FORMS OF MARKET

(MARKS: 10)
KEY CONCEPTS:
Perfect Competition- a form of market in which there is a large number of buyers and sellers
of a homogeneous product.
Monopoly- where the single producer controls the whole supply of the single commodity.
Monopolistic Competition- a form of the market where large number of sellers, sell
diferentiated product.
Oligopoly- a form of the market in which there are few big frms.
Market Equilibrium- is a situation when market demand = market supply
Ceiling Price- the maximum price of a product, as fxed by the government to protect poor
consumers.
Floor Price- the minimum price of a product, as fxed by the government to protect the poor
producers.
Market : Market is a situation in which buyers and sellers come into contact for the purchase and sale
of goods and services.
Market structure: refers to number of firms operating in an industry, nature of competition between them
and the nature of product.

Types of market
a) Perfect competition.
b) Monopoly.
c) Monopolistic Competition
d) Oligopoly.

a) Perfect competition : refers to a market situation in which there are large number of buyers and
sellers. Firms sell homogeneous products at a uniform price.

b) Monopoly market : Monopoly is a market situation dominated by a single seller who has full
control over the price.

c) Monopolistic competition: It refers to a market situation in which there are many firms who sell closely
related but differentiated products.

d) Oligopoly: is a market structure in which there are few large sellers of a commodity and
large number of buyers.

Features of perfect competition:

1. Very large number of buyers and sellers.

2. Homogeneous product.
3. Free entry and exit of firms.
4. Perfect knowledge.
5. Firm is a price taker and industry is price maker.
6. Perfectly elastic demand curve (AR=MR)
7. Perfect mobility of factors of production.
8. Absence of transportation cost.
9. Absence of selling cost.

Features of monopoly:

1. Single seller of a commodity.

2. Absence of close substitute of the product.
3. Difficulty of entry of a new firm.
4. Negatively sloped demand curve(AR>MR)
5. Full control over price.
6. Price discrimination exists
7. Existence of abnormal profit.

Features of monopolistic competition

1. Large number of buyers and sellers but less than perfect competition.
2. Product differentiation.
3. Freedom of entry and exit.
4. Selling cost.
5. Lack of perfect knowledge.
6. High transportation cost.
7. Partial control over price.

Main features of Oligopoly.

1. Few dominant firms who are large in size
2. Mutual interdependence.
3. Barrier to entry.
4. Homogeneous or differentiated product.
5. Price rigidity.

Features of pure competition

1. Large number of buyers and sellers.
2. Homogeneous products.
3. Free entry and exit of firm.

Very short answer questions

1. Define perfect competition.
Ans:- Perfect competition is a market with large number of buyers and sellers , selling homogeneous
product at same price.

2. Define monopoly.
Ans: Monopoly is a market situation dominated by a single seller who has full control over the price.

3. Define monopolistic competition.

Ans:- It refers to a market situation in which many buyers and sellers selling differentiated product and
have partial control over the price.

4. Under which market form firm is a price maker?

Ans:- Monopoly

5. What are selling cost?

Ans:- Cost incurred by a firm for the promotion of sale is known as selling cost. (Advertisement cost)

6. What is oligopoly?
Ans:- Oligopoly is defined as a market structure in which there are few large sellers who sell either
homogenous or differentiated goods.

7. In which market form is there product differentiation?

Ans:- Monopolistic competition market and oligopoly market
8. What is product differentiation?
Ans: It means close substitutes offered by different producers to show their output differs from other
output available in the market. Differentiation can be in colour, size packing, brand name etc to
attract buyers.

9. What do you mean by patent rights?

Ans:- Patent rights is an exclusive right or license granted to a company to produce a particular output
under a specific technology.
10. What is price discrimination?
Ans: - It refers to charging of different prices from different consumers for different units of the same
product.
11. What is the shape of marginal revenue curve under monopoly?
Ans:- Under monopoly market MR curve is downwards sloping curve form left to right and it lies below
the AR curve.

12. What do you mean by abnormal profits?

Ans:- It is a situation for the firm when TR > TC.

13. Why AR is equal to MR under perfect competition?

Ans:- AR is equal to MR under perfect competition because price is constant.

14. What are advertisement costs?

Ans:- Advertisement cost are the expenditure incurred by a firm for the promotion of its sales such as
publicity through TV , Radio , Newspaper , Magazine etc.

15. What is short period?

Ans:- Short period refers to that much time period when quantity of output can be changed only by
changing the quantity of variable input and fixed factors remaining same.

16. Define long period.

Ans:- Long period refers to that much time period available to a firm in which it can increase its outputs
by changing its fixed and variable inputs.

17. What is market period?

Ans: Market period is defined as a very short time period in which supply of commodity cannot be
increased.

18. What is meant by normal profit?

Ans:- Normal profit is the minimum amount of profit which is required to keep an entrepreneur in
production in the long run.

19. What is break-even price?

ANs:- In a perfectly competitive market, break- even price is the price at which a firm earn normal profit
(Price=AC). In the long run, Break- even price is that price where P=AR=MC

20. Define the term Selling Cost.

Ans : It refers to the expenditure of a firm incurred on the promotion of sales of its product in the market.

21. How does a firm under monopolistic competition exercise partial control over price?
Ans. A monopolistic competitive firm enjoys partial control over price. It happens because by incurring
heavy selling cost, the firm is able to create a differentiated image of its product in the minds of
consumers. Products are differentiated on the basis of band, size, colour, shape, etc. Buyers are
attracted to buy a particular product even at a relatively higher price.
22. Why is the number of firms small in an oligopoly market? Explain.
Ans. The main reason for small number of firms under oligopoly is the 'Barriers to Entry', which prevent
entry of new firms into the industry. Patents, requirements of large capital, control over crucial raw
materials, etc, are some of the other reasons, which prevent new firms from entering into industry.
As a result, there are few firms in an oligopoly market.

23. What happens to profits in the long run if firms are free to enter in the industry?
Ans. When existing firms are earning profit, freedom of entry induces new firms to enter the industry.
This raises market supply which in turn leads to fall in market price. Profit fall and continue to fall,
till each firm is earning zero economic profit or normal profit.

24. Explain the implication of large number of buyers in a perfectly competitive market.
Ans. The large number of buyers is assumed to be so large that an individual buyer's share in total
purchases is so negligible that he cannot influence the market price on its own by purchasing more or
less. The outcome is that price remains unchanged.

25. What do you mean by homogenous product?

Ans. Homogenous product refers to a product which is identical in all respects like quality, colour, size,
design, brand name etc.

26. What induces new firms to enter an industry?

Ans. Abnormal profits, i.e., above normal profits.

27. Why are selling costs not incurred in perfect competition?

Ans. Selling costs are not incurred in perfect competition as there exists perfect knowledge among the
buyers and sellers.

28. What is a price-maker firm?

Ans. A price-maker firm is a firm which is in a position to determine the market price of the product on its
own.

Q29. What is cartel?

Ans. Cartel is a group of firms which jointly set their output and price so as to exercise monopoly power.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. In which kind of market, a firm is price-taker?
(a) Perfect competition (b) Monopoly(c) Monopolist competition (d) Oligopoly
Ans. (a)
2. Charging different prices from different buyers for the same good is called:
(a) price extension (b) price contraction (c) price discrimination (d) price control
Ans. (c)
3. Which market induces trust and cartels?
(a) Perfect competition (b) Monopoly(c) Oligopoly (d) None of them
Ans. (c)
4. In monopolistic competition the products are:
(a) Homogeneous only (b) Homogeneous supported with advertisement
(c) Differentiated only (d) Differentiated supported with advertisement
Ans. (d)
5. What will be the effect of equilibrium price if supply is decreased without any change in
demand?
(a) No change in price (b) Price will fall(c) Price will rise (d) None of these
Ans. (c)
6. The period of time, when supply is fully adjusted to change in demand is called:
(a) short-period (b) very short period(c) mid-period (d) long period
Ans. (d)
7. Ifdemand for a product falls, equilibrium price will:
(a) fall (b) rise(c) either of the two (d) neither of the two
Ans. (a)
8. The market price is related to
(a) short period (b) very short period(c) long period (d) very long period
Ans. (b)
 Short Answer Questions: (3 / 4 Marks)

1. Explain any four characteristics of perfect competition market.

Ans:- i) Large number of buyers and sellers : The number of buyers and sellers are so large in this market
that no firm can influence the price.
ii) Homogeneous products: Products are uniform in nature. The products are perfect substitute of
each other. No seller can charge a higher price for the product. Otherwise he will lose his
customers.
iii) Perfect knowledge: Buyers as well as sellers have complete knowledge about the product.
iv) Free entry and exit of firm: Under perfect competition any firm can enter or exit in the market at
any time. This ensures that the firms are neither earning abnormal profits nor incurring abnormal
losses.
3. Distinguish between monopoly and perfect competition.

Ans:- Perfect Competition Monopoly

Very large number of buyers and sellers.
Products are homogenous
Firm is the price taker and not a maker
Price is uniform in the market (price =AR)
Free entry and exit of firms.
Single seller of the product.
Product has no close substitute
Firm is price maker not price taker
Due to price discrimination price is not uniform.
Very difficult entry of new firms.

4. Which features of monopolistic competition are monopolistic in nature?

Ans:- i) Product differentiation
ii) Control over price
iii) Downward sloping demand curve

5. What are the reasons which give emergence to the monopoly market?
Ans:- i) Patent Rights: Patent rights are the authority given by the government to a particular firm to produce a
particular product for a specific time period.
ii) Formation of Cartel: Cartel refers to a collective decision taken by a group of firms to avoid outside
competition and securing monopoly right.
iii) Government licensing: Government provides the license to a particular firm to produce a particular
commodity exclusively.

10. Why is the demand curve facing monopolistically competitive firm likely to be very elastic?
Ans:- It is because the product produced by monopolistically competitive firms are close substitute to each
other. If the products are closer substitutes to each other the elasticity of demand is high which makes the
firm demand curve is elastic.

13. Explain the implication of free entry and free exit of a firm in perfect competitive market.
Ans: - If there is free entry and free exit of firms, then no firm can earn abnormal profit in the long run (firm
earn zero abnormal profit). Each firm earns just normal profit.

14. Explain the implication of the feature ‗large number of buyers and sellers‘ in perfect competition

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (6 MARKS)

2. Distinguish between collusive and non-collusive oligopoly. Explain the following features of oligopoly.
a) Few firms.
b) Non-price competition.
Ans:- Collusive oligopoly is one in which the firm cooperate with each other in deciding price and output.
Non collusive oligopoly is one in which firms compete with each other.
 Few firms: There are few sellers of the commodity and each seller sells a substantial portion of the output
of the industry. The number of firm is so small that each seller knows that he can influence the price by
his own action and that he can provoke rival firms to react.
Non price competition: The firms are afraid of competition through lowering the price because it may
start price war. Therefore they complete through the non price factors like advertising, after sales service
etc.

5. Distinguish between monopoly and monopolistic competition.

Ans:- i) Under monopoly there is single seller / producer of the commodity. Whereas under monopolistic
competition there are large numbers of sellers, so the firm under monopoly has greater influence over
price than under monopolistic competition.
ii) There is freedom of entry of new firms under monopolistic competition where as there is no such
freedom under monopoly. As a result a monopolist can earn abnormal profit in the long run.
iii) Under monopolistic competition the product is heterogeneous while under monopoly there is no close
substitute of the product.
iv.) Demand curve in a monopoly market is less elastic than the demand curve under monopolistic
competition because under monopoly there is no close substitute of the product.

6. Define Control Price (Maximum Ceiling Price or Ceiling Price) & Support Price (Minimum Ceiling
Price or Floor Price). OR What happens when Govt. intervenes in the free market price mechanism?

Ans : Control/Ceiling price refers to the maximum price which is fixed by the Govt. below to market
price in order to protect the poor consumers. It is one of the important instruments for social welfare
& economic justice. But the use of this may lead to evil consequences viz. Black marketing, forcible
rationing & long queue of unsatisfied consumers. Due to this, larger demands will remain
unsatisfied, & therefore govt. will be compelled to impose forcible rationing which will lead to
curtailment of needs of the household. Another evil consequence will be the practice of 'Black
marketing' by the traders, which implies that when the traders sell the goods at the price higher than
control price to the potential consumers. This leads to the prevalence of black money or what is
called as unaccountable money. Thus, it is the duty of the govt. to look at the pros & cons before
imposing the control price.
Support/Floor price refers to the price which is fixed by the govt. above to the market price to
protect the weak & sick producers. It is just the contrary to the control price. The support price leads
to fall in demand & rise in supply (due to the operation of law of demand & supply respectively. This
creates the gap of excess supply, & this excess leads to wastage, & further unemployment & poverty.
In this situation, the govt. purchases the excess & keep in the buffer stock. During any deficit in
production in any region, it supplies the same at reasonable prices or it is dumped in the foreign
markets.

7. Explain why the firms in the perfect competition market earn normal profits in the
long run?
Ans : The firms in the perfect competition market earn zero abnormal profits or normal profits
in the long run because of freedom of entry & exit of the firms in the market. As we know
that perfectly competitive markets are characterized by the existence of large number of
firms & buyers, & the firms produce & sell homogenous product. Therefore, the firms are
 price taker & the price cannot be influenced by the single firm or buyer. This can be
explained by the following illustration:

This phenomena is based on simple principle that if the firms were making loss in the
short run, this firms will exit in the long run, as a result the market supply will fall due to
which the price rises i.e. AR rises. This process is continued till LAR=LAC, & the firms
accrue normal profits in the long run. On the contrary, if the firms were making abnormal
profits in the short run, the new firms will enter into the industry due to which the market
supply will rise. As a result, the price will fall, & this process will continue until
LAR=LAC. As soon as this eqm. is attained, entry of new firms will stop, & thus the
firms will be accruing only the normal profits in the long run.

8. Define Monopoly market & explain its characteristics.

Ans : It is such a market structure where exist a single firm which has no close competitor, &
the firm produce & sell an unique product i.e. the product which has no close substitute in
the market.
Characteristics or Conditions(& implications):
* In these market structures, there is an existence of a single firm which has no close
competition with other firms. Due to this, the firm has total control over the output of
the good in the market. This enables the firm to exercise its influence over the price
determination of the product.
* In this kind of markets, the firm produces & sells a unique product which has no
close substitute available in the market. As a result, the firm can dominate the pricing
of the product as the demand for the product is less elastic (E <1). P
* The entry or exit of any firm is not possible, in this type of market, due to various
constraints viz. administrative, financial, managerial, technical, & patent right. This
enables the firm to enjoy abnormal profits in the long run, which is the very essence
of this market.
* The firm, in this market structure, is a price maker. In other words, the demand curve
or AR curve has a steeper negative slope which implies that, i) the firm can
determine the price of its own product; ii) the demand for the good is relatively
inelastic, due to the existence of single firm & product has no close substitute.

9. Define Monopolistic Competition Market & explain its characteristics.

Ans : It refers to such a market structure where there is an existence of fairly large number of
firms & buyers, & the firms produce & sell hetrogenous product, i.e. the products which
are similar but not identical, &therefore the firms are price maker. This type of market
situation include both competitive & monopoly element.

CHARACTERISTICS OR CONDITIONS (& implications):

I. In this kind of market structure, there exist a fairly large number of firms which have
a greater competition among themselves. Due to this, the firms do not have total
control over the market supply of the product.
II. The firms produce & sell hetrogenous (differentiated) products, in this kind of
markets, which enable the firms to have control on their own output, & thus the firms
 are price makers.
III. There is a freedom of entry & exit of firms in the market, to a considerable extent,
due to which the number of firms always remain fairly large. As a result, the firms
can earn only the normal profits in the long run.
IV. The unique feature of this type of market structure is prevalence of selling cost, i.e.
the expenditure made by the firms to promote the sales of their products viz. sale
exhibition, discount offer, showroom demonstration, advertisement & wide
campaigning cost etc. This feature leads to cut-throat competition among the firms,
& the price of the products of each firm does not differ to large extent.
V. The firms, in this type of markets, are price makers, as all these firms have distinct
consumers of their product. As the firms produce & sell hetrogenous product, the
price of products of each firm is different, irrespective of their similarity. Because of
this, the AR(demand) curve slopes negatively at gradual rate. The negative slope
implies the firms as a price maker, & the gradual slope implies that demand for the
product is more elastic due to existence of large number of firms & availability of
close subsititutes.

10. What is the difference between Perfect Competetion Market & Monopoly market.

11. Differentiate between Perfect Competetion Vs Monopolistic Competetion Market.

 Similarity between Perfect Competition & Monopolistic Competition Market
1. In both the market situation, there is an existence of large number of firms.
2. There is a freedom of entry & exit of the firms in the market.
3. The firms in this markets earn normal profits in the long run.

12. Differentiate between Monopoly Market Vs. Monopolistic Competition Market.

Ans :

Q. Define the term Oligopoly Market & differentiate between collusive & non collusive
Oligopoly, & perfect & imperfect Oligopoly market.
Ans : The term 'Oligo' means few while the term 'poly' means seller. Oligopoly market refers to
that kind of market structure where the number of firms are few but these firms are in
large in scale & size.
Collusive Oligopoly refers to that kind of oligopoly where the firms come into a formal
agreement on the collective decisions to be taken in relation to determination of price &
output in order to avoid internal competition between them. Collusion means Cartel
(group) formation. So the firms producing & selling same kind of product forms a group
so that there is minimum risk for internal competition. World's largest cartel is
Organisation of Oil Producing & Exporting Countries (OPEC) which includes five
nations viz. Kuwait, Saudi Arabia etc.
Non collusive Oligopoly refers to that market where the firms do not form any kind of
cartel & are ready to face the competition among them. They believe in survival of the
best.
Perfect Oligopoly means those firms which produce homogenous products with different
brands viz Iron & Steel industries, Cement, Mica, Coal industries etc, On the contrary,
Imperfect oligopoly refers to that oligopoly market where the firms produce
heterogeneous products viz electronics, electrical, automobile industries etc.

Characteristics of Oligopoly Market:

1. Few firms exist in the market with a large scale of production. Due to this, there
is a stiff competition between the firms, & thus an individual firm has a large share in
the market output. This makes them capable to determine their price, & thus they are
price makers.
2. Firms produce heterogeneous products which are not identical. Therefore, the
firms are in a position to discriminate their products to the buyers & make larger
contribution in the market output. Even in perfect oligopoly, the products are
different in brands vizAmbuja Cement, Star Cement etc. Thus, this creates a greater
degree of product discrimination enabling them to be the price makers.
3. Barriers are there in the entry & exit of the firms. These firms are large in scale
having greater dominance in the market related to financial, managerial,
infrastructural strength. Thus, it becomes a very difficult task for a new firm to enter
into the market & compete these business giants. As a result, these firms enjoy
supernormal profits in the long run.
4. High sense of interdependence is found between the firms. The firms have total
information about the strategies of their rival firms. If one of the firm reduce the
price, another will do the same immediately. In both collusive & non collusive, we
find a greater degree of interdependence between the firms. That's why, these firms
avoid to enter into the price war among them.
5. Due to high sense of interdepence among the firms, the demand curve of these
firms is generally indeterminate i.e. not well defined. As a result, the demand
curve of these firms usually are having high elasticity & low elasticity at same time,
& thus, the shape is referred to as Kinked demand curve. This is because as soon as a
firm decides to fix a price, the rival firm changes its firm which creates disturbance
in the price equation of the first firm. Therefore, the demand curve is Kinked in
shape.
6. Price rigidity is another feature of this market. Due to high degree of competition
between the firms, these firms avoid taking risk in entering into price war. As a
result, the price of the goods in this market often remains unchanged for a longer
period of time.
7. Price leadership is also one of the feature found in this market. The firm having
largest share in the market output generally leads the market & rest of the firms
follow the strategies of this firm im determination of price & output.
 8. Non price competition & selling cost are also found in this kind of market. The
firms are engaged in non-price competition viz sale discounts, gift vouchers &
hampers, sale after service & extended warranty etc. These firms also spend a huge
sum of money on the advertisement & market campaigning which creates a higher
degree of competition among the firms and an unnecessary hike in price of the products.

SIMPLE APPLICATION TOOLS

Price Ceiling:- means maximum price of a commodity fixed by the government that the sellers can charge from
the buyers. It is imposed on necessary commodities like wheat , rice , kerosene, oil, sugar etc. Price ceiling
results in excess demand and less supply in the market. It is below the equilibrium price.The shortage of
commodity in the market results in following implications
a) Emergence of black market
b) Rationing

Price Floor (minimum support Price) :- it is fixed by the government necessarily above the equilibrium price.
Sometimes when government feels that the price for a particular good or service should not fall below certain
level and sets a floor or a minimum price for these goods and services
Example: - Imposition of support price on agricultural commodities in case of requirement the government fixes
the support price above the equilibrium price. Price floor results in excess supply and less demand.

HOTS & VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

11. Under monopoly, the barriers to entry and exit of firm lead to absence of competition in the
market. Do you think this is necessary in certain strategic areas like in case of production of
defense goods and atomic energy?
Ans. Yes, barriers to entry and exit of firms is necessary in certain strategic areas (defense goods,
atomic energy, etc.) because these areas are of national security and production of such goods
cannot be left open for competition.

12. What policy initiatives can the government undertake to increase the demand of milk in the
country? Mention any one.
Ans. (i) Give subsidies to reduce price; (ii) Undertake health campaigns to promote the positive effects
of milk consumption. (Any 1)

13. The following headline appeared in the Hindustan Times on 2nd August, 2014: “Crop
damaged in Himachal sent tomato prices roaring in Delhi.” Use an economic theory to
analyze the statement.
Ans. When the tomato crop was damage in Himachal the supply of tomatoes decrease. This means that
the supply curve shifts leftward. At the prevailing market price, there was an excess demand. In
this situation, buyers would have competed to raise the market price. As market price would have
risen, quantity demanded of tomatoes would have contracted and the quantity supplied would
have expanded. This process would have continued till a new equilibrium price was reached,
where market demand is equal to market supply. The new price is higher than the old price of
tomatoes. This explains how prices in Delhi rose when the tomatoes crop got damaged in
Himachal.

14. How much loss a firm can bear in the short run?
Ans:- A firm can bear losses up to its total fixed cost in the short run.

15. The firms are earning abnormal profits. Will the number of firms in the industry change?
Ans:- If firms are getting abnormal profit new firms will enter the industry.

16. If firms are making abnormal losses will the number of firms in the industry change?
Ans:- When firms are suffering losses, the number of firms in the industry will decrease as some firms may exit
from the industry.

17. Why is demand curve facing a monopolistic competition firm likely to be more elastic?
Ans:- In monopolistic competition market the demand curve of a firm is likely to be more elastic, the reason
behind this is that all the firm in the industry produce close substitute of each other. If close substitute of
any good is available in the market then elasticity of demand is very high because whenever there is a
hike in price the consumer will shift to its substitutes. That is why a firm‘s demand curve under
monopolistic competition is more elastic.
18. Explain how the efficiency may increase if two firms merge.
Ans:- i) When two firms merge then there combined efforts and efficiency brings more output to the firm.
Increase in the sale of output and economies of scale can be availed. It leads to division of labour and
can get advantage of the specialization. Use of better and advanced technology saves the cost of
production.

Unsolved Questions
1. Why the firm under perfect competition is a price taker and not a price maker?
2. In which market form the goods are sold at uniform price?
3. In which market form the product of very seller is homogeneous?
4. In which market form the AR and the MR of the firm are always equal?
5. In which market form the product of every producer is different from one another?
6. Why the situation of monopoly arises?
7. Compare the demand curves facing a seller under conditions of perfect competition, monopoly and
monopolistic competition.
8. What attracts the new firm to enter in the market?
9. Explain why the demand curve facing a firm under monopolistic competition is negatively sloped?
10. Explain why the demand curve facing a firm under monopolistic competition is more elastic than that of
monopoly firm?
 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS – CBSE BOARD EXAMINATION

One Mark Questions (1M)

1) In which market form can a firm not influence the price of the product?
2) What is equilibrium price?
3) Under which market form a firm is a price taker?
4) Define market equilibrium.
5) Define Monopoly.
6) State one feature of Oligopoly.

Three Marks Questions (3M)

1) Why is the number of firms small in an Oligopoly Market? Explain.

2) Explain three features of Monopoly.
3) How is equilibrium price of a commodity affected by a decrease in demand?
4) Why is the demand curve more elastic under monopolistic competition than under monopoly? Explain.
5) Explain the feature ‗differentiated product‘ of a market with monopolistic competition.
6) Explain the effect of ‗large number of buyers and sellers‘ in a perfectly competitive firm.

Four Marks Questions (4 M)

1) Distinguish between Monopoly and Perfect Competition.

2) Draw the Average Revenue Curve of a firm under a) Monopoly and b) Perfect Competition. Explain the
difference in these curves, if any.
3) Show with the help of a diagram the effects of an increase in demand for a commodity on its equilibrium price
and quantity.
4) Explain with the help of a diagram the determination of price of a commodity under perfect competition.
5) Explain the concept of equilibrium price with the help of market demand and supply schedules.

Six Marks Questions (6 M)

1. Given the market equilibrium of a good. What are the effects of Simultaneous increase in both demand and
supply of that good on its equilibrium price and quantity?
2. Distinguish between perfect competition and monopoly. Why is the demand curve facing a firm under perfect
competition perfectly elastic?
3. Explain briefly the three feature of perfect competition.
4. Explain the chain of effects on demand, supply and price of a commodity caused by a leftward shift of the
demand curve. Use diagram.
5. Explain three feature of Monopolistic Competitio