Centrifugal Pump Design

valves
pump&)
 Contents Page Page
1 Symbols, Units and Designations 4 General 22
National and International Standards for
2 Design Centrifugal Pumps
2.1 Pump Capacity Shaft Deflection
2.2 Pump Head Improving the NPSH Requirement
2.3 Svstem Head impeller Types
2.4 ~beed Pump Types
2.5 Selectina the PumD Size Pump Installation Arrangements
2.6 calculating the power Consumption Pump Sump Configuration
2.6.1 Pump Power lnput Suction Pipe Layout
2.6.2 Calculating the Drive Rating Shaft Couplings
2.7 Pump Characteristic Curve
9 Technical Data
9.1 Vapour pressure p, and Density p of Water
2.8 System Characteristic (Piping Characteristic) 9.2 Vapour pressure p, of Various Liquids
2.9 Operating Point 9.3 Density p of Various Liquids at Atmospheric
2.1 0 Parallel Operation of Centrifugal Pumps Pressure
9.4 Extract of Main Legal Units for Centrifugal
3 Suction Characteristics Pumps
9.5 Conversion of British and U.S. Units
3.1 NPSH Required p, 9.6 Graph for Calculating Flow Velocity v
3.2 NPSH Available 9.7 Graph for Calcuiating Velocity Head v212g
4.1 Head Losses H, in Straight Pipes
9.8 Graph for Calculating Velocity Head
head Losses
4 4.2Pressure LossesH, In p~ast-cP pes Differential A v212 g
4 3 Head Losses H, lor VISCOUS Llqulds
9.9 Graph for Calculating Head Losses H,
in Straight Pipes
9.10 Graph for Calcuiating Conversion Factors
4.4 Head Losses H, in Valves and Fittings
fern, ~ H , Wand f,,,~ for Viscous Liquids
5 Changing the Pump Performance 9.1 1 Graph for Calculating Conversion Factors for
and f~~ for Viscous Liquids
5.1 Changing the Speed 9.12 Graph for Calculating Specific Speed n,
5.2 Trimming the Impellers - Schedule for Calculating the Operating Point
or Pump Size for Viscous Liquids
6 Handling Viscous Liquids

7 Typical Selection Examples

7.1 Selecting the Pump Size
7.2 Calculating the Power Consumption
7.2.1 Pump Power lnput
7.2.2 Calculating the Drive Rating
7.3 Calculating the NPSH,
7.3.1 Suction Lift from OpenfClosed Tank
7.3.2 Positive Suction Operation from OpenlCiosed
Tank
7.3.3 Positive Suction Operation from Closed Tank
at Vapour Pressure
7.4 Changing the Speed
7.5 Trimming the Impeller
7.6 Handling Viscous Liquids
7.6.1 Calcuiating the Operating Point
7.6.2 Establishing the Pump Size
1 Symbols, Units and Designations 2 Design
A m2 Area 2.1 Pump Capacity
a mm Width
The capacity Q is the external volume flow per unit of time in
b2 m Impeller outlet width ms/s (I/s and m3/h are also commonly used). Balance water,
D mm (m) impeller diameter,
leakage water etc. do not count as part of the capacity.
pipe diameter
DN (mm) Nominal bore of pipe
d mm Smallest inner diametel
F N Force
f~
- Conversion factor for head 2.2 Pump Head
fa - Conversion factor for flow rate The head H of a pump is the useful mechanical energy trans-
- Conversion factor for efficiency mitted by the pump to the medium handled, related to the
f?
9 mIs2 Gravitational constant = 9.81 mlsz weight of the medium, expressed in m. It is independent of
H m Head the density p of the medium handled, i.e. a centrifugal pump
HA m System head will generate the same head H for all fluids irrespective of the
H.. m Static head density p. The density p determines the pressure within the
~o'" m Shut-off head pump
,,,
Hs m Static suction lift p=p.g.H
Hz ,en m Static positive suction head and influences the pump power input P.
H" m Head loss
H",, m Head loss - suction side
AH m Differential head
K 1 Coefficient 2.3 System Head
k mm Absolute roughness

.
L m Length of pipe The total head of the system H, is made up of the following
n llmin Speed (see Figs. 1 and 2):
NPSHreq m NPSH required
NPSH, m NPSH available ,H
.,, Static head = height difference between the suction
nq llmin Specific speed and discharge fluid levels. If the discharge pipe emerges
P kW Pump power input above the liquid level, then ,H
,, is referred to the centreline
P bar (N/m2) Pressure of the outflow section.
Pb bar (N/m2) Barometric pressure
bar (NIm2) Vapour pressure of liquid
.-,
the pressure head difference between the suction
Po P'S
P" bar (Nlm2) Pressure loss and discharge fluid levels in closed tanks.

.--
AQ I/s (mVh) Differential capacity .ZH, the sum of all pressure head losses (pipe friction,
Q Ils (m31h) Capacity/Flow rate friction in valves, fittings etc. in suction and discharge
Q," Ils (m3/h) Minimum flow rate pipes).
R mm Radius
va2- ve2
Re 1 Reynolds number ,the difference in velocity heads in the tanks.
U m Circumference 29
v mls Flow velocity
Y mm Stroke The system head HAis thus:
z l/h Switching frequency
G.d m Height differential between pump
suction and discharge nozzles
i - Loss coefficient
- In practice the difference between the velocity heads can be
'1 Pump efficiency
- ignored, leaving
a Pipe friction coefficient
1 Correction coefficient for closed tanks
IJ.
" m21s Kinematic viscosity
HA= ,H
,, + + ZH,,
P kg/m3 Density P'S
(kg/dm3)
w
1P
1
0
Temperature fact01
Opening angle
-
for open tanks
HA Hseo ZHV +

Indices 2.4 Speed

a at outlet cross section of the systemlbranching off With three-phase motor drives (asynchronous squirrel cage
B at operating point motor) the approximate pump speeds are as follows:
d at discharge nozzle of pump/flowing through
at inlet cross section of planVbranching off No. of poles
e 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
G for cast iron Frequenw
~eterencespeeds in curve documentation in llmin
gee geodetic 725 580 480 415
at 5 0 Hz 2900 1450 960
K for plastic at 60 Hz 3500 1750 1160 875 700 580 500
S suction side, at suction nozzle of pump
at best efficiency point In practice, however, motors usually run at slightly higher
opt
R radial speeds which - upon consent of the customer - are taken
sch for sulphuric acid into account by the pump manufacturer at the design stage
W for water (see section 7.4).
z for viscous liquids Different speeds are possible using a speed adjustment
1,2,3 consecutive numbers, items device, gearbox or belt drive.
Fig 1 Pumping system with suction lin

Flg. 2 Pumping system with p ~ i t i v esuction

IIKSB -
2.5 Selecting the Pump Size (see 7.1)
The data needed for selecting the pump size - capacity Q and
head H at the required duty point - is known, as is the mains
frequency. The pump size and speed can be determined from
the performance chart (also called selection chart) (see 8.0
Fig. 26); then the other parameters of the pump selected, such
as efficiency q, input power P and NPSH, can be established
from the appropriate individual performance curve (see 8.0,
Fig. 3).
Unless there is a particular reason to the contrary, arrange
the operating point near Qopt(b.e.p.).
For pumps handling viscous liquids see sections 6 and 7.6.2
2.7 Pump Characteristic Curve
In contrast to positive-displacementpumps (e.g. reciprocating
pumps) at constant speed (n = const.) centrifugal pumps
have a capacity Q which will increase if the head decreases.
They are thus capable of self-regulation. The pump power
input P, and therefore the efficiency q, plus the NPSHreq
depend on the capacity.
The behaviour and relationship of all thesevariables are shown
by the curves (see Fig. 3) which thus illustrate the operating
characteristics of a centrifugal pump.
The characteristic curves apply to the density p and kinematic
viscosity v of water, unless stated otherwise.

2.6 Calculating the Power Consumption

2.6.1 Pump Power Input
(see example in 7.2.1)
The pump power input P of a centrifugal pump is the mechan-
ical energy at the pump coupling or pump shaft absorbed
from the drive. It is determined using the following equation:

with p in kgIdm3
g in m/s2
Q in 11s
H inm
q between 0 and 1

or another equation which is still used:

with p in kgIdm3
Q in m3/h
H inm
367 conversion factor (constant)
The pump power input P in kW can also be directly read with
sufficient accuracy off the characteristic curves (see 2.7) where
the de-nsity p = 1000 kgIm3. The pump power input P must
be cbnverted (see 7.2.1) for other densities p.

2.6.2 Calculating the Drive Rating

(see example under 7.2.2)
Since it is possible that the system volume flow, and thus the
operating point, will fluctuate, which could mean an increase
in the pump power input P, it is standard practice to use the
129001 llmin Laufrad
Breite
Impeller Roue
Width
Rodete
Largeur Anchura
0 mm 130-169
mm 9
following safety margins when determining the motor size,
unless the customer specifies otherwise:
Fig. 3 Centrifugal pump characteristic curves
up to 7.5 kW approx. 20%
from 7.5 to 40 kW approx. 15%
from 40 kW approx. 10%.
If extreme volume flow fluctuations are expected, the motor
size must be selected with reference to the maximum possible
pump capacity on the characteristic curves, taking the follow-
ing into consideration:
impeller diameter required,
condition NPSHavL NPSH,, (see 3.2), The duty conditions determine which is the more favourable
0 permissible P/n values for the bearings. - a flat or a steep curve. With a steep curve the capacity
Handling 'liquids with a high proportion of solids, as well as changes less than with a flat curve under the same differen-
handling pulp, means using special pumps and/or special tial head conditions AH (see Fig. 4). The steep curve thus
impellers. possesses better control characteristics.
 3.2 NPSH Available (= NPSH,)
The datum point for the NPSH, is the centre of the pump's
suction nozzle. With standard, horizontalvolute casing pumps
the centreiines of the suction nozzle and impeller are on the
same level (Figs. 10 and l l ) , i.e. the geodetic height is 0.
However, if there is a difference of geodetic height (e.g.
with vettical pumps), it has to be taken into account.
NPSH, is calculated as follows:
a) Suction lift operation; the pump is above the liquid level
(Fig. 10)
NPSH., is defined as:

i.e. oh
p,
-
However, with a cold liquid, e.g. water, and an open tank,
.- 1 bar 1= 105 NIm2)
= 0 bar

-
p = 1000 kgIm3
g = 10 mls2 (incl. 2% error on 9.81 mIs2)
v.212g can be eliminated because of the negligible
~ i g8. Paraiiei operation of two similar centrifugal pumps with the same shut-off head HO velocity head in the tank,
The following simplified version is used in practice:
NPSH, 10- H,, - Hsgeo.
Fig. 9 shows an alternative solution: two pumps with the same
shut-off head Ho but different capacities Qi and Qll pumping
at a given operating point B in one piping system. Ql of
pump I and QII of pump II combine to produce the total
capacity QI+IIat the same head H.

/ Pump1 + 11 curve

. NPSH~.,for suction iin operation

~ i g10

b) Suction head operation; the pump is below the liquid level

(Fig. 11)
NPSH, is defined as:

NPSH -Pe+Pb-Po
BV -
p.9
+ ve2
29
- H,s + Hz geo

B opersting point The following equation is used in practice, assuming the same
no Shut-off head
conditions as in a):
NPSH,-10-H,,+H .,

~ i g9. Parallel operation of 2 pumw withthe same shut-off head no

3 Suction Characteristics
3.1 NPSH Required (= NPSH,.,)
(NPSH = Net Positive Suction Head)
Centrifugal pumps will only operate satisfactorily if there is no
build-up of vapour (cavitation) within the pump. Therefore the
pressure head at the NPSH datum point must exceed the
vapour pressure head of the medium handled. The NPSH
datum point is the impeller centre, i.e. the point of intersection
between the pump shaft centreline and the plane at right
g NPSH~V
~ i 11 for ~ u c i i o nhead operation
angles to the pump shaft and passing through the outer
points of the vane inlet edge.
The NPSH,., isthevaluerequired bythe pumpandisexpressed In all cases the following is a prerequisite for cavitation-free
in meters on the pump characteristic curves. The value often operation:
includes a safety margin of 0.5 m. NPSH, 2 NPSH,
4. Pressure Losses p, Straight lengths of circular cross-section piping are defined
The pressure loss p, is the pressure differential arising as by the following equation:
a result of wall friction and internal friction in piping runs, p" - h . L p.v2
fittings, valves and fittings etc. D 2
The generally valid formula for the pressure loss of a flow in where
a straight length of pipe is: D bore of pipe.
The pipe friction coefficient h varies with the state of flow
of the medium and the internal surface finish of the pipeline
through which the medium is flowing. The state of flow is deter-
where mined by the REYNOLDS number (model laws):
p, pipe friction loss, V.D
A pipe friction coefficient, Re=-
V
U wetted periphery of section A through which the fluid
flows. for non-circular sections
L length of pipe, v. 4 A
p density of the medium pumped, Re=- v . U
v flow velocity across a section A characteristic of the pres- where
sure loss. v kinematic viscosity.

Table 1: Mean peak-to-valley heights k (absolute roughness)

1) Nonferrous metals, light alloys

9
mKSB

j
.oioesl:
. ,
-
Valves

can be ca.cLlate0 for smooth bore pipes (new rolied steel

-
.<
." , .
C
in the region of laminar flow in the pipe (Re < 2320) the .$ 0.050
friction coefficient is: 5
a=-.64 o
0
Re
.-g 0.020
in the region of turbulent flow in the pipe (Re > 2320) the
test results can be represented by an empirical equation
9'-, 0.010I
by ECK: a
h
0.005
g
2 468 2 468 2 468 2 466 2 468
\ I /

In the region of 2320 < Re < 108the deviations are less than
v.D
1 %. REYNOLDS number Re = -
Fig. 12 shows, that h is solely dependent on the parameter
"
D/k at relativelv hiah REYNOLDS numbers: k/D is the "relative . pipe fridion coenicient A in fundion of REYNOLDS number and of relative wall
~ i g 12:
roughness Dlk
roughness", obtained from the "absolute roughnessmkand the
DiDe bore diameter D, where k is defined as the mean deDth
bf the wall surface roughness (coarseness).
According to MOODY the following applies: where
i loss coefficient,
v flow velocity,
g gravitational constant.
The values in Fig. 13 apply to clean water at 20 OC and to fluids
Table 1 gives rough approximations of k, of equal kinematicviscosity, assuming the piping is completely
filled, and consists of new cast iron pipes, with an internal bi-
4.1 Head Losses H, in Straight Pipes tumen coating (k = 0.1 mm). The head losses H, of Fig. 13
should be multiplied by:
Fig. 13 gives the losses of head H, per 100 m of straight pipe
run for practical usage. The head losses H, in this context are 0.8 for new rolied steel pipes,
calculated according to ..2
1.7 for pipes with incrustations (the reduced pipe cross-
section due to the incrustationsis the determining factor),
1.25 for old slightly rusty steel pipes.

Capacity Q
~ i g1. 3 Head losses in straightpipes (cast iron pipe,newoondition)irom DN 15 to2000 mrn
and for capacities Q from 0.5 to 50000 m3/h ifiowvelocityvin mls. nom, bore in mm, water
at 209.
In the case of pipes with very heavy incrustations, the actual 4.3 Head Losses H, for Viscous Liquids in Straight Pipes
head loss can only be determined by experiments. Deviations The head loss of a viscous fluid (subscript FI) can be ascer-
from the nominal diameter have a profound effect on the head tained for practical purposes with the aid of Fig. 16, after having
loss, e.g. an actual bore of 0.95 times the nominal bore (i.e. obtained the head loss for cold water (20 OC, v = m2/s)
only a slight bore reduction) pushes up the head loss Hv to (subscript W) from Fig. 13:
1.3 times the "as new" loss. New rubber hoses and rubber-
lined canvas hoses have H, values approximately equal to - IFI
' H~~
those indicated in Fig. 13. Hv~i - -- - .
hw
How to use Fig. 13 - an example:
Assuming a rate of flow Q = 140 m3/hand a new cast iron pipe, See viscosity for conversion of viscosity values.
inside diameter D = 150 mm, we obtain: head loss Hv = 3.25
m1100 m pipe length, flow velocity v = 2.2 m/s.

4.2 Head Losses H, in Plastic Pipes

Head losses in plastic pipes H,,. The head losses of PVC and
polythene "hard" and "soft" (drawn) plastic pipes are approxi-
mately equal. For the practical calculation of H
,,, the respective
head losses for cast iron pipes HvG(Fig. 13) should be multi-
plied by the correction coefficients p of Fig. 14, which are de-
pendent on the flow velocity v. The head losses evaluated in
this way apply to water at a temperature of 10 O C .
If the water temperature is other than 10 OC, these head losses
must in addition be multiplied by a temperature factor cp (Fig.
15).
Thus
Hv~=HV~-p.cp
where
HvK head losses in plastic pipes,
HVG head losses in cast iron pipes acc.
to Fig. 13,
p correction coefficient acc, to Fig. 14,
temperature factor acc. to Fig. 15.
1.o
2

Flow velocity v .
Fig. 14: Correction coefficient p for conversion of head losses in a cast iron pipe at
20 OC water temperature to values in a plastic pipe at 10 OC water temperature; plotted
in function of flow velocity v

Rg 16 Res~stancecoefflclents A. for flow of VISCOUS flulds ~nstra~ghtplpes

How to use figure 16 - an example:

Given: capacity Q = 100 m3/h, new cast iron pipe, inside
diameter D = 250 mm, kinematic viscosity v = 2 . 10-4 m2/s.
Found in figure 13: Hvw= 0.14 m/100 m.
It follows from figure 16 that: A, = 0.08,hW = 0.021.

One quite common viscous fluid is cellulose (pulp pumping),

Temperature t the viscosity of which depends on the flow velocity, since the
material in question is "non-NEWTONian"! Figures 17 a through
Fig. 15: Temperature factor q for calcuiatlon of head losses in plastic pipes at water
temperatures between 0 and 60 'C 17 f offer reference values for the head losses Hv per 100 m
length of straight steel pipe run plotted against capacity Q
Increments of 20 to 30% should be added for sewage or un- (H, = f(Q); nominal bore: 100,150,200,250,300 and 350 mm)
treated water. for conveying unbleached sulfite cellulose at 15 OC, 26 OSR
IIKSB -
Valves

(grinding state, OSR - Schopper-Riegler degree of freeness)

and with a pulp density (pulp pumping) of 1.5 to 7 010 bone dry.
If the pump slurry concerned differs from that used for the pur-
pose of plotting the curves of Fig. 17, then the values obtained
from Fig. 17 should be multiplied by the following factors:
K = 0.9 for bleached sulphite - sulphate cellulose, waste paper
pulp
K = 1.0 for boiled (digested) wood pulp,
K = 1.4 for white and brown raw wood pulp.

300
p l
-
1OOm
100

50
40 '1 0 20 30 50 100 200 m3/h 500 1000
30 Flg. 17 d Rate of flow Q
$20
-
0
u
$10
I
5
4
4 fin-e
l m N ' s b b j 1 1 1 / 1, ,,',pulp bensity
~n010 bone drv

3
2
1 2 3 5 10 20 m3/h 50 100
Fig. 1 7 a Rate of flow Q

20 30 50 100 200 m3/h 500 1000 2000

Fig. 1 7 e Rate of flow Q

Pulp density
in 010 bone d r y l

-
10 20 30 50 100 200 m3/h 500 1000
Fig 1 7 b Rate of flow Q

200
m
1OOm
100

50
40
; 30
$ 20
-0
U
g 10
I
5
4
3
Fig. 1 7 f Rate of flow Q

Figs. 17a-f: show a plot of the head losses Hv for conveying sulphite cellulose of various
'10 20 30 50 100 200 m3/h 500 1000 pulp densities at a temperature of 150 OC and a grinding grade of 26 "SR (pipe diameters
DN 100 to DN 350)
Flg 1 7 ~ Rate of flow Q A-A = maximum velocity (2.44 or 3.05 mls) in the discharge pipe for economical operation.
Furthermore, the head loss obtained from Fig. 17,and if ne- For pressure losses in valves and fittings the following equa-
cessary corrected by one of the factors listed above, should tion applies:
be corrected additionally if the pulp slurry concerned is at a
temperature higher than 15 OC. In this case, 1 OIo of the head
loss value which applies to 15 OC should be deducted for
every 2 OC of temperature difference. In the case of plastic where
pipes, the HvKvalue is obtained by multiplying the Hvvalue for C loss coefficient,
steel pipes by 0.9. p density of pumped medium,
The head loss value is reduced even further if fillers such as v flow velocity across a section A which is characteristic
kaolin (China clay) are contained in the pulp slurry concerned. of the head loss.
For an 18 010 kaolin content, the head loss value will decrease Tables 2 to 4 and Figs. 18 to 24 give details of the indivi-
by 12 010, and for a 26.5010 kaolin content, it will decrease by dual loss coefficients C and head losses Hv in valves and fitt-
16 010. ings for operation with water.
4.4 Head Losses H, in Valves and Fittings

Elbow radius RK
Duct width an

Fig 20 influence of roundrng off of concave and convex s ~ d eon the loss coeff~c
ient of
elbows wlth quadratic cross sectlon

Head loss Hv
Fig. 18: Determination of head losses Hv in vaives and fittings; flow velocity v relating
to the actual cross-sectional area through which the fluid flows I o3
5
Knee piece a 45O 60° 90°

Surface Surface Surface

smooth rough smooth rough smooth rough

i 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.70 1.15 1.30

Combinations with 90° knee pieces

T pieces (subdivision of flow)

0.5

with sharp edges

1= 1.3
rounded with
straight bottom
1= 0.7 I spherical with
inward-rounded
neck
1= 0.9
spherical

1= 2.5 to 4.9
Relative opening
angle (90 - 9)/9o
Degree of
opening yla

Fig. 21: Loss coefficients of butterfly vaives, globe and gate vaives in function of ope-
Fig. 19: Illustration of fittings with related loss coefficients ( ning angle or degree of Opening (Position numbers according to Table 2, design)
Table 2: Loss coefficients (of valves and fittings (referred to the velocity of flow in the adjoining cross-section DN - nominal diameter)

Type of valvelfitting / ~esignslLoss coefficient (for DN = 1 Remarks

') If the narrowest shut-off diameter d~ is smaller than the nominal diameter DN, the loss coefficient ( must be increased by pN/dE)', with x = 5 to 6
2) In the case of partial opening, i.e. low flow velocities, the loss coefficients increase
3) Designs: cf. page 15
 KSB -
valves

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Designs according to Table 2

The minimum and maximum values listed in Table 2 include lnlet pipe fittings:
figures taken from the most pertinent trade literature and
apply to fully open valves and fittings under uniform conditions
of flow. The losses attributable to flow disturbances in a length
of pipe equalling ca. 12 X DN downstream of the valve or
Inlet edge t t f t
-
fitting are also included in those values (cf. VDINDE guideline
2173). Nonetheless, the actual values are subject to wide sharp i= 0.5 3 for 6 = 75O 60" 45"
variance, depending on the conditions of inf owand outf ow, chamfered i 0.25 0.55 0.20 0.05 i-0.6 0.7 0.8
the model in question, ana tne design objcctives
Discharge pieces:
Table 3: Loss coefficients for fittings i = 1 downstream of an adequate length of straight pipe
with an approximately uniform velocity distribution in
Elbows:

-
Cast elbows 90°, R = D + 100 mm,
all nominal size i 0.5
- the outlet cross-section.
1 2 in the case of very unequal velocity distribution, e.g.
immediately downstream of an elbow, a valve etc.
Pipe bends 90°, R = 2 to 4 X D Loss coefficients of flow meters:
Nominal size DN 50 100 200 300 500 Short venturi tube a = 30° Standard orifice plate
i -0.26 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.18
If the deflection angle only 60° 45' 30" 15O,
amounts to the above ivalues
should be multiplied by 0.85 0.7 0.45 0.3 iis related to the velocity v at diameter D.
Knee pieces: Diameter
Deflection angle
i -90' 60" 45'
1.3 0.7 0.35 0.2 0.1
Combinations of elbows and pipe bends:
30' 15' ratio dlD
Aperture
ratio m = (dlDP
= 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

= 0.09 0.16 0.25 0.36 0.49 0.64

The ivalue of the single 90' elbow should not be doubled,
but only be multiplied by the factors indicated to obtain the Standard orifice ( -
short venturi tube i= 21 6 2 0.7 0.3 0.2
300 85 30 12 4.5 2
pressure loss of the combination elbows illustrated: plate
Water meters (volumetric meters) i 10-
In the case of domestic water meters, a max. pressure drop
of 1 bar is wescribed for the rated load, and in practice the
actual pressure loss is seldom below this figure.
Branch pieces: (Branch of equal bore)
The resistance coefficients i.for the diverted flow Q, or id
respectively for the main flow Qd = Q - Q, relate to the velo-
Expansion joints: city of the total flow Q in the nozzle.
Bellows expansion joint withlwithout On the basis of that definition, i ,and/or idmay take on
guide pipe
Smooth bore pipe harp bend -
i= 0.310.2
i 0.6 to 0.8
negative values, in which case they are indicative of pres-
sure loss. Not to be confused with reversible pressure
Creased pipe harp bend
Corrugated pipe harp bend -
i - 1 . 3 t o 1.6
[ 3.2 to 4
changes according to BERNOULLI'S equation (cf. annota-
tion to Table 4).
 where
Q volume flow in m3/h,
p density of water in kglm3 (effective temperature vapour
pressure, Table I),
p, pressure loss in bar.
The !+value [m3/h] represents the volume flow of cold water
(p = 1000 kglm3) at p, = 1 bar through a valve or fitting; it
therefore gives the relationship between the pressure loss p,
in bar and the volume flow Q in m3/h.
Conversion: d4
(-16.-
where
e
d reference diameter (nominal diameter) of the valve or
fitting in cm.

5 Changing the Pump Performance

Table 4: Pressure change coefficients in transition piece for 5.1 Changing the Speed
arrangements illustrated in Fig. 14
A coefficient E in accordance with the values in the table below The same centrifugal pump has different characteristic curves
applies to each of the illustrated shapes of transition pieces1 for different speeds; these curves are interconnected by the
reducers. If the pressure rises across the transition piece in similarity law. If the values for Q1, H1 and P1 are known at
the direction of fiow (divergent section), E is positive, and if the speed nl, then the new values for n2will be as follows:
pressure drops (reducer), E is negative.
Coefficients:
Expansion 1 Reduction

A change in the speed also causes the operating point to

Form I iI Ill IV shift (see 2.9). Fig. 22 plots three QH curves for the speeds
nl, n2 and n3, each curve is intersected by the system curve
HA at points B1, B2 and B3 respectively. The operating point
Form d/D = 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

--
will move along the system characteristic HA from B1 to B3
when the speed is changed as indicated.
i i
0.56 0.41 0.26 0.13 0.04 A
II for
1
a=
a = 15'
a = 20°
1
i
5 0.23
--
0.07
0.15
0.05
0.11
0.17
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.02
system curve HA

111
IV for 20° < a < 40' 5 -
1 = 4.80
0.21
2.01
0.10
0.88
0.05
0.34
0.02
0.11
0.01

z
Note:
2
In the case of branch pieces as per Table 3 and transition I
pieces as per Table 4, differentiationis made between irrevers-
ible pressure loss (=pressure reduction) B Operating paint
n Speed

0,aa 3 0'
on the one hand and reversible pressure changes involving capaciv Q
hictionless flow as per BERNOULLI'Sequation (fluid dynamics) ~ i g22
. Enen of change in speed

5.2 Trimming the Impellers

on the other. in the case of accelerated fiow, e.g. through
a pipe constriction, p2- pl negative. Conversely, it is positive in
pipe expansions. By contrast, the pressure losses ascertained
by way of the loss coefficients 5 are always negative, if the
overall pressure change is calculated as the arithmetic sum
of p, and p2-p,.
in the case of water transport through valves and fittings,
the loss coefficients is occasionally neglected in favour of
the so-called b-value:
Permanently reducing the output of a centrifugal pump oper-
ating at constant speed (see Fig. 23) entails reducing the
impeller diameter D. The characteristic curve booklets contain
the pump curves of selected impeller diameters in mm.
When trimming radial flow impellers (see 8.4)(trimming is not
a geometrically similar reduction of an impeller since the
outlet width normally remains constant), the relationship
between Q, H and impeller diameter D is:
 KSB -
The actual diameter can be determined as follows (see Fig. 23):
Run a line in the QH graph (linear graduation) passing from
the point of origin (take into consideration with curves with a
suppressed point of origin) through the new operating point
B2and intersecting at B1the full diameter curve Dl. The Q and
H values 1 and 2 can then be plotted and used in the equation
to obtain the approximate diameter DP.
This conversion process can be used
to convert from Bw to operating point BZ using Fig. 25a
(see 7.6.1)
0 and to select the appropriate pump size from the given
operating point Bzvia the operating point Bw using Fig. 25b
(see 7.6.2).
The conversion is valid for
single-stage volute casing pumps with radial flow impellers
(see 8.4),
0 specific speeds nq of 6 to 45 1Imin (see 7.6.1 and 9.12),
kinematic viscosities v, of 1 to 4000 10-6 m21s (kinematic .
viscosities below 22 . 10-6 m2Is are normally disregarded).

Capacity Q

Fig. 23 Influence of impeller diameter

6 Handling Viscous Liquids

As the viscosity v of the medium handled increases (at con-
stant speed) the capacity Q, head H and efficiency q fall; at the
same time the pump power input P rises. The best efficiency
point shifts to smaller flow rates. The operating point Bwdrops
to BZ (see Fig. 24).

Capacity Q

Fig. 24 Change in operating point when handling viscous liquids (Z)end water (W)

a , I 1 1 ' 1 10 I* m 1o'"a 1)D m __am lOeO em

ThestandardoperatingpointforwaterBwwithQw,Hwand "'""" " " " ' " " ' " ' " " ' ' ' rn3
'1 " " " " " "
' "
qw (W = water) is converted to the viscous liquid operating Capacity Qz,~etr,Q W , O in
~~-'h ' s
-

point BZ with Qz, HZ and qz (Z = viscous liquid) using the

conversion factors lorviscous liquids f ~fu' and fq (see Figs.
Fig 25a Determining the conversion f a h r s f ~ w f .* w and f q w for handiing viscous
25a and 25b). liqu~ds(enlarged version see 9 lo), if the operathg point for handling water IS glven
IIKSB
&)pumps

-
Valves

7 Typical Selection Examples

7.1 Selecting the Pump Size (see 2.5)

The following variables are known:

Q = 25 11s (= 90 mVh)
H=80m
Frequency 50 Hz

Medium 60% sulphuric acid (index s)

Density ps = 1.5 kgldm3
Temperature ts = 20 OC
Kinematic viscosity vs = 3.8 . 10-6 m2Is (can be
disregarded, see 6)
(ps and vs taken from standard reference tables)

The pump selected for this particular liquid is a CPK series

standardized chemical pump.
Technical data and characteristic curves for the CPK are given
in the characteristic curve booklet and selection booklet (Figs.
26 and 27 are extracts).

Selecting the size of the pump:

Using the CPWHPK characteristic curve booklet for 50 Hz
the selection charts give the following pump selections for
the specified operating data:
CPK 65-250 at n = 2900 Ilmin and
CPK 150-250 at n = 1450 IImin.

The CPK 65-250 is selected for reasons of economy.

Fig. 25b Determlnlng the conversion factors f~ z and f~ z for handling VISCOUS llqulds
(enlarged verslon see 9 111, if the operating poltit for handl~ngVISCOUS l ~ q u ~ dISsglven

200 300 400 500 1000 2000

200 300 400 500 1000
200

100

80
H
rn

50

40

30

20

-_- /
A ----- - 40

10 1
45 1 QS
I 2, 3 4 5 10 20 25 30 LO 50 100 140
2 4 5 Qrn31h 10 20 30 40 50 100 200 300 400 500
2121 L 0 5 2 / 8

Fig. 26 CPKIHPK, selection chart n = 2900 l l m i n

7.2
KSB -
Valves

Calculating the Power Consumption

7.2.1 Pump Input Power (see 2.6.1)
7.2.2 Calculating the Drive Rating (see 2.6.2)
Taking the pump power input P (see 7.2.1)
Using the known variables and pump selection from 7.1 the a 10% safety margin is added to the 43.3 kwatthe operating
power input is calculated as follows: point.

So the drive rating must be at least 47.6 kW:

with p, in @/dm3 the selection is a standard 55 kW motor, 2pole, iP 54lIP 44,
g in mlsz type B 3.
Q in 11s Pln value must be checked (see selection booklet, section
H in m Technical Data).
P in kW
If the operating Point tem~orarilvchanaes to hioher flow rate.
or an alternative frequently used in practice: the moror ratlng musr bc lncreascd accord~ng,;, 11 necessary
JP lo the maxlmLm poss~ble.Pumo . .Dower consumollon
A recheck of the Pln value then becomes important as a
criterion for the bearing bracket.
with p, in kgldma
Q in m31h
H in m
P in kW

The pump power input Pcan also be established with sufficient

accuracy from Fig. 27.
-
P is interpolated as 29 kW for water, the value for sulphuric
acid is:

p - 2 9 . k = .
29 -
1.5 = 43.5 kW,
Pwater 1
'1 Eniciency q from Fig. 27) interpolated

7.3 Calculating the NPSH,, (see 3.2)

maximum possible suction lift H, ,,,,

required suction head H, ,,,
ni,
,.,
To achieve cavitation-free operation of the pump the limit of
or the minimum
must be adhered to.

7.3.1 Suction Lifl from OpenlClosed Tank

Here the pump is above the liquid level (see Fig. 10).

Calculation of H, ,,,
pump data:
.,,
Selected pump is a CPK 65-250. technical data see 7.1
is based on following system and

P = 1500 kgIm3
Pb = 1 bar=1~105N/m2
Po = 0.0038 bar = 0.0038.1 05 Nlm2
(from reference table)
(60% sulphuric acid at 20 OC)
H,, = 1.5 m (estimated from Fig. 13 for 10 m suction
pipe DN 100, incl. fittings and valves)
Ve can be disregarded because negligible
NPSH,,= 3.3 m (interpolated from Fig. 27 incl. 0.5 m safety
margin)
Open tank 1 Closed tank
Given: p, = 0 bar 1 Given: p, + p, = 1.5 bar = 1.5 . 105 Nlm2

- Pe+Pb-PD
Hs ueo, ",ax -
P.'S
- H,, - NPSH,, (acc. to 3.2 with NPSH,, = NPSH,)

With H,,o,, = 1.97 m, NPSH,= NPSH,, = 3.3 m; With H.,.o,,., = 5.37 m, NPSH, = NPSH, = 3.3 m;
therefore NPSH, 2 NPSH,, requirement is satisfied. therefore NPSH, 2 NPSH, requirements is satisfied

7.3.2 Positive Suction Operation from OpenIClosed Tank

Here the pump is below the liquid level (see Fig. 11).
Selected pump is a CPK 65-250, technical data see 7.1 to
7.3.1.

Open tank I Closed tank

Given: p. = 0 bar ~iven:p,+p,=1.5bar=1.5.10~N/m2

= 1.5 + 3.3 - 6.77

= -1.97 m.
Negative heads -Hz,,
i =3.3+ 1.5-10.17
= -5.37 m.
are suction lift heads +H,. of the
same value. The minus sign in the result tells us that the
centrifugal pump, with an open or closed tank, could draw
roughly the absolute amounts as in example 7.3.1 where the
requirement NPSH,, 2 NPSH,., is just about satisfied. This
requirement would be more than satisfied in example 7.3.2
with a positive static suction head (as shown in the diagram).
7.3.3 Positive Suction Operation from Closed Tank at Actual (now):
Vapour Pressure Q, = 25.56 11s
(internal tank pressure = Vapour pressure of liquid, HI = 73.2 m
1.e. pe + pb = PD) D, =240 mm
The pump is below the liquid level (see Fig. 11). Desired:
Theselected pump is a CPK 65-250, see 7.1 for technical data. QZ = 25 11s
See 7.3.1 for system and pump data required to calculate Hz = 7 0 m
Hzgeo, min but with pe + ~b = PD. i.e.
Pe+Pb-Po
Hz, ,in = NPSHreq+ H,, -
Ps'~

Turning the impeller down from 240 mm (D,) to 237 mm (Dz)

From4.8mupwards(H
),,,, thecondition NPSH,,ZNPSH,., restores the original duty given in 7.4.
is fulfilled. It is, however, standard practice not to make such minor
changes (less than 5 mm) to the impeller diameter.

7.6 Handling Viscous Liquids (see 6)

7.4 Changing the Speed (see 5.1)
Schedule on page 44.
The CPK 65-250 selected in 7.1 but with the following per-
formance data (present duty: index 1, new duty: index 2)
Qq = 25 11s (= 90 mslh)
7.6.1 Caiculation the Operating Point
HI = 70 m
at n, = 2900 llmin The product is a mineral oil with a kinematic viscosity vz of
and D, = 240 mm (impeller diameter) 500.10-6 m21s and density p, = 0.897 kgldms.
is driven by a 55 kW three-phase motor with a nominal speed We know the characteristic curve and operating dataof a pump
(n2) of 2965 llmin. The higher speed shifts the operating handling water, where:
point, without considering the system characteristic HA, as
follows to: Qw = 34 11s (= 122.4 m31h)
Hw=18m
n = 1450 llmin
To obtain the new data for mineral oil, the pump data at the
b.e.p. must also be calculated and the following additional
information must be known:
if this increase is not acceptable, the original duty can be
restored by e.g. reducing the impeller diameter (see 7.5).

Efficiency
Speed 1450 llmin
Kinematic viscosity
7.5 Trimming the Impeller (see 5.2)
The unacceptably high pump output (see 7.4) caused by the
Density 1 Pz /0.897 kgIdm3
higher motor speed is rectified as follows by trimming the Gravitational constant /g 19.81 / mls2
impeller (present duty: index 1, new duty: index 2). '1 horn individual characteristic curve (see Fig. 21)

4 points on the new characteristic curve can be established using the calculation chart below:

n w from graph in 9.12

fo,w from Fig. 25a
fH,W Or sect. 9.10,

0.49

Theaevaiues mean
4 points on Q H ~ a n d
OTZ line plus 3 points
on the QPz line are
establirhed.
Plotled aver Q
(see Fig. 28)

if HZ > Hw, use HZ = Hw Caiculation in graphic form

 KSB -
valves

7.6.2 Establishing the Pump Size

The product is mineral oil, we are looking for the size of the
pump capable of meeting the following operating data:
Capacity I QZ,B~~, / 31 Ills
Head ] Hz,setr / 20 rn
Kinematic viscosity I vz 1 500 - 10-6 1 m21s
Density 1 PZ 0.897 / kgIdm3

Use the following calculation table to convert to operating data with water and thereby find the appropriate pump size.
n selected 1450 llmin

ih
n,,~ 3) from graph in 9.12 27 llmin
fQ2 from Fig. 25b or 0.8 -
~H,Z
section 9.1 1, 0.86 -
page 42
H78.a

Qw,~eir=
C)r.setr 38.8 11s
0.2

Hw,setr =
Hz.8eti 23.3
f m Q z s n Qwsnr
H,Z Om-2 Qwlpt Q

3, where Q z , ~ ~
=t Qopt
,
H z , B= ~ Hopt
~~ Calculation in graphic form

A The definitive operating data when handling water are thus:

QW,Betr = QW = 38.8 11s (= 139.7 mVh)

Hw,B~,~
= Hw= 23.3 m

Based on these data a suitable pump is selected from the

sales documents selection chart. Using the curve thus estab-
lished, follow section 7.6.1 to establish 4 points on the new
Hw characteristic curve.
15 - These 4 points can now be used to establish the curve to be
I 9 expected for handling mineral oil, see Fig. 28.
ma
a
1%
- 80
I
10 - - 70
'Iw - 6 0
0
C
- 50 a,
5 - 0

- LO 5 8 General
30
8.1 National and International Standards for Centrifugal
0 1 - 1 20 Pumps
0 10 2 0 Q 11s 30 LO A series of national standards have been introduced in
Germany since the early sixties governing the manufacture,
design, procurement and use of centrifugal pumps.
These standards are drawn up by both operators and manu-
facturers and are now established in virtually all sectors of
industry using and producing pumps (see Fig. 29, page 23).
a This is particularly true of DIN 24256 "End suction centrifugal
pumps (PN 16) (chemical pumps)" which even in its first
5
edition was virtually identical to the international standard
IS0 2858 "End-suction centrifugal pumps (rating 16 bar)
0 10 20 11s 30 LO - Designation, nominal duty point and dimensions".
These two standards occupy a central position because they
Capacity Q form the basis for a range of standards already in existence
and under preparation covering centrifugal pumps, access-
F i g 28 Characteristic curve3 for both water NY) and viscous liquids (2) (see 76.1) ories, guidelines and specifications.

22
 Scope of ~ p p l i c a t l o n Dimensional Standards - Pumps ACC~SSD~~~S Guidelines and Specifications
and ReSpOnsibilities

24253
~ss~oiatt~n Centrifueal
of German PU~PS wi!h
Engioeering armoured
Pump Iemoured
Comminee

single- dispatch,
siege wlth speoiii-
axis1 inlet; cstione
duties.
principal

DiN 24251 DIN 24252 DIN 45635 DIN 24293 DIN 24295 DIN I S 0 DIN 24420
Drainage Centrifugal
Centr~fugal spares
Standslds with pump*; liSts
ments in technical pumpsets technical
Institute heads machinew documen- for liquids. reguire-
Commiffee 1000 m duties, terms, require-
Engineer- measure- scope of ments
ments. suppiy,
Pump8 enveloping exeoutlan
Surface
method,

Pumps

pp

. European

[
Standards
,,, Coordinating
Cornminee
e sation
w'

Technical
Inter-
national lions tor
OWBni- centri-
fugal
%3 zat>on
far stan- pumps -
e derdizatior Class I1
8 TCi15,
Pumps

I l l I I I I
.12 EC and 6 E R A member countries

N
W Fig. 29 Chart of German and international standards for centrifugal pumps, accersories, guidelines and specifications (as o i ~ e b r u a r y1990)
The high degreeof similarity between DIN24 256and IS0 2858 0.5
means that a series of national standards and draft standards
such as: ,
- 0.4
DIN 24259 "Pump baseplates",
DIN 24960 "Mechanical seals; shaft seal chamber, -5 0.3
..a"
..
,

principaldimensions, designationsand
codes",
. material -2
0

VDMA 24297 "Centrifugal pumps; technical requirements, +- 0.2

m
specifications" 2
5
need minor or no changes in content even afterthe publication 0.1
of the corresponding IS0 standard. I
q=1.0 I I I 3
o W n
0 10 20 30 40 min-' 60
Spezilic speed nq
8.2 Shaft Deflection
Shaft deflection is principally caused by radial forces resulting ~ i g .31 ~agnitudeof the radial thrust coefficient K for volute rasing pumps as a
funnion ol the spec~iicspeed nq and the pump flow level q=Q/Qopt
from the hydraulic thrust in the impeller plane generated by
the interaction between the impeller and pump casing (or
8.3 improving the NPSH Requirement
diffuser). The magnitude and direction of the thrust changes
with the rate of flow and affects the shaft and bearings. It is possible in special cases to reduce the NPSH require-
The pump maker can favourably influence these hydraulic ment of a pump to approx. 50-60% of the original level by
fitting an inducer in front of the impeller, for example when
radial forces by selecting the right casing (see Figs. 30 and 31).
a plant is extended and the available NPSH is inadequate or
This guarantees conformity with the specified maximum per- where economic factors prevent the available NPSH being
missible shaft deflection (e.g. API 610 or ISO) and also means increased (by raising the suction tank) or a lower speed
cost-effective sizing of shafts, especially seals and bearings. larger-sized pump (with lower NPSH requirement) being
fitted.
The radial thrust FR can be calculated with the help of the
equation
FR=K.p.g.H.D2.b2

with
F, Radial thrust
K Radial thrust coefficient acc. to Fia. 31
p Density of the medium pumped
g Gravitattonal constant
H Head
D2 Impeller outside diameter
b2 Impeller outlet width

~ i g32
. Centrifugal pump flted with induce!

It must be noted that the reduction in the NPSH requirement

Circular casing applies only to a particular section of the flow range and not
the complete range of the pump concerned (see Fig. 33).

volute caring

6
--___--- VOlULe CBS!"~

Double volute
I casing

Combined
single volute circular oouble volufe
casing voiute casing Circular casing casing

Capacity Q
a = NPSHreq - without inducer
b = NPSHreq - wNh inducer A
C = NPSHreq - with inducer B
A and B are different types of inducers

~ i g30
, ~ a d i athrust
l in centrifugal pumpswiih various caring types ~ i 33
g NPSH requirement ~ i t and
h ~ i i n o u inducer
t plotted against the capacity
8.4 Impeller Types 8.4.2 Non-clogging Impellers
8.4.1 Vaned lmoellers Large-clearance impellers are used on pumps handling con-
taminated liquids containing solids, the single-vane impeller
pumps handling'lean products have standard
impellers fitted with vanes. Such impellers go from the radial has an unrestricted passageway from inlet to outlet (so-called
free passage) "),
flow type through the mixed flow type for higher flow rates
up to the axial flow impeller for high flow rates and low heads.

Single-vane impeller*) closed

Radial flow impeller')

Two-passage impeller') closed

Mixed flow impeller') closed

Three-passage impeller*) closed

Mixed flow impeller open

8.4.3 Special Impellers

For contaminated and gaseous liquids.

Mixed flow impeller? closed, double entry

Axial flow impeller

') Front view with coverpiate removed

*') Single-vane impellers are also avaiieble with slightly reduced passage for greater
eniciency Free flow impeller
8.4.4 Star Wheels
Mainly used in self-priming pumps handling clean media

Fig. 36 Multistage, rudion and discharge side bearings, e.g. ring section high pressure
centrifugal pump

Star wheel for side channel pump

8.4.5 Peripheral Impellers

Used for clean media, low flow rates and high heads.

F i g 37 ciose-coupled, e.g. in-line pump

Peripheral impeller

8.5 Pump Types (typical examples)

Figs. 34 to 39 show the various main design features:

F i g 38 Vertical shan-driven sump pump, e.g submersible chemical pump

Fig. 34 Slngle~entr~.
single-stage, overhung, e.g, standardized chemicai pump

iY-- i,,?,,,
,:i \ ,
Fig. 35 Doubie-entry, suction and discharge side bearings, e.g, pipeline p u m ~ ~ i 39
g submersible close-coupled pump. e.g. sewage pump
8.6 Pump Installation Arrangements
The factors which determine how a pump is installed are:
the position of the shaft, i.e. horizontal or vertical, the arrangement of the drive,
the position of the feet, i.e. underneath or shaft centreline, the weight distribution of the pump and drive
(see Figs. 40 and 41).

horizontal centreline coaxial with coupling common

or gearbox baseplate

I horizontal underneath

underneath
with parallel axis above pump, compact,
belt drive

with parallel axis above pump

wlth belt drive and outboard
simple speed variation

compact,
simole meed variation
bearing or jackshaft
I
I I
horizontal underneath close-coupled, forming a fully submersible
water tight unit with pump

Fig. 40 Examples of horizontal installation

Alternative installation 1 Shaft Feet Drive Remarks

I I
- above ground on drive stool wet installation
a) surface level discharge pipe

soleplate a) above ground on dr~vestool dry installation

beneath b) above ground on drive stool
discharge through cardan shaft
nozzle C) below surface on drive stool

vertical a) automatic submersible close-coupled wet installation

engagement unit a) permanent
with claw b) portable
b) on support
stand
8.7 Pump Sump Configuration 8.8 Suction Pipe Layout
Pump sumps are designed to receive liquids and be inter- The suction pipe should be as short as possible and run with
mittently drained. The sump size depends on the capacity a aentie siooe UD to the oumo. The suction oioe and inlet oioe

-
Q and permissible start-up frequency Z of the pump set, mist be sufficiently wide apart to prevent'air entrainment'in
i.e. the electric motor. the suction pipe. Furthermorethe mouth of the inlet pipe must
The start-up frequencies of dry motors are as follows: always lie below the liquid level (see Fig. 43).
Start-up frequency Z
Motor rating up to 7.5 kW max 15lh
Motor rating up to 30 kW ma%. 12lh Suction pipe
Motor rating above 30 kW max 10/h

Start-up frequency is calculated using:

where Z no. of starts per hour

Q, inlet flow in 11s .

Q, capacity at switch-on pressure in l/s

Q, capacity at switch-off pressure in l/s 'pos. deflector
VN useful volume of pump sump including possible
flowback volume in I Flg. 43 Aping emanpernevi to prevent sir emminmM

The maximum start-up frequency occurs when Qm = 2 x Q,

i.e. when the capacity Qm is twice the incoming flow Q,. The
max star-up frequency is therefore:

The medium handled must cover the suction pipe inlet to a

With dirty liquids, solids must be prevented from being de-
posited and collecting in dead zones and on the floor. 45O
walls, or better still 6W wails, help prevent this (see Fig. 42).
suitable depth, otherwise rotation of the iiquid could cause
air-entraining vortices (hollow vortices) to form; starting with
a funnel-shaped depression at the iiquid su~face,a tube-
shaped air cavity forms instantaneously, extending from the
surface to the suction pipe.
By ensuring that the medium handled always has a suitable
level (see Figs. 44 and 45) or by taking measures to prevent
vortices (see Figs. 46 to 48) this can be prevented, which is
the more important, the higher the Row rate is.

Fm. 44 Arrangement ot pi- h me sunion hnk (rump1 to wevent vwticea

The minimum iiquid cover Smi. in m must be the velocity

head plus a 0.1 rn safety margin for non-uniform velocity
distribution. The maximum flow velocity v, in the suction pipe
or inlet pipe should not exceed 3 m/s; we recommend 1 to
2 m/s.

with v. flow velocity in m/s

Fig. 42 Inclined rump vallsm prevent solids tmm being depogltea and colls*lng Sm. minimum liquid cover in m.
 I
I00
I
2
I
1
I

F i g 45 Liguid OOYBI S 88 a lundion of the prplng bore ON and camcity Q

1
5
I
6 $
I l
8 9 1000
l

Capacity Q - 2
I
1
I
5 A ! 43:h
1

Fig. 45 shows the interdependence between liquid cover S, Figs. 46 and 47 show typical arrangements used to prevent
piping bore DN and capacity Q. The values obtained give air-entraining inlet vortices where the minimum liquid cover
sufficient protection against vortices. The graph can be used is either not available or cannot be ensured.
for the suction plpe layout illustrated.
Fig. 48 shows a special arrangement which is frequently
used - a round tank with a tangential inlet DiDe which causes
the contents to rotate.

h k
rPiDe suction

10 pump

Fm. 47 Use of swirl-oreverding bani- Fig. 48 Use of baMes in me tankm ensure disblmance-bee n m m pump
8.9 Shaft Couplings
Shaft couplings used with centrifugal pumps can be divided
into rigid and flexible types. Rigid couplings are mainly used
to connect shafts In perfect alignment. The smallest degree
of misalignmentwill cause considerablestress on thecoupling
and on the shafts. The following types are used:

Sleeve couplings,
Muff couplings,
Serrated couplings,
Split couplings (DIN 115),
Face plate couplings (DIN 758, DIN 759),
Flange couplings (DIN 760).

Fm. SO TYPical couplings

Flexible couplings to DIN 740 are elastic, slip-free connecting
elements between drive and driven machine which accom-
modate axial, radial and angular misalignment (Fig. 49) and
damp shock loads. The flexibility is usually achieved by the
deformation of damping and rubber-elastic spring elements
whose life is governed to a large extent by the degree of
misalignment.
Fig. 50 shows the most common types of flexible couplings.
Fig. 51 shows a spacer couolina between a oumD . . and drive:
itsfunction is to permit removalI; the pump rotating assembl;
without disturbing the pump casing or drive (back-pull out
design).

Fig 49 Misalignment Fig. 51 Pump with spacer cou~ling

9 Technical Data
9.1 Vapour Pressure p, and Density p of Water
9.3 Density p of Various Liquids at Atmospheric Pressure
 a!7:rs
KSB -
9.4 Extract of Important Legal Units for Centrifugal Pumps

Kinematic v m2/s St (stokes), mZ/s 1 St = 10-1 m2/s

viscosity "E,... 1 cSt = 1 mmYs
Dynamic rl Pas Pascai- P (Poise), ... Pas 1 P=O.1 Pas
viscosity second
(= N s/m2)

Specific n4 1 1 n,=333.n. &

speed (g.Hom)q
in Si-units (m and s)
9.5 Conversion ofBritish and U.S. Units
British U.S.
Length 1 mil 25.4 Km 25.4 ~m
1 point 0.3528 mm 0.3528 mm
1 line 0.635 mm 0.635 mm
I inch (in) 25.4 mm 25.4 mm
1 hand 10.16 cm 10.16 cm
1 link ..
Ili) 20.1168 cm 20.1168 cm
1 span 22.86 cm 22.86 ' cm
1 foot (ft) 0.3048 m 0.3048 m
1 yard (yd) 0.9144 m 0.9144 m
I fathom (fath) 1.8288 m 1.8288 m
1 rod (rd) 5.0292 m 5.0292 m
1 chain fch) 20.1168 m 20.1168 m
1 furlong (fur) 201.168 m 201.168 m
1 mile (mi)
(statute mile) = 1760 yd 1.6093 km 1.6093 km
1 nautical mile 1.8532 km 1.8532 km
Area 1 circular mil 506.709 pm2 506.709 pm2
1 circular inch 5.067 cm2 5.067 cmz
1 square inch (sq in) 6.4516 cm2 6.4516 cm2
1 square link (sq li) 404.687 cm2 404.687 cmz
1 square foot (sq ft) 929.03 cm2 929.03 cm2
1 square yard (sq yd) 0.8361 m2 0.8361 m2
1 square rod (sq rd) 25.2929 mz 25.2929 m2
1 squarechain (sq ch) 404.686 mz 404.686 m2
I rood 1011.7124 mz 1011.7124 m2
I acre 4046.86 mz 4046.86 m2
1 square mile (sq mi) 2.59 kmz 2.59 km2
Volume 1 cubic inch (cu in) 16.387 cmr 16.387 cm3
1 board foot (fbm) 2.3597 dm3 2.3597 dm3
1 cubic foot (cu ft) 28.3268 dm3 28.3268 dm3
1 cubic yard (cu yd) 0.7646 ma 0.7646 m3
1 register ton (FIT) = 100 cu ft 2.8327 ms 2.8327 ma
1 British shipping ton = 42 cu ft 1.1897 rn3 .-
1 US shipping ton = 40 cu ft - 1.1331 m3
Basic unit gallon 1 minim (min) 59.1939 mm3 61.6119 mma
for fluids I fluid scruple 1.1839 cm3 -
1 fluid drachm (fl.dr.) 3.5516 cma -
1 fluid dram (fl.dr.) - 3.6967 cma
1 fluid ounce (fi.02.) 28.4131 cm3 29.5737 cma
I gill (gi) 142.065 cmr 118.2948 cm3
1 pint (iiq PO 0.5683 dm3 0.4732 dm3
I quart (iiq qt) 1.1365 dm3 0.9464 dm3
1 pottle 2.2730 dm3 -
1 gallon (gal) 4.5460 dm3 3.7854 dm3
1 peck 9.0922 dm3 -
1 bushel 36.3687 dm3 -
1 US oil-barrel (for crude oil) - 0.159 mS
1 quarter 0.291 ms -
1 chaldron 1.3093 ma -
Basic unit bushel 1 dry pint (dry pt) - 0.5506 dm3
for dry goods 1 dry quart (dry qt) - 1.1012 dm3
1 peck (pk) - 8.8098 dm3
1 bushel (bu) 36.3687 dm3 35.2393 dm3
1 dry barrel (bbl) - 0.1 156 m3
Mass and Weight 1 grain (gr) 64.7989 mg 64.7989 mg
Avoirdupois system I dram (dr avdp) 1.7716 g 1.7718 g
(trade and commerce 1 ounce (oz avdp) 28.3495 g 28.3495 g
weights) 1 pound (Ib) 0.4536 kg 0.4536 kg
I stone 6.3503 kg -
1 quarter 12.7006 kg -
1 cental 45.3592 kg -
1 short hundredweight (sh cwt) - 45.3592 kg
1 hundredweight (Cd) 50.8024 kg -
1 long hundredweight (1 cwt) - 50.8024 kg
1 short ton (sh tn) - 907.1849 kg
1 ton 1016.0470 kg -
1 long ton (1 tn) - 1016.0470 kg
Troy system 1 pennyweight (d-4 1.5552 g 1.5552 g
(for precious metals) 1 troy ounce (02 tr) 31.1035 g 32.1035 g
1 troy pound (Ib t) - 0.3732 kg

35
 &)PmPs valves
KSB-

British U.S.
Density 1 ounce (av) per cubic foot (oz/cu ft) 0.0010 kgldma 0.0010 kgIdm3
1 pound per cubic foot (lb/cu fi) 0.0160 kgIdm3 0.01 60 kgldms
1 ounce (av) per cubic inch (ozlcu in) 1.7300 kgldms 1.7300 kgldms
1 pound per cubic inch (Iblcu in) 27.6799 kgldma 27.6799 kgldms
1 short ton per cubic yard (shtnlcu yd) - 1.I 865 kgldma
1 long ton per cubic yard (Itnlcu yd) - 1.3289 kgldma
1 pound per gallon (Iblgal) 0.09978 kgldms 0.1 198 kgldms
Velocity 1 foot per second (fils) 0.3048 mls 0.3048 mls
1 foot per minute (Wmin) 0.00508 mls 0.00508 mls
1 vard
. oer
. second fvdls) 0.9144 m/s 0.9144 mls
5
Capacity 1 gallon per second
0.01 524
4.5460
mls
11s
0.01524
3.7854
mls
11s
(rate of volume flow) 1 gallon per minute (gpm) 0.07577 11s
1 cubic foot per second (cusec) 28.3268 11s
1 cubic yard per second 1 0.7646 msls 0.7646 m31s
Mass flow 1 ounce per second (Ow 28.3495 g/s 28.3495 gls
1 ounce oer minute lozlmin) 0.4725 g/s 0.4725 gls
1 pound 'per second (lbls) ' 0.4536 kgls 0.4536 kgls
1 pound per minute (Iblmin) 0.00756 kgls 0.00756 kgls
1 short ton per hour (shtnlh) - 0.2520 kgls
1 ton per hour 0.2822 -
1 long ton per hour (Itnlh) 0.2822 kgls
Force 1 ounce (force) (02) 0.2780 N
(weight force) 1 pound (force) (Ib) 4.4483 N
1 short ton (force) (shtn)
1 long ton (force) OW
Pressure pound (force) (~b~fft""))
square foot
pound (force)
square inch (Ibsq(force)
in ),(Psi:
68.9476 mbar 68.9476 mbar
short ton (force) (sh t;:~))
square inch
137.8951 bar 137.8951 bar
1 inch H20 (in H20) 2.4909 mbar 2.4909 mbar
1 foot H20 (ft H20) 29.8907 mbar 29.8907 mbar
I inch ~g (in Hg) 33.8663 mbar 33.8663 mbar
Mechanical pound (force) N N
stress 0.006895 - 0.006895 i;;;;;i
square inch mm2
short ton (force) sh tn (force) N N

Work, energy, 1 foot-pound iff lb) 1 1.3558 J 1 1.3558 J

quantity of heat,
internal (intrinsic)
energy and enthalpy
1 ~orse power hour
1 Brit. Thermal Unit
~HP
(BTU)
.
h)
. 1 : , I
MJ
: MJ
,
Power 1 foot-pound (av)
(heat flow) per second 1.3558 W 1.3558 W

1 Horse power(Hp) 0.7457 kW 0.7457 kW

1 British Thermal Unit
1.0558 kW 1.0558 kW
per second
Dynamic pound (mass)
Viscosity foot x second (Ib(ttmy)) 1.4882 Pas 1.4882 Pas
pound (force) x second lb (force) s
square foot ( sq fi ) 47.8803 Pas 47.8803 Pas

Temperature Conversion of temperature points: Conversion of temperature differences:

5
T=7jtR+273.15; t = -4
5
tR 5
AT=At=-Att,
4
Where:
T thermodynamic temperature in K
t Celsius temperature in OC
tF Fahrenheit temperature in OF
t. Rbaumur temoeratur in TI
Conversion of the specilic s p e d (type number) K customarily
used in English-speaking conlries into n.acc. to IS0 2548:
=KSB -
pumps
Valves
9.6 Graph for Calculating Flow Velocity v
as a Function of Capacity Q and I.D. of Pipe D
-
p m m r (D (D -, 0 N
<
E
0
p m m r (D (D 0 0 N
A hl!oolan ~ o l j
=KSB-
a valves
pump
9.7 Graph for Calculating Velocity Head v2/2g
as a Function of Capacity Q and I.D. of Pipe D
- ~ - ~ o mm * n % m m r o
6zfcn paall AlloolaA
m P o
=KSB -
pump
Valves
9.8 Graph for Calculating Velocity Head Differential A v2/2g
as a Function of Capacity Q and Pipe I.D. Differential D,/D,
" F
0
$ m a r w .
v le!walau!p peau 4loolaA
~Z/ZA
f 0 N
_ -z
?
0 m
m m
t- t-
W I D
9.9 Graph for Calculating Head Loss H,
as a Function of I.D. of Pipe D, Flow Velocity v and Capacity Q
 0 pumps
Valves

9.10 Graph for Calculating Conversion Factors fQ,w,fH,Wand fqSw

for Viscous Liquids

Available: data for operation with water

Required: data for operation with viscous liquid

Calculation example: see page 21

Calculation chart: see page 44
 0 pumps
Valves

=KSB
9.11 Graph for Calculating Conversion Factors and fH,zfor Viscous Liquids

Available: data for operation with viscous liquid

Required: data for operation with water

Calculation chart: see page 44

IIKSB -
Valves

9.12 Graph for Calculating Specific Speed n,

500 600 700800 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000 1/m1n 6000 8000 10000 15000 20000 25000
I
960
I
1450
1
2900
Speed n

Equations Units
Qopt Hopt n n, g = 9.81

nq = n . dc&n1) 3/rl.
(Hopt
mVs m l/min l/min

n, = 333 - n . l,"Gz mVs m l/s 1 m/s2 DIN 24 260

(g . Hopt) 43,

nq = 5.55 . n - KG
(g . Hod 3/4
m3/s m I/min 1 m/s2

All equations give numerically equal results.

With multistage pumps use the stage head.

With double-entry impeller pumps use only half the capacity.

Example: Q0, = 66 m3/h = 18.3 I/s; n = 1450 1/min; Hop,= 17.5 m. Established: n, = 23 I/min
/ Type series Quotation No

Rated speed Item No.

Schedule for Calculating the Operating Point and Pump Size for Handling Viscous Liquids.

Operating Point
To determine the new operating data it is also necessary to
Available data: calculate the data at b.e.p.
Capacity Qw 11s Capacity Qw,m ') I/s
Head Hw rn Head HWW') m
Speed n llmin Efficiency )1w,opt '1 -
Kinematic viscosity Vz m2/s '1 from ind8vldual characterlstlc curve
Density Pz kgIdm3
Gravttational constant 9 9.81 m/s2

Procedure
n.u...,A! from araoh in 1 Illmin
section 9.12 1
fa,w tom section -
f,. ,.. 9.10 I-

These values mean

4 points on QHz and
Q ~ line
z DIUS 3 points
on the QPz line are
established.
Plotted over a.

If Hz > Hw,use HZ= Hw Calculation in graphic form

Pump Size
Available data:
capacity IQz. ~~t~ 1 111s
Head I Hz,setr I m
1
vz m2/s
Density 1 Pz / kgldma

Procedure
n selected I l/min
n,,~ 3) from section 9.1 2 I llmin
faZ from section 9.1 1 -

-&
-f ~ . ~
%,6eic \/s

-b
Hw,B~
-~ - m
fu.2
3, where Qz,~etr= Qopt approx.
Hz.setr Hopt Calculation in graphic form
Divisions

Gate and Globevalves Division Environmental Engineering Division

Globe valves with soft or metallic seat, gate valves, ball valves,
swing check valves, non-return valves and actuated valves
for building services! industrial applications, chemical and
proc:ss engineering as well as for conventional and nuclear
power stations.
Sector: Building Services
Location and factory: Frankenthal
Sector: lnduskial Enginnering, conventional and Nuclear
Power Stations ~.
Location and factory: Pegnitz
Butterfly valves Division :
Butterfly valves with soft and metallic seat, swing check valves
and actuators for building services, industrial applications,
chemical and process engineering as well as for conventional
and nuclear power stations.
Location: Bagnolet
Factory: LaRoche Chalais
Building Setvices Division
~ c a r ' n i a n oindustrial warcr pLmps. Submersiulenloror p ~ m p s Factories: Pegnitz, Ch?iteauroux,
for the hanollng of sewage, elf Lent an0 fecccs h ~ n gplanls.
pumps for water supply, complete pump sets for pressure
boosting and fire-fighting, pumps for irrigation and sprinkling,
garden pumps. Systems for pump speed control.
Location: Courbevoie
Factories: Frankenthal, Neuvy, Pegnitz
Engineered p i i p s division^
Centrifugal pumps for conventional and nuclear power plants:
boiler feed and circulating pumps, condensate pumps, main
coolant pumps, reactor feed pumps, cooling water pumps, agricultural drainage duties.
pumps for seawater desalination plants, pumps for onshore
and offshore applications as well as for refineries and the
petrochemical industry.
Location: Frankenthal
Factories: Frankenthal, ~ n n e c y ~
'~
Pumps for the treatment of municipal effluents (purification
and transport), industrial effluents, surface drainage (shore
protection, locks, lifting plants), aquaculture, agriculture
(storage and transport of liquid manure), drainage in deep
mining, delivery of cooling water and clean water. Planning,
optimization, rehabilitation, supply, installation and commis-
sioning of pumping stations for clean water and effluents.
Components and systems for sewage treatment. Services to
the planners and operators of the plants.
Location: Frankenthal
Factories: Pegnitz, Bremen, Lille
Industrial and Process Pumps Division
Standardized Dumos and multi-staae - . DumDs . for heat transfer
and industrial' water. Process pumps for the chemical and
petrochemical industries, for refineries, high-temperature
heating systems and cryogenics. Pumps for flue gas desul-
phurization plants and for air and gas purifiers. Nan-clogging
centrifugal pumps for paper, cellulose, sugar and foodstuffs
industries and for the handling of solids.
Location: Pegnitz
Deville, Frankenthal
Water Pumps Division
Multi-stage submersible motor pumps for municipal and
industrial water s u. ~ v .-
. ~..lirriaation. buildina services. offshore
and mining applications as well as all special app~idations.
Borehole shaft-driven Dumps for irriaation, water s u.o.~.. l vfire-
.
fighting, and industrial'ap6ications.-
Single-stage bearing pedestal mounted pumps for irrigation
duties.
Vertical propeller pumps for irrigation, water supply and
Horizontal and vertical multi-stage pumps for irrigation and
water supply systems.
Location: Courbevoie
Factories: Homburg (Saar), Chateauroux, Annecy

New Technologies
Development and manufacture of new pump types, valves,
systems and electronic controls as well as engineering
services in the fields of hydrodynamics, materials technology,
measurement techniques, open and closed loop control,
plastics technology, cold-drawing methods for chrome nickel
steel, machine dyfamics, product and packing design, patent
rights.
Location: Frankenthal
Factories: Frankenthal, Chateauroux

hJ KSB Aktiengesellschaft
Postfach 17 25
D-6710 Frankenthal
Telephone: (06233) 86-0
Fax:
Teletex:
(0 62 33) 8633 95
62333 = ksbft