Trapezius transfer for paralysis of the great
deltoid. serrated. Ann. Med. Phys., 1978, 21, 2, 229-241.
J. Hand. Surg., 1986, 11-B, 1, 81-83.
6. L’Episcopo J. B. Restoration of mucle balance in 4L Gregg J. R., Labosky D. Serratus anterior paralysis in
the treatment of obstetrical paralysis. NY State J. Med., the young athlete. J. Bone Joint Surg., 1979, 6-A, 61, 825-
1939, 39, 357. 832.
7. Mayer L. Transplantion of the trapezius for 42. Iceton J., Harris W. R. Treatment of winged scapula by
paralysis of the abductor of the arm. J. Bone Joint
Surg., 1954, 36- A, 775. pectoralis major transfer. J. Bone Joint Surg., 1987, 69-
8. Narakas A. Les atteintes paralytiques de la ceinture B, 108-110.
scapulo-humérale et de la racine du membre. In : 43. Maquet P. Paralysis of the great serrated by
Tubiana
R. Traité de Chirurgie de la Main, Masson Paris, 1991, transplantation of the pectoralis minor. Rev. Chir. Orthop.,
4, 113-162. 1964, 50, 3, 399-401.
9. Ober F. An operation to relieve paralysis of the 44. Nakatsuchi Y., Saitoh S, Hosaka, Uchiyama S. Long
deltoid. thoracic nerve paralysis associated with thoracic outlet
JAMA, 1932, 99, 2182.
10. Ovesen J., Soejbjerg J. O. Transposition of syndrome. J. Shoulder Elbow Surg., 1994, 3, 28-33.
coracoacro- 45. Sedel L., Abois Y. Iatrogenic lesions of the spinal
mial ligament to humerus in treatment of distal nerve.
shoulder
joint instability. Rev. Chir. Orthop., 1988, 74, Suppl. II, Press Med., 1983, 12-27, 1711-1713.
264. 46. Toni A., Merlini L., Sudanese A., Baldini N., Granata
11. Pétrucci F. S., Morelli A., Raimondi P. L. Axillary C. Scapulo-thoracica Arthroplasty Distrophia Fascio
nerve
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Hand. Surg., 1982, 7, 271-278. 47. Tubby A. H. A case illustrating the operative treatment
12. Richards R. R., Waddel J. R, Hudson A. R. of serratus muscle paralysis by muscle
Shoulder arthrodesis for the treatment of brachial grafting. Br Med. J., 1904, 2, 1159-1160.
plexus palsy : a review of twenty two patients. Orthop.
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